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Abb e ia ed Key Ti le: ISRG J Eng Technol
ISSN: 3107-5894 (Online)
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Volume – I Issue-IV (No embe -Decembe ) 2025
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Sma ma e ial adop ion in mechanical enginee ing: addi i e manu ac u ing and g een
ma e ial pe cep ion unde he mode a ing in luence o cos -bene i e alua ion
MINH VINH VO1*, QUANG MINH PHAM2, THI DIEM KIEU TRAN3
1 Facul y o Managemen and Economics, Tomas Ba a Uni e si y, Zlin, Czech Republic.
2 Wellsp ing In e na ional Bilingual School, Ho Chi Minh, Vie nam.
3 Facul y o Business Managemen , Uni e si y o G eenwich, London, UK.
| Recei ed: 19-11-2025 | Accep ed: 22-11-2025 | Published: 26-11-2025
*Co esponding au ho : MINH VINH VO
Facul y o Managemen and Economics, Tomas Ba a Uni e si y, Zlin, Czech.
Abs ac
This esea ch in es iga es he de e minan s ha s ee he inco po a ion o sma ma e ials in mechanical enginee ing, wi h a keen
eye on he e ec s o addi i e manu ac u ing (AM) abili ies, a i udes owa d sus ainable ma e ials, and cos -bene i e alua ion
(CBE). U ilizing he Technology Adop ion Model (TAM) alongside he T iple Bo om Line (TBL) amewo k, his in es iga ion
o mula es a comp ehensi e model ha in e connec s echnological eadiness, en i onmen al awa eness, and economic e alua ion.
Employing a quan i a i e, c oss-sec ional me hodology, da a we e ga he ed om 385 p o essionals engaged in Vie nam’s
mechanical enginee ing indus y and subjec ed o analyses including eliabili y es ing, explo a o y ac o analysis, mul iple
eg ession, and mode a ion analysis u ilizing SPSS 20. The indings indica e ha bo h AM capabili ies (β = 0.712) and pe cep ions
o g een ma e ials (β = 0.816) exe a signi ican and posi i e impac on he adop ion o sma ma e ials. Fu he mo e, CBE se es
as a mode a ing a iable (β = 0.470), enhancing he e ec o en i onmen al pe cep ions on adop ion decisions. These esul s
unde sco e he no ion ha echnological p o iciency and a commi men o sus ainabili y os e inno a ion, bu only when
o ganiza ions ecognize economic jus i ica ion. The esea ch con ibu es o heo e ical discou se by augmen ing TAM wi h
conside a ions o ecological and inancial dimensions, while o e ing p ac ical insigh s o manage s and policymake s seeking o
ha monize sus ainabili y wi h p o i abili y in ma e ial inno a ion.
Keywo ds: Sma Ma e ials Adop ion, Addi i e Manu ac u ing, G een Pe cep ion, Cos –Bene i E alua ion
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INTRODUCTION
The inco po a ion o in elligen ma e ials in mechanical
enginee ing signi ies a e olu iona y p og ession in enhancing
pe o mance, unc ionali y, and sus ainable design. These
ma e ials, such as shape-memo y alloys, piezoelec ic composi es,
and he moch omic polyme s, possess he capabili y o espond
dynamically o ex e nal s imuli, acili a ing inno a ions ac oss
ae ospace, au omo i e, and biomedical domains (Adding on &
Schodek, 2012). Concu en ly, he eme gence o addi i e
manu ac u ing (AM), pa icula ly h ee-dimensional p in ing, has
ans o med enginee ing p ac ices by enabling in ica e geome ies,
educing ma e ial was age, and expedi ing p o o yping p ocesses
(Gibson e al., 2015). Recen in es iga ions ha e unde sco ed he
inc easing con e gence o AM and in elligen ma e ials,
illus a ing how AM can p omo e he de elopmen o esponsi e
s uc u es and mul i unc ional componen s (Ga dan, 2019).
No wi hs anding hese ad ancemen s, he assimila ion o
in elligen ma e ials emains inconsis en ac oss a ious indus ies
due o echnological, economic, and o ganiza ional ambigui ies.
Exis ing li e a u e has sc u inized bo h he echnological p ospec s
o addi i e manu ac u ing and he ecological signi icance o
ma e ial selec ions. Fo ins ance, AM has been associa ed wi h
sus ainabili y ou comes by acili a ing e icien p oduc ion and
diminishing esou ce consump ion (Ik am e al., 2022).
Simul aneously, he ising socie al consciousness ega ding g een
ma e ials—ma e ials ha a e ecyclable, biodeg adable, o ene gy-
e icien has exe ed p essu e on indus ies o con o m o
en i onmen al sus ainabili y objec i es (A doin e al., 2012).
Howe e , hese esea ch ajec o ies equen ly ope a e in isola ion,
add essing ei he echnological capabili y o en i onmen al
pe cep ion, while dis ega ding hei collec i e in luence in shaping
he adop ion o in elligen ma e ials. This agmen ed pe spec i e
engende s a subs an ial esea ch oid in comp ehending he
mul idimensional d i e s o in elligen ma e ial adop ion in
mechanical enginee ing. While in es iga ions ha e accen ua ed he
po en ial o in elligen ma e ials o ad anced design and
ecological inno a ion (Kan a os & Gane sos, 2023), he e exis s a
pauci y o unde s anding ega ding how adop ion decisions a e
mode a ed by i ms’ assessmen s o cos s and bene i s. Indeed, he
eadiness o emb ace no el echnologies is con ingen no solely on
echnical easibili y o en i onmen al impe a i es bu also on he
ex en o which pe cei ed inancial e u ns su pass he associa ed
in es men s (A e y e al, 2025). In he absence o an in eg a ed
app oach encompassing echnological, en i onmen al, and
economic pe spec i es, con empo a y schola ship p o ides a
pa ial depic ion o he dynamics in luencing adop ion o sma
ma e ials.
To ec i y his oid, he inqui y explo es he ollowing esea ch
ques ions: (1) To wha ex en does addi i e manu ac u ing
capabili y in luence he adop ion o sma ma e ials in mechanical
enginee ing? (2) How does g een ma e ial pe cep ion shape he
adop ion o sma ma e ials in mechanical enginee ing? (3) How
migh cos –bene i conside a ions al e he s eng h o di ec ion o
he ela ionship be ween echnological and en i onmen al ac o s
and sma ma e ial adop ion? Th ough add essing hese inqui ies,
his s udy p o e s h ee p incipal con ibu ions. Fi s , i o mula es
an in eg a i e amewo k ha amalgama es echnological,
en i onmen al, and economic dimensions in elucida ing in elligen
ma e ial adop ion. Second, i emphasizes he mode a ing unc ion
o cos –bene i e alua ion, he eby augmen ing he comp ehension
o echnology adop ion wi hin enginee ing con ex s. Thi d, i
u nishes p ac ical guidance o manage s and enginee s o
econcile inno a ion, sus ainabili y, and inancial iabili y in he
adop ion o no el ma e ials.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Sma Ma e ial Adop ion in Mechanical Enginee ing
The inco po a ion o sma ma e ials wi hin he ealm o
mechanical enginee ing pe ains o he deg ee o which enginee s
and o ganiza ions assimila e ma e ials ha exhibi esponsi eness
o ex e nal s imuli, such as shape-memo y alloys, piezoelec ic
composi es, and he moch omic polyme s, in o a ious indus ial
applica ions. In con as o adi ional ma e ials, sma ma e ials a e
enginee ed o dynamic adap abili y, hus acili a ing inno a i e
unc ionali ies and esponsi e pe o mance (Adding on &
Schodek, 2012). The no ion o adop ion anscends he me e
echnical easibili y o such ma e ials; i encapsula es s a egic
choices ha na iga e he in ica e balance be ween inno a ion,
sus ainabili y, and cos -e ec i eness, ende ing i an essen ial
cons uc o comp ehending he echnological e olu ion wi hin
mechanical enginee ing.
Theo e ical F amewo k
T iple Bo om Line (TBL) Theo y
The T iple Bo om Line (TBL) amewo k ep esen s a
ounda ional heo e ical lens h ough which sus ainabili y may be
assessed, posi ing ha o ganiza ional pe o mance ough o be
e alua ed ac oss h ee in e dependen dimensions: economic
iabili y, en i onmen al in eg i y, and social equi y (Elking on &
Rowlands, 1999). Ins ead o limi ing sc u iny solely o inancial
p o i abili y, he TBL emphasizes ha endu ing success
necessi a es he equilib ium o in e es s abou ―people, plane , and
p o i .‖ Wi hin he ealm o mechanical enginee ing, his
amewo k in ima es ha he implemen a ion o sma ma e ials
should no me ely be app aised in e ms o e iciency
enhancemen s and cos sa ings, bu also in ela ion o hei
ecological ad an ages, such as was e educ ion and ene gy
conse a ion, and hei cong uence wi h socie al expec a ions and
egula o y s anda ds. The applica ion o TBL o he adop ion o
sma ma e ials elucida es he mul i ace ed na u e o he cons uc .
The adop ion o sma ma e ials co esponds o he economic and
echnological dimension, as o ganiza ions ha ness inno a ion o
bols e compe i i eness. The independen a iable conce ning
pe cep ions o g een ma e ials aligns wi h he en i onmen al
dimension, whe ein o ganiza ional cognizance o ecyclabili y,
biodeg adabili y, and ene gy e iciency in o ms s a egic decisions
ega ding adop ion. Mo eo e , he mode a ing e ec o cos –
bene i e alua ion encapsula es he in eg a i e a ionale o TBL:
e en in ins ances whe e echnical ad an ages a e acknowledged,
adop ion de e mina ions a e con ingen upon o ganiza ions’
pe cep ions o a balanced ou come ac oss p o i abili y, ecological
me i , and socie al legi imacy.
Empi ical in es iga ions subs an ia e his in eg a i e app oach.
Dwye e al. (2015) unde sco ed ha o ganiza ions ha inco po a e
TBL p inciples in o hei decision-making amewo ks achie e
g ea e alignmen be ween inno a ion, en i onmen al s ewa dship,
and socie al wel a e. Hacking & Gu h ie (2008) u he delinea ed
TBL as a comp ehensi e amewo k o sus ainabili y assessmen ,
emphasizing i s capaci y o e alua e ade-o s among compe ing
objec i es. F om a p agma ic s andpoin , Ga dan (2019)
accen ua ed ha addi i e manu ac u ing acili a es he in eg a ion
o sma ma e ials while simul aneously enhancing esou ce
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e iciency and diminishing was e, he eby exempli ying syne gies
be ween economic and ecological pe o mance. Mo e ecen ly,
A e y e al. (2025) sc u inized how cos –bene i analyses in he
con ex o sus ainable echnology adop ion in luence decision-
making by balancing p o i abili y wi h en i onmen al implica ions.
In addi ion, academics indica e ha TBL ope a es as a c ucial
managemen app oach ha p omp s o ganiza ions o wea e
sus ainabili y in o hei ope a ional p ac ices. Slape & Hall (2011)
con end ha when o ganiza ions sys ema ically e alua e hei
pe o mance agains he h ee pilla s, hey a e mo e likely o a ain
a sus ainable compe i i e ad an age. Collec i ely, hese indings
co obo a e ha he adop ion o sma ma e ials, when guided by
he TBL amewo k, can p oduce a ― iple win‖: os e ing
inno a ion and p o i abili y, alle ia ing en i onmen al impac s, and
sa is ying socie al and egula o y equi emen s.
Technology Adop ion Model (TAM)
The Technology Adop ion Model (TAM), a icula ed by Da is in
1989, ep esen s a widely acknowledged mic o-le el amewo k
ocused on cla i ying he decision-making jou neys o indi iduals
and o ganiza ions as hey conside he adop ion o eme ging
echnologies. This model posi s ha adop ion beha io s a e
p edominan ly in luenced by wo cogni i e assessmen s: pe cei ed
use ulness (PU), de ined as he deg ee o which a echnology is
pe cei ed o enhance pe o mance, and pe cei ed ease o use
(PEOU), which e e s o he pe cei ed e o lessness associa ed
wi h i s implemen a ion. Collec i ely, hese ac o s shape
indi iduals' a i udes owa ds he echnology, subsequen ly
impac ing ac ual adop ion ou comes. In he con ex o mechanical
enginee ing, TAM se es as a signi ican ounda ional ool o
examining he a ionale behind i ms' in eg a ion o sma
ma e ials, as hei adop ion is in luenced no solely by echnical
a ailabili y bu also by enginee s' pe cep ions o u ili y and
p ac icali y.
The applica ion o TAM o he adop ion o sma ma e ials wi hin
mechanical enginee ing elucida es how pe cei ed use ulness
mani es s in he acknowledgmen ha esponsi e ma e ials can
enhance ope a ional e iciency, diminish ene gy consump ion, and
acili a e design adap abili y (Ik am e al., 2022). Concu en ly, he
pe cei ed ease o use is a ec ed by he addi i e manu ac u ing
(AM) capabili ies o i ms, as sophis ica ed AM sys ems mi iga e
he echnical challenges associa ed wi h he p oduc ion and
inco po a ion o in ica e sma ma e ials (Ga dan, 2019). In his
ega d, AM capabili ies unc ion as a ca alys ha ampli ies bo h
pe cep ions o use ulness and ease o use, consequen ly os e ing
adop ion in en ions. The TAM amewo k u he acili a es he
inco po a ion o en i onmen al and economic conside a ions in o
he decision-making p ocesses su ounding echnology adop ion.
Fo ins ance, enginee s who ecognize sma ma e ials as
en i onmen ally ad an ageous (e.g., ecyclable, ene gy-e icien )
a e mo e inclined o assess hem as use ul, he eby aligning
adop ion wi h b oade sus ainabili y objec i es (Kan a os &
Gane sos, 2023). Mo eo e , he mode a ing in luence o cos –
bene i analysis e lec s he manne in which o ganiza ional
decision-making ecalib a es TAM's a iables: e en in ins ances
whe e use ulness and ease o use a e acknowledged, he pace o
adop ion may ei he be hinde ed o expedi ed based on whe he
inancial bene i s su pass he associa ed in es men cos s (Wang,
2022). Empi ical in es iga ions subs an ia e his heo e ical
in eg a ion. Venka esh & Da is (2000) expanded TAM in o TAM2
by inco po a ing social in luences and cogni i e ins umen al
p ocesses, he eby illus a ing ha o ganiza ional adop ion is
in luenced by ac o s beyond me e unc ional u ili y. Ma angunić
& G anić (2015) conduc ed a comp ehensi e e iew o TAM
applica ions, emphasizing i s e sa ili y ac oss a ious
echnological landscapes, including manu ac u ing. In he domain
o mechanical enginee ing, esea ch ocusing on AM adop ion
co obo a es ha pe cep ions o echnical ad an ages and ease o
in eg a ion se e as s ong p edic o s o he accep ance o ad anced
manu ac u ing echnologies (Ben-Ne & Siemsen, 2017). These
indings ein o ce TAM's pe inence o he adop ion o sma
ma e ials, while simul aneously highligh ing he necessi y o
in eg a ing economic conside a ions in o he amewo k.
De e minan s o Sma Ma e ial Adop ion in Mechanical
Enginee ing
Addi i e Manu ac u ing Capabili y
The capabili y in addi i e manu ac u ing (AM) in ol es an
o ganiza ion's skill in adep ly execu ing addi i e s a egies such as
3D p in ing, as p o o yping, and di ec digi al p oduc ion aimed a
p oduc design and manu ac u ing. This capabili y anscends he
me e owne ship o AM echnologies; i inco po a es echnical
acumen, in as uc u al p epa edness, ma e ial accessibili y, and
manage ial p o iciency ha oge he in luence how en e p ises
u ilize AM o a ain compe i i e supe io i y (Gibson e al., 2015).
Wi hin he domain o mechanical enginee ing, AM capabili y
deno es he deg ee o which o ganiza ions can con e design
idea ions in o unc ional p o o ypes and end-use componen s wi h
accu acy, adap abili y, and sus ainabili y.
The signi icance o AM capabili y is mul i ace ed. F om a
echnical s andpoin , AM acili a es he ab ica ion o in ica ely
complex geome ies and ligh weigh s uc u es ha a e challenging
o un easible o manu ac u e using sub ac i e me hods, he eby
os e ing inno a ion in sec o s such as ae ospace, au omo i e, and
biomedical enginee ing (Mello e al., 2014). Economically, AM
capabili y diminishes ooling expenses, expedi es ime- o-ma ke ,
and augmen s cus omiza ion on a la ge scale (Ben-Ne & Siemsen,
2017). Fu he mo e, AM o e s ecological bene i s, as i s laye -by-
laye manu ac u ing app oach cu ails aw ma e ial was e and
mi iga es he ca bon oo p in in compa ison o con en ional
manu ac u ing p ocesses (Fo d & Despeisse, 2016). In his con ex ,
AM capabili y is cong uen wi h he o e a ching aims o Indus y
4.0 and sus ainable manu ac u ing, he eby syn hesizing
echnological ad ancemen wi h ecological e iciency.
No wi hs anding i s po en ial, he e olu ion o AM capabili y
encoun e s nume ous obs acles and challenges. The subs an ial
inancial in es men equi ed o ad anced AM equipmen ,
specialized so wa e, and compa ible ma e ials cons i u es a
conside able limi a ion o small and medium-sized en e p ises
(Kellens e al., 2017). Mo eo e , wo k o ce de iciencies,
pa icula ly he sca ci y o enginee s p o icien in AM design and
p oduc ion, u he obs uc capabili y enhancemen (Holms öm e
al., 2010). Addi ionally, app ehensions ega ding p ocess
eliabili y, he absence o s anda dized ce i ica ion, and scalabili y
challenges hinde indus ial assimila ion (Baume s e al., 2017).
These limi a ions unde sco e ha AM capabili y is no me ely a
echnological unc ion bu a he a dynamic o ganiza ional
capabili y necessi a ing in es men , aining, and ins i u ional
endo semen . The heo e ical ounda ion o AM capabili y can be
ex apola ed om bo h he Resou ce-Based View (RBV) and he
Dynamic Capabili ies Theo y. F om he RBV pe spec i e, AM
capabili y cons i u es a aluable, a e, and di icul - o- eplica e
esou ce ha has he po en ial o gene a e sus ained compe i i e
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ad an age (Ba ney, 1991). Concu en ly, dynamic capabili ies
heo y highligh s ha he capaci y o ecognize echnological
oppo uni ies, capi alize on hem, and econ igu e esou ces is
c ucial o o ganiza ions unc ioning in ola ile en i onmen s
(Teece, 2007). Consequen ly, AM capabili y embodies bo h a s a ic
esou ce and a dynamic compe ence ha enables i ms o swi ly
adap o e ol ing cus ome demands, egula o y equi emen s, and
sus ainabili y challenges.
G ounded in bo h heo e ical insigh s and empi ical e idence, his
s udy o mula es he ollowing i s hypo hesis H1: Addi i e
manu ac u ing capabili y posi i ely impac s sma ma e ial
adop ion in mechanical enginee ing.
G een Ma e ial Pe cep ion
The concep o g een ma e ial pe cep ion ocuses on how
enginee s, co po a ions, and s akeholde s acknowledge and
e alua e he ecological ai s o ma e ials, en ailing ac o s such as
ecyclabili y, biodeg adabili y, ene gy e iciency, and lowe
emissions. In con as o adop ion, which signi ies beha io al
execu ion, pe cep ion encapsula es he cogni i e and a i udinal
p edisposi ion owa ds en i onmen al accoun abili y in he
u iliza ion o ma e ials. Eme ging om he discou se su ounding
consume g een pe cep ion, his cons uc has p og essi ely been
in eg a ed in o enginee ing domains, whe ein i exe s in luence
o e decision-making p ocesses ela ed o ma e ial selec ion and
inno a ion s a egies (Chen, 2010).
The p agma ic signi icance o g een ma e ial pe cep ion esides in
i s capaci y o engende ma ke legi imacy and s akeholde
con idence. Co po a ions ha a e ega ded as emb acing
en i onmen ally sus ainable ma e ials no only acqui e epu a ional
bene i s bu also o i y hei s anding wi hin alue chains
dedica ed o sus ainabili y (Jiao e al., 2020). Pe cep ions ega ding
en i onmen al quali y u he augmen b and equi y and cul i a e
long- e m compe i i eness, as s akeholde s co ela e such p ac ices
wi h co po a e social esponsibili y (Han & Kim, 2010). Wi hin he
ealm o mechanical enginee ing, g een ma e ial pe cep ion se es
as a cogni i e condui be ween echnological inno a ion and
sus ainable de elopmen , ha monizing ma e ial choices wi h
socie al an icipa ions and egula o y obliga ions.
No wi hs anding i s ad an ages, he impac o g een ma e ial
pe cep ion encoun e s nume ous impedimen s and challenges.
Pe cep ions may be comp omised by in o ma ion asymme y and
g eenwashing, in which co po a ions ampli y ecological asse ions
wi hou subs an ial co obo a ion (Delmas & Bu bano, 2011).
Fu he mo e, e en when en i onmen al a ibu es a e ecognized,
inancial conside a ions equen ly obs uc he ansla ion o
a o able pe cep ions in o ac ual adop ion (Kellens e al., 2017).
Addi ionally, he lack o in e na ionally s anda dized c i e ia o
de ining and ce i ying ―g een‖ ma e ials gene a es ambigui y,
diminishing he dependabili y o s akeholde pe cep ions and
hinde ing he p og ession owa ds sus ainable p oduc ion. The
cons uc o g een ma e ial pe cep ion can be si ua ed wi hin bo h
he Theo y o Planned Beha io (TPB) and S akeholde Theo y.
TPB (Ajzen, 1991) asse s ha a i ma i e pe cep ions o
en i onmen al bene i s cul i a e a o able a i udes, which, when
combined wi h subjec i e no ms and pe cei ed con ol, enhance
he p obabili y o p o-en i onmen al adop ion. S akeholde Theo y
(F eeman, 2010) b oadens his iewpoin by emphasizing how
ex e nal p essu es, spanning cus ome demand o egula o y
amewo ks, a ec co po a e pe cep ions and subsequen ac ions.
Collec i ely, hese heo ies highligh ha pe cep ion anscends a
me e indi idual cogni i e p ocess, ep esen ing a socially
embedded e alua ion shaped by bo h in e nal con ic ions and
ex e nal expec a ions.
D awing om bo h heo e ical pe spec i es and p io empi ical
indings, he s udy ad ances he ollowing second hypo hesis H2:
G een ma e ial pe cep ion posi i ely impac s sma ma e ial
adop ion in mechanical enginee ing.
Cos –Bene i E alua ion in Sma Ma e ial Adop ion
Cos –Bene i E alua ion (CBE) cons i u es a igo ous analy ical
amewo k employed o sys ema ically examine bo h economic
and non-economic ou comes a ising om he in eg a ion o sma
ma e ials wi hin he discipline o mechanical enginee ing. Building
upon he es ablished p inciples o cos –bene i analysis (CBA)
wi hin he ealm o economics, CBE encompasses a compa a i e
analysis o measu able cos s, including esea ch and de elopmen
in es men s, manu ac u ing expendi u es, and li ecycle
main enance, agains he p ojec ed bene i s, which may encompass
imp o emen s in pe o mance, ma e ial e iciency, and ecological
sus ainabili y. Wi hin he enginee ing sec o , his e alua i e
app oach is inc easingly being u ilized o ad ance sus ainable
ma e ial inno a ion, as en e p ises endea o o quan i y he ade-
o s associa ed wi h subs an ial ini ial inancial ou lays agains
p ospec i e long- e m ope a ional and en i onmen al ad an ages
(Mou a o, 2006).
The p agma ic signi icance o CBE is unde sco ed by i s abili y o
p omo e e idence-based decision-making p ocesses. Sma
ma e ials, exempli ied by shape-memo y alloys and piezoelec ic
composi es, equen ly necessi a e conside able up on
in es men s; howe e , hei po en ial o diminish weigh , enhance
ene gy e iciency, and p olong p oduc longe i y yields
quan i iable economic bene i s (Gibson e al., 2015). Fu he mo e,
when in eg a ing en i onmen al and social me ics, CBE elucida es
ha sus ainable inno a ions can o e no only economic e u ns
bu also bols e epu a ional c edibili y and ensu e adhe ence o
egula o y equi emen s (Jiao e al., 2020). Consequen ly, CBE
se es as a sys ema ic amewo k o enginee s and manage s o
ha monize inno a ion s a egies wi h he o e a ching goals o
g een enginee ing and sus ainable de elopmen .
Ne e heless, he assessmen o cos s and bene i s is con on ed
wi h nume ous impedimen s and challenges. Fi s ly, he
quan i ica ion o in angible o long- e m ad an ages such as
augmen ed b and epu a ion, diminished ecological oo p in , o
enhanced s akeholde con idence emains me hodologically
in ica e (Delmas & Bu bano, 2011). Secondly, he p ohibi i e
ini ial capi al demands associa ed wi h esea ch and p o o yping
equen ly hinde widesp ead adop ion, pa icula ly among i ms
ope a ing unde esou ce cons ain s (Kellens e al., 2017). Thi dly,
he lack o s anda dized me ics o li e cycle cos ing and
sus ainabili y bene i s engende s unce ain y, complica ing he
p ocess o compa ing adi ional ma e ials wi h ad anced sma
ma e ials on an equi alen basis. These cons ain s unde sco e he
pi o al in luence o pe cep ion and ins i u ional amewo ks in
shaping adop ion decisions ha ex end beyond me e economic
e alua ions. Conside ing i om a heo e ical angle, CBE gains
c edibili y h ough he T iple Bo om Line s uc u e (Elking on,
1999), which poin s ou he in e dependence o economic,
en i onmen al, and social consequences. An e alua ion o adop ion
p edica ed solely on inancial e u ns isks neglec ing he
ecological and socie al bene i s ha unde pin long- e m
sus ainabili y. Mo eo e , Di usion o Inno a ion Theo y (Roge s,
Copy igh © ISRG Publishe s. All igh s Rese ed.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17721300
36
2003) posi s pe cei ed ela i e ad an age, de ined as he
pe cep ion ha bene i s su pass cos s, se es as a c ucial ac o
in luencing adop ion decisions. The syn hesis o hese heo e ical
pe spec i es sugges s CBE in he adop ion o sma ma e ials
should no be con ined o a na ow economic amewo k; a he , i
should be ega ded as a mul idimensional e alua ion encompassing
inancial, ecological, and s akeholde conside a ions.
In eg a ing insigh s om es ablished heo ies and exis ing
empi ical esea ch, he s udy posi s he hi d hypo hesis H3: Cos –
bene i e alua ion posi i ely mode a es he ela ionship be ween
g een ma e ial pe cep ion and sma ma e ial adop ion in
mechanical enginee ing.
Ancho ed in obus heo e ical unde pinnings, his s udy enhances
i s academic alue by p esen ing he ollowing concep ual
amewo k:
Figu e 1. The pape 's Concep ual F amewo k
Sou ce: (The au ho s, 2025)
Me hodology
This in es iga ion employed a quan i a i e, c oss-sec ional
esea ch amewo k o sys ema ically sc u inize he
in e connec ions among addi i e manu ac u ing capabili y, g een
ma e ial pe cep ion, and he adop ion o sma ma e ials, alongside
he mode a ing in luence o cos –bene i e alua ion wi hin
mechanical enginee ing en e p ises. A s a i ied sampling s a egy
based on p obabili y was u ilized o gua an ee ep esen a i eness
ac oss a ious indus ial sec o s, including ae ospace, au omo i e,
and biomedical enginee ing. This me hodological selec ion is
cong uen wi h B yman’s (2016) p oposi ion ha s a i ied
p obabili y sampling enhances ex e nal alidi y by inco po a ing
dis inc ye pe inen subpopula ions. The uni o analysis was
delinea ed a he o ganiza ional le el, speci ically a ge ing
enginee s, R&D manage s, and p oduc ion supe iso s who a e
di ec ly in ol ed in ma e ial selec ion and inno a ion in
manu ac u ing.
A me iculously s uc u ed ques ionnai e was o mula ed wi h each
a iable was e alua ed h ough mul iple i ems adap ed om
p e iously alida ed scales and ope a ionalized ia a i e-poin
Like scale, anging om 1 (―s ongly disag ee‖) o 5 (―s ongly
ag ee‖). To ensu e me hodological alidi y and con ex ual
pe inence o he Vie namese mechanical enginee ing domain, he
esea ch employed a s a i ied p obabili y sampling echnique. This
me hodology acili a ed ep esen a i eness among ou p incipal
s akeholde coho s ac i ely in ol ed in echnology-o ien ed
manu ac u ing and he adop ion o sus ainable ma e ials. The
ini ial coho comp ised mechanical enginee s and p oduc ion
manage s (25%), who we e di ec ly esponsible o ma e ial
selec ion, p ocess op imiza ion, and design e iciency. The second
coho consis ed o esea ch and de elopmen as well as addi i e
manu ac u ing expe s (25%), who p o ided specialized echnical
knowledge conce ning inno a ion, in as uc u e, and ma e ial
in eg a ion. The hi d ca ego y (25%) encompassed execu i e-le el
decision-make s, including chie enginee s, inno a ion di ec o s,
and depa men heads, who we e asked wi h econciling
sus ainabili y conside a ions and cos -bene i analyses wi h
s a egic objec i es. The inal g oup (25%) included academicians,
consul an s, and policymake s, who con ibu ed insigh s on
sus ainabili y policy and egula o y adap a ion wi hin he con ex
o Vie nam's indus ial landscape. The esea ch u ilized s uc u ed
in e iews alongside sel -adminis e ed online su eys conduc ed
h ough Google Fo ms. The su ey was dissemina ed ac oss
p o essional ne wo ks, uni e si y-indus y collabo a ion pla o ms,
and specialized enginee ing communi ies in Vie nam, such as ―Kỹ
sư Cơ khí Việ Nam,‖ ―Công nghệ In 3D & Vậ liệu Thông minh,‖
and ―Chuyển đổi số ong Công nghiệp.‖. Following he
elimina ion o incomple e o inconsis en esponses, a o al o 385
alid cases we e p ese ed om 812 submissions collec ed. The
da ase illus a ed a balanced ep esen a ion o i m sizes,
enginee ing sec o s, and geog aphic egions h oughou Vie nam.
Da a analysis was execu ed u ilizing SPSS 20. Ini ially, Reliabili y
Analysis was conduc ed o e alua e in e nal consis ency h ough
C onbach’s Alpha coe icien s wi h all cons uc s exceeded he
ecommended h eshold o 0.70, indica ing a high le el o in e nal
consis ency and eliabili y (Hai e al., 2009). Subsequen ly,
Explo a o y Fac o Analysis (EFA) was employed o unco e he
unde lying ac o s uc u e and alida e cons uc dimensionali y
wi h only i ems wi h ac o loadings g ea e han 0.50 we e
e ained o u he analysis (Hai e al., 2009). Thi dly, mul iple
linea eg ession analysis was u ilized o examine he hypo hesized
in e ela ionships be ween addi i e manu ac u ing capabili y, g een
ma e ial pe cep ion, and sma ma e ial adop ion (Sh es ha, 2020).
Ul ima ely, mode a ion analysis was pe o med o in es iga e he
mode a ing in luence o cos -bene i e alua ion on hese
in e ela ionships (Hayes, 2022).
Copy igh © ISRG Publishe s. All igh s Rese ed.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17721300
37
RESULTS Reliabili y analysis
Table 1: Reliabili y analysis o ―Sma Ma e ial Adop ion in Mechanical Enginee ing‖.
Reliabili y S a is ics
C onbach's Alpha
N o I ems
.863
4
I em-To al S a is ics
Scale Mean i I em Dele ed
Scale Va iance i I em Dele ed
Co ec ed I em-To al Co ela ion
C onbach's Alpha i I em Dele ed
SMA1
8.123
8.068
.815
.836
SMA2
8.162
7.258
.834
.851
SMA3
7.957
8.060
.778
.792
SMA4
7.258
7.390
.730
.766
Sou ce: (The au ho s, 2025)
The su ey ins umen s SMA1-SMA4 we e aligned wi h ou
inqui ies ha assessed he dependen a iable.
As depic ed in Table 1, each sub-i em a ained an adjus ed i em–
o al co ela ion exceeding 0.3, he eby alida ing accep able
in e nal consis ency. The agg ega e C onbach’s alpha o 0.863
su passed he es ablished benchma k o 0.7 and was supe io o
any alue ha would eme ge om he exclusion o indi idual
i ems. Fu he mo e, all sub-i ems mani es ed C onbach’s alpha
coe icien s ha we e g ea e han hei adjus ed i em– o al
co ela ions, e en when e alua ed sepa a ely. Consequen ly, all
ou i ems exhibi ed commendable eliabili y and we e p ese ed
o subsequen s a is ical examina ion. A compa able consis ency
in eliabili y was also e iden in he C onbach’s alpha ou comes o
he emaining cons uc s.
Explo a o y ac o analysis (EFA)
Table 2: Ro a ed Componen Ma ix
Ro a ed Componen Ma ixa
Componen wi h loading ac o s
1
2
3
4
SMA1 .699
SMA2 .705
SMA3 .670
SMA4 .680
AMC1 .619
AMC2 .627
AMC3 .604
AMC4 .714
GMP1 .715
GMP2 .816
GMP3 .825
GMP4 .680
CBE1 .652
CBE2 .744
CBE3 .843
CBE4 .780
Ex ac ion Me hod: P incipal Componen Analysis.
Ro a ion Me hod: Va imax wi h Kaise No maliza ion.
a. Ro a ion con e ged in 7 i e a ions.
Sou ce: (The au ho s, 2025)
The su ey i ems labeled AMC1–AMC4, GMP1-GMP4, and
CBE1-CBE4 we e me iculously designed o e alua e he wo
independen a iables alongside he mode a o , wi h ou dis inc
i ems alloca ed o each cons uc .
As delinea ed in Table 2, he o a ed componen ma ix p o icien ly
ca ego ized all 16 sub-i ems in o ou unique ac o s ha
co espond p ecisely o he dependen a iable, he wo
independen a iables, and he mode a o . Each i em demons a ed
a ac o loading exceeding he accep ed c i e ion o 0.5, he eby
a i ming hei app op ia eness o he designa ed cons uc s. As a
esul , no i ems we e omi ed du ing he ac o analysis, which
signi ies a s ong cons uc alidi y ac oss all assessed a iables.
Mul iple linea eg ession model
Table 3: Coe icien sa
Model
Uns anda dized Coe icien s
S anda dized Coe icien s
Sig.
B
S d. E o
Be a
1
(Cons an )
6.373
.955
4.365
.000
AMC
.738
.880
.712
3.059
.000
GMP
.822
.770
.816
3.658
.000
a. Dependen Va iable: SMA
Sou ce: (The au ho s, 2025)
Copy igh © ISRG Publishe s. All igh s Rese ed.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17721300
38
Whe e SMA e e s o he a e age o SMA1 h ough SMA4; AMC
deno es he a e age o AMC1 h ough AMC4; GMP ep esen s he
a e age o GMP1 h ough GMP4.
As depic ed in Table 3, he esul s o he - es e ealed
signi icance (Sig.) alues o .000 o bo h ela ional cons uc s,
which a e conside ably lowe han he adi ional alpha h eshold
o 0.05. This conclusion indica es ha bo h independen a iables
ha e a signi ican impac on he dependen a iable. Consequen ly,
he esul s u nish empi ical alida ion o he accep ance o bo h
hypo hesized p oposi ions.
Mode a o analysis
Table 4: Resul s analysis o ―Cos –Bene i E alua ion in Sma Ma e ial Adop ion‖.
Model : 1 Y: SMA X: GMP W: CBE Sample Size: 385
**************************************************************************
OUTCOME VARIABLE: SMA Model Summa y
R
R-sq
MSE
F
dl1
dl2
p
.665
.442
.536
5.878
3.000
381.000
.000
Model
coe
se
p
LLCI
ULCI
cons an
7.050
.675
61.881
.000
7.800
7.443
GMP
.623
.696
4.802
.000
.765
.747
CBE
.537
.699
4.360
.000
.885
.834
In _1
.470
.836
4.561
.000
.676
.613
Sou ce: (The au ho s, 2025)
Whe e CBE deno es he a e age o CBE1 h ough CBE4.
As shown in Table 4, he p- alue linked o he in e ac ion e m
(In _1) is 0.000, which alls well below he con en ional
signi icance limi o 0.05. This inding subs an ia es a s a is ically
signi ican mode a ing in luence o cos –bene i e alua ion in
sma ma e ial adop ion on he nexus be ween g een ma e ial
pe cep ion and sma ma e ial adop ion in mechanical enginee ing.
Wi h an in e ac ion coe icien o 0.470, he esul s sugges ha
cos –bene i e alua ion in sma ma e ial adop ion in ensi ies he
a i ma i e impac o g een ma e ial pe cep ion on sma ma e ial
adop ion in mechanical enginee ing. Consequen ly, hypo hesis H3
ecei es empi ical alida ion.
DISCUSSION
Summa y Resul s
The capabili ies o addi i e manu ac u ing and pe cep ions
ega ding g een ma e ials bo h exe ed subs an ial and s a is ically
signi ican e ec s on he adop ion o sma ma e ials wi hin he
domain o mechanical enginee ing, e idenced by s anda dized
eg ession coe icien s o 0.712 and 0.816, espec i ely.
Addi ionally, he e alua ion o cos –bene i analyses e ealed a
no able mode a ing e ec , which ampli ied he associa ion be ween
g een ma e ial pe cep ions and he adop ion o sma ma e ials, as
indica ed by a mode a ion coe icien o 0.47. Collec i ely, hese
esul s obus ly a i m all h ee esea ch hypo heses and p o ide
subs an ial empi ical alida ion o he p oposed concep ual
amewo k.
Theo e ical implica ion
The empi ical indings co obo a e he asse ion ha he
capabili ies associa ed wi h addi i e manu ac u ing (AM)
subs an ially acili a e he in eg a ion o sma ma e ials wi hin he
domain o mechanical enginee ing, in acco dance wi h he
p inciples a icula ed in he Technology Adop ion Model (TAM)
ega ding pe cei ed use ulness (Da is, 1989) and he Resou ce-
Based View (Ba ney, 1991). Howe e , hese esul s con es
p e ious claims sugges ing ha he ad an ages o AM a e
mi iga ed by p ohibi i e implemen a ion expenses and a dea h o
equisi e skills (Kellens e al., 2017; Holms öm e al., 2010). The
p esen e idence aligns obus ly wi h he conclusions o Fo d and
Despeisse (2016), who posi ha AM capabili ies engende bo h
ecological and ope a ional e iciencies, he eby ein o cing he
concep o dual sus ainabili y and compe i i e ad an age.
Ne e heless, his pe spec i e pa ially di e ges om he
iewpoin s exp essed by Baume s e al. (2017), who wa ned ha
complexi ies and ba ie s ela ed o ce i ica ion po en ially cu ail
scalabili y in p ac ical applica ions. Consequen ly, he indings
bols e he pe spec i e ha AM capabili y ep esen s no me ely a
echnological asse bu also a dynamic compe ency (Teece, 2007),
he eby expanding he explana o y scope o TAM by es ablishing a
connec ion be ween pe cei ed ease o use and sus ainable
inno a ion ou comes.
The a i ma i e impac o g een ma e ial pe cep ion on he
adop ion o sma ma e ials is consis en wi h Ajzen’s (1991)
Theo y o Planned Beha io , unde sco ing ha p o-en i onmen al
p edisposi ions ansla e in o in en ions o adop ce ain beha io s.
None heless, his in es iga ion e eals heo e ical inconsis encies
wi hin S akeholde Theo y (F eeman, 2010), whe ein ins i u ional
p essu es do no in a iably ensu e ac ual implemen a ion. The da a
aligns well wi h he iewpoin s o Chen (2010) and Jiao e al.
(2020), who sugges ha op imis ic en i onmen al pe cep ions
accele a e he emb ace o inno a ions; howe e , hey also e lec
some alignmen wi h he doub s exp essed by Delmas and Bu bano
(2011) conce ning he eliabili y o g een claims agains he
backd op o co po a e g eenwashing. In con as o he amewo k
posi ed by A doin e al. (2012), which cha ac e ized pe cep ion as
an ex e nal social cons uc , his s udy p o ides e idence ha
posi ions i as an in e nalized cogni i e de e minan in luencing
echnological choices. Thus, i challenges he assump ion ha
pe cep ion, in isola ion, lacks subs an ial decision-making
Copy igh © ISRG Publishe s. All igh s Rese ed.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17721300
39
in luence, p oposing ins ead ha en i onmen al cogni ion ac s as a
c i ical p ecu so o enginee ing inno a ion—e ec i ely linking
he a i udinal dimensions o TPB wi h he p agma ic challenges
inhe en in indus ial sus ainabili y.
The mode a ing in luence o cos –bene i e alua ion (CBE)
subs an ia es he in eg a i e a ionale o he T iple Bo om Line
amewo k (Elking on & Rowlands, 1999), a i ming ha he
adop ion o sma ma e ials is p opelled by an equilib ium be ween
ecological and economic conside a ions. This ou come p o ides
obus suppo o he a gumen s ad anced by A e y e al. (2025)
and Wang e al. (2022), who con end ha conside a ions o
p o i abili y acili a e echnology adop ion when he pe cei ed
e u ns exceed associa ed cos s. Howe e , his inding s ands in
pa ial con adic ion o he asse ions made by Mou a o (2006) and
Kellens e al. (2017), who emphasize ha inancial cons ain s and
challenges in measu emen impede sus ainable adop ion e o s.
Addi ionally, he esul s challenge he posi ion a icula ed by
Delmas and Bu bano (2011) ha epu a ional ad an ages seldom
ou weigh cos s, as i ms in ol ed in his s udy demons a e
inc eased adop ion a es when bene i s a e quan i iable.
Consequen ly, he indings con ibu e o he ad ancemen o
Di usion o Inno a ion Theo y (Roge s, 2003) by illus a ing ha
ela i e ad an age is con ingen upon cos –bene i pe cep ions,
he eby ende ing CBE a pi o al beha io al enhance wi hin he
in eg a i e amewo ks o TAM and TBL.
P ac ical Implica ions
This in es iga ion's indings o e a ious p ac ical pa hways o
enginee s, manage s, and policymake s who wish o encou age he
u iliza ion o sma ma e ials wi hin mechanical enginee ing. Fi s ,
he p onounced e ec o addi i e manu ac u ing (AM) capabili y
on he adop ion o sma ma e ials emphasizes he necessi y o
o ganiza ions o alloca e esou ces no solely o sophis ica ed
machine y bu also o he enhancemen o human capi al and he
in eg a ion o p ocedu al amewo ks. En e p ises ough o ega d
AM capabili y as a dynamic compe ency a he han a me e
echnological asse (Teece, 2007). T aining ini ia i es,
in e disciplina y esea ch and de elopmen collabo a ions, and
supplie alliances can e ec i ely b idge he di ide be ween design
concep ualiza ion and indus ial execu ion. The indings o his
s udy co obo a e Fo d and Despeisse’s (2016) claim ha AM
p omo es esou ce-e icien inno a ion, while addi ionally
illumina ing he ac ha s a egic o ganiza ional p epa edness
magni ies hese ad an ages. Consequen ly, go e nmen al en i ies
and indus y o ganiza ions should encou age AM upskilling
p og ams h ough inancial g an s and knowledge ans e
mechanisms, pa icula ly o small and medium en e p ises (SMEs)
ha encoun e echnological and inancial challenges (Kellens e
al., 2017). Second, he obus in luence o g een ma e ial
pe cep ion sugges s ha en i onmen al consciousness mus
ansi ion om a co po a e na a i e in o a conc e e c i e ion o
design and p ocu emen . Manage s should es ablish anspa en
en i onmen al pe o mance me ics, as his app oach can ans o m
a o able pe cep ions in o genuine adop ion (Chen, 2010; Jiao e
al., 2020). In ligh o he po en ial o g eenwashing iden i ied by
Delmas and Bu bano (2011), o ganiza ions a e u ged o conduc
e i iable sus ainabili y audi s and ob ain hi d-pa y ce i ica ions
o s eng hen s akeholde con idence. Fu he mo e, enginee ing
cu icula and p o essional s anda ds ough o in eg a e modules on
en i onmen al li e acy o ensu e ha u u e enginee s possess bo h
he echnical acumen and e hical p inciples necessa y o ma e ial
inno a ion. Thi d, he mode a ing unc ion o cos –bene i
e alua ion (CBE) indica es ha adop ion s a egies mus
concu en ly add ess ecological legi imacy and iscal iabili y.
O ganiza ions should inco po a e li e cycle cos ing (LCC) and
en i onmen al pe o mance e alua ions in o hei s a egic
in es men amewo ks, he eby enabling decision-make s o
quan i y bo h angible and in angible bene i s (Mou a o, 2006;
Wang e al., 2022). This obse a ion is consis en wi h he indings
o A e y e al. (2025), who asse ha adop ion accele a es when
pe cei ed e u ns su pass cos s. Thus, policymake s ough o
implemen iscal incen i es, such as ax educ ions o ene gy-
e icien p ocesses o p e e en ial inancing o sus ainable
echnologies, o alle ia e ini ial in es men unce ain ies. In
summa y, his s udy o e s a comp ehensi e amewo k o he
in eg a ion o sus ainabili y, cos e iciency, and echnological
agili y, he eby ensu ing ha he adop ion o sma ma e ials
e ol es in o a compe i i e ad an age wi hin he ield o
mechanical enginee ing.
Limi a ions
No wi hs anding he me hodological igo demons a ed in his
in es iga ion, se e al limi a ions a e appa en . Fi s and o emos ,
he da a was speci ically ex ac ed om Vie nam’s mechanical
enginee ing domain, which may es ic how indings a e applied
o a ious indus ial o geog aphic en i onmen s (B yman, 2016).
Secondly, he c oss-sec ional esea ch design cap u es pe cep ions
and beha io s a one disc e e momen , he eby inhibi ing causal
in e ence and longi udinal alida ion. Thi dly, he eliance on sel -
epo ed da a may ha e engende ed subjec i e biases in assessing
o ganiza ional eadiness and en i onmen al pe cep ions (A doin e
al., 2012)..
Fu u e Resea ch Di ec ions
Fu u e in es iga ions ough o b oaden his heo e ical amewo k
ac oss di e se geog aphical egions and indus ial sec o s o
analyze he cul u al and policy de e minan s impac ing he
adop ion o sma ma e ials. A s udy compa ing na ions wi h
de eloping economies o hose wi h de eloped economies could
cla i y how na ional inno a ion sys ems and ins i u ional p essu es
shape adop ion beha io s (F eeman, 2010). Fu he mo e, a
longi udinal esea ch design could e eal he e olu ion o addi i e
manu ac u ing capabili ies and cos –bene i dynamics o e ime,
especially in he con ex o he p essu es associa ed wi h Indus y
5.0 and ci cula economy pa adigms (Despeisse e al., 2021). The
inco po a ion o quali a i e in e iews o mixed-me hod s a egies
would yield a mo e nuanced comp ehension o manage ial
decision-making a ionales and he socio- echnical impedimen s
encoun e ed. Finally, o hcoming models should in eg a e
egula o y incen i es, digi al win echnologies, and a i icial
in elligence-d i en decision suppo sys ems as eme gen a iables
a ec ing he di usion o sma ma e ials.
Conclusion
This in es iga ion a icula es ha he in e sec ion o addi i e
manu ac u ing capabili ies, pe cep ions ega ding en i onmen ally
sus ainable ma e ials, and assessmen s o cos -e ec i eness
p o oundly impac s he in eg a ion o sma ma e ials in he ield o
mechanical enginee ing. Empi ical e idence e eals ha en i ies
equipped wi h ad anced addi i e manu ac u ing in as uc u e and
a genuine dedica ion o ecological sus ainabili y exhibi inc eased
a es o in eg a ion, especially when inancial concessions a e
a o able. This esea ch in eg a es he p inciples o he Technology
Accep ance Model (TAM) wi h he T iple Bo om Line, shedding
ligh on he ela ionship among ech inno a ions, ecological
Copy igh © ISRG Publishe s. All igh s Rese ed.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17721300
40
ac o s, and inancial aspec s. Ul ima ely, his esea ch occupies a
c i ical posi ion in b idging he pe sis en gap be ween
echnological capabili ies and o ganiza ional p epa edness, hus
es ablishing sma ma e ials as essen ial ca alys s o sus ainable
ans o ma ion in he indus ial e a.
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