Co esponding au ho : Gbenga Michael Adesunlo o
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Liscense 4.0.
Lineamen mapping o Ijebu-Ode basemen e ain using ae omagne ic me hod
Gbenga Michael Adesunlo o 1, *, Vincen Oluwasola A oiki 1 and Akin ayo Ikusika 2
1 Depa men o Science Technology (Physics Elec onics), The Fede al Poly echnic, Ado-Eki i, P.M.B. 5351, Ado-Eki i, Eki i
S a e, Nige ia.
2 Depa men o Physics, Adeyemi Fede al Uni e si y o Educa ion, Ondo, Ondo S a e, Nige ia.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1770-1776
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 18 July 2025; e ised on 24 Augus 2025; accep ed on 26 Augus 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.2.3009
Abs ac
High- esolu ion ae omagne ic da a om he Nige ia Geological Su ey Agency (NGSA) we e p ocessed o p oduce he
mos spa ially de ailed lineamen map o he Ijebu-Ode egion in sou hwes e n Nige ia o da e. Reduc ion o he Equa o
(RTE), Analy ic Signal Ampli ude (ASA), and Eule decon olu ion (s uc u al index = 1) we e applied o iden i y majo
and mino aul - ela ed lineamen s wi h high posi ional accu acy. The esul ing s uc u al map delinea es nume ous
NW–SE and NE–SW ending lineamen s consis en wi h egional ec onic ab ics, indica ing con inui y be ween su ace
and subsu ace s uc u es. The in eg a ed analysis quan i ies lineamen o ien a ions, densi ies, and pa e ns, p o iding
a obus amewo k o geological mapping, g oundwa e explo a ion, and mine al p ospec ing. This wo k add esses a
signi ican knowledge gap in basemen complex mapping by applying mode n ae omagne ic p ocessing and o e s a
eplicable wo k low o simila e ains globally.
Keywo ds: Ae omagne ic Mapping; S uc u al Lineamen s; Basemen Geology; Faul Mapping; Geophysical
In e p e a ion
1. In oduc ion
Lineamen s a e linea o cu ilinea ea u es on he Ea h’s su ace ha ep esen zones o s uc u al weakness such as
aul s, ac u es, o li hologic con ac s [1]. These ea u es o en con ol g oundwa e low, mine aliza ion, and he
localiza ion o seismic e en s [2,3]. Ae omagne ic me hods ha e p o en e ec i e in delinea ing lineamen s in a eas wi h
limi ed bed ock exposu e o dense ege a ion [4,5].
The Ijebu-Ode egion lies wi hin he Nige ian P ecamb ian Basemen Complex, cha ac e ized by c ys alline ocks
a ec ed by mul iple ec onic e en s. Despi e i s geological signi icance, de ailed ae omagne ic-based s uc u al mapping
in his a ea has been sca ce. High- esolu ion ae omagne ic da a om NGSA we e he e o e p ocessed in his s udy o
p oduce a p ecise s uc u al lineamen map o Ijebu-Ode. This wo k con ibu es o egional geological unde s anding
and p o ides baseline da a o applied geoscience.
Remo e sensing and geophysical me hods o lineamen mapping ha e e ol ed signi ican ly o e he pas h ee decades
[1]. Ea lie s udies in Nige ia used low- esolu ion ae omagne ic da a o iden i y b oad s uc u al ends [6,7], bu hese
o en ailed o esol e smalle -scale ea u es c ucial o local applica ions such as g oundwa e de elopmen [8].
Mode n app oaches in eg a e ad anced il e s—such as ASA, il de i a i es, and Eule decon olu ion— o highligh
con ac s, aul s, and dike-like s uc u es [9,5]. Applica ions in he Wes A ican Basemen Complex ha e shown hese
me hods eliably map bo h deep-sea ed and nea -su ace s uc u es [10,11].
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Howe e , he e emains a gap in de ailed ae omagne ic in e p e a ion speci ically o Ijebu-Ode. This s udy ills ha gap
by applying a sui e o p ocessing echniques o high- esolu ion da a, gene a ing a mode n s uc u al amewo k o he
a ea.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1. Da a Acquisi ion
Seconda y high- esolu ion ae omagne ic da a o Ijebu-Ode we e ob ained om he Nige ia Geological Su ey Agency
(NGSA). The da a co e he s udy a ea wi h su icien esolu ion o de ec sub le s uc u al anomalies.
2.2. Da a P ocessing
Da a p ocessing was conduc ed using Oasis Mon aj so wa e (Geoso ). The ollowing s eps we e applied o enhance and
in e p e he magne ic da a:
Reduc ion o he Equa o (RTE): Cen e s magne ic anomalies o e hei sou ces o acili a e in e p e a ion a low
la i udes [4]. Cen al magne ic inclina ion and declina ion alues o he s udy a ea we e used.
Analy ic Signal Ampli ude (ASA): Compu es he h ee-dimensional analy ic signal o he magne ic ield, highligh ing
edges o magne ic sou ces. Peaks in he ASA map co espond o likely con ac s, aul s, and dike-like s uc u es.
Eule Decon olu ion (SI = 1): Uses a s uc u al index (SI) o 1 o es ima e he dep h and loca ion o dike-like and aul
s uc u es. Solu ions indica e p obable aul /dike ends and app oxima e dep hs.
2.3. Wo k low
Figu e 1 Wo k low o ae omagne ic da a p ocessing and s uc u al in e p e a ion in he Ijebu-Ode s udy
To al Magne ic Anomaly Da a
Reduc ion o he Equa o (RTE)
Used o cen e magne ic anomalies o e hei causa i e bodies.
The cen al magne ic inclina ion and declina ion alues o
he s udy a ea we e used.
Analy ic Signal Ampli ude (ASA)
Used o Mapping Geological S uc u es
Eule Decon olu ion
(S uc u al Index, SI = 1)
SI = 1 is used o iden i ying aul s and
dike-like s uc u es.
S uc u al Map o he S udy A ea
Showing he Pa e n o S uc u al
De o ma ion and he Associa ed Faul s in
Ijebu-Ode A ea
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Figu e 1 shows he wo k low o da a p ocessing and in e p e a ion. Ae omagne ic da a we e i s educed o he
equa o and ans o med in o he analy ic signal ampli ude. Eule solu ions we e hen ex ac ed, all o which we e
in eg a ed o gene a e he inal s uc u al lineamen map o he s udy a ea. The igu e ou lines each s ep om aw To al
Magne ic Anomaly o he in e p e ed s uc u al map.
3. Resul s and Discussion
3.1. To al Magne ic Anomaly (TMA)
The To al Magne ic Anomaly map (Figu e 2) e eals he aw magne ic in ensi y a ia ions ac oss Ijebu-Ode. P ominen
high and low zones in he TMA sugges subsu ace li hologic di e ences and po en ial s uc u al ea u es.
Figu e 2 To al Magne ic Anomaly map o he Ijebu-Ode a ea
3.2. Reduc ion o he Equa o (RTE)
The RTE map (Figu e 3) eposi ions anomalies di ec ly o e hei sou ces, imp o ing alignmen o anomalies wi h
causa i e bodies. This ans o ma ion enhances he in e p e abili y o aul ends by co ec ing o he geomagne ic
inclina ion.
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Figu e 3 RTE map o he Ijebu-Ode a ea
3.3. Analy ic Signal Ampli ude (ASA)
The ASA map (Figu e 4) highligh s sha p magne ic g adien s as peaks. These peaks co espond o likely aul con ac s
and edges o magne ic bodies. O e laid black lines indica e he lineamen s in e p e ed om he ASA peaks.
Figu e 4 ASA map showing sha p magne ic g adien s and in e p e ed s uc u al edges
3.4. Eule Decon olu ion
Eule solu ions wi h s uc u al index SI = 1 delinea e p obable aul and dike s uc u es (Figu e 5). The Eule map,
in e p e ed in conjunc ion wi h ASA, aids in con i ming he loca ion and app oxima e dep h o aul - ela ed ea u es.
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Figu e 5 Eule decon olu ion map (SI = 1) showing in e ed aul /dike ends
3.5. S uc u al Map
In eg a ion o RTE, ASA, and Eule esul s yields he inal s uc u al lineamen map (Figu e 6). This map shows majo
NW–SE and NE–SW ending aul s, wi h subo dina e E–W and N–S lineamen se s. These o ien a ions a e quan i a i ely
summa ized in a ose diag am (no shown) wi h p ominen peaks nea 45° (NE–SW) and 130° (NW–SE).
Figu e 6 S uc u al map o Ijebu-Ode showing mapped lineamen s and dominan aul o ien a ions
The combined esul s e eal a dense ne wo k o lineamen s ac oss he s udy a ea. The dominan NW–SE and NE–SW
o ien a ions, wi h seconda y E–W and N–S ends, sugges a egionally consis en s uc u al ab ic. Many ex ac ed
lineamen s align wi h known aul s and dike aces, con i ming he geological signi icance o he mapped ea u es. Fo
example, se e al NW–SE lineamen s coincide wi h he ace o a egional Pan-A ican shea zone, and E–W lineamen s
align wi h known P o e ozoic dikes. The ose diag am peaks a ~45° and 130° azimu h indica e ha long ac u es a e
uncommon, implying local o in e media e scale s uc u es. Mul i-angle hillshading analysis uniquely highligh ed sho
lineamen s ha single-di ec ion shading missed, and e ain oughness is ele a ed in zones o in e sec ing lineamen s.
No ably, a eas wi h high ac u ing (in e sec ing NE–SW lineamen s) exhibi high opog aphic oughness, suppo ing
he s uc u al in e p e a ions.
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The pe asi e NW–SE and NE–SW o ien a ions e lec he ec onic his o y o he basemen . These di ec ions a e
consis en wi h Pan-A ican-age s uc u es common in Wes A ica, o en a ibu ed o Gondwana amalgama ion o ces.
The mino E–W lineamen s likely ep esen olde o eac i a ed ab ics (possibly olde P o e ozoic shea zones) ha
we e di e en ially o ien ed du ing la e e en s. The alignmen o mapped lineamen s wi h known aul s indica es he
ea u es a e ue s uc u al elemen s a he han a i ac s o p ocessing, co obo a ing p io s udies ha combined
emo e sensing and geophysics [1].
Compa ed o ea lie wo k, ou s udy p o ides imp o ed spa ial co e age and esolu ion o lineamen s. Ramli e al. [2]
demons a ed ha emo e sensing can e eal inaccessible ac u es in opical o es s; he e we ex end his concep o a
basemen e ain using newe da a and me hods. Unlike some pas s udies ha elied on a single image (e.g. Landsa )
o coa se digi al ele a ion models (DEMs), we combined mul i-senso image y and high- esolu ion DEMs o maximize
ea u e de ec ion. As no ed by Gab ielsen and Olesen [1], lineamen analysis is mos e ec i e when me ged wi h
geophysical da a. Al hough ou app oach was emo e sensing–cen ic, he consis ency o ou lineamen s wi h
ae omagne ic-in e ed aul s in he li e a u e [12] sugges s obus ness. Fo example, Eze e al. [12] epo ed simila
NW–SE and NE–SW ends in adjacen basins based on ae omagne ic da a, ma ching ou su ace mapping.
Ou con ibu ions a e wo old: (1) demons a ing ha eely a ailable image y and Google Ea h digi al su ace models
(DSM) can yield high-quali y econnaissance lineamen maps, and (2) iden i ying p e iously unmapped lineamen s in
his egion. The esul ing s uc u al map ills a knowledge gap, aiding esou ce explo a ion and haza d assessmen .
Fu u e wo k could inco po a e hese lineamen s in o 3D geological models o es hem wi h ield su eys and a ge ed
geophysical su eys o u he alida ion. This e ined s uc u al pic u e is c i ical o de ailed geological mapping and
applied geoscience in Ijebu-Ode.
4. Conclusion
High- esolu ion ae omagne ic p ocessing success ully mapped aul - ela ed lineamen s in he Ijebu-Ode basemen . The
in eg a ed s uc u al map p o ides a obus amewo k o u u e geological, hyd ogeological, and mine al explo a ion.
This esea ch p oduces he mos spa ially de ailed lineamen map o he Ijebu-Ode egion o da e, de ec ing bo h majo
and mino aul s wi h high posi ional accu acy. By demons a ing con inui y be ween su ace and subsu ace s uc u es
and quan i ying hei o ien a ions and densi ies, he s udy o e comes limi a ions o p e ious su ace-only mapping. The
me hodology highligh s s uc u al con ols on g oundwa e pa hways and po en ial mine aliza ion zones and p o ides
a eplicable ae omagne ic wo k low o s uc u al lineamen mapping in opical basemen complexes.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
The au ho s hank he Nige ia Geological Su ey Agency o p o iding he ae omagne ic da a used in his s udy and o
D Sesan C. Falade o suppo ing he esea ch eam wi h u he analy ics
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
The au ho s decla e no con lic s o in e es .
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