Co esponding au ho : Moonu Sh es ha
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Knowledge ega ding Me hicillin Resis an S aphylococcus au eus (MRSA) among
Nu ses o Selec ed Hospi al o Ka hmandu, Nepal
Moonu Sh es ha 1, *, Soniya Rai 2 and K i isha P ajapa i 3
1 E e es College o Nu sing, Pu banchal Uni e si y Ka hmandu Nepal.
2 Sil e line Hospi al, Eme gency Depa men , Ka hmandu, Nepal.
3 Sakshyam Heal h Ca e and Rehabili a ion Cen e, Bhak apu , Nepal.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1851-1857
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 18 July 2025; e ised on 24 Augus 2025; accep ed on 26 Augus 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.2.3075
Abs ac
Backg ound: Me hicillin- esis an S aphylococcus au eus (MRSA) is a g oup o g am-posi i e bac e ia ha a e
gene ically dis inc om o he s ains o S aphylococcus au eus. MRSA is esponsible o se e al di icul - o- ea
in ec ions in humans.
Objec i es: To assess he knowledge ega ding Me hicillin Resis an S aphylococcus au eus (MRSA) among nu ses o
selec ed hospi al o Ka hmandu.
Me hodology: A desc ip i e c oss-sec ional design was used. Fou y one nu ses om S upa Communi y Hospi al we e
selec ed using enume a i e sampling. A sel -adminis e ed s uc u ed ques ionnai e was used o assess he knowledge
le el. Da a analysis was conduc ed using SPSS 25, employing desc ip i e and in e en ial s a is ics.
Resul s: The majo i y o esponden s (53.7%) demons a ed a high le el o knowledge, while 19.5% had a mode a e
le el, and 26.8% showed a low le el o knowledge. This indica es ha o e hal o he pa icipan s we e well-in o med
abou MRSA, hough a no able po ion s ill had limi ed unde s anding, highligh ing he need o con inued educa ion
and awa eness e o s.
Conclusion: Mo e han hal o he esponden s had adequa e knowledge ega ding MRSA, hough a no able po ion s ill
had limi ed unde s anding, highligh ing he need o con inued educa ion and awa eness e o s
Keywo ds: Knowledge; Nu ses; Me hicillin- esis an S aphylococcus au eus
1. In oduc ion
MRSA in ec ion is one o he leading causes o hospi al-acqui ed in ec ions and is commonly associa ed wi h signi ican
mo bidi y, mo ali y, leng h o s ay, and cos bu den. MRSA in ec ions can be u he di ided in o hospi al-associa ed
(HA-MRSA) in ec ions and communi y-associa ed (CA-MRSA) in ec ions1.
An imic obial esis ance is a majo global heal h conce n, and, o he G am-posi i e bac e ia, d ug- esis an
S aphylococcus au eus is a se ious h ea . S. au eus causes a wide ange o in ec ions commonly in ol ing he skin, so
issue, bone, join s, and in ec ions associa ed wi h indwelling ca he e s o p os he ic de ices2.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1851-1857
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Wo ldwide, an es ima ed 2 billion people ca y some o m o S. au eus; o hese, up o 53 million (2.7% o ca ie s) a e
hough o ca y MRSA. S. au eus was iden i ied as one o he six leading pa hogens o dea hs associa ed wi h esis ance
in 2019 and 100,000 dea hs caused by MRSA we e a ibu able o an imic obial esis ance3.
I is es ima ed ha in abou 164,717 pa icipan s om 29 coun ies he global p e alence o MRSA (Me hicillin Resis an
S aphylococcus au eus) is 14.69%. Uni ed s a es o Ame ica had he highes p e alence a 22.27%, ollowed by he
Wes e n Paci ic a 16.57%, Eu ope a 10.93%, he Eas e n Medi e anean a 8.55%, and A ica a 9.04%4.
In con ex o Nepal p e alence o S aphylococcus au eus among clinical isola es is 34.5%. On a e age, he p opo ion o
mul i-d ug esis ance in S aphylococcus au eus is 57.1%. Me hicillin- esis an S aphylococcus au eus accoun s o a o al
o 41.7%5.
The pooled p e alence o MRSA in ec ions in Nepal among 5951 con i med S. au eus isola es was 38.2% (95% CI,
31.4%–45.2%). I ound a signi ican he e ogenei y (I2 = 96.7% o esis ance p opo ion), and no e idence o
publica ion bias (p = 0.256) among s udies. MRSA s ains showed a high le el o esis ance o be a-lac am an ibio ics
and he highes suscep ibili y p o ile was no ed in ancomycin 98.0% ollowed by chlo amphenicol 91.0%6.
A desc ip i e explo a o y esea ch design was conduc on 70 nu ses a Mansou a Uni e si y child hospi al in Egyp o
assess nu ses' knowledge ela ed o MRSA. Da a we e collec ed using nu ses' knowledge assessmen ques ionnai e.
Resul s shows mos o nu ses ob ained unsa is ac o y knowledge conce ning MRSA (74.3 %)7.
A desc ip i e c oss-sec ional s udy was conduc ed on 40 nu ses a selec ed hospi al o Th issu , India o assess he le el
o knowledge ega ding MRSA among nu ses. A sample o 40 nu ses we e selec ed by simple andom sampling
echnique and a sel -adminis e ed s uc u ed ques ionnai e was used o da a collec ion. The esul shows among
nu ses 47.5 % ha e mode a e le el o knowledge, 50 % o hem ha e inadequa e knowledge, 2.5 % ha e poo knowledge
and none o hem ha e adequa e knowledge ega ding MRSA8.
A desc ip i e s udy was conduc ed o assess he knowledge ega ding he Me hicillin Resis an S aphylococcus au eus
in ec ion among nu ses in Sha da Hospi al, G ea e Noida, U a P adesh. Con enien sampling echnique was used o
da a collec ion in 60 nu ses o Sha da Hospi al. Resul shows 39% ha e inadequa e knowledge, 42% ha e mode a e
knowledge and 19% ha e poo knowledge. Final esul shows ha knowledge ega ding MRSA among nu ses o sha da
hospi al is inadequa e9.
Knowledge ega ding me hicillin- esis an S aphylococcus au eus (MRSA) is essen ial o hospi al nu ses because hey
a e a he on line o pa ien ca e. Adequa e unde s anding helps nu ses implemen e ec i e in ec ion p e en ion
measu es, educe hospi al-acqui ed in ec ions, sa egua d pa ien s, and p o ec hemsel es om occupa ional exposu e.
2. Ma e ial and Me hod
Desc ip i e c oss-sec ional s udy design was used. The popula ion o he s udy we e he nu ses o s upa communi y
hospi al, Chucchepa i Ka hmandu. Fou y one nu ses we e selec ed o he s udy by using enume a i e sampling
echnique. Sel -adminis e ed s uc u ed ques ionnai e was used o da a collec ion. Validi y o he ins umen was
es ablished by de eloping he ins umen on he basis o li e a u e e iews and consul ing wi h esea ch ad iso and
subjec expe s. P e- es ing o he ins umen was done among 10% nu ses in selec ed hospi al o Ka hmandu.
Pe mission was aken o da a collec ion om conce ned au ho i y o selec ed hospi al o Ka hmandu dis ic . W i en
in o med consen was aken om each esponden by cla i ying objec i es o he s udy. Ve bal and w i en consen was
ob ained om each pa icipan be o e da a collec ions. Da a was analyzed by using desc ip i e and in e en ial s a is ics
wi h SPSS 25 e sion.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1851-1857
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3. Resul s
Analysis o Socio Demog aphic Va iable
Table 1 Dis ibu ion o esponden by age, Religion, E hnici y, Ma i al S a us and Educa ional Le el, Wo king
Exp ession and Wo king Depa men n=41
Age
F equency
Pe cen age (%)
20-24
18
43.9
25-29
13
31.7
30-34
7
17.1
35-39
3
7.3
Religion
Hindu
24
58.5
Muslim
1
2.4
Ch is ian
1
2.4
Buddhism
14
34.1
O he s
1
2.4
E hnici y
Dali
1
2.4
Janja i
22
53.7
Bh amin/Chhe i
18
43.9
Ma i al S a us
Ma ied
15
36.6
Unma ied
26
63.4
Educa ional Le el
PCL
24
58.5
PBNS
7
17.1
BSN
9
22
MN
1
2.4
Wo king Expe ience
1 mon h o 5 yea s
34
82.9
6 yea s o 10 yea s
5
12.2
11 yea s o 15 yea s
2
4.9
Wo king Depa men
Eme gency
2
4.9
Gene al Wa d
19
46.3
ICU
3
7.3
Pos OP
6
14.6
Ma e ni y/ Bi hing Cen e
5
12.2
OT
6
14.6
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1851-1857
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Table 1: The indings indica e ha he la ges p opo ion o esponden s we e young adul s aged 20–24 yea s (43.9%).
A majo i y iden i ied as Hindu (58.5%). Wi h espec o e hnici y, o e hal belonged o he Janja i g oup (53.7%).Mos
pa icipan s we e unma ied (63.4%). Mo e han hal o he esponden s (58.8%) had comple ed he P o iciency
Ce i ica e Le el (PCL) in nu sing. Abou one- hi d o he esponden s (34%) had wo k expe ience anging om 1 mon h
o 5 yea s. Nine een pe cen o he esponden s we e wo king in he gene al wa d.
3.1. Knowledge ega ding Me hicillin Resis an S aphylococcus au eus among Nu ses
Table 2 Responden ’s knowledge ega ding Me hicillin Resis an S aphylococcus au eus (MRSA)
Response
F equency
Pe cen age (%)
Bac e ia esis an o many an ibio ics
36
87.8
Vi al esis ance o many an i i al
1
2.43
Fungal esis ance o many an i ungal
2
4.8
Pa asi ic esis ance o may an ipa asi ic
2
4.8
Table 2 shows ha a la ge majo i y o esponden s (87.8%) had knowledge ega ding MRSA.
Table 3 Responden ’s knowledge ega ding causes o Me hicillin Resis an S aphylococcus au eus in ec ion
Response
F equency
Pe cen age (%)
O e use and miss use o An ibio ics
22
53.67
Close con ac wi h in ec ed indi idual
8
19.51
Inadequa e in ec ion p e en ion measu es
10
24.39
Missed accine dose in childhood
1
2.43
Table 3 shows ha 53.67% o esponden s co ec ly iden i ied he causes o MRSA in ec ion.
Table 4 Responden ’s Knowledge ega ding he eason MRSA is a majo conce n in heal hca e se ing
Response
F equency
Pe cen age
Sp eads h ough he ai
3
7.31
Resis an o many an ibio ics
27
65.9
A ec s Heal h ca e wo ke s
9
21.95
Eme ging Heal h P oblem
2
4.87
Table 4: shows 65.9% o esponden s co ec ly answe ed he eason MRSA is a conce n in heal hca e se ings.
Table 5 Responden ’s Le el o Knowledge ega ding Me hicillin Resis an S aphylococcus au eus among nu ses
Knowledge Le el
F equency
Pe cen age
High Le el
22
53.7
Mode a e Le el
8
19.5
Low Le el
11
26.8
Table 5 illus a es he o e all knowledge le els o pa icipan s ega ding MRSA. The majo i y o esponden s (53.7%)
demons a ed a high le el o knowledge, while 19.5% had a mode a e le el, and 26.8% showed a low le el o knowledge.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1851-1857
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Table 6 Associa ion be ween Knowledge and Selec ed Demog aphic Va iables N=41
Va iables
Knowledge le el (%)
Chi- squa e
Value
p- alue
High Le el
Mode a e Le el
Low Le el
Age
20-24
9
4
5
5.442
0.489
25-29
5
4
4
30-34
6
0
1
35-39
2
0
1
Religion
Hindu
15
4
5
12.391
0.135
Muslim
0
0
1
Ch is ian
0
1
0
Buddhism
7
2
5
O he s
0
1
0
E hnici y
Dali
0
0
1
7.455
0.114
Janja i
15
2
5
B ahmin/Chhe i
7
6
5
Ma i al S a us
Ma ied
10
1
4
2.746
0.253
Unma ied
12
7
7
Wo king Expe ience
1 mon h-5 yea s
16
7
11
4.399
0.355
5 -10 yea s
4
1
0
10-15 yea s
2
0
0
Educa ional Le el
PCL
13
5
6
7.864
0.248
PBNS
6
1
0
BSN
3
2
4
MN
0
0
1
Wo king Depa men
Eme gency
1
1
0
16.854
0.078
Gene al Wa d
10
4
5
ICU
1
2
0
Pos -op
1
1
4
Ma e ni y/ Bi hing
5
0
0
OT
4
0
2
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1851-1857
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Table 4 shows ha mos esponden s we e young, unma ied PCL nu ses, mainly Hindu and Janja i. Knowledge le el
was no signi ican ly linked o demog aphic o p o essional ac o s, hough i ended o be highe among younge
nu ses, Janja is, hose wi h PCL/PBNS, and hose in gene al o ma e ni y wa ds.
4. Discussion
This s udy aimed o assess he knowledge ega ding Me hicillin Resis an S aphylococcus au eus (MRSA) among nu ses
o a selec ed hospi al o Ka hmandu. The indings showed ha 53.7% o esponden s had a high le el o knowledge,
19.5% had mode a e knowledge, and 26.8% had low knowledge. This indica es ha mo e han hal o he nu ses had
good knowledge ega ding MRSA, bu a no able numbe s ill had limi ed unde s anding.
A c oss-sec ional s udy conduc ed in S i Lanka among ICU nu ses showed ha 52% had e y good knowledge and 43.3%
had mode a e knowledge10, which is compa able o he indings o his s udy, whe e 53.7% o esponden s had a high
le el o knowledge.
A s udy conduc ed in Sha da Hospi al, G ea e Noida ound ha 39% o nu ses had adequa e knowledge, 42% had
mode a e knowledge, and 19% had poo knowledge. This shows ha knowledge ega ding MRSA among nu ses in o he
se ings also a ies and highligh s he need o imp o emen 11.
In his s udy, he associa ion be ween knowledge and selec ed demog aphic a iables like age, eligion, e hnici y,
ma i al s a us, educa ional le el, wo king expe ience, and wo king depa men was analyzed. None o hese a iables
showed a s a is ically signi ican associa ion wi h he le el o knowledge (p > 0.05).
Al hough mos esponden s had high knowledge ega ding ea men (87.8%), in ec ion con ol p ac ices (90.2%), and
symp oms (80.5%), ewe esponden s had knowledge abou how MRSA becomes esis an o an ibio ics (41.5%) and
he speci ic an ibio ics i esis s (46.3%). This indica es a need o enhance mic obiological knowledge among nu ses.
5. Conclusion
The s udy concludes ha al hough he majo i y o heal hca e wo ke s demons a ed high knowledge o MRSA, he e
a e signi ican de iciencies in unde s anding speci ic aspec s such as an ibio ic esis ance, ansmission en i onmen s,
and high- isk scena ios. No s a is ically signi ican ela ionship was ound be ween knowledge le el and demog aphic
ac o s like age, educa ion, o expe ience, hough wo king depa men showed a po en ial in luence.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
Resea che would like o exp ess special hanks o all he pa icipan s and S upa Communi y Hospi al o hei aluable
esponse.
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed
S a emen o in o med consen
In o med consen was ob ained om all indi idual pa icipan s included in he s udy.
Re e ences
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