XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025

THE MODERN VECTOR OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE Proceedings of the XXII International Scientific and Practical Conference 13-14 November 2025 Philadelphia, USA 2025 UDC 001.1 BBC 1 XXII International Scientific and Practical Conference «The modern vector of the development of science», November 13-14, 2025, Philadelphia, USA. 125 p. ISBN 978-92-44514-76-4 DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17659901 Publisher: «World of Conferences» Main organization: Editor: Tarmo Vesik Layout: Asko Laar The conference materials are in the public domain under the CC BY-NC 4.0 International license. The publisher is not responsible for the materials published in the collection. All materials are provided in the author's edition and express the personal position of the participant of the conference. The sample of the citation for publication is: Rayiha Amenzade ON THE PROBLEM OF BUILDING COFFEE HOUSES IN MEDIEVAL AZERBAIJAN // The modern vector of the development of science. Proceedings of the XXII International Scientific and Practical Conference. Philadelphia, USA. 2025. Pp. 8-10. URL: https://conference-w.com/ Contact information Website: https://conference-w.com/ E-mail: [email protected] Content Agricultural sciences Nuray Khudiyeva ZANGEZUR CORRIDOR AND ECOLOGICAL FACTORS 5 Biological sciences Nargiz Immamova, Fataliyeva Ayten, Hamzayeva Mehran, Gahramanova Sabira, Mammadova Jahan COMPARISON OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE) AND LEMON (CITRUS LIMON) EXTRACTS AGAINST SOME PATHOGENIC BACTERIA 9 S.S. Qodirova ANALYSIS OF OIL CONTENT OF FOREIGN COLLECTION SAMPLES OF LATHYRUS SATIVUS L. SPECIES. 11 Chemical sciences Oleksii Poloz, Yuriy Ebich PACKING DENSITY OF FILLER IN WEAR-RESISTANT EPOXY COMPOSITES 13 Economic sciences Manana Mariadashvili, Davit Meparishvili ASPECTS OF STRENGTHENING OF HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 15 Jona Marashi, Nikollaq Pano THE IMPACT OF THE INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT ON ACHIEVING GENDER EQUALITY IN ALBANIAN UNIVERSITIES 19 Gushvar Khudiyeva DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY AND ITS IMPACT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC RELATIONS 25 Geological and mineralogical sciences Bochkarev V.A., Chinyaev V.V., Grubnik A.S., Bochkarev Art.V. THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE EXPLORATION, DEVELOPMENT, AND FACILITY OF THE OIL DISCOVERIES IN THE SALINA DEL ISTMO BASIN, MEXICO 31 Historical sciences Gadir Akbarov CONSTRUCTION WORKS IMPLEMENTED IN THE NAKHCHIVAN AUTONOMOUS REPUBLIC AS A COMPONENT OF THE SUSTAINABLE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (2010-2020) 40 Safarova Sevda Isa, Mammadli Nuray Ganbar CREATION OF MEMORIAL AND HOUSE MUSEUMS IN AZERBAIJAN 44 Mathematical sciences Narzhanova Aruzhan NEW GEOMETRIC REALITY: A FRACTAL VIEW OF QUANTUM PHYSICS 46 Medical sciences Gunel Sultanova, Eisa Balazadeh, Duyghu Sultanli STEVIA-AS LYMPHOTROPIC CORRECTION METHOD IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETES MELLITUS 51 Pedagogical sciences Ainur A. Abdullayeva, Sholpan K. Smagulova THE ROLE OF DIGITAL TEXTBOOKS IN FOSTERING MOTIVATION AND COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCES AMONG STUDENTS OF TECHNICAL UNIVERSITIES IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING 53 Ismayilli Turkan Mehraj, Ahmadli Fatmakhanim THE INTERDISCIPLINARY ROLE AND CHALLENGES OF ENGLISH IN THE TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL DISCOURSE IN MULTILINGUAL JURISDICTIONS 55 Karimov Afqan Makhmedalı, Sadigzade Bahar Etibar COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPTS OF WORK AND ENERGY 61 Kaltaeva Asyltas Amangeldi kyzy, Ospanova Bikesh Revovna FEATURES OF THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN KAZAKHSTAN 65 Philological sciences Karam Hajiyev Rafig THE IMPACT OF AI ON LANGUAGE LEARNING 70 Kazizade Dinara METHODOLOGICAL FEATURES OF TEACHING RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE: TRADITIONS AND INNOVATIONS 77 Chinara Natig Baghirova THE STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF PHRASEOLOGICAL COMBINATIONS WITH THE COMPONENT "PUT" IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS IN AZERBAIJANI 81 Hasanova Shehla Natig COGNITIVE MODELS 86 Mushfıg Borchalı (Chobanov) THE THEME OF AZERBAIJAN IN GEORGIAN DRAMATURGY AT THE END OF THE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURY 89 Inna Robertovna Sargsyan THE FORMATION OF THE CONCEPT OF POLITICAL CORRECTNESS AND THE EVOLUTION OF ITS CONTENT 99 Technical sciences Voronov Sergiy Oleksandrovych, Poplavko Yuriy Mykhailovych FEATURES OF ELECTRICALLY INDUCED PIEZOELECTRICITY 106 Amanullayev Nurislam Yelzhanuly, Alexander Valentinovich Kim APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN AUTONOMOUS CONTROL OF A MOBILE ROBOT IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS 108 Yeskendirova Damilya Ruslankyzy LINGUISTICALLY ADAPTIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS A TOOL FOR SCALING INTERNATIONAL SALES OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES 115 D. S. Dyusembinov, K.Ye. Zhanibek DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY OF PLASTICIZING SELF-IGNITING ADDITIVES FOR BAKED BRICKS 122 XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 5 Agricultural sciences ZANGEZUR CORRIDOR AND ECOLOGICAL FACTORS Nuray Khudiyeva ZƏNGƏZUR DƏHLİZİ VƏ EKOLOJİ FAKTORLAR Nuray Khudiyeva Abstract The Zangezur Corridor is an important geopolitical and economic route connecting Azerbaijan's Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic to a large part of Azerbaijan via Armenian territory. This corridor is of historical, cultural, and strategic importance, serving as a significant means of transportation, trade, and regional relations in the South Caucasus region. The ecological aspects of the Zangezur Corridor are being systematically investigated. The potential environmental impacts of the transportation infrastructure to be created as a result of the project's implementation, particularly the railroad and highway, are being evaluated. Additionally, the impacts on the region's biodiversity, flora and fauna, soil and water resources, carbon emissions, and other environmental indicators are also being examined. Additionally, the corridor's compatibility with the principles of sustainable development and environmental safety is emphasized, and the possibilities for implementing a green logistics approach are explored. The purpose of the article is to highlight the economic and strategic importance of the Zangezur Corridor, as well as its significance in terms of environmental risk assessment and natural resource conservation. In this context, compliance with international environmental standards during the construction and operation of the corridor is of great importance. The results of the study show that considering environmental factors in advance during the planning of modern infrastructure projects is a key condition for preventing future problems. This is particularly important given the sensitive nature of the areas thru which the corridor passes and the need to protect areas inhabited by rare plant and animal species. Additionally, the corridor's operational status will deepen regional economic integration, reduce transportation costs, and strengthen international trade relations. The corridor's strategic role for Azerbaijan is not only to reestablish connection with Nakhchivan, but also to achieve the goal of becoming a regional hub at the intersection of East-West and North-South transportation corridors. To achieve this, it is recommended to implement technological innovations, including intelligent transportation systems and energy-saving solutions, to ensure the corridor's sustainability. Finally, the success of the Zangezur corridor project will depend not only on the effective implementation of political and economic principles but also on environmental sustainability. The article concludes with recommendations for strengthening cooperation between government agencies, international organizations, and local communities in the areas of environmental risk management and the efficient use of natural resources. This approach can make a significant contribution to regional stability and long-termdevelopment. Keywords: Zangezur corridor, Europe-Asia bridge, biodiversity, railroad, transportation corridor, environmental factors Introduction. With its rich history and complex geopolitical context, the South Caucasus region has entered a new phase of transformation with the implementation of the Zangezur corridor. This corridor, which emerged as a result of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement, aims to connect the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic to mainland Azerbaijan via Armenia. The creation of this corridor paves the way for significant changes in regional dynamics, the expansion of connections, and the resolution of long-standing geopolitical tensions. The strategic importance of the Zangezur corridor cannot be overstated, as it forms a vital link for Azerbaijan's access to both Nakhchivan and its ally Turkey, reshaping regional trade and political alliances. The corridor could reduce Armenia's geopolitical isolation by offering opportunities for economic development and potential integration into regional economic systems. Zangezur holds a significant position within the Middle Corridor project of China's "One Belt, One Road" initiative. This line is connected to a total of 4,256 kilometers of railroad. The transportation of Chinese goods to the West via the Middle Corridor offers significant time advantages. The Zangezur corridor is an important transit corridor on this route. The effects of the Zangezur corridor encompass energy policy and environmental issues. Rich in natural resources and energy corridors, the South Caucasus plays a significant XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 6 role in transporting oil and natural gas from the Caspian Sea to world markets. The development of the Zangezur corridor could change the region's energy landscape by creating new energy routes or complementing existing ones. These changes could have economic consequences not only for Azerbaijan and Armenia, but also for the region's energy resource stakeholders, such as Europe, Russia, and Asia. The corridor's impact on the environment is also an important issue. The South Caucasus is known for its diverse ecosystems and rich biodiversity. The construction and operation of a major transportation corridor like Zangezur must be carried out with environmental impacts in mind. Balancing economic development with environmental protection will be crucial, requiring serious impact assessments and sustainable practices. The Zangezur Corridor is emerging as a significant area of discovery, playing a crucial role in shaping the future of regional transportation and logistics. This corridor has the potential to be an important transit route on the Eurasian land bridge connecting East and West. The corridor can offer alternative routes in addition to significantly reducing existing transit times and freight costs. The development of the corridor could offer an opportunity to benefit the local economy by leading to the creation of new economic zones, industrial centers, and logistics hubs along the corridor. At the same time, the impact of digital connectivity and technological advancements on the corridor should also be considered. With its emphasis on digital infrastructure, the integration of modern technologies in transportation management, security, and communication within the Zangezur corridor could set new standards for regional infrastructure projects. This also has the potential to increase opportunities for international cooperation in the fields of technology and innovation. The corridor's impact on the region's socio-political structure is also significant. The Zangezur Corridor could enhance human and goods mobility, fostering stronger connectivity and economic harmony, which could lead to a reduction in nationalist rhetoric and a greater focus on shared economic interests. This is particularly important in a region where historical conflicts are fueled by nationalist sentiments. The impact of the Zangezur Corridor in the global geopolitical context is also significant; as major powers attempt to expand their influence in the South Caucasus, the development of the corridor could lead to both rapprochement and contentious issues. The attitudes of these major powers toward the corridor – whether supportive, opposing, or neutral – can provide important insights into the changing nature of international relations in the 21st century. The development of the Zangezur Corridor has multifaceted and complex implications. It has significant potential for economic growth, regional integration, and the development of new standards in transportation and digital infrastructure. However, its success depends on a careful assessment of various factors such as geopolitical realities, environmental sustainability, technological innovations, and the socio-political dynamics of the region. The natural and biological features of the region. Biodiversity is a fundamental and integral part of the country's natural resources. In Azerbaijan, geological history and climate conditions come together to create a rich biodiversity that has not yet been fully assessed. The country's rich history and culture are closely linked to the diversity of its natural resources. Various human activities around the world have led to a decrease in biodiversity. Toward the end of the 20th century, the need to halt the serious decline in global biodiversity became a priority issue, and in the 21st century, serious approaches are needed to reduce activities that threaten biodiversity. International cooperation is needed for the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. This cooperation, based on the principles of "sustainable development," aims to ensure the rational use of natural resources and their accessibility for future generations. The solution to environmental problems in modern society is related to the preservation and creation of favorable natural conditions for people on Earth, as well as the development of harmonious relationships between society and nature. The state of the natural environment is becoming an important factor for social development. This situation is caused by the expansion of humanity's local impact on nature across the resources and elements of all biospheres. This trend has a serious negative impact on the foundations of humanity due to the depletion of natural resources, increasing environmental pollution, and the degradation of ecosystems. The biosphere's self-healing mechanisms only operate within certain limits. The gene pool of the biosphere is shrinking, leading to unpredictable evolutionary problems in the future. Large quantities of natural resources are used for transportation needs, resulting in vast fertile areas being permanently excluded from agriculture. Various wastes generated during transportation activities are deteriorating environmental quality. All of this highlights the importance of developing theoretical foundations and methodologies for solving environmental problems in the transportation system. Transportation activities have a serious negative impact on the ecosystem, manifesting in the use of natural resources and environmental pollution. The first topic concerns the efficient use of natural resources, especially energy sources, while the second topic deals with mitigating the global ecological crisis. The main factors in transportation's use of natural resources are: • Atmospheric air required for combustion processes in internal combustion engines of vehicles; XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 7 • Petroleum products and natural gas used as fuel in internal combustion engines; • Radioactive materials used as fuel in nuclear-powered transportation engines; • Systems for washing and cooling internal combustion engines and machines; • Water used for the industrial and daily needs of transportation enterprises; • Exploitation of land resources for highways, railroads, airports, pipelines, river and sea ports, and other transportation infrastructure; • Use of iron, cast iron, copper, and other minerals in the production of transportation vehicles and infrastructure. The development and economic importance of railroad transportation. Within the structure of international freight transportation, there are several main modes of transport, each with its own unique characteristics: while sea transport offers low speed and cost, air transport provides high speed and cost. Rail transport has an average cost and speed, and road freight transport also falls into this category. Although each mode of transportation has its unique advantages, railroads are considered a more environmentally friendly method of transportation, which gives them an advantage in environmental matters. According to the International Energy Agency, although railroads account for 7% of international freight transport, they use only 3% of the energy consumed in the global transport sector, making them one of the most energy-efficient modes of transport. Among the environmental advantages of rail transport, the existence of transportation corridors that provide a continuous flow of goods also plays an important role. Developing railroad infrastructure is more expensive than developing road infrastructure. The China-Europe-China route (Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus) can be cited as an example of a successful economic project demonstrating the environmental benefits of rail transport. Thanks to strategic political agreements, long-term efforts to develop the route, and the intercontinental advantages of rail transport, these transit railroad corridors carry over 90% of the cargo volume. The development of transportation infrastructure, including railroads and highways, is important for economic development, but these projects can also have negative impacts on nature. The Zangezur corridor project should also be carefully evaluated from this perspective. When discussing the corridor, it is important to note the existence of environmental risks and how they will be managed. A number of serious environmental issues may arise during the construction of the Zangezur corridor: • Loss of biodiversity: The destruction of forests and green spaces during the construction of the corridor can endanger the habitats of rare plants and animals, and sometimes put them at risk of extinction. It is important to note that the risks are further increased if the corridor passes thru protected natural areas. • Soil degradation and erosion: Construction activities can damage topsoil, cause landslides and erosion on slopes, which degrades the quality of agricultural land and soil resources. • Water pollution: Waste generated during construction and fuel, oil, and other chemicals from vehicles can pollute nearby water sources. This situation affects the ecosystem and people's water resources. • Air pollution and noise: During the operation of the corridor, harmful gasses emitted from road and rail will pollute the air. At the same time, constant noise will cause discomfort to people and animals living in nearby residential areas. It is possible to reduce the environmental impact of such projects: • Environmental assessment: A comprehensive environmental assessment should be conducted before the project begins. This assessment identifies potential risks and enables the development of an action plan to prevent them. • Green space restoration: After construction work is completed, greening and tree planting projects should be carried out in damaged areas. • Modern technologies: Modern and clean technologies that cause less environmental damage should be implemented. For example, vehicles specifically designed to reduce noise and air pollution can be used. Large-scale projects like the Zangezur corridor require a balanced approach between economic benefits and environmental risks. Proper project planning and compliance with environmental standards can minimize damage to nature while ensuring economic development. Typical potential hazards of railroad transportation. Railroad transport was once considered the safest mode of transportation. However, recent research shows that rail transport ranks third in terms of accidents, after road and air transport. Statistics from recent years show a noticeable increase in the number of deaths and injuries resulting from accidents on passenger trains. It is known that accidents occurring during the railroad transportation of dangerous and especially hazardous goods can lead to serious damage, contamination of regions with harmful substances, and poisoning of the population with toxic substances. Typical potential hazards of railroad transport include: • The heavy weight of each vehicle (the total mass of a freight train is 3000-4000 tons, a passenger train is about 1000 tons, and a tanker is 80-100 tons); XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 8 • The high speed of vehicle movement (up to 200 km/h, with emergency braking distances reaching several hundred meters); • The presence of dangerous objects along the routes of movement (bridges, tunnels, slopes and embankments, crossings, the heights of shunting yards); • The presence of high-voltage electric current (up to 30 kV); • The impact of human factors on accidents (locomotive control, train composition formation, dispatcher service activities). Result. The Zangezur corridor project is of significant economic and strategic value for the South Caucasus. This project can create new economic opportunities by promoting regional trade and cooperation. However, its success and sustainability will be measured not only by its economic potential but also by its environmental and social responsibilities. While the damage to nature caused by transportation projects is inevitable, it is possible to reduce or minimize these effects. Planning that complies with modern environmental standards, detailed environmental assessments, and attention to protected natural areas are important. Greenery and monitoring measures should be implemented during project execution to reduce damage and restore ecosystems after completion. In conclusion, the Zangezur corridor will not only be a transportation route but also a test of balancing the region's development with the conservation of its natural resources. The environmentally sustainable implementation of the project will not only serve as an example of environmental respect but will also provide long-term benefits. References 1. Hüseynov, A. (İl). Cənubi Qafqazda Yeni Geosiyasi Reallıqlar və Zəngəzur Dəhlizinin Strateji Əhəmiyyəti. 2. Kərimov, E. (İl). Nəqliyyat Dəhlizləri və Regional İnkişaf: Azərbaycan Nümunəsi. 3. Mardanov, İ. İ. (2025). Significance of assessment of ecogeographic conditions in the Eastern Zangezur area. Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology, 34(3), 591-599. 4. Həsənov, T., & İsmayılov, F. (İl). İnfrastruktur Layihələrinin Ekoloji Risk Təhlili: Dəmir Yolu Nəqliyyatı Nümunəsində. (Texniki elmlər və ya ətraf mühit mühəndisliyi jurnalı). 5. Chedia, Anri R. "Zangezur corridor: Economic potential and political constraints." Russia in Global Affairs 22.1 (2024): 194-216. 6. İsrail Elyazov, İlham Hüseynov, Ramin Abdullayev, Dəmir Yol Nəqliyyatının Hərəkət Vasitələr 7. Hashimov, E., Talibov, A., & Iskandarov, K. (2025). The Socioeconomic Impact of the Zangezur Corridor on the South Caucasus Region. Social Development and Security, 15(4), 1-18. 8. Koolaee, E., & Rashidi, A. (2024). The Zangezur Corridor and Threats to the Interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the South Caucasus. Caucasus Analytical Digest, (136), 3-6. 9. Kaya, E., Karakuş, Y., & Onat, G. (2024). Azerbaijan and Turkey's Tourism Ties: The Role of Zangezur Corridor. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Issues, 6(1), 16-27. 10. Gawliczek, Piotr, and Khayal Iskandarov. "The Zangezur corridor as part of the global transport route (against the backdrop of power games in the South Caucasus region)." Security and Defence Quarterly 41.1 (2023): 36-53. 11. Kavtaradze, E. (2024). Armenia and Azerbaijan in a geopolitical battle. Zangezur corridor. International Scientific Journal" The Caucasus and the World", (29), 124-129. 12. oglu Aliyev, Zaur Bilal. "Zangezur Corridor: a new landscape in the geopolitical conjuncture of the world." Universidad y Sociedad 16.3 (2024): 33-38. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 15 Economic sciences ASPECTS OF STRENGTHENING OF HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Manana Mariadashvili MD. PhD. Professor Georgian National University. Faculty of Medicine, Tbilisi. Georgia. Davit Meparishvili Invited Professor Ilia State University. Tbilisi. Georgia Abstract In many developing countries limited access to essential health care is due to the poor state of their health systems. in order to make changes in the health status of the world's population, governments must create strong and effective health systems, disease prevention and treatment for all people, regardless of racial, national, social, sexual and other directions. Keywords: Healthcare systems, International models of the healthcare system, healthcare systems of developing countries Healthcare systems development The healthcare system is the totality of all institutions, organizations, material and human resources. Which participate in health improvement activities. For its successful functioning, it is necessary to effectively solve problems in the following main positions: personnel; infrastructure; equipment and medicines; material and technical support; monitoring of progress; financing. In developed countries are such health care models as: Beveridge, Semashko, Bismarck dominate. When analyzing healthcare models, two circumstances must be taken into account: first, each model represents a synthetic description of the system of each country or group of countries, where the systems are almost identical, and second, this system compares systems that function differently in all countries. The Bismarck model Consider the Bismarck model. Historically, this was the first public healthcare system. It served to promote the health of ordinary workers who were considered potential military personnel. Initially, social insurance funds were created that paid for treatment costs, issued unemployment benefits, pensions, etc. Gradually, health insurance funds emerged. The healthcare system is also called the German model or the continental model. According to the Bismarck system, doctors are free subjects who offer their services in the medical services market. The state legally obliges employers to participate in the payment of medical care for employees through health insurance funds. Employers pay only part of the cost of medical services provided to workers. The other part of the cost of medical services is paid by the workers themselves. According to the Bismarck system, insurance companies and structures that are subjects of the medical services market are obliged to use all collected funds only to pay for medical services. A characteristic feature of the Bismarck system is the existence of independent insurance funds, which are managed through state or private insurance companies, their activities are strictly regulated by the state. According to the Bismarck system, the healthcare system is organized in countries such as: Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, the Netherlands, France, Switzerland. Advantages of the Bismarck system: • The principle of solidarity in medical care; • Accessibility of medical care to the entire population of the country. Disadvantages of the Bismarck system: • Large administrative staff; • A complex system of settlements with medical institutions; High costs of maintaining insurance infrastructure. The Beveridge model The second healthcare model that we will consider is the Beveridge model. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 16 The system was proposed by the English economist Beveridge. It is based on the transfer system of conventional insurance principles. The state distributes transfer payments only to those individuals who cannot provide medical care. For example, children. Unlike the Bismarck system, in the Beveridge healthcare organization system, doctors are not subjects in the medical services market, but act as hired workers. The Beveridge system maintains competition among doctors, but this competition is not for funds, but for state funds. The salary of a medical worker depends on the volume of medical services provided and the qualifications of the doctor and nurse. When organizing the healthcare system according to the Beveridge system, patients are limited in their choice of medical care options. The Beveridge system was introduced in Great Britain, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Canada, Norway, Portugal and Finland. Advantages of the Beveridge system: • Accessibility of medical services to the entire population of the country; • Relatively simple technologies for financing medical and preventive institutions; • Relatively simple remuneration system in the industry. Disadvantages of the Beveridge system: • Lack of market incentives for economic efficiency;\ • Weak motivation to improve the quality of medical services; • The need for significant financial resources from the state budget for the development of the healthcare sector. Healthcare system performance as a strategic management tool in developing countries In recent years, health authorities in the WHO European Region have shown interest in analyzing and evaluating health system performance as a strategic management tool. Health system performance assessment is necessary for the purpose of developing a strategy and forecasting for health system strengthening, creating a platform for interaction and intersection between different programs and sectors, in order to create joint actions and have a positive impact on addressing health prevention issues. After gaining independence, the ongoing reforms in the health sector have gone through an interesting and diverse period. These processes, which were carried out to improve the system, can be divided into four stages: the first stage was the “inertia” period - 1991-1994, the next stage is 1995-2003 inclusive, the postreform period was carried out in 2004-2012, and the final reform period is from 2013 to the present. In 1991-1994, when the Soviet regime collapsed, Georgia’s healthcare system continued to operate under the Soviet “Semashko” model of healthcare. During that period, an economic collapse developed in the country, which was followed by an unregulated medical market. Funding for medical institutions was reduced to a minimum, and the infrastructure was completely depreciated (Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Protection of IDPs from the Occupied Territories of Georgia). In 1995, the Georgian healthcare system chose this model to improve the system. The country’s meager financial capabilities practically excluded comprehensive medical care, which made it necessary to balance state obligations in the field of healthcare with its capabilities. Under Article 37 of the 1995 Constitution of Georgia (adopted on August 24, 1995), the state for the first time declared that the burden of responsibility for healthcare is distributed among various subjects of the state and medical services are no longer free. The state's responsibility is no longer comprehensive and obligations are determined by state health care programs, as well as by the mechanisms of management (regulation) of the sector. The public retains the right to access medical services provided for by state health care programs. Resolution No. 11 of the Government of Georgia of 2007 approved the "General Plan for Hospital Development", which meant that 100 multi-profile hospitals should be created in the country, which would be designed for 7,800 beds. In the end, it turned out that there was less interest in investing in the regions, so this plan could not be implemented. In the same year, 2007, a new wave of reforms began by the decision of the Government of Georgia. The Beveridge Model - the National (Bevridge) Model of Health Care is quite similar to the Semashko system, which completely excludes the principle of insurance. Instead of insurance, healthcare is entirely financed from the state budget and generally from tax revenues. In the Beveridge model, the state plays a more dominant role than in the Bismarck model, since healthcare organizations are more dependent on the state (Verulava, T., 2021). The prospect of developing a private insurance market has emerged. Private insurance companies were given target groups of the population to provide health insurance for. Since 2013, the state program of universal healthcare has been implemented, which aims to increase the financial accessibility of medical services for the population. Initially, the first stage of universal healthcare XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 17 began, which meant providing each citizen with a minimum package, the program was managed by the "Social Service Agency". The second stage of universal healthcare began in June 2013, which means increasing the basic package for the population. As for the volume of state allocations allocated by the state, in 2017 it doubled and increased from 365 million GEL to 800 million GEL compared to 2012 (Ministry of IDPs from the Occupied Territories, Labor, Health and Social Protection of Georgia). Conclusions Every country is taking an individual path to achieving a universal healthcare system. The success of healthcare models generally depends on the economic resources the country has and what the government policy is. Many developing countries are with scarce economic resources, a universal healthcare state program that allows each beneficiary to benefit from appropriate services is a good step, however, there is quite a lot of work to be done in terms of improving medical quality and financial access to medicines. Proper planning of the healthcare system, using clinical and statistical groups, organizing the proper functioning of medical organizations, and thus determining the expected results will ensure their achievement. References 1. Maridashvili M., Meparishvili D. Formation of the concept of sustainability and competitiveness of medical organizations based on the synergistic effect of the interaction of economic entities in the cluster structure. International Scientific Journal: “European Science Review” 3-4 2023. Premier Publishing. Vienna. Austria. pages 8-11.https://ppublishing.org/media/uploads/journals/journal/ESR_3-4_23_cor.pdf 2. Maridashvili M., Meparishvili D. Financial sustainability of medical organizations and tools for its implementation „The European Journal of Economics and Management Sciences», Premier Publishing. Vienna, Austria N 2, 2023. pg. 21-23 https://ppublishing.org/media/uploads/journals/journal/Econom-2_23.pdf 3. Maridashvili M., Meparishvili D. Health systems management and financial sustainability in Georgia. International Scientific Journal: International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science. No 3(31) (2021): Scholarly Publisher RS Global Sp. z O.O. Warsaw, Poland. pg https://rsglobal.pl/index.php/ijitss/article/view/2074/1860 https://rsglobal.pl/index.php/ijitss/issue/view/257 4. Maridashvili M., Meparishvili D. Financial stability and risk assessment of the healthcare sector in Georgia. International Scientific Journal: European Science Review 7-8 2021. Premier Publishing. Vienna. Austria. pages 30-34 http://ppublishing.org/archive/journals/337/premier 5. Maridashvili M., Meparishvili D. Anti-crisis strategies applications for company internal control in healthcare sector and pharmaceutical industry. „The European Journal of Economics and Management Sciences», Vienna, Austria N 2, 2020. pg. 27-30 http://ppublishing.org/upload/iblock/3db/Economics-2.pdf 6. Maridashvili M., Meparishvili D. Management Innovations in the Modern Model of Medical Care. Proceedings of the XIX International Scientific and Practical Conference “Challenges and Problems of Modern Science” London, United Kingdom 2024. Publisher: «World of Conferences» 12-13 December 2024 . pages 29-32. https://conference-w.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/GB.L-1213122024.pdf 7. Maridashvili M., Meparishvili D. Keys of Effective Anti-crisis Management in Healthcare Systems. Proceedings of the XIV International Scientific and Practical Conference «Scientific advances and innovative approaches», 31 October – 01 November 2024. Publisher: «World of Conferences» October 31 – November 01, 2024, Tokyo. Japan. pages 183-186. https://conference-w.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/JAP.T311001112024.pdf 8. Maridashvili M., Meparishvili D. The universal health care system challenges and Perspectives. XII International Conference ”Science and Society - Methods and Problems of Practical Application" . Premier Publishing. Canada, September 15, 2021 http://ppublishing.org/archive/conference/Conf-Canada/ 9. Maridashvili M., Meparishvili D. Financing and Effectiveness of Georgian Healthcare System XXXI International Scientific and Practical Conference Social and Economic Aspects of Education in Modern Society. August 30, 2021 Warsaw, Poland. RS Global. Conference materials, pages 23-32 https://conferences.rsglobal.pl/index.php/conf/catalog/book/31 https://conferences.rsglobal.pl/index.php/conf/catalog/view/31/50/772-1 XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 18 10. Maridashvili M., Meparishvili D. Anti-crisis Management as a tool for enhancing efficiency of financial accounting and internal control systems in health care companies. XXII International Scientific and Practical Conference «Social and Economic Aspects of Education in Modern Society», February 25. 2020, Warsaw, Poland. Conference materials pages 16-20. http://archive.ws-conference.com/books/ XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 19 THE IMPACT OF THE INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT ON ACHIEVING GENDER EQUALITY IN ALBANIAN UNIVERSITIES Jona Marashi PhD., Mediterranean University of Albania Nikollaq Pano Assoc. Prof. Dr., Mediterranean University of Albania Abstract This study explores the phenomenon of the “glass ceiling” in Albanian universities, observing how invisible structural and cultural barriers affect the advancement of women into high academic and administrative positions. Although Albania has made visible progress in its legal framework and in women’s participation in higher education, the gender gap at leadership levels remains pronounced, reflecting the interplay between traditional norms and institutional inertia. The main aim of the research is to identify the factors that constrain gender equality in university settings and to assess the effectiveness of existing policies for promoting it. The study’s methodology is based on a mixed-methods approach that combines quantitative and qualitative analysis. Data is collected through a structured survey with participants from public and private universities and through semi-structured interviews with academic staff, enabling an in-depth interpretation of perceptions and practices concerning gender equality. The paper highlights the impact of the organizational environment, culture, and institutional policies and practices in enabling real gender equality. The study underlines the central role of universities as institutions of justice and meritocracy, arguing that gender equality is not only a social issue, but also an indicator of institutional excellence and sustainable development.By strengthening transparency in promotions, providing gender education for staff, and building inclusive organizational cultures, Albanian universities can unlock the full potential of both genders, contributing to a fairer and happier society. Keywords: gender equality, university, glass ceiling, organizational culture, transparency. 1. INTRODUCTION Despite the increased attention to promoting gender equality over the last decades, women around the world continue to face invisible obstacles, known as the “glass ceiling”, which limit their advancement into high leadership positions in academia, politics, business, and public administration. The phenomenon of the glass ceiling remains insufficiently explored in transitional societies and in developing economies, where the interaction between traditional gender norms and modern institutional reforms generates unique dynamics of exclusion. This research aims to fill such gap by identifying and analyzing the main aspects of gender inequality in Albanian universities through the Glass Ceiling Index, a measure of the invisible barriers that prevent women from advancing into high academic and administrative positions despite equal qualifications. Even though Albania has adopted a progressive legal framework and has high representation of women in higher education, they remain underrepresented in leadership roles such as rectors, deans, or board members. This paradox reflects the intersection of structural barriers, cultural norms, and institutional inertia. The aim of the research is to explore how the invisible dimensions of this phenomenon function through the analysis of the glass ceiling in higher education, to evaluate the effectiveness of gender-equality policies, and to propose reforms that can foster gender equality in the university context. The study uses a combined approach, intertwining statistical analysis of gender representation with surveys and in-depth interviews with academic staff in several public and private universities in Albania. By bringing together empirical findings and policy debates, the research contributes both to the academic literature and to practical reforms of higher education in Albania. 2. RESEARCH BACKGROUND Gender inequality remains a central issue, particularly in the social sciences, as it affects life opportunities, labour market outcomes, and overall well-being. Economists, sociologists, political scientists and sustainable-development scholars analyse gender inequality both as an outcome of social structures and as a factor that drives economic and social processes. 2.1. Main Models in Economic Theory Economists have addressed gender inequality by using several complementary theoretical frameworks: XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 20 1 – Human capital and labour-supply models. Traditional human-capital theory explains gender differences in income through differences in schooling, experience and career interruptions (childbearing and childcare). Becker (1964) argues that individuals invest in education and training to maximise lifetime earnings, while Mincer (1974) links wages to schooling and experience, considering the accumulation of human capital as a key factor of productivity. The combination of human-capital and labour-supply models helps explain persistent gender inequalities. 2 – Labour-market discrimination models, which include taste-based discrimination and statistical discrimination. The concept of discrimination in the labour market has long been a central point in labour economics, analysed mainly through two basic theoretical pillars: the taste-based discrimination model and the statistical discrimination model (Becker, 1957). These models offer complementary explanations for persistent inequalities in wages, employment and promotion between genders and racial groups, even when formal equality and anti-discrimination laws exist (Charles &Guryan, 2008). 3 – Occupational segregation and barriers at the organisational level. Beyond individual approaches, recent studies emphasise heterogeneity across organisations (e.g. schedule flexibility, promotion rules, evaluation methods). Universities reproduce horizontal and vertical segregation through institutional barriers in recruitment, promotion and the allocation of working time. Scholars argue that the mismatch between increasing demands of high-responsibility academic roles (related to leading research, managing grants and administrative duties) and family or care responsibilities is a central factor in the persistence of the gender gap in senior academic positions (Goldin, 2014). International monitoring (European Commission, She Figures 2024) and sectoral studies show that women remain underrepresented in leadership and decision-making positions in higher education, underlining the continuity of the glass ceiling in universities. The organisational perspective and the influence of institutional cultures according to this approach have served as the theoretical basis for designing the framework of this study and for generating the main research instrument. The framework has been adapted to the Albanian environment, based on the analysis that follows. 2.2. The Albanian Context in Gender Studies Over the last twenty years, Albania has gone through a transformation process that has involved significant legal and institutional changes. These efforts have included the adoption of laws to protect women’s rights and promote gender equality, as well as the creation of mechanisms for monitoring and assessing the advancement of these rights. This approach has gained particular momentum after the 2000s, when sustainable development and gender equality were integrated into national development strategies. The Institute of Statistics (INSTAT) and organisations such as UN Women Albania regularly publish reports measuring the gender gap in areas such as employment, education and participation in governance. The data show that although progress has been made, structural inequalities continue to exist, demonstrating the need for more inclusive policies based on a human-development approach. Empirical research (Bejleri et al., 2025; Dhëmbo & Vrbaški, 2024) shows that the gender wage gap remains persistent. Using data from the Labour Force Survey, the World Bank (2024) reports that women earn on average 13–15% less than men, even after controlling for factors such as education and experience. This difference reflects both horizontal segregation (women’s work is concentrated in lower-paid sectors) and vertical segregation (underrepresentation in leadership positions). A qualitative study by UN Women (2021) finds that women’s employment remains concentrated in less secure and lower-paid professions, often in the informal economy, with limited access to social protection. Education is a field where gender inequality takes more complex and often invisible forms. Although Albanian girls often achieve higher results at school and are highly present in universities, this advantage does not automatically translate into advancement to higher positions. In fields such as technology, engineering or finance, girls are fewer in number, influenced by cultural stereotypes and the lack of inspiring female role models, as is also the case in developed countries (Bailyn, 2003). At the same time, teachers and educatorswho make up the majority of educational staffbelong to some of the lowest-paid and most undervalued professions. From a methodological perspective, the existing literature on gender issues in Albania relies mainly on descriptive data collected through cross-sectional surveys, which do not allow the analysis of underlying factors and the impact of development processes over time. So far, there are no analytical studies based on glass-ceiling indicators that identify the visible and invisible components of this phenomenon. The findings that our study presents in the following sections constitute both a theoretical and a practical contribution in the field of gender equality. 3. METHODOLOGY The presentation delivered at this conference is part of a broader study that has examined the structural and cultural dimensions of gender inequality in several Albanian universities, with a particular focus on the invisible factors that influence the experience and reproduction of this inequality. The paper uses a XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 21 methodological approach that integrates both quantitative and qualitative data to provide a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of gender inequality in the academic environment. This combined approach allows the study to identify the existence of gender gaps, while also interpreting the fundamental cultural and organisational factors that sustain them. In this sense, the approach is based on the principle that perceptions and experiences within the university system are essential for understanding the dynamics of gender equality. This presentation focuses on the part of the study that answers the research question: “Do Albanian universities offer a favourable environment for gender equality?” and addresses the testing of the two hypotheses formulated: • H₀: Yes, some Albanian universities offer a positive environment for gender equality. • H₁: No, there is not yet a fully positive environment for gender equality in some Albanian universities, according to the gender, age and academic rank of their members. Through a structured questionnaire, data were collected from public and private universities in Albania, with the aim of identifying perceptions, experiences and challenges of academic staff in relation to gender equality. The questionnaire was designed to highlight elements such as institutional strategies, effective policies, the gender distribution of income and time outside work, as well as perceptions of safety in the university environment. The target population includes full-time academic staff in 37 higher-education institutions in Albania during the 2023–2024 academic year (ASCAL). By forming a sample of 360 individuals according to the simple random sampling method (Levy & Lemeshow, 2008), a 95% confidence level and a ±5% margin of error was ensured. The empirical data collected were processed using the SPSS program, analysing the relationships between the main variables, gender, age and academic degree, to identify whether there are visible or hidden differences in the experience of gender equality. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Descriptive statistics present the structure of the independent variables, namely gender, age and academic status, from which it is evident that the majority of academic staff (56.1%) are in the age group 40 years and above, while the remaining part, under 40 years old, constitutes 43.9% of the sample. With regard to gender, women make up 58.1% of the academic staff compared with 41.9% who are men. Most of the staff (34.1%) hold adoctoral degree, followed by full and associate Professors (30.5%), and those having a Master of Science degree, at 24.4%. The smallest share of the sample, 11.0%, is made up of assistant academic staff. The classification of responses based on the academic title and grade of the surveyed lecturers helps in understanding the invisible factors of gender inequality in Albanian universities. In particular, the analysis focuses on how a positive institutional environment influences the achievement of gender equality. Creating a positive environment for gender equality requires institutional support, clear policies, continuous training and active involvement of staff. Organisational culture must encourage respect, equal representation and effective mechanisms for responding to discrimination. These aspects of the research are revealed through the responses to the questions in the questionnaire presented below. 4.1. Do you know what the “glass ceiling” is in gender equality? Or, in other words, do you feel or perceive invisible forces that hinder your career advancement? The data obtained from the survey on academic status and knowledge of the concept of the “glass ceiling” show an interesting and meaningful distribution regarding the level of gender-awareness within universities. Out of a total of 360 respondents, only 28.9% declare that they know what the glass ceiling is, while the overwhelming majority (71.1%) state that they are not familiar with this concept. This result sheds light on a pronounced gap in institutional education and awareness about the structural dimensions of gender inequality in higher education. When broken down by academic status, a clear trend emerges: the higher the academic status, the greater the knowledge of the term “glass ceiling”. Thus, 37% of full and associate professors state that they know this concept, compared with only 16.7% in the “Other” category (administrative, technical and support staff). The intermediate groups, such as those holding a doctorate (28%) and a Master of Science degree (26.7%), also show relatively low levels of awareness. These data reinforce the importance of integrating gender awareness into institutional training programmes, especially for staff in lower positions, who are not only less involved in gender-equality policies but also less exposed to the discourse on structural career barriers. The lack of knowledge of the concept of the glass ceiling among the majority of staff supports the need for targeted awareness and education policies, making gender equality not only a political issue, but also a cultural and educational one. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 22 4.2. Have you ever felt your gender to be an obstacle to specialisations abroad or training for professional advancement? To assess the impact of gender on access to opportunities for specialisation or training abroad, the relationship between respondents’ academic status and their perception of gender as an obstacle in this respect was analysed. The above question serves as an indirect indicator of structural or cultural barriers that may influence the equal professional development of women and men in universities. The data show that the vast majority of respondents (85.3%) have not felt gender as an obstacle, while only 14.7% have stated that they have experienced such a barrier. When we analyse the percentages by academic status, we see that the highest proportion of those who have felt gender as an obstacle belongs to the category “Prof. and Prof. Ass.” with 16.7%, followed by “MSc” with 16.3%, “Other” with 14.6%, and the lowest rate among “Dr” with 11.9%. The category of professors, although in higher positions, more often reports the feeling of gender-based obstacles, which can be interpreted as a result of long-term exposure to systemic barriers throughout their career, or as greater sensitivity to structural injustices. Despite the lack of statistical significance (according to the Chi-square independence test χ² = 1.260; df = 3; p = 0.739), the very fact that a considerable share of respondents (around 15%) report that gender has been an obstacle suggests the presence of unequal experiences, perhaps related to other factors such as family responsibilities, cultural norms, lack of institutional support, or gender stereotypes linked to mobility. 4.3. Have you ever felt that your superiors unfairly promote colleagues of the same gender? The data are divided according to four categories of academic status: Professor/Assistant Professor, Doctor, Master and Other. This analysis aims to examine whether the perception of unfair promotions is statistically significantly related to the professional status of respondents. The results show that Professors and Assistant Professors are the group with the highest perception of unfair promotions, with 40.7% of them declaring that they have felt such a thing. This figure is noticeably higher compared with the other groups. Doctors come next with 28.8%, while those holding a Master’s degree show a lower level of perception of injustice (23.3%). The “Other” group, which may include assistant academic staff or administrative staff, has the lowest percentage (20.8%) in relation to the perception of unfair promotions. In absolute terms, the majority of respondents (70%) answered “No”, stating that they have not felt unfair promotions. However, the distribution of responses varies significantly by academic status, which leads us to test whether these differences are statistically significant using the Chi-square goodness-of-fit test. Pearson Chi-square = 9.795, with df = 3 and a p-value = 0.020, shows that there is a statistically significant relationship between academic status and the perception of unfair promotions. For gender equality, this result has important implications: if promotions are perceived as biased and linked to gender, this implies that women or men may feel excluded from merit-based processes. This not only damages the institutional climate and the sense of fairness but also undermines efforts to ensure equal gender representation at the highest academic levels. The statistical analysis confirms that the perception of unfair promotions is related to professional status, underlining the importance of carefully reviewing promotion policies and strengthening transparency and gender impartiality. In this way, equal conditions for women and men in academic careers can be guaranteed. 5. CONCLUSIONS The data from this study on gender equality in Albanian universities reveal the clear presence of a silent but deeply influential phenomenon for gender equality, namely the “glass ceiling”. This term, which denotes the invisible barriers that limit women’s advancement into high positions, is not only a theoretical concept borrowed from contemporary literature, but a reality concretely experienced by a significant share of women in the Albanian academic system. The glass ceiling manifests itself in several concrete forms in the university context: lack of inclusion in strategic decision-making, difficulty in obtaining specialisations or international projects that require mobility, as well as a limited presence in elite academic networks that often influence national and international promotions. These invisible barriers within institutional culture, accompanied by the continued underrepresentation of women in leadership, gender differences in income and workload, and the lack of effective institutional strategies, demonstrate a misalignment between the aspirations and the actual realisation of gender equality in these institutions. One of the greatest risks that threatens gender equality is the normalisation of inequality. When lack of information, non-transparency or unfair promotions begin to be perceived as a normal part of the system, a climate of apathy and distrust is created that affects women more, as they experience this inequality more deeply. In this context, the role of universities as shapers of social values becomes even more important. If XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 23 universities fail to offer clear examples of justice, meritocracy and inclusion, it is difficult for them to claim that they are forming generations that genuinely believe in these principles. Importance and Contribution In summary, the study has twofold importance.From an academic perspective, it contributes to the literature on gender equality in transitional contexts and developing economies by offering a case study on Albania. The study provides one of the first systematic analyses of gender inequality and the glass ceiling in Albanian higher education. It links empirical evidence and theoretical discourse, providing insights for both researchers and policymakers. From a practical perspective, it offers empirical evidence and concrete recommendations for Albanian universities in order to improve transparency and equality in promotions. More broadly, it argues that gender equality is not a secondary issue within academia, but a fundamental determining indicator of institutional excellence. By eliminating invisible barriers and fostering inclusive cultures, Albanian universities can unlock the full intellectual potential of both women and men, promoting sustainable social and economic development. The conclusion that not only women but also men benefit from gender equality is essential, as it shows that the higher the level of equality, the “happier” and more developed society as a whole becomes. This is a value that must be promoted and reinforced particularly by the key layers of society, and above all by its most intellectual environments, universities. There are some limitations to this study, related to the fact that it was carried out on the basis of a sample and not in the form of a full census, to the subjective nature of the data collected and to the use of a selfassessment instrument, where responses depend on the honesty, memory and self-perception of respondents. As a result, the findings reflect the perceptions of a representative part of the population “academic staff in Albanian higher-education institutions”, but it cannot be claimed that they are fully generalisable for the entire national academic milieu. These limitations do not diminish the importance and value of the study, but instead emphasise the need for future, more comprehensive research, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches, with the aim of achieving a deeper and more balanced understanding of gender dynamics in Albanian higher education. References 1. ASCAL (Quality Assurance Agency in Higher Education, Albania) https://ascal.al/en/ 2. Bailyn, L. (2003) “Academic careers and gender equity: Lessons learned from MIT” Gender, Work and Organizations, Vol.10 No.2, March 2003. 3. Becker, G. S. (1957). The Economics of Discrimination. University of Chicago Press. 4. Becker, G. S. (1964). Human Capital. University of Chicago Press. 5. Bejleri, E., Memaj, G., & Kraja, Y. (2025). Invisible walls: Employment struggles of women with limited education in Albania. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 20(5), 22352243. doi:10.18280/ijsdp.200538 6. Bellotti, E., Czerniawska, D., Everett, M. & Guadalupi, L. (2022). Gender inequalities in research funding: Unequal network configurations, or unequal network returns. Social Networks, 70, 138-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2021.12.007 Charles, K. K., & Guryan, J. (2008). Prejudice and wages: An empirical assessment of Becker’s theory. Journal of Political Economy, 116(5), 773–809. doi:10.1086/593073 7. Dhëmbo, E. & Vrbaški, S. (2024). Women's labour market participation & security for human rights defenders: women’s rights in Western Balkans 2024. The Kvinna till Kvinna Foundation. Retrieved from https://kvinnatillkvinna.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/The-Kvinna-till-Kvinna-Foundation-WomensRights-in-Western-Balkans-2024.pdf 8. European Commission. (2021). She Figures 2021: Gender in research and innovation. Publications Office of the EU. Retrieved from https://projects.research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/en/knowledgepublications-tools-and-data/interactive-reports/she-figures-2021 9. European Commission. (2024). She Figures 2024: Gender in research and innovation - statistics and indicators. European Union. Retrieved from https://projects.research-andinnovation.ec.europa.eu/en/knowledge-publications-tools-and-data/intera 10. Goldin, C. (2014). A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Last Chapter. American Economic Review, 104(4), 1091–1119. doi:10.1257/aer.104.4.1091 11. INSTAT. (2025). Gratë dhe Burrat në Shqipëri. TIRANA: INSTAT. 12. Levy, S. P., & Lemeshow, S. (2008). Sampling of populations (4th ed.). Wiley. 13. McKinsey (2015). The Power of Parity: Advancing women’s equality in the United Kingdom (and global MGI report). McKinsey Global Institute. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 24 14. Mincer, J. (1974). Schooling, Experience, and Earnings. In J. A. Mincer, Schooling and Earnings (pp. 41-63). NBER. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/schooling-experience-andearnings 15. Oakley, J. G. (2000). Gender-based barriers to senior management positions: Understanding the scarcity of female CEOs. Journal of Business Ethics, 27(4), 321–334. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006402117024 16. UN Women. (2023). ‘Të Rejat dhe të Rinjtë për Përfshirje, Barazi dhe Besim’. Study by UNDP, UNFPA, UNESCO and UN Women. 17. World Bank. (2020). Toward gender equality in Albania: Shifting mindsets through institutional reform. https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2020/06/19/toward-gender-equality-in-albania-shiftingmindsets-through-institutional-reform XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 31 Geological and mineralogical sciences THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE EXPLORATION, DEVELOPMENT, AND FACILITY OF THE OIL DISCOVERIES IN THE SALINA DEL ISTMO BASIN, MEXICO Bochkarev V.A. PhD in geology, Director on Exploration and Development LUKOIL Upstream Mexico, Mexico ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3642-6561 Chinyaev V.V. Manager on reservoir engineering LUKOIL Upstream Mexico, Mexico Grubnik A.S. Reservoir engineering and integrated modelling specialist LUKOIL Upstream Mexico, Mexico Bochkarev Art.V. PhD student, Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas, Moscow ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8526-3755 Abstract At the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, numerous oil, gas, and condensate fields were discovered on the Mexican continental shelf of the Gulf of Mexico, particularly within the Camalcalco and Pilar de Akkal basins. These discoveries include large and unique oil fields such as Cantarell, Ku-MaloobZaap, Tekel, and Bacab. However, since 2005–2006, Mexico has experienced a steady decline in daily oil production. The offshore oil projects implemented in recent years in the northeastern part of the Gulf of Mexico have had only a limited impact on mitigating this decline: over the past two decades, oil production has dropped from 3.4 to 1.7 MMbbl/day. New oil discoveries in the Salina del Istmo basin, including the unique Zama field, may allow Mexico to increase its daily production by 0.4–0.5 MMbbl/day by 2030–2033, provided that substantial optimization of exploration, development, and production costs is achieved by operating companies. Keywords: Hydrocarbons; prospects; continental shelf; field development; DHI; exploration; porosity; permeability; viscosity; PVT analysis; exploration wells; optimization of exploration and production; development system; offshore field infrastructure; floating drilling rig. The development of hydrocarbon fields on the Mexican shelf of the Gulf of Mexico has a long history dating back to the late 20th century, when the Cantarell field — one of the largest oil fields in the world — was discovered, with daily production exceeding 1 MMbbl/day. Until recently, all major offshore discoveries in Mexico were made within the Camalcalco and Pilar de Akkal basins, primarily in Jurassic–Cretaceous carbonate and brecciated formations (Fig. 1). In 2017, the first exploratory well targeting turbidite deposits was drilled within the Salina del Istmo basin, resulting in the discovery of the unique Zama oil field. Over the subsequent eight years of exploration, an additional 18 small and medium-sized oil fields (each with the STOIIP of 100–650 MMbbl) were discovered, predominantly located along four Lower Pliocene–Lower Miocene turbidite flow trends (Fig. 2). The discovered fields are associated with turbidite deposits of the Lower Pliocene–Lower Miocene, typically trapped by faults and shallow salt diapirs. In several cases, morphological features of amalgamated channel systems are well identified. Small oil accumulations also occur in lenticular caprock traps, while a number of oil and gas pools are located within structural closures often divided into fault blocks [1]. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 32 Fig. 1 – Hydrocarbon basins of the southern Gulf of Mexico (based on Serficor Imap data) Fig. 2 – Distribution of discovered oil fields within the Pliocene–Miocene turbidite flow trends in the Salina del Istmo Basin XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 33 A clear correlation has been established between seismic amplitude values and the probability of reservoir occurrence, as confirmed by the drilling results of the Zama-1, Chinwol-1, and Yoti West-1EXP wells, among others. The identified Direct Hydrocarbon Indicator (DHI)-type amplitude anomalies, characterized by the attenuation of negative seismic amplitudes along a common structural level, were detected throughout the Salina del Istmo Basin based on 3D seismic survey data. These anomalies are fully validated by the drilling results of exploration and appraisal wells (Figs. 3–4). In cross-section, a distinct DHI anomaly is clearly traceable (Figs. 3B and 4), confirming the seismic-geological consistency of hydrocarbon accumulations within the basin. Fig. 3 – Examples of DHI anomalies: (A) Zama field in Upper Miocene deposits [2]; (B) Polok field in Lower Miocene deposits [3]. Fig. 4 – Examples of DHI anomalies at the Yoti field and the Nzaki prospect in Upper Miocene deposits, and at the Tsol Taan prospect in Middle–Lower Pliocene deposits. The formation of hydrocarbon accumulations in the Tertiary deposits is associated with the upward migration of fluids from Mesozoic source rocks along fault planes and their entrapment within encountered sand bodies [4]. The presence of DHI anomalies in prospective targets, confirmed by AVO analysis (Class III) and seismic inversion, enables the identification and ranking of the prospects already at the early exploration stage and provides a reliable estimation of their resource potential. It should be noted that in some cases where DHI anomalies are observed, AVO analysis indicates Class IV behavior (e.g., the Tsol Taan structure), which may be due to the presence of volcanic and tuffaceous material. Nevertheless, the key indicators of prospectivity remain the presence of DHI anomalies and seismic inversion results suggesting possible hydrocarbon accumulations. This correlation is fully confirmed by the XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 34 drilling results within the basin — all wells drilled on DHI anomalies have encountered hydrocarbons, including the giant Zama field (≈2,4 Bbbl of STOIIP) and smaller fields ranging from 140 to 550 MMbbl. The use of DHI anomalies as a direct hydrocarbon indicator is a well-established exploration technique applied globally in turbidite systems, such as those on the Norwegian Shelf, West Africa, and Guyana [1]. Reservoir Properties of Turbidite Fields. All discovered fields in the Middle Pliocene–Lower Miocene turbidite sequences are composed of quartz sandstones with porosity (Poro) ranging from 37% at depths of 1200–1800 m (Sayulita, Chinwol, Saasken) to 28–30% at depths of 3500–3800 m (Zama), indicating low compaction of the sedimentary column (a porosity decrease of only 7% across a 2000 m depth interval). Permeability (k) shows an exponential dependence on porosity and exceeds 1 Darcy when Poro > 30%. Oil saturation, calculated using the Archie–Dahnov equation, varies from 0.71 to 0.9 between the upper and lower oil– water contact zones, depending on formation parameters (m, n, a) and clay/cement content. Pressure and Temperature of Productive Reservoirs. All discovered fields exhibit abnormally high formation pressures (AHFP), with anomaly coefficients ranging from 1.4 (Sayulita) to 1.7, attributed to two main factors: (1) the young, unconsolidated nature of the Pliocene–Miocene sediments, (2) the maximum hydrocarbon charge due to active migration from the Upper Jurassic Pimienta source rock, with potential re-migration after production begins [5–7]. Formation temperatures vary between 43 °C at Sayulita (depth = 1250 m) and 85 °C at Zama (depth = 3300 m). Oil Properties The oils of all discovered fields in the Salina del Istmo Basin turbidite deposits are characterized by relatively low GOR (40–90 m³/m³), suggesting the influence of sapropelic organic matter within the Upper Jurassic Pimienta source rocks, which are in the main oil-generation window and yield limited associated gas volumes [8]. In general, gas content increases with depth (and temperature), although the Saasken field shows an anomalously high GOR of 90 m³/m³ at a depth of 1700 m and a temperature of 53 °C. Oil viscosity also correlates with temperature, reaching 17+ cP at shallow fields (Sayulita, Chinwol, 1200–1500 m) and decreasing to 2 cP at Zama. Oil density varies from 0.945 t/m³ (Sayulita) to 0.877 t/m³ (Zama). Bubble-point pressures are generally 2–4 times lower than reservoir pressures, allowing significant depression during production. However, for high-viscosity oils (Sayulita, Chinwol, Saasken), the difference is only 1–3 MPa, imposing limitations on allowable depression. Thus, temperature is the dominant factor controlling oil properties across the basin. Recovery Factors Considering the favorable reservoir properties (Poro > 28%, k = 0.4–1.2 D) and moderate oil viscosities (2–4 cP, except for high-viscosity fields), the expected recovery factors for the discovered fields in the Salina del Istmo Basin range from 0.45 to 0.6. Given the overpressured nature of these accumulations, such recovery levels may be achieved without artificial lift systems (ESPs), as verified at the Yoti field. Recovery may be further improved if pressure-support and replenishment are confirmed during production, highlighting the importance of monthly reservoir-pressure monitoring, particularly near fault or salt-diapir boundaries. For high-viscosity oils (17+ cP), recovery factors are expected to range from 0.3 to 0.4, due to higher viscosities and smaller difference between Formation pressure and Bubble-point pressures (1–3 MPa). Exploration Efficiency and Drilling Optimization Analysis of available drilling results shows that resource confirmation ratios (pre-drilling vs. post-drilling estimates) for DHI-related prospects vary from 0.9 to 1.7, averaging 1.2, indicating that actual discoveries tend to exceed pre-drilling forecasts [1]. This confirms the predictive reliability of DHI-based exploration in the Salina del Istmo Basin, enabling early-stage development planning for single or clustered fields. Exploration and appraisal offshore wells cost between 20 and 200 MMUSD, depending on factors such as rig mobilization, water depth, target depth, non-productive time, testing duration, and weather. Offshore rigs are several orders of magnitude more expensive than onshore units, with day rates ranging from 150 to 500 KUSD/day. Therefore, well design should aim at dual-purpose functionality — enabling conversion from exploratory to production or injection use — while reducing the total number of wells required for appraisal and accelerating the overall exploration cycle. To optimize exploration and appraisal (E&A) operations — applicable not only to turbidite systems — the following key directions are proposed [1]: 1. Clustering of nearby DHI anomalies into unified exploration targets to reduce the number of E&A wells (Figs. 5–6); 2. Prioritization of the most promising targets based on integrated techno-economic assessment; 3. Drilling campaigns under a single rig contract for multiple prospects, enabling cost savings of tens to hundreds of millions of dollars; 4. Integration of multi-lateral wells for complex appraisal programs, accelerating reservoir assessment and minimizing mandatory appraisal drilling commitments; XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 35 5. Identification of pressure-maintained and potentially replenishable horizons, characterized by overpressure and high fluid potential, for inclusion in long-term field-development planning [5–7]. The implementation of these measures will allow operators to effectively plan development of prospective fields, taking into account potential hydrocarbon recharge, and thereby increase ultimate recovery factors during the production stage [5–7]. It should also be noted that in each turbidite basin, typically only one or two giant fields are discovered (e.g., Zama in Salina del Istmo, Balleine in Côte d’Ivoire, Jubilee in Ghana, Bongo in Nigeria, Litchendjili in Congo, and Payara in Guyana), while the remaining discoveries are small to medium-sized, often clustered within the same license blocks, collectively forming a resource base comparable to a single large field. Such fields will likely represent the main focus of offshore exploration and development in the coming decades. Development and Infrastructure Optimization An essential stage in the future development of the Salina del Istmo Basin is the optimization of field development and infrastructure concepts for both the already discovered fields and the identified prospects. The conventional approach to offshore field development involves, depending on water depth, the installation of either fixed platforms (jacket platforms or compliant towers) or floating production systems (TLP, SPAR, FPS, or FPSO). Typically, the Front-End Engineering Design (FEED) stage is initiated only after the completion of exploration and appraisal activities and the preparation of a Field Development Plan (FDP). While the economics of large and giant fields (such as Zama in the Salina del Istmo Basin) can sustain extended design and engineering periods prior to first oil, small and medium-sized hydrocarbon fields face a critical challenge — each additional year before production start significantly reduces the project’s Net Present Value (NPV). Therefore, accelerated and optimized development planning is a decisive factor in ensuring the commercial viability of these offshore assets. Accelerated Development and Infrastructure Concept Optimization An important stage in the future development of the Salina del Istmo Basin involves the optimization of field development and infrastructure concepts for both discovered fields and identified prospective structures. The conventional approach to offshore field development typically depends on water depth, involving the installation of either fixed platforms (jacket platforms or compliant towers) or floating production systems (TLP, SPAR, FPS, or FPSO). The Front-End Engineering Design (FEED) phase generally begins only after the completion of the exploration and appraisal program and the preparation of the Field Development Plan (FDP). While the economics of large and giant oil fields (such as Zama in the Salina del Istmo Basin) can sustain extended pre-production timelines, for small and medium-sized fields each additional year before first oil is critical for maintaining a positive project Net Present Value (NPV). Therefore, for medium-sized hydrocarbon prospects in the Salina del Istmo Basin, significant optimization of field preparation timeframes is required. The authors propose a novel concept of “development during exploration” (concurrent development and exploration) [10–12]. Given the high confirmation rate of reserves in DHI-related prospects, the planning of development and infrastructure concepts (class 4–5) begins in parallel with exploration activities. After drilling each exploration and appraisal well, the geological, dynamic, and integrated reservoir models are promptly updated so that by the end of the exploration phase, a ready-to-implement development and infrastructure plan is already available. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 36 This approach enables a Final Investment Decision (FID) to be achieved 2–3 years earlier than under conventional schedules, thereby significantly improving project economics (Fig. 7) Fig. 5 – Clustering of closely located prospective structures into a single exploration group and optimization of exploration–appraisal drilling. Fig. 6 – Example of clustering a group of closely located DHI-anomaly prospects into a single exploration and appraisal target (Block 12, Mexico). XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 37 Fig. 7 – Acceleration of the first-oil schedule in accordance with the “Development-in-Exploration” concept. CAPEX Optimization and Phased Development To optimize capital expenditures (CAPEX), the authors recommend streamlining production facilities and implementing non-traditional engineering solutions. For instance, in Block 12, where the Yoti field has already been discovered and two groups of prospective structures (Nzaki and Taan) have been identified, an innovative phased development concept is proposed — one not previously implemented in global offshore practice. The approach involves the use of a customized semi-submersible drilling unit (SSDU) equipped with a modular crude oil processing system (Fig. 8). The SSDU first drills the Nzaki prospect, then moves to Yoti, and finally to the Taan cluster, where it remains as a production platform equipped for oil processing and offloading to an FSO. This concept eliminates the need for peak investment periods, substantially improving overall project economics. During drilling operations, rapid formation interference testing can be conducted as part of pilot production testing [9], allowing for timely adjustments to the field development plan. Pilot production during the drilling of production wells at each structure represents a key factor for improving project cash flow. After 5–7 years of production and the achievement of positive cash flow from major fields or clusters, it is recommended to integrate smaller isolated accumulations (<70 MMbbl) into production using subsea production systems (SPS) tied back to the nearest platform. This phased approach allows for the progressive inclusion of smaller assets (≥30 MMbbl resource base) while maintaining high economic performance for the entire block. Production Optimization and Efficiency The high reservoir pressures, low oil viscosities, and excellent permeability of turbidite reservoirs enable development without the use of electric submersible pumps (ESPs), achieving oil recovery factors (ORF) of 50–60%. Production based solely on gas-lift systems allows for substantial CAPEX savings on pump equipment and improves operational uptime. The proposed integrated approach to exploration optimization and early-stage development planning — the “Development-in-Exploration” methodology [10–12] — enables operators to achieve strong economic performance even for small and medium-sized hydrocarbon projects, not only in the Salina del Istmo Basin, but also in other regions with turbidite-type accumulations (e.g., Guyana, Suriname, West Africa). XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 38 Fig. 8 – Phased field development approach using a customized semi-submersible drilling unit (SSDU) equipped with a crude oil processing module. A similar approach has already been implemented in other offshore projects worldwide. For example, the parallel appraisal and development strategy was successfully applied in the Kikeh project (Fig. 9) — the first deepwater development in Malaysia — which allowed the overall field development schedule to be reduced by more than one year [13]. Likewise, the “fast-track” development approach, in which near-field exploration is conducted concurrently with engineering and development studies, has been demonstrated in the Baleine, Calao and East and West Hub projects on the deepwater shelf of Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa [14]. Regulatory Support and Future Outlook The success of implementing the proposed approach depends not only on a paradigm shift in the operators’ traditional philosophy regarding exploration and field development but also on the active and constructive involvement of governmental regulatory bodies. In this context, institutional support will be required through the establishment of more flexible regulatory frameworks and permitting procedures, including provisions for crude oil sales during pilot production, expedited export licensing, and improved contractual terms for projects involving high-viscosity oils or limited resource bases. Such measures will enable operators to achieve positive economic performance even in previously marginal or non-profitable offshore projects. If all currently discovered fields in the Salina del Istmo Basin are brought into development beginning in 2031, the daily oil production in Mexico is projected to increase by 0.4–0.5 MMbbl/day, representing a significant contribution to the country’s energy output and long-term production sustainability. Fig. 9 – Parallel appraisal and development schedule of the Kikeh project [13]. References 1. Бочкарев В.А., Мартин Хорхе, Бочкарев Ар.В. Оптимизация ГРР для морских месторождений нефти и газа // В книге: Инновационные технологии в нефтегазовой отрасли: сборник трудов. – Ставрополь: АГРУС Ставропольского гос. Аграрного ун-та. – 2024. – С. 51-58. 2. Oil&Gas 3600. Going Private: Mexico’s First Private Offshore Well in 80 Years Pays Off Big. 1.4 Billion barrel discovery at 11,000 feet – en route to 14,000. July 12, 2017 XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 39 3. Manuel Gonzalez Quijano, Gregor Baechle, Miquel Yanez, Freddy Obregon, Carmen Vito, Pedro Viera. A successful qualitative and quantitative integrated interpretation of Lower Miocene wells and seismic data in Salina del Istmo Basin, Mexico. // The Leading Edge, Special Section: Latin America. December, 2021. Pp. 897-904. 4. В.А.Бочкарев, А.В. Лобусев, М.А.Лобусев, Ар.В.Бочкарев, Ю.А.Антипова. Парагенез солевой тектоники и скоплений углеводородов в юго-западной части Мексиканского залива // - Защита окружающей среды в нефтегазовом комплексе. - 2023. - №6(315). – С. 17-24 5. Бочкарев В.А., Бочкарев А.В. Восполняемые запасы залежей углеводородов. – М.: ОАО «ВНИИОЭНГ». – 2017. – 276 с. https://doi.org/10.61726/3912.2024.76.35.001 6. Бочкарев В.А., Бочкарев Ар.В.. Восполняемые и невосполняемые залежи углеводородов/ - Нефтепромысловое дело – 2024. - №11(671). – С.64-80 7. Bochkarev V., Bochkarev Art. Renewable and non-renewable HC deposits // Znanstvena misel journal, Slovenia, - 91. - 2024. - Рp. 23-43. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12541096 8. Бочкарев А.В., Бочкарев В.А. Катагенез и прогноз нефтегазоносности недр. – М.: ОАО «ВНИИОЭНГ». – 2006. - 321 с. https://doi.org/10.61726/9424.2024.69.60.001 9. Denis Zubarev, Ruslan Mardanov, Vitaly Bochkarev, Vyacheslav Khmelevskij. Flexible Multi-Well Interference Test Design for a Deep-Water Field. SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference, 22-24 October, Moscow, Russia. SPE-196837-MS. 10. Бочкарев В.А., Грубник А.С. Концепция "Разработка в геологоразведке" для морских месторождений нефти и газа // Нефтепромысловое дело. - 2024. - № 8(668). - . 23–29. 11. Bochkarev V., Grubnik A. Offshore "Development-in-Exploration" approach on the example of the Salino del Istmo Basin (Gulf of Mexico). Danish Scientific Journal, 82, 2024. p. 38. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10899555 12. Bochkarev V., Grubnik A. Offshore "Development-in-Exploration" concept // XII International Scientific and Practical Conference «Modern science: actual problems», April 23-24, 2024, Manchester. UK. Pp.24-29. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11102328 13. Dechant, S. C. (2008, May 5–8). Kikeh Development Project Execution Model [Paper presentation]. Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX, United States. https://doi.org/10.4043/19482-MS 14. Banoori, S., Roncarolo, F., Tealdi, L., Giardini, R., & Ferdinandi, F. (2014, June 15–19). Adapting to a "fast track" world: How to combine a development project road map with near field exploration campaign. PROS and CONS from a real case development experience in West Africa deep water [Paper presentation]. 21st World Petroleum Congress, Moscow, Russia. https://doi.org/10.2118/1526258-wpc-21-1494 XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 40 Historical sciences CONSTRUCTION WORKS IMPLEMENTED IN THE NAKHCHIVAN AUTONOMOUS REPUBLIC AS A COMPONENT OF THE SUSTAINABLE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (2010-2020) Gadir Akbarov Nakhchivan State University. Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan. Department of History of Azerbaijan. Doctor of Philosophy in History ORCID ID: 0009-0005-8693-9338 Abstract This article analyzes the comprehensive development strategy implemented in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic during the 2010–2020 period across infrastructure, social sectors (healthcare), and information-communication technologies (ICT). The study assesses the dynamics of regional development based on macroeconomic indicators, official documents, and statistical data. In transportation, major highways (Nakhchivan–Sadarak, Nakhchivan–Julfa) were reconstructed according to international standards. In healthcare, the introduction of compulsory medical insurance and the provision of modern diagnostic equipment significantly improved the accessibility and quality of services for the population. Consequently, this systematic development strategy strengthened the socio-economic sustainability of the autonomous republic and contributed to the continuous improvement of the population's living standards. Keywords: Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Nationwide leader, Infrastructure, Sustainable Development, Healthcare, information-communication technologies Introduction After the restoration of independence, the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, following the path of the Great Leader Heydar Aliyev, has achieved great development in all areas, including socio-economic, cultural and social. The living conditions and livelihood of the population have improved significantly. Since the beginning of autonomy, the population of the autonomous republic has increased 5 times and exceeded 450 thousand people. As a result of the work done, Nakhchivan now hosts international scientific, cultural and sports events, scientific conferences and symposiums, and art festivals are held. The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic is a land where energy, information, food and defense security are ensured at a high level. After the 44-day Patriotic War, extensive construction and improvement works were launched in the autonomous republic, as in every region of Azerbaijan. Naturally, this development was an integral part of the far-sighted policy of President Ilham Aliyev, a worthy successor of the national leader Heydar Aliyev, and was successfully continued in 2010–2020. The development of road and transport infrastructure in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic is in the spotlight, special importance is given to the renewal of the transport complex, and new roads in accordance with international standards are being built. For this reason, the vast majority of highways in the autonomous republic have been reconstructed and put into operation. At the same time, attention is also increasing year by year to the improvement of intra-village and inter-village roads. The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, which is an integral part of the Republic of Azerbaijan, has successfully implemented a large-scale socio-economic development and modernization strategy after the restoration of independence, and especially in 2010–2020. This strategic approach aimed to maintain the macroeconomic stability of the autonomous republic, as well as to bring the main infrastructure systems and social services into line with international standards. Maın part The macroeconomic stability and rapid economic development in the Republic of Azerbaijan have created the basis for the implementation of large-scale construction, development and infrastructure projects in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. As in the first years of the restoration of independence, activity was observed in the construction sector in the autonomous republic in the period 2010–2020. During this period, special attention was paid to maintaining macroeconomic stability in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, which expanded the scale of sustainable development. The volume of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which is the main indicator of development, has shown a significant increase. Thus, in 2011, the volume of GDP increased by 49.5% compared to 2010 and amounted to 1 billion 786 million 342 thousand manats. This XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 47 Fig.1. Mandelbrot fractals Another important characteristic of fractals is their fractal dimension. Unlike typical geometric objects that possess whole dimensions (a point has dimension 0, a line has dimension 1, and a plane has dimension 2), fractals exhibit fractional dimensions. This indicates their intricate internal structure. For instance, the dimension of a shoreline may range between 1 and 2 because it is more complex than a straight line but does not completely occupy a plane. Fractals can be either mathematical constructs created according to precise rules (such as the Mandelbrot set or the Sierpinski triangle) or natural formations. In the natural world, fractals are present in clouds, mountain ranges, tree canopies, blood vessels, and even in the structure of galaxies. This illustrates that fractal structures are an essential aspect of the natural world. Thus, fractals serve as a universal tool for describing complex structures. Their study enhances our understanding of the patterns found in natural forms and phenomena. However, to recognize the connection between fractals and the quantum realm, it is essential to first examine the principles of quantum physics, as it is within this framework that fractal patterns emerge at the level of elementary particles. Quantum physics explains the behavior of the smallest particles - electrons, photons and atoms. Their world is amazing and sometimes seems wrong by our usual concepts. Fractal geometry gives scientists a new way to describe the complex, repetitive structures of nature that look chaotic but actually follow deep rules. In this article, we will try to understand how fractals help to present the quantum world in a new way and why this may be useful in the future What is a fractal and why is it needed in science? A fractal is a geometric figure that repeats its shape at different scales. If you enlarge part of the fractal, it again resembles a whole figure. Such patterns are found not only in mathematics, but also in plants, in the coastline, in clouds and even in some crystals of nature. Fractals are useful because they allow the modeling of complex structures that look "chaotic" but also have patterns and symmetries. At first glance, it may seem that fractal geometry and quantum physics belong to completely different fields of science: the first - to mathematics and the description of complex forms of nature, the second - to the fundamental study of elementary particles. However, a closer look reveals that there is a deep connection between the two. Fractal structures arise not only in the macromir, but also in the micromir - at the level of atoms and quantum systems. This discovery has become one of the most interesting results of modern physics. One of the first indications of the connection between fractals and quantum mechanics was the research of Richard Feynman. He suggested that a particle in the quantum world does not move along one trajectory, as in classical physics, but passes simultaneously along an infinite number of possible paths. Such paths look chaotic and broken, but on deeper examination, their structure resembles a fractal: each fragment of the trajectory can be enlarged, and it will look like the whole path. The average length of such trajectories tends to infinity, and their fractal dimension is two. This proves that fractal patterns underlie the movement of particles at the quantum level. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 48 Fig. 2 Feynman diagrams Another bright manifestation of fractals in quantum physics is the energy spectrum of an electron in a periodic potential in the presence of a magnetic field. In 1976, physicist Douglas Hofstadter discovered that the graph of electron energy versus external magnetic field had a complex structure resembling butterfly wings. This drawing was called the "Hofstadter butterfly" and turned out to be a fractal: when its individual parts are enlarged, a similar structure appears again. This discovery has become one of the main evidence for the existence of fractal phenomena at the quantum level. [2] Fig. 3 Hofstadter's butterfly Fractal structures are also manifested in the phenomenon of quantum chaos, which studies the behavior of quantum systems that depend on random factors. Despite its apparent randomness, the energy spectrum of such systems often contains fractal distributions. This means that even in chaos at the level of quantum mechanics, there is a hidden order, and fractals help describe it. The connection between fractals and quantum physics is also confirmed by experimental studies. In 2013, scientists observed fractal energy levels in graphene, a unique material one atom thick. Similar results were obtained when studying quasicrystals that have fractal symmetry. These discoveries prove that fractals are not an abstraction or mathematical fantasy, but a real phenomenon present in nature at a fundamental level.[3] Fractal structures are thus an integral part of the quantum world. They reflect its complexity, probabilistic nature, and multiscale. Studies show that fractals help describe seemingly random phenomena, making them understandable and subject to certain laws. This opens up new perspectives in science: fractal geometry is becoming a tool for the study of quantum technologies, nanostructures and materials of the future. Quantum world through the eyes of fractals. Quantum physics often works with probabilities. We cannot predict exactly where a particle is, but we can describe how likely it is to appear in different places. Fractal ideas help visualize such probabilities and patterns of particle propagation in complex spaces, for example in nanoscales or in the interaction of waves and materials with unusual structure. Some researchers try to imagine the wave functions of particles through fractal geometric sources in order to see repeating "nodes" and "anti-nodes" - places where the probability is very high or very low. Examples of unexpected connections • Fractal nanostructures: Repeating patterns can form on the nanoscale surface. Such structures alter how particles penetrate a material or how light interacts with a surface. This can lead to more efficient sensors or solar cells. • Fractal resonators in optics: special patterns allow you to control light at different frequencies, creating devices with wide spectral coverage without increasing size. • Modeling quantum systems: Instead of simple geometries, physicists sometimes use fractal grids or spaces to better describe the complex behavior of particles under difficult conditions, such as a strong interaction. Why is this important for the future? XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 49 Fractal geometry is no stranger to quantum physics: it offers new ways to describe and design materials and devices. Opportunities include creating more sensitive sensors, efficient solar panels, innovative optical instruments and even accelerating the development of quantum technologies. Such studies teach us to think beyond direct forms and to find patterns in apparent randomness. How you can see fractals in everyday life • Note the branching structures of plants: they repeat themselves at different scales and resemble fractals. • Reflect on sound: Resonators and musical instruments use resonances that can be viewed through fractal circuits. • Look at layered patterns or plaster decorative details - many are built with repetitive motifs Analytical Review: Open Scientific Questions and Critical Aspects of Applying Fractals in Quantum Physics Despite the growing attention to the study of fractals in the context of quantum physics and numerous examples emphasizing their importance, this area remains poorly understood and is the subject of active scientific debate. This chapter addresses the major outstanding issues, limitations, and criticisms regarding the use of fractal geometry to describe quantum phenomena. Open scientific questions Spacetime fractality on Planck scales One of the most daring hypotheses suggests that spacetime itself can exhibit fractal structure on Planck scales (approximately 10 ⁻ ³ ⁵ meters). This theory has not yet been confirmed due to the limitations of experimental technologies. [5] Fractal particle trajectories in quantum mechanics: model or reality? According to Feynman, particles in the quantum world move along many simultaneous paths. Mathematical models show that these paths have fractal properties, which raises the question: are these structures real in nature or is it just a mathematical approximation? Applicability of fractal methods to complex quantum systems Can fractal models be applied to multi-qubit systems, quantum registers, or phenomena with topological backgrounds? This question becomes especially relevant in the context of the development of stable quantum computers. Criticisms and Limitations of the Fractal Approach Difficulties in mathematical formalization Modeling quantum systems using fractals is complicated by the lack of simple geometric analogues for many quantum objects. For example, determining the fractal dimension of a wave function is not an easy task. Limited experimental data Experiments that reveal fractal spectra (for example, in graphene or quasicrystals) often require unique conditions: ultra-low temperatures, accurate control of environmental parameters. This makes reproduction difficult and leads to debate about the universality of these effects. Probabilistic nature of quantum phenomena Quantum physics does not deal with deterministic objects, but with probabilities. It remains unclear whether geometric properties such as fractality can be fully applied to probabilistic distributions. Understanding these patterns paves the way for new technologies of the future: Quantum metamaterials: Creating fractal-structured materials to control light and electrons at scales never seen before, resulting in ultra-sensitive sensors and perfect solar panels. Stable quantum computers: Using quasicrystals with their fractal spectra to create "protected" qubits less prone to errors from external noise. Fundamental physics: Some theories suggest that space-time itself at the smallest level (at the Planck scale) may have a fractal structure. The study of fractals in quantum mechanics is the first step toward testing these bold hypotheses. Conclusions We saw that fractal structures are not a random curiosity in the quantum world. They appear everywhere: in the geometry of the probabilistic paths of particles (Feynman), in the self-similar structure of energy levels ("Hofstadter butterfly") and in the forms of wave functions in quasicrystals. This suggests that fractal geometry is a natural language for describing complexity, which is born out of simple rules in the probabilistic quantum world. The classical geometry of lines and balls is insufficient here. The results of the study demonstrate that fractals are a valuable tool for understanding quantum phenomena, but their use requires further theoretical development and experimental verification. In the future, the fractal approach may contribute to the creation of sustainable quantum devices, the development of innovative materials and a deeper understanding of the structure of space-time. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 50 Thus fractals in quantum physics are not just beautiful mathematical patterns. This is the key to understanding how ordered matter is born out of the chaos of probabilities. They show that the universe at the most fundamental level is not smooth and simple, but infinitely complex, self-similar and surprisingly structured. Exploring these hidden patterns isn't just science, it's a journey to the heart of reality.' References 1. Mandelbrot B. Fractal geometry of nature, 1982. 2.Hofstadter D. R. Energy levels and wave functions of Bloch electrons., Phys. Rev. B (1976). 3. Shechtman D. Quasicrystals (Nobel Lecture), 2011. 4. Kraus Y. E. et al. Topological states and localization in optical quasicrystals Phys.Rev.Lett (2018) 5. Нотталь Л. «Scale Relativity and Fractal Space-Time: A New Approach to Unifying Relativity and Quantum Mechanics» / L. Nottale. — Singapore: World Scientific, 2011. — 742 XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 51 Medical sciences STEVIA-AS LYMPHOTROPIC CORRECTION METHOD IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETES MELLITUS Gunel Sultanova Eisa Balazadeh Duyghu Sultanli Department of Pathological Physiology of Azerbaijan Medical University Relevance. Diabetus mellitus is a metabolic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism which causes overproduced glucose and disorders gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis.Diabetes mellitus (DM) remains a medical and social problem for healthcare systems around the world. In modern times, there is a rapid spread of DM, an increase in disability and mortality due to this disease. It is known that primary diabetes is divided into two types: type I and type II. If we look at the statistics, we can easily say that the disease is increasing day by day. This requires the development of new approaches to treating the disease. New pathogenetic approaches should form the basis for the use of treatment and correction methods. One of these is the use of lymphotropic herbal substances as Stevia aimed at improving lymphatic drainage. Stevia is a low natural sweetener that helps slimming and weight loss by controlling and keeping blood sugar levels in check. Sweetener are not consumed. Therefore, if this plant substance replaces regular sugar in a person's daily diet, it will help to lose weight, because of any the 45 regular sugars can cause obesity and chronic diseases. It reduces triglycerides and increases the amount of useful blood fats, or HDL, and reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases to a great extent. In addition, the high amounts of antioxidants in stevia sugar are very useful to prevent heart attacks. Aim to study. Obtaining a diabetes model using alloxan and determining concentration sugar in both humoral spheres -blood and lymph and interrelation among of them. Materials and methods. Materials and methods. First, the relevant indicators in blood and lymph were studied in rabbits included in the I control group. In the next stage, these examinations were performed on rabbits in which the DM(diabetes mellitus) model was created (II control group). Then, the effect of the application of antidiabetic properties on the studied indicators in blood and lymph was studied in the DM modeled rabbits included in the experimental groups.( experimental groups 3,4,5) During the studies, 5% alloxan monohydrate solution was injected into the peritoneal cavity of experimental rabbits at a dose of 100 mg/kg to create a diabetes model. Results. During the study, after the complex administration of the Stevia used in the treatment of animals with DM(diabetes mellitus), changes in the level of sugar decreased. Conclusion. Consumption of stevia reduces blood sugar by increasing insulin sensitivity, and as a natural substance that has antioxidant properties, it is effective in reducing and preventing kidney and liver damage in diabetic patients. References 1. Aliyev M.Kh., Sultanova G.M., Aliyev O.S., Aliyev E.M., Hajiyeva S.I., Aliyeva C.T., Safaraliyeva L.Kh. Diabetic osteopenia as a manifestation of delayed complications of diabetes // Azerbaijan Medical Journal, Baku: 2021, No. 4, p. 190-196, ISSN 0005-2523, www.azmedjournal.com tibbjurn[email protected] 2. Mammadzade A.Y., Aghamaliyeva U.C., Panahi M. A., Sultanova G. M., Ahmadzade U. I. The role of endothelial dysfunction in intravascular coagulation of blood and lymph and disruption of tissue lymphatic drainage during diabetes // Honored Scientist Professor T. A. Based on the Materials of the International Scientific-Practical Congress dedicated to the 100th anniversary of Aliyev's birth, "Actual Problems of Medicine 2021", October 6-8, Azerbaijan, Baku, 2021, p. 322-323. 3. Sultanova G.M., Gasimova A.S., Ahmadzadeh U. I. , Gasimova N.N. Bone Metabolism Disorders During Diabetes Mellitus // Nature and Science international scientific journal, Baku, 2022, volume 4, issue 10, volume 4, Issue 10, pages 55-56, ISSN 27071146 e-ISSN 2709-4189 impact factor 1.642 DOI: 10.36719/2707-1146/25/12-16. 4. Sultanova G. Şəkərli diabet zamanı sümük metabolizm pozulmaları // VII İnternational Scientific and Practical Conference, Questions hypotheses answers science XXI century, Toronto Canada, March 26-27 2024 , UDC 001.1, BBC 1, pages 54-57, ISBN 978-91-5423-61-9,https//doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10899717 https://sconferences.com, [email protected]. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 52 5. Wang L, Li T, Liu J, Wu X, Wang H, Li X, et al. Association between glycosylated hemoglobin Alc and bone biochemical markers in type 2 diabetic postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study. BMC Endocr Disord 2019, 19(1),31. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 53 Pedagogical sciences THE ROLE OF DIGITAL TEXTBOOKS IN FOSTERING MOTIVATION AND COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCES AMONG STUDENTS OF TECHNICAL UNIVERSITIES IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING Ainur A. Abdullayeva Master of PhS, Senior Lecturer Almaty Technological University Almaty, Kazakhstan Sholpan K. Smagulova Senior Lecturer Almaty Technological University Almaty, Kazakhstan Abstract This article addresses the current issue of integrating digitalization into foreign language education at Almaty Technological University. The study evaluates the effectiveness of the "Basic English Language for Nonlinguistic Students" digital textbook, an interactive platform with educational modules, multimedia content, and an automated assessment system, for teaching English to A1-A2 level students. The research combines theoretical analysis with experimental methods, including project-based work, Likert-scale surveys, communication skills testing, and analysis of reflective comments. Results confirm the hypothesis that the use of the digital textbook positively influences students' motivation, independence, and ability to overcome communication barriers. The findings validate the effectiveness of digital textbooks as innovative tools for optimizing linguistic education in technical universities, with future prospects linked to the integration of artificial intelligence. Keywords: digital transformation of education, digital textbook, communicative competence, motivation, personalized learning, project-based methodology. Introduction Modern education is undergoing significant changes driven by globalization and digitalization. This article studies the application of the "Basic English Language for Nonlinguistic Students" digital textbook in teaching English to first-year undergraduate students at Almaty Technological University. The textbook is an interactive platform that creates a dynamic and adaptive learning environment, aimed at developing not only language skills but also basic foreign language competence. The goal of this research is to assess the textbook's effectiveness in enhancing student motivation, developing communicative skills, and fostering learning autonomy. The study was conducted among 120 first-year students (aged 17-18) majoring in light textile specialties. The methodological framework combined theoretical analysis with empirical methods. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, utilizing a Likert-scale survey and reflective analysis of student comments to assess motivation and engagement. Additionally, communication skills were evaluated through preand post-testing, alongside a project-based methodology focused on public transport systems within the textbook's "Communication" section. Quantitative evaluation was based on criteria such as academic progress dynamics, level of autonomy, and the quality of group discussions. The results of the experiment demonstrated a significant positive impact from using the "Basic English Language for Nonlinguistic Students" digital textbook. The study revealed that 78% of students experienced increased motivation through interactive tasks, while 65% reported reduced anxiety when speaking English. Furthermore, 82% of learners enhanced their digital literacy, and project-based group discussions contributed to a 40% improvement in professional vocabulary acquisition. These results correlate with existing research on the positive influence of digital tools on student engagement [1, 2]. The project-based methodology proved effective for developing critical thinking and teamwork skills. The adaptive modules and automatic checking facilitated personalized learning, allowing students to work at their own pace, which is crucial for learners with a low starting level (A1). XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 54 A limitation of the study is its specific sample of transport students, which may affect the generalizability of the results. Furthermore, 12% of students reported technical difficulties accessing the mobile version of the textbook, highlighting the issue of digital inequality. Conclusion The research confirms that digital textbooks like "Basic English Language for Nonlinguistic Students" are effective tools for modernizing linguistic education. Their integration fosters the development of foreign language communicative competence, increases motivation, and enhances digital literacy. The use of the project-based methodology significantly improved the acquisition of professional vocabulary. The practical significance of the study lies in its potential to optimize language training in technical universities. Future research prospects are linked to the further integration of AI tools (e.g., for generating personalized tasks and automated essay editing) and the expansion of the textbook's functionality, such as adding VR simulations of professional situations and modules for international exam preparation (IELTS, TOEFL). The future of language education is inextricably linked with the reasoned and methodologically sound application of innovative technologies and artificial intelligence. References 1. Rockinson-Szapkiw, A. J., Wendt, J. L., & Lunde, R. M. (2013). The impact of electronic textbooks on student learning and satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Computers & Education, 63(1), 1–9. 2. Titova, S. V. (2025). Tsifrovaya metodika obucheniya inostrannym yazykam [Digital Methodology for Teaching Foreign Languages]. Moscow: Yurait Publishing House. 3. Wibke, M. (2024). Digital Learning. In The Future of Work. Springer. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 55 THE INTERDISCIPLINARY ROLE AND CHALLENGES OF ENGLISH IN THE TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL DISCOURSE IN MULTILINGUAL JURISDICTIONS Ismayilli Turkan Nakhchivan State University, PhD in Philology Ahmadli Fatmakhanim Lawyer Abstract The challenges and difficulties faced by the English language in translating and interpreting legal discourse in multilingual jurisdictions are complex and multifaceted. The correct translation and interpretation of legal documents and court proceedings is vital to the accurate application of the law. In this area, English plays a central role, due to its widespread use in international law, treaties and court procedures. However, since each legal system and language has its own terminology, structure and style of expression, various difficulties arise during translation and interpretation. First, accurate translation of legal terms is very important, because incorrect or inaccurate translation can lead to legal consequences and a miscarriage of justice. The terms used in legal texts are sometimes closely linked to a specific cultural and legal context, which makes it difficult to convey them appropriately in other languages. Second, the structural and stylistic features of legal discourse, such as long sentences and complex syntax, further complicate the task of the translator. In addition, professionals working in the field of translation and interpretation must have knowledge of both law and language. They must also take into account the differences in legal systems, as well as cultural and social contexts. This shows that translation is not just a matter of language change, but also a multidisciplinary activity that requires conceptual adaptation and interpretation. Consequently, the role of English in a multilingual legal environment should be assessed not only as a means of translation, but also as a mediator of legal dialogue and cooperation. Professional training, the development of terminological resources and technological support are necessary to solve the problems encountered in the translation and interpretation processes. An interdisciplinary approach in this area improves the quality of translation and serves the universal application of law. Keywords: Legal discourse, translation and interpretation, multilingual jurisdictions, legal translation challenges, multidisciplinary approach, legal language, legal communication, language and law Introduction The multifaceted role of English in the translation and interpretation of legal discourse in multilingual jurisdictions and the challenges it faces have become an important topic of research in international law and linguistics in recent years. Accurate and flawless translation of legal documents, court proceedings, and official communications is essential for the fair application of law. In this regard, English, as the common language of international law and numerous legal systems, acts as a key intermediary in translation and interpretation activities. Translating legal discourse in multilingual jurisdictions requires not only linguistic knowledge, but also a deep understanding of the subtle differences between legal systems, cultures, and contexts. Since legal language has very specific terminology and syntax, preserving the precise meaning of terms in the process of translation from English to other languages and vice versa is of particular importance. Here, the dominance of English as the language of international law creates both opportunities and serious challenges for translators (Portuese, A., 2012). One of the main challenges encountered in translation and interpretation activities is the variation of legal terms and concepts across languages and legal systems. For example, a term in English law may not have the same meaning in another legal system, or may not have an equivalent at all. This situation requires translators to have not only linguistic knowledge, but also legal knowledge. At the same time, the legal accuracy and formality of the text must be preserved during translation so that errors do not occur in legal processes. At the same time, the dominance of English in legal communication at the global level can sometimes lead to the fact that local languages and legal traditions are not taken into account in translation. This can lead to the homogenization of legal cultures and the weakening of local legal language. Therefore, the multifaceted role of English brings both opportunities and responsibilities. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 56 As a result, the role of English in the translation and interpretation of legal discourse in multilingual jurisdictions is complex and multifaceted. Translators working in this field must act as linguists, lawyers, and bridges between cultures. Their tasks are to ensure the accurate and efficient translation not only of language, but also of law and culture, which is the basis for fair and effective legal processes. Literature Review The various challenges faced by English in the translation and interpretation of legal discourse in multilingual settings and the interdisciplinary role of this language are at the center of research. Jacometti (2020) extensively examines the challenges faced by legal translation in multilingual contexts, highlighting the impact of terminological consistency and differences between legal systems on the translation process. Grosswald Curran (2019) in his work on comparative law and language provides key insights into how language differences between legal systems are managed in legal translation. Ioriatti Ferrari (2017) examines the relationship between language and law in European Union law, showing the role of multilingual translation of legal texts in the process of legal harmonization. Pozzo (2012) analyzes the impact of the use of English as a lingua franca on legal harmonization in multilingual environments such as the European Union. This study reveals the advantages and limitations of adopting English as a universal tool in legal translation. Dannemann (2014) draws attention to the principle of system neutrality in legal translation and emphasizes the importance of ensuring functional compatibility of translation across different legal systems. Creech (2005) and Cosmai (2014) assess the interaction between law and language and the impact of multilingualism on translation practice within the European Union in a broader context. Künnecke (2016) examines the expansion of the English language and its impact on both civil and common law practice. Farrokhi (2019) examines the role of legal translation in the translation of international legal documents, highlighting the linguistic and legal complexity of these documents. Leung (2019) discusses the limitations of language in the interpretation of multilingual legislation and the uncertainties that translation creates. Botezat (2012) assesses the social and cultural aspects of legal translation, showing that translation is not only a matter of language, but is also closely linked to the social context. Jiang and Zhuang (2019) examine the issue of inequity in legal translation, revealing the variability of meanings of legal terms in different languages. Baaij (2012) describes the development of multilingual translation in the European Union over the past half century. More recently, Moneus and Sahari (2024) conduct a comparative analysis between artificial intelligence and human translation, assessing the opportunities and challenges of new technologies in the translation of legal texts. Dove and Bryant (2016) study the translation and language difficulties of international students during their legal education. Cosmulescu (2021), Karasev et al. (2020), and Prieto (2011, 2021) comprehensively analyze the inter-system inconsistencies encountered in the translation of legal terminology and the processes of harmonization in multilingualism. This literature shows that English both serves as a bridge in the field of legal translation and interpretation, and faces serious challenges due to multilingualism and differences between legal systems. Legal translation requires not only linguistic knowledge but also a deep understanding of legal and cultural contexts. At the same time, the application of new technological tools and interdisciplinary approaches are key directions for future development in this field. Methodology The aim of this study is to examine the challenges faced by the English language in the translation and interpretation of legal discourse in multilingual jurisdictions and its multifaceted role. The methodology section will describe in detail the approaches and methods that will be used to achieve this goal. The research is based on a qualitative methodology. Since the translation and interpretation of legal discourse is a complex and contextual process, an in-depth analysis of this phenomenon is possible only through qualitative methods. Both structured and semi-structured interviews will be used in data collection. In addition, a text analysis-based study will be conducted by collecting translated examples of legal documents and court protocols. Discourse analysis will be performed on the texts to investigate the specificity of English in legal terminology and translation problems arising from multilingualism. This approach will also allow us to identify the causes of terminological inconsistencies and losses of meaning that arise during translation. Thematic analysis will be selected for the analysis of the collected data. Through this method, recurring themes, challenges, and functions of the English language will be systematically identified in the interviews and texts. This study will also compare translation and interpretation practices in different jurisdictions using a comparative approach. This will help to show how the English language plays different roles in different legal XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 63 Enerjinin BS-də vahidi couldur (C), lakin praktikada hər bir hala müvafiq fərqli vahidlərlə ifadə olunur. Məsələn, enerji atom və nüvə fizikasında, elementar zərrəciklər fizikasında elektron-volt və kiloqram, kimyada kalori, bərk cisimlər fizikasında Kelvin dərəcə, optikada santimetr vahidləri ilə ifadə olunur: 1 coul (IC) IN qüvvənin təsiri ilə qüvvənin tətbiq nöqtəsinin təsir istiqamətində Im yerdəyişməsi prosesində görülən işdir. 1C=1N∙m= 𝑘𝑞∙𝑚2 𝑠𝑎𝑛2∙ 1C≈6,24151∙1018 eV. 1C≈0,238846 kal. 1 elektron-volt (leV) elementar yükü (elektronu) elektrostatik sahədə potensiallar fərqi IV olan nöqtələr arasında hərəkət etdirmək üçün sərf olunan enerjidir. 1 eV = 1,602 176 6208(98) ∙ 10−19C Elementar zərrəciklər fizikasında enerjinin kütlə ilə əlaqə qanunauyğunluğuna əsasən elektron-volt (eV) kütlə vahidi kiloqramla ekvivalent götürülür: 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐2. Nəzərə alınsa ki, c (işıq sürəti) - fundamental sabit olub heç bir şəraitdə dəyişmədiyindən enerji vahidi kiloqramla ifadə olunur: 1 eV~1,782 661 907(11) 103kq. 1 kalori - Iq kütləli suyu loC qızdırmaq üçün sərf olunan istilik enerjisidir. 1 kal-4,1868 С. Enerji molekulların istilik hərəkətində temperaturla əlaqədar olduğundan bir atomlu ideal qaz molekullarının orta kinetik enerjisinin ifadəsinə əsasən enerjinin eV vahidini K dərəcə ilə ekvivalent qəbul etmək olur. E=3/2 KT, 1 eV~1,16045221(67)- 10−19K. Enerjinin növləri. Enerji sistemləri Materiyanın müxtəlif hərəkət formalarına uyğun olaraq müxtəlif növ enerjilər fərqləndirilir. mexaniki, elektromaqnit, kimyəvi, nüvə, istilik, qravitasiya və s Qeyd edək ki, enerjinin belə fərqləndirilməsi şərtidir. Məsələn, kimyəvi enerji elektronların hərəkətinin kinetik enerjisi ilə, onların atomlarla qarşılıqlı təsir potensial enerjisinin cəmidir. Fiziki mahiyyətinə görə enerji "daxili enerji" və "xarici qüvvələr sahəsindəki enerjisi" anlayışlarına görə fərqləndirilir. Daxili enerji çox mürəkkəb anlayışdır: Bu mürəkkəblik aşağıdakı cədvəldən aydın görünür. Daxili Enerji 1. Zərrəciklərin istilik hərəkətinin kinetic enerjisi 2. Zərrəciklərin qarşılıqlı təsirinin potensial enerjisi 3. Nuklonlararası enerji – rabitə enerjisi 4. Atom və molekulların rəqsi hərəkətinin kinetic və potensial enerjisi 5. Atomların elektron örtüyündəki elektronların enerjisi 6. Molekullararası qarşılıqlı təsir enerjisi – kimyəvi enerji 7. Zərrəciklərin qravitasiya qarşılıqlı təsirlərinin potensial enerjisi. Təcrid olunmuş qapalı sistemin daxili enerjisi sabitdir. Açıq sistemlərdə gedən fiziki proseslərdə isə müxtəlif enerjilər bir növdən digərinə çevrilə bilir. Məsələn, AES də nüvə enerjisi əvvəlcə, buxarın daxili istilik enerjisinə, sonra, buxar turbininin fırlanma mexaniki enerjisinə, daha sonra isə generatorda induksiya elektrik cərəyanı enerjisinə, sonda isə istehlakçıya verilməklə elektromaqnit enerjisinə (işıqlanma, telerabitə və s.) çevrilir. İş və enerji anlayışlarının müqayisəli təhlili İş və enerji fizikanın əsas anlayışlarıdır və bir-birilə sıx əlaqəli olmalarına baxmayaraq, hər biri fərqli bir fiziki mənanı ifadə edir. Onları müqayisə edərkən aşağıdakı xüsusiyyətlərə diqqət yetirmək olar: 1. Tərif və anlayışlar İş: Fizikada iş, bir qüvvənin cismə təsir edərək onun hərəkətini dəyişdirməsi və ya müəyyən bir məsafə üzrə hərəkət etməsini təmin etməsidir. Riyazi olaraq iş, qüvvə və hərəkət əlaqəli olaraq aşağıdakı kimi ifadə edilir. İşin riyazi ifadəsi: W=F∙d∙cos(Ө) Burada: W-iş, F - qüvvə, dhərəkət məsafəsi, Ө - qüvvə ilə hərəkət istiqaməti arasındakı bucaqdır. Enerji: Enerji, bir cismin iş görmək qabiliyyətini göstərir. Enerji müxtəlif formalarda mövcud ola bilər, məsələn, kinetik enerji (hərəkət enerjisi), potensial enerji (mövqeyə bağlı enerji) və digər növlər. Enerji hər XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 64 zaman saxlanılır və bir formadan başqa bir formaya çevrilə bilər, amma yox olmur. Enerji, bir cismin iş görmə gücünü və ya çevrilmə potensialını təmsil edir. 2. Əlaqə İş və enerji arasında çox sıx bir əlaqə vardır. Bir cismin üzərində iş görülməsi onun enerjisinin dəyişməsinə səbəb olur. Məsələn: Bir cismin üzərində iş görülərək ona kinetik enerji verildikdə, cismin sürəti artır və buna görə də onun kinetik enerjisi artır. Bir cismin üzərində iş görülərək onun yüksəklikdən düşməsi ilə potensial enerji kinetik enerjiyə çevrilir. 3. Vahidlər İş və enerji eyni vahidlə ölçülür: Coul (C). • 1 Coul, 1 Nyuton qüvvənin 1 metr məsafədə cismin hərəkətinə təsir etməsi zamanı görülən iş və ya verilən enerjidir. • Digər bir müqayisə: 1 Coul = 1 Nyuton-metr. 4. Tətbiqlər və Misallar • İş: Hərəkət etdirən bir qüvvə ilə əlaqəli olan bir miqdardır. Məsələn, bir cismi yerindən qaldırmaq üçün yerə qarşı iş görülür. Və ya, bir avtomobilin hərəkət etməsi üçün mühərrik tərəfindən iş görülür. • Enerji: Enerji isə cismə aid olan və onun iş görmə qabiliyyətini göstərən bir miqdardır. Məsələn, bir cismin hərəkət etmə qabiliyyəti onun kinetik enerjisi ilə əlaqəlidir, ya da bir cismin bir yüksəklikdən aşağıya doğru düşməsi onun potensial enerjisinin kinetik enerjiyə çevrilməsidir. 5. Qanunlar İş və enerji saxlanma qanunu: Fizikada enerjinin saxlanma qanunu, enerjinin bir formadan digərinə çevrilə biləcəyini, lakin heç vaxt yox olamayacağını və ya yaradılmayacağını göstərir. Yəni, hər hansı bir iş görülərkən enerjinin ümumi miqdarı dəyişmir; yalnız bir formadan digərinə keçə bilər. 6 Müqayisəli Cədvəl Xüsusiyyətlər İş Enerji Tərif Qüvvənin hərəkət etdirən təsiri ilə cismin hərəkətini dəyişdirməsi Cismə aid olan və onun iş görmə qabiliyyətini göstərən miqdar Vahid Coul (C) Coul(C) Məqsəd Bir cismin hərəkətini dəyişdirmək üçün göstərilən fiziki təsir Bir cismin və ya sistemin iş görmə qabiliyyəti Formula W=F∙d∙cos(Ө) Kinetik enerji 𝐸 = 1/2𝑚𝑣2 Potensial enerji, 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ Qanunlar İş enerjinin bir formadan başqa bir formaya çevrilməsini ifadə edir. Enerji saxlanma qanununa uyğun olaraq bir formadan digərinə çevrilir, lakın ümumi miqdarı sabit qalır 7. Nəticə İş və enerji bir-biri ilə sıx əlaqəlidir, lakin onların fərqli mənaları və istifadə sahələri vardır. İş, bir qüvvənin bir cismin hərəkətini dəyişdirməsi ilə əlaqəli bir prosesdir və enerji isə bu prosesin təmsil etdiyi qabiliyyəti göstərir. Hər ikisi də Coul ilə ölçülür, amma iş konkret bir hərəkət və ya çevrilməni ölçərkən, enerji bir cismin ümumi iş görmə qabiliyyətini ifadə edir. Ədəbiyyat 1. Qaralov Z.İ. Fizika qanunlarının tədrisi. Bakı, “Elm”, 1997. 2. Məmmədov Ə., İsmayılov V. Müasir fizikaya fəlsəfi baxış, Bakı, 2001. 3. Методика преподавания общей физики в высшей школе / Г. Ф. Бушок, Е. Ф. Венгер. Киев: «Освiта України», 2009. 4. Теория и методика обучения физике в школе: Общие вопросы / С. Е. Каменецкий, Н. С. Пурышева (ред.). М.: Изд‑центр «Академия», 2000. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 65 FEATURES OF THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN KAZAKHSTAN Kaltaeva Asyltas Amangeldi kyzy Abylkas Saginov Karaganda Technical University, Master's student Scientific supervisor: Ospanova Bikesh Revovna Abylkas Saginov Karaganda Technical University, Associate Professor Abstract The article examines the impact of globalization processes on the development of the higher education system in Kazakhstan. The purpose of this article is to identify the key aspects of the globalization of education, determine its advantages and challenges, and highlight promising directions for the development of the educational system in the context of digital transformation. Special attention is paid to the features of the integration of universities in the Karaganda region into the global educational space. The main directions of globalization in education are analyzed, including internationalization, digitalization, and academic mobility. It is noted that these processes contribute to increasing the competitiveness of Kazakhstani universities and form a unified educational space. It is shown how global trends are reflected in the structure of educational programs and scientific activities. The role of international cooperation in the modernization of the educational process and the training of a new generation of specialists is emphasized. Successful development of Kazakhstani education in the context of globalization is possible while preserving cultural identity and national values. Keywords: globalization, education, internationalization, digitalization, academic mobility, Karaganda region, higher education, international cooperation. Introduction. Globalization is a process of worldwide interaction in which the interdependence of countries in the spheres of economy, culture, politics, and science intensifies [1]. One of the most important areas where globalization processes are most actively manifested is education. Modern technologies erase boundaries between states, providing students with the opportunity to study at any university in the world, participate in joint international projects, and gain knowledge from leading experts without the need for physical presence [2]. The application of globalization processes has made it possible to view education as a complex sociocultural and economic system that develops under the influence of political, technological, and cultural factors of globalization. At present, Kazakhstani universities are actively adapting to international standards, striving to improve academic quality and undergo digital transformation. It is necessary to note the internal interconnection between the processes of internationalization, the implementation of innovative technologies, and the modernization of educational policy. At the same time, this makes it possible to assess promising trends associated with the introduction of artificial intelligence, the development of distance learning, and the creation of hybrid educational ecosystems. Globalization has a significant impact on the higher education system of Kazakhstan, stimulating the integration of domestic universities into the global educational space. As a result, processes of academic mobility of students and teachers are being intensified, international partnerships and joint research programs are expanding. Increasing importance is given to international university rankings, which serve as a benchmark for enhancing the competitiveness of educational institutions. In addition, the introduction of digital technologies contributes to the development of online courses and double-degree programs, which improve both accessibility and quality of education [3]. Thus, globalization becomes a key factor determining the strategic directions of the development of higher education in Kazakhstan. Research Methods. In the process of studying the impact of globalization on education, various scientific methods were used, namely: the comparative method, the synthesis method, the system approach, the prognostic method, and the interdisciplinary approach, which made it possible to comprehensively examine the issue. First of all, the comparative analysis method was applied, which helped to identify common and distinctive features of the educational systems of different countries in the context of integration into the global educational space. This made it possible to trace how digital technologies are implemented in the educational process, how academic mobility develops, and how a unified information space is formed. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 66 The synthesis method made it possible to combine the results of analysis and establish the interrelation between political, cultural, economic, and technological factors influencing the development of education. The use of this method made it possible to move from individual observations to generalized conclusions about the impact of globalization on the content and organization of the educational process [4]. Of particular importance was the system approach, which considered education as a holistic, multi-level system shaped under the influence of digitalization and international cooperation. It made it possible to assess how global trends are reflected in the structure of educational institutions and strategies for the training of specialists. The prognostic method was used to determine possible directions for the future development of education. With its help, scenarios for further digitalization, the use of artificial intelligence, and the formation of global educational platforms were modeled [5]. This made it possible to forecast promising trends and potential risks for national education systems. The next research method was the interdisciplinary approach, which combined pedagogical, sociological, and cultural aspects. Such an approach provided a comprehensive understanding of the problem, allowing not only to consider educational but also socio-cultural consequences of globalization, as well as to emphasize the importance of preserving national identity in the context of global transformations. Literature Review. The problem of the globalization of education has received wide coverage in the works of both foreign and domestic researchers. In foreign academic thought, this phenomenon is mainly considered through the prism of the influence of information technologies, processes of international integration, and sociocultural transformations. The well-known sociologist M. Castells, in his fundamental work “The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture” (Oxford: Blackwell) [1], emphasizes the determining role of network technologies in the formation of a global knowledge society. The researcher views education as a central element of the new informational civilization, where access to knowledge becomes a strategic resource for development. Continuing this line, the German philosopher and sociologist U. Beck, in his theory of the “Risk Society” (Risikogesellschaft: Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp) [2], draws attention to the necessity of the internationalization of educational systems as one of the means of adaptation to the global risks of modernity—social, ecological, and technological. According to his concept, education becomes the instrument for forming a responsible and competent citizen of the global world. Similar ideas are developed by the Russian economist and sociologist V. L. Inozemtsev. In his monograph “Globalization and Modern Development” [3], he interprets the globalization of education as a dual process: on the one hand, as a means of expanding access to global educational resources and equal opportunities for all, and on the other, as a factor that increases competition among universities and deepens educational inequality. A significant contribution to the development of the concept of sustainable and inclusive education is made by UNESCO. In the “Education for Sustainable Development Report” (Paris: UNESCO Publishing) [4], it is emphasized that ensuring equal opportunities for quality education for all social groups is a key condition for achieving global justice, peace, and sustainable development. As a result, the international community views education not only as an instrument of social progress but also as the foundation for forming a new humanistic paradigm of development. In domestic science, considerable attention is also paid to the influence of globalization processes on the educational system. Thus, the Kazakh philosopher and public figure A. Nysanbayev, in his works, notes that globalization contributes to the formation of a new philosophy of learning focused on the values of sustainable development, humanism, and open knowledge [5]. In his opinion, modern education should be aimed at developing a personality capable of intercultural interaction and critical thinking. In this context, the educator G. N. Menlibayev considers globalization as a factor in updating the content of education and modernizing pedagogical technologies, emphasizing the need to adapt Kazakhstan’s national education system to international standards and the Bologna principles [6]. A distinctive position is held by researchers A. E. Abdildin and S. K. Kaldybayeva, who draw attention to the risks of excessive unification of educational programs. The scholars emphasize that the globalization of the educational environment in Kazakhstan must be accompanied by the preservation of cultural identity, traditions, and linguistic diversity, since standardization without consideration of national characteristics may lead to the loss of identity [7]. Equally significant are the conclusions of researchers S. M. Kaimuldinov and A. A. Kusainova, who focus on the role of digitalization and international academic cooperation in improving the quality of higher education in Kazakhstan, particularly in the context of implementing the Bologna Process and developing academic mobility among students [8]. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 67 Thus, the analysis of scientific literature allows us to conclude that the globalization of education represents a multidimensional and contradictory process that affects all levels of the educational system. Modern researchers agree that the successful adaptation of national systems to global challenges is possible only if cultural identity is preserved, digital competencies are developed, and active participation in international educational initiatives is maintained. Results and Discussion. The conducted research has shown that globalization has become one of the key factors determining the modern development of the education system. It forms new models of the educational process, enhances academic mobility, and promotes the creation of a unified global educational space [6]. In the context of globalization, education ceases to be confined within national borders: universities strive for integration into international networks, implement digital technologies, and orient themselves toward the standards of the world’s leading educational centers. These processes not only open broad opportunities for the exchange of knowledge and innovations but also pose the challenge of preserving cultural identity and pedagogical traditions to national systems. Against the background of global transformations, modern Kazakhstani higher education demonstrates a stable tendency toward integration into the global educational space. Globalization in this sphere is manifested in the development of academic mobility, the implementation of digital technologies, the increasing role of the English language in instruction, international program accreditation, and the expansion of scientific cooperation. Kazakhstani universities, including those in the Karaganda region, are becoming active participants in these processes, developing their own models of adaptation to global standards. For a more illustrative and substantive representation, let us consider the Saginov Technical University, where globalization processes affect the educational, scientific, and administrative spheres. The analysis of the university’s experience compared to global trends in engineering education has revealed that the processes of internationalization and digitalization have become the key directions of its development. The university actively implements international quality standards, expands academic cooperation, and forms a modern digital infrastructure that ensures flexible learning and academic mobility. A comprehensive analysis has shown that, under globalization, the educational, scientific, and innovative activities of the university develop in close interconnection and mutual influence. The introduction of smart campus elements, the development of virtual laboratories, and distance technologies contribute to improving the quality of engineering training. Modern transformations within the university occur within an integrated system where the interaction of science, education, and production becomes the foundation of sustainable development. The establishment of research laboratories in robotics, geoinformation technologies, and artificial intelligence contributes to the formation of new-generation scientific schools and strengthens the international authority of the university. Faculty members actively implement innovative teaching methods and project-based learning, preparing students for real-world engineering challenges at the global level. An important direction of development is the formation of a multilingual and multicultural academic environment. The expansion of English-language educational programs and student participation in international scientific conferences create conditions for professional communication in a global space. All this strengthens the image of the university as an open educational center capable of interdisciplinary interaction and innovative growth. It is also worth noting that, under the influence of globalization processes, the Saginov Technical University is forming a new strategy for managing educational quality based on transparency, academic integrity, and international accreditation [7]. The university is actively introducing international standards such as ABET, EUR-ACE, and ISO, which allow the evaluation of educational programs according to global quality criteria and strengthen trust from foreign partners. Digital transformation of the learning process also holds great significance. The university actively uses platforms such as Moodle, Platonus, and Microsoft Teams, which ensure interactive interaction between teachers and students, the creation of electronic portfolios, and continuous monitoring of academic performance. Within the concept of the “Digital University”, elements of artificial intelligence, automated learning management systems, as well as Big Data and cloud technologies are being implemented to analyze educational efficiency. Globalization also stimulates the development of research activities. The university hosts international research centers and laboratories in robotics, geoinformation technologies, artificial intelligence, and renewable energy sources. The institution participates in international grant projects, joint publications with foreign scholars, and cross-border innovation initiatives. This contributes to the growth of the university’s scientific potential and the integration of Kazakhstani engineering science into the global space. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 68 Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that the Saginov Technical University effectively adapts to global trends, combining the traditions of engineering education with modern world practices. Globalization stimulates digital transformation, the development of scientific research, and the strengthening of international cooperation, which ensures the formation of a competitive educational environment and prepares specialists capable of working successfully in the global economy. The Saginov Technical University (STU) serves as an example of the successful implementation of engineering and technological globalization. The university actively cooperates with foreign partners under the Erasmus+, DAAD, and Mevlana programs, which contribute to the academic mobility of students and teachers. This enables learners to master modern engineering technologies and participate in international scientific projects. In addition, special attention is paid to the digitalization of the educational environment: distance learning systems are being introduced, virtual laboratories are being created, and world-standard software is being used. All this allows for the training of competitive specialists proficient in modern digital tools and capable of working in international teams. The university also implements English-language educational programs that promote the internationalization of the educational process and form a multicultural academic environment. It is also necessary to note the Karaganda National Research University named after academician E. A. Buketova (KarNRU), which demonstrates another—humanitarian and social—vector of globalization. Here, the emphasis is placed on the development of multilingual education, cultural openness, and international academic mobility. The university actively cooperates with universities in Europe and Central Asia, participates in Tempus and Erasmus+ projects, as well as in Fulbright and Bolashaq exchange programs. Great attention is paid to the development of international research centers, joint conferences, and publications in high-impact journals. Globalization is also reflected in the renewal of educational program content considering world trends—the introduction of courses on sustainable development, cultural diplomacy, and digital communications. At the same time, the university remains committed to national traditions and values, striving for a harmonious combination of global standards and Kazakhstani educational identity. A comparison of the two Karaganda universities shows that globalization affects them differently, but in both cases it has a positive impact on the quality and structure of education. While STU is primarily focused on technical and digital modernization, KarNRU named after E. A. Buketov emphasizes the humanitarian and intercultural dimensions. However, there is a close interconnection between them: technological innovations and humanitarian integration complement each other, forming a regional educational ecosystem oriented toward international standards. An important factor of globalization is academic mobility, which in recent years has become an integral part of the educational process in both universities. Students and teachers actively participate in exchange programs, internships, and scientific grants. This contributes to the exchange of experience, dissemination of best educational practices, and the development of international connections [8]. Moreover, participation in international research projects stimulates publication activity and increases the citation rates of Kazakhstani researchers in global databases. From this, it can be stated that globalization contributes to the formation of a new model of higher education in the Karaganda region, where the integration of technical and humanitarian approaches ensures the balanced development of the educational environment. Universities are becoming not only educational institutions but also multifunctional centers of international cooperation, innovation, and cultural exchange, which in the long term strengthens Kazakhstan’s position in the global educational space. Overall, the obtained results allow us to assert that globalization acts not only as an external challenge but also as a powerful stimulus for the modernization of Kazakhstani education. It contributes to the creation of a new educational environment based on the principles of internationalization, digitalization, and academic openness. At the same time, for the sustainable development of the educational system, it is necessary to maintain a balance between adopting international experience and preserving national spiritual and cultural values, ensuring Kazakhstan’s harmonious integration into the global educational space [9]. Conclusion. Globalization and digitalization have become the key factors in transforming the education system in the 21st century. The analysis has shown that globalization has a complex impact on Kazakhstan’s higher education system, stimulating processes of modernization, digitalization, and internationalization. It contributes not only to the expansion of academic relations and the implementation of international educational standards but also to the formation of a new model of university development based on the principles of openness, flexibility, and competitiveness. The experience of Karaganda universities demonstrates that successful adaptation to global challenges is possible through the combination of innovative approaches with the preservation of national educational traditions. Thus, the Saginov Technical University and the KarNRU named after E. A. Buketov are actively XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 69 developing academic mobility, implementing digital and English-language programs, and expanding participation in international projects [10]. Therefore, globalization becomes not only an external factor but also an internal driver of the development of national education. Kazakhstani universities are gradually forming their own model of participation in the global educational process—a model in which international standards and national priorities are harmoniously combined. References 1. Castells, M. The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture. – Moscow: Higher School of Economics, 2000. – 608 p. 2. Beck, U. Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. – Moscow: Progress-Tradition, 2000. – 384 p. 3. Inozemtsev, V. L. Globalization and Modern Development. – Moscow: Akademkniga, 2002. – 368 p. 4. UNESCO. Education for Sustainable Development Report. – Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 2022. 5. Abdrakhmanova, G. K. Globalization and Education: The Impact of International Processes on the National Educational System of Kazakhstan. – Almaty: KazNU, 2019. – 212 p. 6. Saginova, O. V. Development of Higher Education in Kazakhstan under Conditions of Globalization and Digitalization. // Bulletin of KazNU. Pedagogical Series. – 2021. – No. 3(75). – P. 45–52. 7. Yermukhanova, A. M. Internationalization of Higher Education as a Factor of Sustainable Development in Kazakhstan. // World of Education and Science. – 2020. – No. 4(60). – P. 17–24. 8. Kurmangalieva, G. A. Globalization and Preservation of National Identity in the Education System of Kazakhstan. – Karaganda: Publishing House of KarTU, 2022. – 156 p. 9. Toktabaeva, G. E. Digitalization of Education as a Global Trend: Challenges and Prospects for Kazakhstan. // Pedagogy and Psychology. – 2021. – No. 2(47). – P. 63–70. 10. Nazarbayeva, D. M. Modern Trends in the Development of Education in the Context of Globalization. // Bulletin of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan. – 2023. – No. 1(89). – P. 28–35. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 70 Philological sciences THE IMPACT OF AI ON LANGUAGE LEARNING Karam Hajiyev Rafig Baku Business University, Azerbaijan EFL instructor of the Chair of Languages https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4605-3498 Abstract Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly transformed the landscape of modern education at large, especially second and foreign language instruction. AI-driven educational applications like ChatGPT, Duolingo, Babbel, and Rosetta Stone among others have changed the way instructional decisions are made, individualized and data-driven. These tools contribute significantly to increasing student motivation, curiosity and learning outcomes. These futuristic technologies may deliver real-time feedback on errors in grammar, phonetics and syntax produced by algorithms. And they use natural language processing for building realistic conversation scripts and adjust to the individual mental style, language ability and speed of their students’ learning. As a result they make the learning environment infinitely more flexible, engaging, and responsive than to be found in conventional, teacher-centered classrooms in terms of providing the personalized attention for the majority of learners required to learn. While the uses of AI-based language learning have far more advantages in terms of the ways it is proven to be applied but also works in practice, with its limitations and costs researchers should be careful to consider when analyzing such a topic. But the over-reliance on AI-based instruction might even decrease the chances of real human interaction, which is key in cultivating pragmatic competence, sociolinguistic consciousness and inter-personal communication. In addition, students that use technology-based platforms all on their own, or combinedly with others, can potentially lose out on important cultural background, idiomatic expressions, regional and local variation, and even the rich pragmatic context that a language-based learning may have that occurs as soon as one learns the cultural and social content of the language they use. Other concerns include data privacy problems, variable accuracy and potential bias in AI-generated language content, algorithmic transparency, as well as other, higher-order moral issues to be encountered due to increasing automation of language instruction, including questions about fairness in education, access gaps, and loss of human teaching value. This comprehensive paper offers an empirical analysis of the impact that new technologies of AI have over the course of learning languages and the ways in which these technologies have been transformative in the process of institutionalizing and developing pedagogy, and the ethical, cultural and communicative challenges to schools and educational institutions. Using new empirical evidence, case experiments and meta-analytical studies, we show that hybrid models, or “blended” ones— using human learners and AI resources to augment them—outshine educational outcomes on the basis of a range of learner profiles and levels of proficiency. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Language Learning, Digital Education, Adaptive Learning Introduction Artificial intelligence is a big change in educational settings nowadays. It revolutionized how knowledge is transmitted, learned and assessed in schools across the globe. The deployment of AI in education has accelerated. By 2034, the global AI in education market is expected to grow from $7.05 billion to $112.30 billion with a compound annual growth rate of 36.02% (Precedence Research, 2025). This spectacular growth is not the product of better technology, however, but a revolution in the way we think and teach. In the time since we have a lot more advanced AI tools available, the world of education changes a lot. Data shows that 92% of college students use AI tools for schoolwork compared to 66% in 2024 (DemandSage, 2025). Teachers, in a similar manner, have rapidly embraced these technologies. In 2024, 45% of higher ed faculty and 51% of K– 12 teachers reported that they used AI tools regularly compared to 24% in 2023 (Cengage Group, 2024). The increasing use of AI in education means that more and more people are beginning to see AI as much more than a trend; AI is a major part of teaching today. In recent years, AI has taken full advantage of the schools. Especially for language studies, the demand for it is growing. This is because AI can give students personalized, custom instruction that fits precisely into the way people study languages. Online language learning XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 71 market expansion is rapid; in 2024 with a size of $22.1 billion and expected to grow to $54.8 billion by 2030. This growth mainly came from the advent of new AI-driven technologies (Grand View Research, 2025). We can think of all things as converging: more globalization that requires people to speak more than one language, technological advances permitting more sophisticated language processing and new kinds of students’ desires for their education, which is more flexible and self-directed. But this rapid proliferation of AI technology in schools has raised much debate among academics and policymakers. Recent surveys suggest that 70% of educators are concerned AI would make students less able to think critically and do research. Half of students even feel less connected to teachers when AI is employed in class (EdWeek, 2025). The concerns indicate that AI’s impact on education is complex and multi-faceted. They also demonstrate that just because technology improves doesn't mean that learning improves, or educational experiences improve. This paper's aim is to conduct a thorough analysis of AI - AI's influence on language studies and the implications it has for language education, both in terms of its potential for transformation and some of its natural limits. The analysis will take into account the very diverse AI tools currently used in language education, how they positively change learner outcomes and experiences; also compare AI with traditional techniques and compare AI-enhanced learning with these methods of teaching students in contemporary settings; and look ahead on a field within which this field is advancing rapidly. We hope through doing this balanced research to contribute to the conversation on how best to use AI technologies in language education. We recognize that using AI wisely comes with careful considerations of approaches to teaching, types of content and wider educational principles. Significance Digital transformation of language education refers to a radical, or profound transformation in pedagogical strategies, beyond the simple digitisation of the established resources in educational technology to new learning paradigms that have been driven by the latest technologies. The digital language learning market has continued to rapidly expand during the period of its growth. The global digital language learning market was valued at $12.49 billion in 2024 and will be worth $35.68 billion in 2034 with a compound annual increase of 11.1% (OpenPR, 2024). This progress trajectory demonstrates how the introduction of many new technologies including AI-supported tutoring technologies, onand virtual learning platforms and virtual reality environments are joining forces to transform language learning and teaching. In contrast to the earlier generations of language education which revolved around using a static textbook and audio, new digital language learning platforms enable access to highly interactive, personal languages. Mobile apps are now crucial, constituting 30% of digital language learning market. Flexible, user-friendly, and inclusive of AI-driven personalization functions (OpenPR, 2024) have made them particularly attractive. The quick dissemination of smartphone technology has had a great influence on it. A clear reason is that, for instance, according to Mordor Intelligence the use mobile devices by 94% of Generation Z students helps to study, which makes it estimated that the mobile learning market value is as high as $77.4 billion by 2025 (Mordor Intelligence, 2025). This mobilefirst style allows learners to engage with language materials during breaks in their day — transforming the constraints of time and space that used to hinder the practice of language. It has had a major impact on how people learn and how much freedom they have. The self-paced version of digital courses accounted for 32.16% of the world market share in digital English language learning in 2024. If this all sounds familiar, it is: The majority of learners prefer asynchronous formats that integrate into different times and learning times (Mordor Intelligence, 2025). In a way, this shift toward learner-directed education marks a shift from the time when learning was based in classrooms and was often an exercise in teacher-centred learning. It also allows people to design their own methodologies according to their goals, skill sets and the time they have. Furthermore, the introduction of gamification features, via achievement systems, social competition, immersive narratives, has also transformed language acquisition from the academic requirement of learning a new language to an experience that is rewarding and memorable, greatly improving retention rates and user retention (Meticulous Research, 2025). Quantitive Analysis This study argues that artificial intelligence has the potential to revolutionise language learning and development including the individualisation, democratisation, and empowerment and the improved experience of language learning through the use of flexible technologies, feedback with instant gratification and the unprecedented access to genuine language usage, but the application of AI requires the careful retention of essential human qualities of language education (e.g. cultural situatedness, interpersonal abilities, and the development of cognitive and critical skills) that are not adequately imitated by the AI technologies currently in existence. It is not the proper alternative to purely replace the traditional approach with the AI-based methods that can best serve future language education. But what’s needed is, well, to put a thoughtful spin on what AI can do when it comes to delivering personalized practice and content, while also having the humans provide substantial guidance on cross cultural understanding, subtle communication and socio-emotional growth. A XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 72 significant amount of money will have to be allocated to training the teachers, forming guidelines on AI ethics, and conducting additional research into how different types of students are supported to use AI with full access to language education without becoming too technology-oriented, thus undermining the rich multidimensional experiences of language learning (3, 47-50). Methodology Artificial Intelligence (AI) has brought us digital tools and apps that have dramatically transformed language learning. Conversational AI systems — ChatGPT from OpenAI; Claude from Anthropic — are among the most powerful. They employ natural language processing (NLP) to replicate human dialogue. These tools enable students to have interactive conversations, pose questions, and receive personalized answers, which is akin to how we have conversations (Lu et al., 2024, p. 317). By correcting grammar, advising students on more complex vocabulary or contextualizing idiomatic expressions, ChatGPT can also help a student become more proficient in writing. A student might type, “Can you fix my weekend paragraph?” and get corrections directly, with explanations immediately, which was once the province of a human tutor. Claude also lends support for fine-grained feedback, and works on tone and pronunciation in written academic or professional language. Language education tools such as Duolingo, Babbel, and Memrise are revolutionising how people’s learning is done themselves by adopting AI-infused algorithms for their courses of instruction. With machine learning algorithms, these platforms are able to customize lessons based on the users individual needs, identify areas where they need to become better and ensure that repetitive loops become more efficient for better memory (Loewen et al., 2020, p. 708). For example, Duolingo’s AI engine utilizes spaced repetition systems (SRS) to determine the words a learner is most likely to forget and then when to reintroduce them. Babbel, by contrast, uses its lessons inspired by real-world conversations to prepare people for moments where they want to talk to people, such as ordering food or introducing themselves at work. On the other hand, Memrise gives us video clips of native people that have been picked up by AI but are short enough to be read out of speakers' speech. If you know how to actually speak by ear, it gives students a look at how to find out accents, movements and intonation patterns for themselves (Memrise, 2024). In order to avoid this inconvenience, one must change their practice and introduce automatic language translation tools and speech recognition. These technologies allow students to practice pronunciation and comprehension on the spot, and provide instant feedback on student progress (Jin & de Bot, 2021, p. 55). ELSA Speak is a kind of AI based pronunciation coach that listens learners to their speech and provides them with accurate and accurate visual feedback on specific phonetic errors such as saying a lot with a few missing vowels and/or emphasising the wrong words. The voice of the AI in the app learnt thousands of samples of native speakers, learning and judging pronunciation in the real world with some good accuracy which is similar to human-like (Lai and Zheng, 2023, p. 112). Finally, adaptive learning platforms --such as Lingvist and Busuu (Adaptive Learning Platforms such as Lingvist and Busuu -- use AI analytics to use AI intelligence to personal AI analysis to tailor ‘learning programs to each individual student’s specific needs. These systems keep a record of how well each user scores each user is performing, anticipate what each and every student will learn, and then provide activities which concentrate on specific student needs for each child's area of weakness in the exercises. For instance, the AI dashboard of Busuu in Busuu's AI monitoring system looks at how the students interact with their fellow students' interactions on its dashboard and shows teachers how it is showing, and gives them the full picture of the classroom's progress. This includes teacher guidance and a huge improvement in teacher guidance plus AI support. Essentially AI language learning tools have brought the language learning from academic to practical, making it more personal and effective so it’s accessible to everyone, more interactive. These tools are revolutionizing how we learn both formal and informal, not only through conversation practice, but also through adaptive algorithms, and in real time feedback. Finally, adaptive learning applications like Lingvist and Busuu leverage AI analytics to customise curriculum to each learner’s skills for the right learning outcomes. These systems monitor the performance of each user and predict what they’ll learn, developing exercises that target the weak points of each user. For instance, Busuu’s own AI dashboard tracks how the students interact with each other and, in turn, provides teachers with the ability to gauge how the whole class is performing, through the ability to combine teacher guidance with AI support. The bottom line is this: AI and language learning tools make language education available to every individual - it is more efficient, personalised and interactive these days. In both the formal and informal settings these tools are changing methods of language learning. They take conversation practice, adaptive algorithms, and real-time feedback in addition to them - creating a one-stop learning experience. Adding AI to language learning has brought many good aspects into the area of teaching. What this does is make for more effective, simpler teaching in most cases and more effective overall than before. One of the key benefits is the possibility of delivering individualised learning experiences. In classic classrooms, the learning pace is quite often set in stone. Systems powered by AI, however, iterate from students’ requirements, desires, XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 79 Для повышения мотивации к изучению русского языка рекомендуется проводить анкетирование, которое поможет определить индивидуальные стимулы учащихся и подобрать соответствующие педагогические методы. Успешное изучение русского языка зависит от атмосферы сотрудничества на уроках и умения учителя заинтересовать каждого ученика. Как отмечал Л.Н. Толстой, любовь преподавателя к предмету и детям играет решающую роль в формировании отношения школьников к науке [6, с. 12]. Подобные занятия развивают речь, расширяют знания и формируют мировоззрение. Преподавателю необходимо быть образованным и обладать высокой культурой, чтобы создать на уроках психологически комфортную и заинтересованную атмосферу. Усвоение русского языка строится на основе переноса и корректировки речевых навыков с родного языка, а также формирования новых навыков [4, с. 67]. А.А. Леонтьев выделяет три типа речевых навыков, формирующихся при изучении второго языка. Легче всего формируются навыки, основанные на полном переносе. Внимание следует уделять навыкам, требующим частичной корректировки или формирования с нуля. Для успешной интеграции изучения родного и русского языков в школе требуется решение ряда задач. Необходимо согласовать программы по обоим предметам, определив: 1. Общие и специфические языковые категории для усвоения. 2. Оптимальную последовательность изучения материала, с приоритетом родного языка для создания базы знаний. 3. Единые критерии оценки речевых навыков. 4. Объем теоретических знаний по общим темам. Также важно скоординировать содержание и структуру учебников, уделяя внимание: a) Согласованию теоретического материала и методики его подачи. b) Разработке системы упражнений для развития речевых навыков. c) Использованию знаний родного языка в учебниках русского языка. d) Характеру дидактического материала и его тематике. e) Методическому аппарату учебников. Для успешного формирования гармоничного двуязычия необходимо взаимосвязанное изучение родного и русского языков. Речь предполагает не только повторение, но и умение совершать новые действия, основанные на языковых знаниях и интуиции. Создание высказывания на иностранном языке – это творческий процесс, требующий сознательного подхода, особенно если язык изучался после родного. Поэтому важно развивать речевые умения, необходимые для конструирования речи. Язык и речь – средства общения, используемые для передачи информации. Цель обучения – научить общению, формируя мотивацию и организуя активную деятельность учащихся. Важно не воспроизведение, а самостоятельный поиск способов общения. Целостный текст – высший уровень реализации языковых функций. Его создание включает два этапа: отбор элементов и оформление высказываний по грамматическим нормам. По мнению А.А. Леонтьева, создание речевого высказывания включает пять этапов, начиная с программирования грамматики и заканчивая произнесением [5, с. 47]. Т.В. Ахутина выделяет смысловое и грамматическое программирование, а также кинестетическую организацию. Изучение грамматики необходимо для владения языком, но не должно ограничиваться заучиванием правил. Важно развивать навыки чтения, говорения и письма. Обучение должно быть направлено на понимание выражения семантико-синтаксических отношений в предложениях, таких как субъектно-предикатные [8, с. 212]. Обучение, основанное на ономасиологическом подходе, предполагает изучение языка от значения к форме [9, с. 22]. Например, при изучении выражения времени действия подбирается текст с соответствующими временными конструкциями, вокруг которого строятся вопросы и задания, направленные на формирование навыков использования этих конструкций в речи. Тексты могут быть связаны с темами Семья, Школа и др. Таким образом, для выбора средств языка при создании высказывания автор должен решать ономасиологические задачи, чему и следует обучать [10, с. 6]. Литература 1. Русский язык в национальной школе. – М., 1977. – 214 с. 2. Бакеева, Н. З. Вопросы методики русского языка в национальной школе. – М.: Просвещение, 1976. – 128 с. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 80 3. Хайруллина, М. Г. Родной язык как основа обучения русскому языку. – Уфа: Башкнигоиздат, 1981. – 152 с. 4. Леошьев, А. А. Некоторые проблемы обучения русскому языку как иностранному: Психолингвистические очерки. – М.: Высшая школа, 1970. – 176 с. 5. Леонтьев, А. А. Научные основы принципа активной коммуникативности // Доклады на V Международном конгрессе МАПРЯЛ. – М., 1982. – С. 45–58. 6. Беляев, Б. В. Психологические основы обучения русскому языку в национальных школах // Русский язык в национальной школе. – 1962. – № 3. – С. 11–22. 7. Мальцева, Е. И. Концептуально-логическая схема как один из приёмов организации текстового материала в учебных целях // Русский язык за рубежом. – 1985. – № 1. – С. 37–43. 8. Новиков, А. И. Семантика текста и её формализация. – М.: Наука, 1983. – 256 с. 9. Новиков, Л. А. Лингвистические основы методики преподавания русского языка как иностранного // Русский язык за рубежом. – 1976. – № 2. – С. 17–25. 10. Ахутина, Т. В. Нейролингвистический анализ динамической афазии // Психолингвистические исследования. – М.: МГУ, 1975. – Вып. 7. – С. 5–27. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 81 THE STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF PHRASEOLOGICAL COMBINATIONS WITH THE COMPONENT "PUT" IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS IN AZERBAIJANI Chinara Natig Baghirova Baku Business University Abstract This article examines the translation and structural analysis of several English phraseological units and their Azerbaijani equivalents. By comparing the grammatical structures and meanings of idiomatic expressions in both languages, the study reveals the differences and similarities in how each language constructs figurative phrases. Using examples, the article analyzes the syntactic structures, including the use of verbs, prepositions, articles, and pronouns, highlighting the simplification of structure in Azerbaijani compared to English. It demonstrates that while the idiomatic meanings remain consistent, the syntactic differences—such as the absence of prepositions and articles in Azerbaijani—illustrate the distinct linguistic patterns between the two languages. This comparative analysis offers insight into the translation challenges posed by phraseological units and emphasizes the importance of context and structural adaptation in the accurate translation of idioms. Keywords: Phraseological units, syntactic structure, comparative analysis, linguistic patterns, syntactic differences, idiom translation, figurative language, translation challenges The relationship between the components of word combinations plays an important role in the formation of these combinations. When discussing this, it is appropriate to refer to the following observations by N. Valiyeva: “Free combinations are true grammatical combinations and serve as the primary and unified object of syntactic theory. The words that form these combinations deviate from their original meanings, but they retain their lexical independence. In this regard, they become lexical-grammatical, rather than purely lexicalsemantic, elements of the combination. These combinations can be analyzed and broken down into parts, without altering the meaning of the whole, and without affecting the main meaning of the combination.” A fixed word combination gradually becomes a set expression in the language. Such combinations are referred to in linguistics as **phraseological combinations**. The meanings of these combinations can sometimes be inferred from the first component, sometimes from the second component, sometimes only from the context, and sometimes from their etymology. In linguistics, it is widely recognized that the leading components in phraseological units are generally **nouns** and **verbs**. Linguists, based on this feature, have identified two main groups of phraseological units: **nominal** and **verbal**. In the literature on Azerbaijani phraseology, these two groups are primarily represented. For example, combinations such as *“the Arab with a dead camel,” “facing the road,” “the love of fish in the sea,”* etc., are considered **nominal phraseological units** because their components consist of nouns (nouns, adjectives, adverbs, etc.). The second type, which always includes a verb as the second component and a noun as the first component, such as “turn into a lamb,” “pour out words,” “go astray,”*\ etc., is called **verbal phraseological units** However, in **English**, the number of these groups may vary depending on the linguist. Generally, **nominal** and **verb-based phraseological combinations** include: *“a dead dog”* (useless person), *“an old bird”* (skilled person, old man); **verbal**: *“whip the cat”* (regret), *“call off one’s dogs”* (to stop useless conversation or work); **adjectival**: *“as light as a butterfly”* (light-hearted), *“as nervous as a cat”* (very nervous); **adverbial**: *“When pigs fly”* (never), *“in less than a pig’s whisper”* (in a minute, in a flash); **exclamatory**: *“Dog my cats!”* (Disappear, a devil! Help, God) [64, p. 865]. From our research, we would like to note that most phraseological units have a **verb component**. These verbs are categorized based on their semantic features. In some phraseological combinations, the main semantic load falls on the first component. Based on this principle, we will attempt to analyze **phraseological units with the component "put."** Verbal phraseological combinations generally follow the structure **verb + noun, verb + preposition + noun,** and so on, but of course, simpler or more complex structures are also possible. In this section, we will first analyze the structure of phraseological combinations with the component "put," followed by a semantic analysis. Analysis of Phraseological Combinations with "Put" 1. **He had been put through an immense variety of paces, and had answered volumes of head-breaking questions** XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 82 This sentence demonstrates the phraseological unit **“put through paces,”** which refers to undergoing a series of tests or trials. The structure of this phrase is composed of **verb + pronoun/noun + preposition + noun**, which is a fairly standard syntactic construction in English. The phrase "immense variety" (article + adjective + noun) adds to the meaning of the noun, suggesting an extremely wide range of difficulties or challenges. The phrase, therefore, refers to being subjected to a variety of challenging situations or tests. In comparison with Azerbaijani, the equivalent expression *“sınaqlardan keçmək”* (to go through tests) uses a **noun + verb** structure. The difference in structure shows how each language may adapt the same concept using different grammatical constructs. The English phrase puts more emphasis on the process of testing or trial, while the Azerbaijani phrase focuses more on the concept of “going through” a sequence of tests. 2. **Put somebody in (or into) the picture** The phrase **“put somebody in the picture”** means to inform or provide someone with all the necessary details or context regarding a situation. The structure of this phraseological unit is **verb + pronoun/noun + preposition + noun**, which is a typical verb-noun construction. In the sentence, *“He can put you into the picture more completely”* – meaning he can provide you with more information about the situation – the phrase implies a sense of inclusion in a process or set of knowledge. In Azerbaijani, the equivalent phrase *“məlumat vermək”* (to provide information) follows the **noun + verb** structure. The construction here is straightforward, but it conveys the same meaning of giving someone more context or filling them in on a situation. The difference lies in the expression of the action: the English version uses "put into the picture" to symbolize being placed within the context, while the Azerbaijani uses a simple verb phrase to convey the idea. 3. **Put up with something / someone** The phrase **“put up with”** means to tolerate or endure something or someone, typically in a situation where it might be difficult or uncomfortable. The structure of this phraseological unit is **verb + postposition + preposition + noun/pronoun**. The sentence *“Tha' can put up with me for a bit sometimes when tha's got no one better”* implies tolerance under inconvenient circumstances. In Azerbaijani, the equivalent expression is *“kiməsə yaxud nəyəsə dözmək”* (to endure something/someone), which follows a **pronoun/noun + verb** structure. While the English phrase emphasizes the act of enduring by "putting up with," the Azerbaijani expression uses a simpler verb + object construction to convey the same meaning. However, the English phrase might imply a certain patience or acceptance, whereas the Azerbaijani phrase is more directly about enduring something unpleasant. 4. **Put something on ice** **“Put something on ice”** means to postpone or delay something. The structure is **verb + noun + preposition + noun**, as seen in the phrase *“The project has been put on ice until the situation changes.”* This implies that the project has been temporarily delayed or shelved until further notice. The metaphor here evokes the idea of something being frozen or paused. The Azerbaijani equivalent *“nəyisə təxirə salmaq”* (to delay something) follows a **noun + verb** structure. While both the English and Azerbaijani expressions convey the idea of postponement, the English version uses a more vivid metaphor (“on ice”), which may convey a sense of coldness or stillness, while the Azerbaijani version is more direct and functional in its description of the action. 5. **Put somebody in the shade** The phrase **“put somebody in the shade”** refers to outshining or surpassing someone, particularly in terms of performance or appearance. The structure is **verb + pronoun/noun + preposition + article + noun**, as seen in *“She is fifty, but she still puts younger women in the shade.”* The meaning is that despite her age, she still outperforms younger women, metaphorically leaving them in the shade. In Azerbaijani, the phrase *“kimisə/nəyisə kölgədə qoymaq”* (to outshine someone/something) follows a **pronoun/noun + noun + verb** structure. Both languages convey the same core idea of one person being outshone by another, but the English phrase relies on the metaphor of being in the "shade," while the Azerbaijani phrase directly uses the concept of "leaving in the shade." 6. **Put a price on somebody’s head** The phrase **“put a price on somebody’s head”** refers to offering a reward for someone’s capture or death, often in a dangerous or criminal context. The structure here is **verb + article + noun + preposition + pronoun/noun + noun**. In the sentence *“I knew a price would be put up on my head and I had to remain here in the midst of my enemies as the only protection of a man of eighty-five,”* the phrase suggests the character is in a life-threatening situation, and the "price" on his head represents a bounty. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 83 The equivalent phrase in Azerbaijani would be *“başına pul qoymaq”* (to put a price on someone's head), following the **noun + preposition + noun** structure. This is a straightforward phrase in both languages, but the English phrase uses a more figurative approach to represent danger or threat, whereas the Azerbaijani phrase is more literal in its expression. In general, the structure of the phraseological units analyzed in the examples above is quite similar across languages, with slight differences depending on the specific expression. Both languages use combinations of verbs, nouns, prepositions, and pronouns, but the **English expressions** tend to rely more on metaphorical or figurative meanings, while the **Azerbaijani equivalents** often opt for more direct and functional constructions. The key takeaway is that while the grammatical structures may vary, the underlying meanings of these **"put"-based phraseological units** are largely equivalent across languages, even though the way they are expressed can differ. **You and I are inclined to put the cart before the horse and to forget that it is the man that is elemental, not the book.** * **Sən və mən işləri tərsinə görməyə və kitab deyil, insanın təbii varlıq olduğunu unutmağa meyilliyik** . In this example, two **phraseological units** are used: *put the cart before the horse* and *everybody’s doing it backward*. The first one, *put the cart before the horse,* is a metaphorical expression in English that means to do things in the wrong order, or to approach a situation incorrectly. The Azerbaijani equivalent *hər işi tərsinə görmək* reflects this meaning directly. The structure of the English phrase **put the cart before the horse** is: **verb + article + noun + preposition + article + noun**. The equivalent phrase in Azerbaijani follows the structure **əvəzlik + isim + zərf + feil** (pronoun + noun + adverb + verb). **Put one on guard against someone** * **I have always put you on your guard against new acquaintances.** * **Hər zaman sizi yeni tanışlara qarşı himayə etmişəm** Looking at the structure in English: **verb + pronoun/noun + preposition + noun + preposition + pronoun/noun**: **feil + əvəzlik/isim + sözönü + isim + sözönü + əvəzlik/isim**. This construction shows that the phrase *put someone on guard against* means to warn or protect someone from a possible danger or harmful influence, such as new acquaintances in this case. In Azerbaijani, the equivalent phrase *“himayə etmək”* (to protect, defend) uses the **isim + feil** structure (noun + verb), which is more straightforward and less complex than the English version. The difference lies in the figurative use of "put on guard" in English, while Azerbaijani prefers a more concrete construction using the verb *himayə etmək*. **Put to sea** * **Certainly, your excellency; I saw her put to sea the same evening we quitted Marseilles.** * **Şübhəsiz ki, ülya-həzrət; mən onu biz Marseli tərk etdiyimiz həmin axşam dənizə açılan gördüm** In this example, the phrase **put to sea** means "to set sail" or "to go to sea." The structure of the English phrase is: **verb + preposition + noun**, i.e., **feil + sözönü + isim** (verb + preposition + noun). The Azerbaijani equivalent *“dənizə açılmaq”* uses a more direct structure: **isim + feil** (noun + verb). Here, the difference in structure is minimal because both languages use a direct and concrete expression to describe the action of going to sea. **Put out of the way** * **A man can easily be put out of the way there.** * **İstənilən adam orda asanlıqla aradan götürülə bilərdi (öldürülə bilərdi)** In this example, the phrase **put out of the way** means to remove someone from a situation, often implying something negative, like getting rid of them. The structure of the English phrase is: **verb + preposition + preposition + article + noun**, i.e., **feil + sözönü + sözönü + artikl + isim**. In Azerbaijani, the equivalent phrase *“aradan götürmək”* (to remove, to kill) follows the **isim + feil** structure (noun + verb). The difference in structure here is notable, as the English phrase includes prepositions and articles, which are not present in the Azerbaijani version. Additionally, the phrase in Azerbaijani conveys a more direct, literal meaning, whereas the English version may carry a more figurative tone in some contexts. **Put something on the line** * **Devin came up next and was put on the line to reinforce Gibbs.** * **Sonra Devin yaxınlaşdı və Gibsi ruhlandırmaq üçün özünü oda atdı (riskə getdi)**. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 84 The phrase **put something on the line** means to risk something valuable, to put it in a situation where it could be lost or damaged. The structure in English is: **verb + pronoun/noun + preposition + article + noun**, i.e., **feil + sözönü + artikl + isim**. The equivalent phrase in Azerbaijani, *“özünü oda atmaq”* (to throw oneself into the fire, i.e., to risk something), has a different structure: **əvəzlik + isim + feil** (pronoun + noun + verb). The English phrase metaphorically refers to placing something at risk, while the Azerbaijani equivalent uses a more dramatic metaphor of throwing oneself into fire, which conveys the sense of taking a major risk or danger. In these examples, the structures of **phraseological units** in **English** and their **Azerbaijani equivalents** differ mainly in terms of **prepositions, articles, and the order of words**. While English often uses more complex structures with prepositions and articles, Azerbaijani tends to simplify the structure and uses more direct noun-verb combinations. Despite these structural differences, the meanings of these expressions are largely equivalent, although the metaphorical nature of certain expressions may be more vivid or dramatic in one language than the other. Each language adapts the phraseological units according to its own grammatical rules and stylistic preferences, but the **core meanings** and **functions** of these expressions are preserved across both languages. **After September 11th, though Morocco was not put on the black list as a potential provider of supposedly suspicious people, everybody had to abide by rules.** * **11 sentyabrdan sonra, Mərakeş güman edilən şübhəli insanların potensial mərkəzi kimi qara siyahıya salınmasa da, hamı qaydalara əməl etməli oldu** In this example, the **phraseological unit** *put on the black list* is used, which means to designate or mark someone or something as suspicious, unwanted, or problematic. The structure of the English phrase is: **verb + preposition + article + adjective + noun**, i.e., **feil + sözönü + artikl + sifət + isim** (verb + preposition + article + adjective + noun). In the Azerbaijani equivalent *qara siyahıya salmaq* (to put on the black list), the structure is simpler: **sifət + isim + feil** (adjective + noun + verb). This demonstrates that in Azerbaijani, there is no need for a preposition or article, and the phrase uses a noun-verb combination. The two phrases are equivalent in meaning, but their grammatical constructions differ. **Put foot in it** * **Ah, have I just put my foot in it?** * **Ah, indicə bunu ağzımdan qaçırdım?** The phrase **put foot in it** means to say or do something awkward or inappropriate, usually unintentionally. Its structure in English is: **verb + noun + preposition + pronoun**, i.e., **feil + isim + sözönü + əvəzlik** (verb + noun + preposition + pronoun). Interestingly, the word "foot" (ayaq) in this expression is never replaced with its plural form "feet" in this idiom. In Azerbaijani, the equivalent is *“ağzından söz qaçırmaq”* (to slip up and say something inappropriate), and the structure is **isim + isim + feil** (noun + noun + verb) or **isim + feil** (noun + verb). As can be seen, while the two expressions share the same figurative meaning, the grammatical structure is quite different between the languages, with Azerbaijani using more direct nouns and verbs without prepositions or pronouns. **Put a construction on something** * **Am I put this construction on your visit?** * **Mən sizin gəlişinizdən bu nəticəni çıxarmalıyam?** The phrase **put a construction on something** means to interpret something or draw a conclusion from it, often in a way that may be a bit forced or not entirely accurate. The structure in English is: **verb + (article) + noun + preposition + pronoun/noun**, i.e., **feil + (artikl) + isim + sözönü + əvəzlik/isim** (verb + (article) + noun + preposition + pronoun/noun). In Azerbaijani, the equivalent phrase *nədənsə məna çıxarmaq* (to interpret something, to make sense of something) has a simpler structure: **isim/əvəzlik + isim + feil** (noun/pronoun + noun + verb). The difference in structure is clear: in English, the phrase is more complex with additional elements like articles and prepositions, while Azerbaijani uses a straightforward noun-verb combination. **Put a weapon in one’s hands** * **Now, this put a very powerful weapon into your hands.** * **Beləliklə, bu bizə çox böyük güc (üstünlük) verir** The phrase **put a weapon in one’s hands** means to give someone the means or opportunity to harm or defeat others, often by providing them with power or influence. The structure of the English phrase is: XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 85 **verb + (article) + noun + preposition + pronoun/noun + noun**, i.e., **feil + (artikl) + isim + sözönü + əvəzlik/isim + isim** (verb + (article) + noun + preposition + pronoun/noun + noun). In Azerbaijani, the equivalent phrase *kiminsə əlinə silah/girəvə vermək* means to give someone the means to harm or oppose others. This structure is simpler: **əvəzlik/isim + isim + isim + feil** (pronoun/noun + noun + noun + verb). The Azerbaijani version eliminates the article and preposition, reflecting a more streamlined approach in grammar. As a result, the phraseological units presented in this text demonstrate how English idioms are often more complex in structure compared to their Azerbaijani counterparts, especially in terms of the use of prepositions, articles, and pronouns. In many cases, Azerbaijani tends to simplify the structure, often relying on **noun + verb** or **noun + noun + verb** combinations, while English idioms often include prepositions, articles, and adjectives. Despite these structural differences, the **meaning** of the idioms remains consistent across both languages, showing the adaptability of idiomatic expressions in conveying the same idea in different linguistic contexts. References 1. Barrett G., Hargraves O. Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary, Cambridge University Press, 2009, 761 p. 2. Brenner G. Webster's New World: American Idioms Handbook, Indiana: Wiley Publishing, 2003, 1855 p. 3. Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary, Cambridge University Press, 2009, 1212 p. 4. Collis H. 101 American English Idioms. U.S.A. : NTC/Contemporary Publishing Group, 1987, 111 p. 5. De Gruyter, Thesaurus proverbiorum medii aevi, Berlin, 2000 6. Dipti J. “What is origin of the phrase 'to set the cat among pigeons'?”, The Times of India, 2013 7. Flavell L., Flavell R. Dictionary of idioms and their origins, Great Britain, Kyle Cathie ltd, 1992, 217 p. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 86 COGNITIVE MODELS Hasanova Shehla Natig Ph.D. in Philology, Azerbaijan Teachers' University of Languages KOQNITIV MODELLƏR Həsənova Şəhla Natiq qızı Fil.ü.f.d, Azərbaycan Dillər Pedaqoji Universitet Dil prosesləri və hadisələrinin təhlili xeyli mürəkkəbdir və bu mürəkkəblik həmin proseslərin çoxaspektliyi, onların qarşılıqlı əlaqəsi, dinamikliyi, zamanda dəyişkənliyi və s. şərtlənir. Dil hadisələrinin inkişaf məntiqini bir çox hallarda müəyyənləşdirmək olduqca çətin olur. Buna görə də vəziyyətlərin idrak (koqnitiv) modelləşdirmə vasitələrindən istifadə etmək lazımdır. V.Maksimovun fikrincə, mürəkkəb vəziyyətlərin koqnitiv təhlili metodikası aşağıdakı kimidir: 1) tədqiqatın məqsəd və vəzifələrinin formalaşdırılması; 2) prosesin qarşıda duran məqsəd baxımından öyrənilməsi, problem üzrə mövcud olan statistik və keyfiyyətli informasiyanın toplanılması, sistemləşdirilməsi, təhlili; 3) öyrənilən prosesin və qarşılıqlı əlaqələrin əsas səciyyəvi əlamətlərinin fərqləndirilməsi, tədqiq edilən problemin inkişafının əsas obyektiv qanunlarının necə işləməsinin müəyyənləşdirilməsi; 4) tədqiq edilən vəziyyətə xas tələblər, şərtlər və məhdudiyyətlərin müəyyənləşdirilməsi; 5) subyektlərin maraqlarının realizə olunmasının yolları və mexanizmlərinin müəyyən edilməsi. Beləliklə, modelləşdirmə – öyrənilən hadisənin koqnitiv qanunauyğunluqlarının aşkar edilməsi, problem haqqında nəzəri və praktik biliklərin əldə edilməsi və bu zəmində praktik nəticələrin formalaşdırılması vasitəsidir. Modelləşdirmə tsiklik prosesdir. Tədqiq olunan problem haqqında biliklər genişlənir, dəqiqləşir, ilkin model isə daim təkmilləşir. Modelləşdirmə ssenari yanaşmasına əsaslana bilər. Bu ssenari şüur strukturunun növlərindən biri olub, mətnin interpretasiyası nəticəsində hazırlanır. Bu interpretasiya zamanı mətnin əsas sözləri və ideyaları məfhumi terminal elementlərə aid edilən standart, stereotip mənalar əsasında yaddaşdan çıxarılan tematik (ssenari) strukturlar yaradırlar. V.Maksimov proseslərin modelləşdirilməsinin aşağıdakı mərhələlərini fərqləndirir: 1) vəziyyətin situasiyanın] hazırkı mərhələdə inkişafını səciyyələndirən ilkin şərtlərin, tendensiyaların müəyyənləşdirilməsi; 2) vəziyyətdə (situasiyada) proseslərin dəyişmə tendensiyalarının məqsədli, arzuedilən istiqamətlərinin verilməsi; 3) vəziyyətə təsir amilləri kompleksinin seçilməsi; 4) vəziyyətə gücü və yönümü müəyyənləşdirilməli olan mümkün təsirlər (amillər) dəstinin seçilməsi; 5) vəziyyətin inkişafını səciyyələndirən müşahidə edilən amillərin seçimi təhlilin məqsədindən və istifadəçinin istəyindən asılı olaraq həyata keçirilir [3,s.35] Model dedikdə “sxem, çertyoj, məntiqi-riyazi işarəli düstur, fiziki konstruksiya və s. şəklində süni yaradılmış obyekt” [2, s.360] başa düşülür. Bu və ya digər hadisənin öyrənilməsində modelin tətbiqi onun tədqiq obyektinə oxşarlığı, bənzərliyi ilə şərtlənir. Çünki bu bənzərlik tədqiq olunan və “bilavasitə öyrənilməsi hər hansı çətinliklərlə, böyük xərclər və enerji sərfi ilə bağlı olan və ya ümumiyyətlə əlyetməz olan obyektin strukturunu, xüsusiyyətlərini, elementləri arasında qarşılıqlı əlaqələri və münasibətləri daha sadə, kiçildilmiş şəkildə əks etdirir və təkrar canlandırır” [2, s.360] və bununla da maraq obyekti haqqında informasiya alınmasını asanlaşdırır. Modeli həm də “tədqiq olunan mexanizmlə analoqu olan süni yaradılmış mexanizm” adlandırırlar [10]. Amma aydındır ki, analogiya təqribi bilik verir və bu biliyi praktikada yoxlamaq lazım gəlir. Modeli quranda daim nəzərə almaq lazımdır ki, model nə qədər yaxşı olsa da, o, tədqiq olunan obyekti təxminən əks etdirir, onu sadələşdirir. Bu nəzərə alınmazsa, ciddi səhvlərə yol verilə bilər. Model və orijinal eyniyyət təşkil etmir, onlar yalnız və yalnız oxşardır. Bu təfəkkür forması və oriqinala xüsusilə aiddir. Amma analogiyanın üstün cəhəti müəyyən mülahizələri doğurmasındadır. Modelləşdirmənin məqsədi də budur. Modelləşdirmə hər hansı konkret və ya abstrakt obyektin modelər, yəni şərti obrazlar, sxemlər və ya tədqiq edilən obyektə analoji olan fiziki konstruksiyalar üzərində eksperimentlərin aparılması və nəticələrinin işlənilməsinin gedişində oxşarlıq nəzəriyyəsində analoqlar metodlarının tətbiqi ilə tədqiq edilməsidir. Modelləşdirmə hər hansı səbəbdən obyekti təbii şəraitdə öyrənmək çətin olduqda və ya mümkün olmadıqda, yaxud obyektin tədqiq edilməsi prosesini asanlaşdırmaq lazım olduqda tətbiq edilir. Modelləşdirmə əşyavi, fiziki, riyazi, məntiqi və s. ola bilər. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 87 İspan filosofu və ilahiyyətçisi Raymond Lulli “Böyük sənət” əsərində özünün icad etdiyi məntiqi çevrənin, ilk “məntiqi maşın”ın köməkliyi ilə məntiqi əməliyyatların modelləşdirilməsi üzrə təcrübəsini təsvir etmişdi. XVIII əsrdə Ç.Stexon “nümayiş etdirici” işləyib hazırlamış və ondan, məsələn, rəqəmsal sillogizmlərin yoxlanılmasında istifadə etmişdir [6,s 25]. Məntiqi modellərə gəldikdə isə, onlara bir sıra tələblər göstərilir [5]: 1. Model psixoloji gerçəkliyi əks etdirməlidir. Bu tələbin iki izahı var. N.Xomski üçün bu, ideal dil daşıyıcısının dil kompetensiyasının təsviri deməkdir. Maraqları dilə potensial kimi deyil, konkret nitq aktına yönəlmişlər üçün isə psixoloji reallıq nitqin yaranması prosesinin özüdür. 2. Model universal olmalıdır. Uzun müddətdir ki, dilçilər dilin tədqiqində tətbiqdə bütün bəşəriyyət üçün universal zəmin tapmaq arzusundadır. Dilin təsvirinin semantik zəmini müxtəlif dillər üçün ümumidir. 3. Model həmçinin dildən praqmatik istifadəyə aid olan hadisələri də nəzərə almalıdır. Praqmatika çox dəyişkən anlayışdır. Alimlərin bir qismi bunu yalnız aktual bölgü, digər qismi – danışanın subyektiv qiymətləndirməsi, üçüncülər nitq funksiyaları, dördüncülər isə gündəlik ünsiyyətin qanunauyğunluğu hesab edir. 4. Yaradılan model dilin müxtəlif növ maşın işlənməsinə tətbiq edilə bilməlidir. Doğuran qaydaların səmərəliliyi və səhihliyi kompüterin köməkliyi ilə yoxlanıla bilər. Dilin təsvirinin daha ümumi məqsədi onun avtomatik təhlilinə və ya konkret mətnin yaranmasına tətbiq edilə bilər. 5. Təsvir tam, dilin ayrı-ayrı fraqmentlərini deyil, onu bütövlükdə əhatələyən olmalıdır. Bu tələb aşkardır. Amma bunu əlavə səsləndirmək lazımdır, çünki tədqiqatçılar öz modellərinin olduqca dar çrçivədə olan dil hadisələri üzərində testləşdirməyə meyllidirlər. 6. Model qrammatikaların yəni dilin strukturu təsvir olunan kitabların yazılmasına tətbiq oluna bilməlidir. “Qrammatika” sözü yalnız bilərəkdən və ya təhtəlşüur şəkildə hər hansı bir dilin strukturu və ya dilin strukturunun təsviri üçün əsas qismində istifadə edilən nəzəriyyə kimi başa düşülürsə, bu tələb öz relevantlığını itirir. Hazırda bu və ya digər dərəcədə “mənadan formaya” prinsipini əsas götürən onlarla linqvistik model mövcuddur. Onlar generativ qrammatikaların, hal qramatikalarının, funksional qrammatikaların və s. çoxsaylı semantik variasiyalarını özlərində ehtiva edirlər. Amma demək olar ki, onların heç birində yuxarıda qeyd olunan tələblərin hamısı nəzərə alınmamışdır. Həqiqətən də, onların hamısının eyni zamanda nəzərə alınması qeyri-mümkün görünür, buna görə də elə gəlir ki, dilçilərin bu faktla barışmaqdan başqa çıxış yolu yoxdur. “Dilçi bilavasitə danışma və anlama məqamında beyində dəqiq baş verən neyrofizioloji neyrofiziki, neyrokimyəvi proseslərin özü ilə məşğul olmadığından, dilçi üçün çevirici-dil geniş məlum olan «qara qutu» rolunda çıxış edir. Dilçi yalnız dilin müxtəlif aktlarda fəaliyyətinin nəticələrini müşahidə edə bilər, amma bilavasitə işləməkdə, fəaliyyətdə olan dəyişdiricini, yəni dilin özünü müşahidə edə bilməz. Amma bu zaman dilçini birinci növbədə və daha çox məhz dil maraqlandırır: dili tədqiq edəndə onlar həmişə nitq “arxasında” duran və onu doğuran sistemi = dili başa düşməyə və təsvir etməyə cəhd etmişlər” [4,s55]. Keywords: cognitive, logical models,modelling Açar sözlər: koqnitiv , məntiqi ,model modelləşmə Ədəbiyyat siyahısı 1. Кононов, А.Н. Грамматика современного турецкого литературного языка / А.Н. Кононов. – Москва: Издтельство Академии Наук СССР, – 1956. – 569 с. 2. Кравченко, А.В. Когнитивные структуры пространства и времени в естественном языке // – Москва: ЭНИ “Известия АН”, Серия литературы и языка, – 1996, №3, – c 55. 3. Маслова, В.А. Лингвокультурология/ В.А. Маслова. – Москва: Изд. Центр “Академия”, – 2004. – 208 с. 4. Насилов, В.М. К вопросу о грамматической категории в тюркских языках / В.М. Насилов. – Mосква: Спб, Труды Московского Ин-та Востоковедения, – 1947. – 39 с. 5. Нерознак, В.П. От концепта к слову: к проблеме филологического концептуализма. Вопр. филологии и методики преподавания иностранных языков / В.П. Нерознак. – Омск: Изд-во ОМГПУ, – 1998. – 80-85 с. 6. Блинова, С.И. Практика английского языка/ C. Н. Блинова, Е.П. Чарекова, Г.С. Чернышева, Е.И. Синицкая, – С.-П: Преспектива, – 2000. – 245 с. 7. Бондарко, А.В. О структуре грамматических категорий Отношения оппозиции и неоппозитивного различия // – М: Вопросы языкознания, – 1981. №6, – с 17-28. 8. Abdullayev, Ə. Koqnitiv dilçiliyin əsasları/Ə.Abdullayev. – Bakı: Sabah, – 2006. – 228 s. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 88 9. Anderson, H.H.A. Functional Theory of Cognition/ H.H.A. Anderson. – Mahwah New Jersey: Erbaum, – 1996. – 17 p. 10. Ярцева, В.Н. Историческая морфология английского языка / В.Н. Ярцева. – Москва: Изд-во Академии наук СССР, – 1961. - 308 c. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 95 Mçedlişvilinin bir çox hekayə və pyesləri "Kvali", "İveriya", "Temşi" və "Teatr və həyat" qəzetlərində çap olunub. "Kənddə evlənmə", "Sakiçikmaçiko", "Kadagi Solomana", "İnqilab və polislər" və "Kaçaği Kiarima" (“Qaçaq Kərim”) adlı pyesləri ona şöhrət gətirib. (Mçedlişvili, İvane. http://www.nplg.gov.ge/ilia/ka/00007735/) 1925-ci ildə Tiflisdə və Bakıda İvane Mçedlişvilinin 55 illik yubileyinə həsr olunmuş təntənəli gecələr keçirilib. İvane Mçedlişvili 1933-cü ildə 63 yaşında vəfat edib və Tbilisidə, Pyotr və Pol qəbiristanlığında dəfn edilib. Qonşu Qazax mahalından olsa da, həm də Borçalıda və bütün Gürcüstanda məşhur olan “Qaçaq Kərəm haqqında geniş məlumatı olduğundan İvane Mçedlişvili belə bir gözəl əsər yaratmağa nail olmuşdur” qənaətinə gələn professor Adil Mişiyev həmin pyesin Hüseyn bəy Mirzəcamalovun tərcüməsində ilk tamaşası 1912-ci il mayın 10-da Tiflis Azərbaycan teatrı aktyorlarının iştirakı ilə Gürcü Əyanları Teatrında göstərildiyini qeyd etmişdir. (Mişiyev, 1987, s.304) Həmin ərəfədə “Zakavkazskaya reç” qəzetində belə bir məlumat verilmişdi: “Mayın 10-da Azərbaycan Teatr Cəmiyyətinin artistləri Gürcü Əyanları Teatrında məşhur “Qaçaq Kərəm” dramını tamaşaya qoyacaqlar. Bu pyes üçün yeni dekorasiyalar, parik və kostyumlar alınmışdır. Əsas rolları ifa edirlər: Kərəm - Məmmədtağı Ələsgərov, Rəhim xan - Mirzəli Abbasov, Raxraxadze - Mirseyfəddin Kirmanşahlı, Xeço - məşhur komik, Tiflis tamaşaçılarının sevimlisi Mirzəxan Quliyev”. (Mişiyev, 1987, s. 304) Həmin tamaşada o vaxtlar Tiflisdə kommersiya məktəbində təhsil alan, sonradan görkəmli teatr xadimi, aktyor və rejissor kimi məşhurlaşan Xalq artisti Rza Təhmasib Qaçaq Kərəmin silahdaşlarından birinin rolunda ilk dəfə səhnəyə çıxmış və bu, professor Əziz Şərifin yazdığı kimi, onun “gələcək həyat və fəaliyyət yolunu müəyyənləşdirmişdir”. Əsər Tiflisdə dəfələrlə göstərilmiş və hər dəfə tamaşaçılar tərəfindən razılıqla qarşılanmışdır. (Şərif, 1998, s.313) “Qaçaq Kərəm” 1913-cü ildə Tiflis Azərbaycan teatrının aktyorlarının və yerli həvəskarların iştirakı ilə Gəncədə tamaşaya qoyulmuşdur. Baş rolda teatrın tanınmış simalarından olan Mirseyfəddin Kirmanşahlı çıxış etmişdir. Əsərin və tamaşanın bu cür şöhrət qazanması “Qaçaq Kərəm”in 1914-cü ildə Bakıda səhnəyə çıxarılması ilə nəticələnmişdir. Həmin dövrdə mətbuatın yazdığından məlum olur ki, tamaşanı böyük səhnə ustası Hüseyn Ərəblinski hazırlamış və Qaçaq Kərəm rolunu böyük sənətkar özü oynamışdır. Bundan başqa, məlum olur ki, Bakıda “Qaçaq Kərəm”in ilk tamaşasında müəllif - İ.Mçedlişvili də iştirak etmişdir. Əlbəttə, bu fakt Azərbaycan-gürcü ədəbi-mədəni əlaqələri tarixinin maraqlı səhifəsidir və bu sahədə Hüseyn bəy Mirzəcamalovun əməyini əks etdirir. (Bayramov, 2015) Teatr tarixçisi və tədqiqatçısı Qulam Məmmədlinin verdiyi məlumata görə, Hüseyn bəy Mirzəcamalov başqa bir gürcü yazıçısının - İlya Çavçavadzenin də bir pyesini dilimizə çevirmişdir. (Məmmədli, 1975) Füzuli Bayat yazır: “Gürcü Vano Yestafyeviç Mçedlişvilinin XX yüzilin başlarında yazdığı “Qaçaq Kərəm” adlı dörd pərdəli dram əsəri də vardır.” (Bayat, 2019, s.69) Doğrudur, Füzuli Bayatın qeyd etdiyi Vano Mçedlişvilinin rəsmi adı İvane Mçedlişvili olsa da, o, Vano Mçedlişvili (1903-1970) kimi məşhurlaşmışdı, lakin yazıçı deyildi, müğənni idi, oxuduğu xalq mahnıları ilə, o cümlədən də, Koroğlu və Qaçaq Kərəmlə bağlı nəğmələr xalq tərəfindən sevilirdi, amma... o, 1903-cü ildə anadan olmuşdu, İvane Estates dze Mçedlişvilinin "Qaçaq Kərəm" əsəri tərcümə olunub tamaşaya qoyulanda Vanonun cəmi 9 yaşı var idi. (Mçedlişvili, Vano. http://www.nplg.gov.ge/bios/ka/00009015/) F.Həsənova isə müəllifin adı ilə yanşı həm də əsərin tərcümə olunduğu və səhnəyə qoyulduğu ili də səhv yazmışdır: “V.Y.Mçedlişvili «Qaçaq Kərəm» adlı pyes qələmə almış və həmin əsər 1925-ci ildə Azərbaycan türkcəsinə tərcümə edilərək Bakıda «Tənqid-təbliğ» teatrında, habelə Naxçıvan və Qazaxda səhnəyə qoyulmuşdur. Əsər tamaşaçılar tərəfindən maraqla qarşılandığından müəllif Azərbaycana dəvət edilmiş, Bakıda onunla görüş keçirilmişdir.” (Həsənova, 2016, s.20) Doğdudur, İvane Mçedlişvilinin “Qaçaq Kərəm” adlı pyesi 1925-ci ildə Bakıda “Tənqid-təbliğ” teatrında, habelə Naxçıvan və Qazaxda səhnəyə qoyulmuşdur. Əsər tamaşaçılar tərəfindən maraqla qarşılandığından müəllif Azərbaycana dəvət edilmiş, Bakıda onunla görüş - müəllifin anadan olmasının 55 illik yubileyi şərəfinə təntənəli bir gecə keçirilmişdir. Lakin onun adı Vano yox, İvane idi, həmin əsər 1925-ci ildə deyil, 1912-ci ildə tərcümə olunmuşdur. Füzuli Bayat: “V.Y.Miçedlişvilinin (əslində İvane Mçedlişvilinin - M.Ç.) “Qaçaq Kərəm” dramı Azərbaycan dilinə tərcümə edilərək Qazaxda, Naxçıvanda, Bakıda tamaşaya qoyulmuşdur. 1924-1925-ci illərdə O.Sarıvəllinin S.Vurğunla birgə Qazaxda həmin tamaşaya (əslində İvane Mçedlişvilinin “Qaçaq Kərəm” pyesi əsasında hazırlanmış tamaşa - M.Ç.) baxdıqlarını” qeyd etmişdir. (Bayat, 2019, s. 20) Əslində, yuxarıdakı və digər mənbələrdə göstərildiyi kimi, “Qaçaq Kərəm” pyesinin müəllifi olan Mçedlişvilinin adı nə Vano deyil, nə də İosif deyil, İvanedir, yəni, İvane Estates dze Mçedlişvilidir ( ივანე ესტატეს ძე მჭედლიშვილი , 1870-1933), həm də onun əsəri 1925-ci ildə deyil, 1912-ci ildə tərcümə olunaraq tamaya qoyulmuşdur. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 96 Tanınmış gürcü nasiri və dramaturqu Aleksandre Kazbeqi (1848-1893) “ ქიარიმ ბორჩალოელი ყაჩაღა ”- “Borçalılı Qaçaq Kərəm” adlı pyes yazmışdır. Əsərdə olaylar Dilcan ormanlarında cərəyan edir. Kərəm ağaların, bəylərin azğınlığından cana doymuş mərd mübariz olaraq təsvir edilir. Əsərin epizodlarından birində də qaçaq Tanrıverdi qürurla deyir: “Kərəm qartaldır, onu heç kəs qorxuda bilməz”. (Məmmədli, 2022, s.73) Sözsüz ki, gürcü yazarlar Qaçaq Kərəm barədə əsər qələmə alarkən milli mətbuatda dərc olunmuş yazılarından da yararlanmışlar. Mətbuatın, daha dəqiq desək, “Droeba” qəzetini 1885-ci ildə çap olunmuş № 140, 150 və 151ci saylarında Kərəm ilə ilgili xəbərlərinin çoxu onun Dilcandakı fəaliyətinə aiddir. A.Kazbeqinin əsərində də olaylar Dilcan ormanlarında cərəyan edir. (Məmmədli, 2022, s.71) Qəzetlər, o cümlədən, “Droeba” qəzeti 1885-ci ildə çap olunmuş №120-ci sayında Qaçaq Kərəmin öz dəstəsiylə ağalara boyun əymədiyini yazmışlar. A.Kazbeqinin fraqmentində də Kərəm ağaların, bəylərin azğınlığından cana doymuş mərd mübariz olaraq təsvir edilir. Mətbuat - “Droeba” qəzeti 1885-ci ildə çap olunmuş №140-cı sayında dildə ağızda dolaşan əhvalatlara arxalanaraq qeyd etmişdir ki, Kərəmə güllə də dəyməz. A.Kazbeqinin əsərinin epizodlarından birində isə qaçaq Tanrıverdi qürurla deyir: “Kərəm qartaldır, onu heç kəs qorxuda bilməz”. (Məmmədli, 2022, s.72) Professor Şurəddin Məmmədli yazır ki, əlyazması Gürcüstan Kekelidze adına əlyazmalar arxivində saxlanılan “iki variantlı bu əsər yarımçıq” olsa da, “əldə olan parçalar ədəbi estetik tutumu etibarıyla dolğundur”. (Məmmədli, 2022, s.72-73; s.118 - əlavə 11) Gürcü milli mətbuatında dərc olunmuş yazılardan yararlanmış şairlərdən biri də, Sayat-Novanın məşhur varisi, həm də musiqiçi və qaval ustası kimi tanınan Aşıq Hazira (əsl adı və soyadı: Abram Abramov; 1845, Şulaveri - 1922, Tiflis; აშუღი ჰაზირა ( ნამდვილი სახელი და გვარი : აბრამ აბრამოვი ; 1845, შუ - ლავერი -1922, თბილისი ) olmuşdur. Poeziyasında əsasən vətənpərvərlik və ictimai mövzuların üstünlük təşkil etdiyi Aşıq Hazıranın öz həmkarları və davamçıları arasında böyük nüfuzu var idi, onu ustad - Amkari sənətkarlar birliyinin rəhbəri - ustabaşı adlandırırdılar. Yetirmələri Gürcüstanın şəhər və kəndlərini gəzərək öz müəllimlərinin mahnılarını yayırdılar, o cümlədən, "Qalx, Kraliça Tamar, Gürcüstan sənin üçün ağlayır”, “Sübh harda açılırsa, qalx, işlə, sən!” və s. uyğun misralarını oxuyur, bununla da onun əsərlərinin emosional təsirini gücləndirirdilər. Aşıq Haziranın yaradıcılığında əlyazması hazırda Gürcüstan Milli Arxivinin Qafqaz senzura komitəsi fondunda qorunub saxlanılan “ ყაჩაღი ქიარიმა ”- “Qaçaq Kərəm” pyesi (Fond, 480/1/978) xüsusi yer tutur. Dörd pərdəli, üç şəkilli əsərdə Kərəm zəhmətkeşlərin mənafeyini çar məmurlarından, yerli bəylərdən mərdliklə qoruyan milli qəhrəman, bütün xalqlara insancıl münasibət bəsləyən mübariz olaraq vəsf edilir. Senzor da bu əsərin səhnədə tamaşaya qoyulmasını ona görə mümkünsüz saymışdır ki, “Qaçaq Kərəm pyesdə mərdcəsinə şücaətlər göstərən, özünü həmişə insancıl, təmiz aparan xalq qəhrəmanı olaraq tanıtılır”. (Fond, 480/1/699: 184; Məmmədli, 2022, s.72) Gürcü dilində bir-birindən gözəl, oynaq bayatıların, gəraylıların, qoşmaların, təcnislərin müəllifi olan Aşıq Hazira Qaçaq Kərəmi gürcü oxucularına Azərbaycan xalqının milli qəhrəmanı kimi təqdim etməklə yanaşı, onu həm də başqa xalqlara humanist münasibət bəsləyən bir beynəlmiləlçi kimi xarakterizə etmişdir. Aşıq Haziranın “Qaçaq Kərəm”- “ ყაჩაღი ქიარიმა ” pyesi ilə mətbuat arasında (“Droeba” qəzetinin 1885-ci ildə çap olunmuş № 150-ci sayında dərc olunmuş məqalə ilə - M.Ç.) paralellərə diqqət yetirən professor Şurəddin Məmmədli yazır ki, “Müxbir Soliko Dilcanda, Ağstafadan 25 verst aralı Karvansaray və Tərsaçay stansiyaları arasında tanığı olduğu bir əhvalatı, Kərəmin yolla gəlib gedənləri bir yerə toplayaraq, haqq ədalət divanı qurmasını, hamıyla mərdanə rəftar etməsini yerli yataqlı qələmə almışdır. Öz əsərinin birinci pərdəsini bu müxbir məktubu əsasında yazan Aşıq Hazira qocaların, qadınların və uşaqların əlindən qaçaq yoldaşlarının aldıqları zinət şeylərini Kərəmin geri qaytarması epizodunu önə çəkmişdir.” (Məmmədli, 2022, s.70) “Droeba” qəzeti 1885-ci ildə çap olunmuş 191-ci sayında bildirmişdir ki, Kərəm onun adından istifadə edən bir neçə adamı yaxalamışdır. Hazira da əsərinin ikinci pərdəsində Kərəmin öz fırıldaqçı adaşını tapmasını qeyd etmişdi. Gürcü ədəbiyyatında Azərbaycan qaçaqçılıq hərəkatı haqqında belə çox əsərlərin yaranması yuxarıda da qeyd etdiyimiz kimi, gürcü xalqının bu hərəkata olan böyük marağından irəli gəlirdi. Onu da qeyd edək ki, Qaçaq Kərəm gürcülər arasınada həm də İosif Stalinin (Soso Cuqaşvili) həyatını xilas edən adam kimi tanınmış və məşhur olmuşdur. İ.Stalinin ilk siyasi həbsi 1902-ci ildə Batumidə kütləvi iğtişaşlar zamanı baş vermiş, 1902-ci il aprelin 5-də onu həbsxanaya salmışlar. Burada da onun dinc durmadığını görən rəsmilər onun başqa həbsxanaya köçürülməsinə qərar vermişlər. Soso Cuqaşvili Gəncəyə “yatab” gedəcəyini öyrəndikdə, o, sevdiyi parolla, “Pəncərədən daş gəlir” mahnısını ifa edərək daş bükülmüş kağız vasitəsilə dustaqlara ötürüb, bu barədə yerli qaçaqlara məlumat verilməsini istəmişdir. Bu məktub qaçaqlara və onlar içində daha nüfuzlu və güclü olan Qaçaq Kərəmə çatmışdır. Kərəm Tiflisdən Gəncəyə bir vaqon dustaq, bir vaqon da pul gündərildiyi haqda XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 97 el arasında Qaçaq Gülsüm adı ilə məşhur olan Qaçaq Süleymana məlumat gündərmişdir. Qaçaq Süleyman bu məlumatı alan kimi Gürcüstanla əlaqəyə girmişdir. Ona məlumat verirlər ki, “yatab” gətirən qatarda külli miqdarda pul və siyasi baxışlarına gürə həbs edilən dustaqlar var. Qatar Gəncə yolunda olanda Qaçaq Süleyman Kərəmin ona başa saldığı plan üzrə hərəkətə keçir. İlk olaraq qatara öz adamlarını yerləşdirə bilən qaçaqlar boş ərazidə maşinisti öldürüb, qatarı dayandırırlar. Əməliyyat uğurla başa çatır. Dustaqlar azad edilir, pullar götürülür. Soso Cuqaşvili də biləndə ki, qaçaqlar kəndlilərin haqqı uğrunda mübarizə aparır, o da Süleymanın dəstəsinə qoşulmuş, 7 ay bu dəstədə olmuş, bir xeyli əməliyyatlarda da iştirak etmişdir. Onun qorxmaz igid olduğunu eşidən Kərəm ona xəncər və tapança hədiyyə gündərmişdir. Beləliklə də, Qaçaq Kərəmlə Soso arasında dostluq yaranmışdır. Bir müddət sonra Qaçaq Kərəm İosif Stalinı Təbrizə dəvət etmiş, 2 ay onu öz yanında saxlamışdır. Qaçaq Kərəmin xalq arasında dildən-dilə gəzən qəhrəmanlıq hekayələri xırda çinovniklərdən tutmuş, pristava qədər bütün çar məmurlarını qorxuya salır. Çarizim onu aradan götürmək üçün min bir fitnə, fəsadlara əl atsa da istədiyinə nail ola bilmir. Qazax qəza rəisi İosif Qançeli, Gəncə qubernatoru Nakaşıdze, Polis dəstəsinin rəisi Hüseynbəy İsrafilbəyov, Ağstafa pristavı Aleksandr Yüzbaşov, Dağıstan süvari alayının komandiri Arçil Cavzavadze, kazak dəstələri və yerli satqınlarla birləşərək dəfələrlə Kərəmi tutmağa və öldürməyə cəhd güstərsələr də bu mümkün olmamışdır. Qaçaq Kərəm əvvəl Kazımxan hərəkatına, sonra isə Səttarxan hərəkatına dəstək olmuş, Azərbaycan və gürcü dillərini mükəmməl bilən Qaçaq Kərəm 21 avqust 1896-cı ildə sarayda İran şahı Müzəffərəddin Mirzəyə qarşı terrorun qarşısını aldığına görə Rusiya imperatoru onun həyatını bağışlamış, amma imperiya ərazisinə gəlişinə qadağa qoymuşdur. İranda yaşamağa məcbur olan və öz doğma yurdu Azərbaycanla daima əlaqə saxlayan Qaçaq Kərəm 1910-cu ildə öz əcəli ilə Cənubi Azərbaycanda dünyasını dəyişmişir. O, öz əcəli ilə dünyasını dəyişən yeganə qaçaq olmuşdur. (kulis.az, 2022) Gürcü yazarlardan Anton Purtseladze də 1885-ci ildə Kərəmin qaçaqçılıq fəaliyyətindən bəhs edən dörd pərdəli “Qaçaq Kərəm” adlı musiqili səhnə əsəri - “Qaçaq Kərəm” operası yazmışdır. (Rüstəmzadə, 1998, s.117-120) Qaçaq Kərəmin haqqında XIX əsrin II yarısında və XX əsrin əvvəllərində yaşayıb-yaratmış gürcü ədiblərindən Aleksandre Kazbeqi, Aşıq Hazira, İvane Mçedlişvili, Qomeli və başqalarının Qaçaq Kərəm haqqında bədii əsərləri Azərbaycan el şairləri Göycəli Məhəmmədin, Poladlı Qul Vəlinin, Qazaxlı Qəmli Hüseynin dastanlarıyla, şeirləriylə tipoloji səsləşmədədir. (Məmmədli, 2022, s. 69) El sənətkarları da öz nəğmələrində, dastanlarında mərd, şücaətli qəhrəmanı vəsf ediblər, el şairləri onunla bağlı yüzlərlə şeirlər, nəğmələr qoşublar. Gürcü müəlliflərindən İlya Xoneli “Qaçaq Kərəm”, Denis Kozlovski “Qaçaq Kərəm”, polkovnik V.Kazaçkovski “Qafqaz qaçaqları” sərlövhəli oçerklər yazmışlar. Həmçinin, Georgi Tumanişvili, Georgi Amilaxviri, jurnalist Soliko və başqaları Azərbaycanın xalq qəhrəmanlarına, qaçaqlıq hərəkatının liderlərinə, o cümlədən də, Qaçaq Kərəmə bir sıra bədii və publisistik əsərlər həsr etmişlər. Nəticə Göründüyü kimi, XIX əsrin sonu və XX əsrin əvvəllərində gürcü dramaturgiyasında Azərbaycan mövzusunun başlıca yer tutduğunu, gürcü dramaturqlarının yaradıcılığında, onların bir sıra əsərlərində qaçaqçılıq mövzusunun xüsusilə geniş planda işıqlandırılmassının və onların bu mövzuya daha tez-tez müraciət etmələrinin şahidi oluruq. Azərbaycanlı qaçaqların mərdliyi, igidliyi ədəbiyyat üçün gözəl mövzu olub. Bu da aydındır; çünki burada çar Rusiyasına qarşı mübarizə var idi. Gürcü yazıçıları bu mövzunu qabartmaqla, əslində gürcü xalqını da mövcud mütləqiyyətə qarşı öz sözünü deməyə səsləyirdi. Bu da maraqlıdır ki, gürcü yazılı ədəbiyyatından fərqli olaraq, Azərbaycan yazılı ədəbiyyatında, istər milli poeziyada, nəsrdə, istərsə də milli dramaturgiyada bu mövzu o qədər də geniş əksini tapmayıb. Bizcə, buna səbəb, o zaman Azərbaycanda mətbəələrin demək olar ki, olmaması, XX əsrin əvvəllərində isə senzuranın buna imkan verməməsi olmuşdur. Buna görə də qaçaqçılıq mövzusu daha çox dastanlarımızda öz əksini tapmış və şifahi təfəkkürdə yaşamışdır. Gürcü yazıçılarının Azərbaycan mövzusuna müraciət etmələrinin isə bir sıra səbəbləri var idi. Birincisi, Azərbaycan və Gürcüstan arasında ictimai-iqtisadi əlaqələrin genişlənməsi gürcü yazıçılarının Azərbaycana marağını artırır, onları Azərbaycandan bəhs edən əsərlər yazmağa həvəsləndirirdi. İkincisi, bəzi gürcü yazıçılarının Bakıda yaşaması, şəhərin qaynar həyatı ilə təmasda olmaları onların fəhlə mövzusunda əsərlər yazmalarına səbəb olurdu. Eyni vəziyyət Azərbaycan kəndindən yazılan əsərlərə də aid idi. Yəni bəzi gürcü ədiblərinin Azərbaycan kəndləri ilə yaxınlığı və bu kəndlərdə yaşamaları kəndə dair əsərlərin yaranması üçün zəmin yaradırdı. Üçüncüsü, Tiflisdə və ümumiyyətlə, Gürcüstanda xeyli Azərbaycanlı yaşayırdı, Azərbaycan dili burada nüfuzlu dil idi və bu dilə bələdlik Azərbaycan mövzusunda əsərlərin yazılması üçün mühüm amillərdən biri idi. Elə buna görə də, gürcü yazıçılarının Azərbaycan mövzusuna müraciət etmələri sonralar da davam etmiş, Azərbaycan-gürcü ədəbi əlqaələri daha da zənginləşmişdir. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 98 Ədəbiyyat 1. Bayat, Füzuli. Qaçaq folkloru sosial-iqtisadi və siyasi-mədəni kontekstdə. Bakı, Elm və təhsil, 2019, 304 səh. 2. Bayramov, Adilxan. Hüseyn bəy Mirzəcamalov (Mədəniyyət tariximizdən). “Mədəniyyət” qəzeti, 2012, 28 sentyabr, s. 12. // Bayramov, A. Sənət məbədləri, sənət fədailəri. Bakı, 2015. 3. Borçalı (Çobanov), Müşfiq. Bu dostluğun yaşı çox... (Azərbaycan-gürcü ədəbi əlaqələri), Bakı, 1996, Tbilisi, “Universali”, 2014; Bakı, “Borçalı”, 2015, 280 səh. 4. Gürcü ədəbiyyatı tarixi, Tbilisi, 1969: s. 347. 5. Gürcüstan Milli Arxivi 480/1/978. 6. Gürcüstan Milli Əlyazmalar Mərkəzinin arxivi, 204 7. Hacıyev, Abbas. Seçilmiş əsərləri. Bakı: Borçalı, 2001, 378 s. 8. Hacıyev, Abbas. Tiflis Azərbaycan teatrı, Bakı, 1984. 158 s. 9. Hacıyev, Abbas. Tiflis ədəbi mühiti, Bakı: Yazıçı, 1980, 184 s. 10. Həsənova, Firəngiz. Azərbaycan ədəbiyyatında Qaçaq Kərəm obrazı, Filologiya üzrə fəlsəfə doktoru elmi dərəcəsi almaq üçün təqdim olunmuş dissertasiyanın avtoreferatı, Bakı, 2016, 26 səh. 11. kulis.az. 05.01.2022. Qaçaq Kərəm Kərəm kim idi?... (Ən yaxın dostu ilə düşmən oldu, Stalinin həyatını xilas etdi, Maksim Qorki onun haqqında yazdı...) - https://kulis.az/xeber/media/en-yaxin-dostu-iledusmen-oldu-stalinin-heyatini-xilas-etdi-maksim-qorki-onun-haqqinda-yazdi-qacaq-kerem-kim-idi-40590 12. Qaqoşidze, Şota. Azad Sözün Qığılcımları (19-cu əsr gürcü əlyazmalarının nəşri tarixindən), Tbilisi Dövlət Universiteti, 1978, 386 s., s.228 // გაგოშიძე, შოთა. თავისუფალი სიიყვის ნაპერწკლები (XIX საუკუნის ქართული ხელნაწერი პრესის ისტორიიდან). თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი, 1978, 386 გვ., გვ. 228 13. Qorki, Maksim. “Razboi na Kavkaze”, Nijeqorodskiy listok, 8 noyabr 1896, N:.309, 314, 324, 325, 327 14. Mçedlişvili, İvane. http://www.nplg.gov.ge/ilia/ka/00007735/ 15. Mçedlişvili, İosif. https://qwelly.com/group/es_sainteresoa/forum/topics/ioseb-mchedlishvili; http://www.nplg.gov.ge/bios/ka/00001746/ 16. Mçedlişvili, Vano.http://www.nplg.gov.ge/bios/ka/00009015/ 17. Məmmədli, Qulam. Azərbaycan teatrının salnaməsi. Bakı, 1975. 18. Məmmədli, Şurəddin. Azərbaycan ədəbiyyatı gürcü mətbuatında (1850-1905). Ankara: Sonçağ Akademi, 2022. 150 s. Kitaba əlavələr. Səh.107-136 19. Məmmədova, Nazilə. “Koroğlu”nun motivlərı “Qaçaq Kərəm” və “Qaçaq Nəbı” dastanlarında. // Azərbaycan şifahi xalq ədəbiyyatına dair tədqiqlər (otuz üçüncü kitab), Bakı, “Nurlan”, 2010, 158 ., s. 73-74. 20. Mişiyev, Adil. Azərbaycan yazıçıları və Tiflis ədəbi-ictimai mühiti. Tbilisi, 1987, 304 s. 21. Rüstəmzadə, Rüstəm. Azərbaycan tarixi qəhrəmanlıq dastanları. Bakı: 1998, s.117-120. 22. Sarıyeva, İradə. Dastan yaradıcılığı dövlətçiliyimizin və milli tariximizin tərənnümçüsü kimi... Bakıxəbər, 20.012017, https://www.baki-xeber.com/medeniyyet/56778.html 23. Şərif, Əziz. Keçmiş günlərdən, Atam və mən. Bakı, Yazıçı, 1998. 614 səh. 24. Talıbzadə, Kamal. Qorki və Azərbaycan. Bakı, 1959, s. 71-72. 25. Vəliyev, H. Azərbaycan folkloru və ədəbiyyatı gürcü mənbələrində (Monoqrafiya). B., 1984 26. Yeni gürcü ədəbiyyatı tarixi. (Prof.D.Bamezardaşvilinin redaktəsi ilə) Tbilisi Dövlət Universiteti nəşriyyatı, 1972, 456 səh. (ახალი ქართული ლიტერატურის ისტორია პროფ. დ. ბამეზარდაშვილის რედაქციით. თგილისი, თბილისის უნივერსიტეტის ბგამომცემლობა, 1972, 456 გვერდი.) 27. Yurdsevər, Almaz. Xalq qəhrəmanı Qaçaq Kərəm haqqında dəyərli mənbə. 525-ci qəzet, 20.02.2015-ci il. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 99 THE FORMATION OF THE CONCEPT OF POLITICAL CORRECTNESS AND THE EVOLUTION OF ITS CONTENT Inna Robertovna Sargsyan Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor Professor of the Department of Russian Language and Professional Communication Institute of Philology and Intercultural Communication Russian-Armenian University ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ КОНЦЕПТА ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ КОРРЕКТНОСТИ И ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ ЕГО СОДЕРЖАНИЯ Саркисян Инна Робертовна Доктор педагогических наук, профессор Профессор кафедры русского языка и профессиональной коммуникации Институт филологии и межкультурной коммуникации Российско-Армянский университет Abstract The article is devoted to the study of political correctness as a socio-cultural and linguistic phenomenon. The historical prerequisites for the emergence of political correctness in the United States, its formation and impact on other countries, including Russia, are considered. Special attention is paid to linguistic means of expressing political correctness, in particular euphemisms, and their role in the formation of a correct social language. Cultural differences in the perception of political correctness, the impact on communication norms, value orientations and intercultural interaction are analyzed. The positive and negative consequences of using politically correct language are discussed. The article is based on the work of Russian and foreign researchers and demonstrates how political correctness acts as a tool for social regulation and politeness in communication. Аннотация Статья посвящена исследованию политической корректности как социокультурного и лингвистического явления. Рассматриваются исторические предпосылки возникновения политкорректности в США, её становление и влияние на другие страны, включая Россию. Особое внимание уделено языковым средствам выражения политкорректности, в частности эвфемизмам, и их роли в формировании корректного социального языка. Анализируются культурные различия в восприятии политкорректности, влияние на нормы общения, ценностные ориентиры и межкультурное взаимодействие. Обсуждаются положительные и негативные последствия использования политкорректного языка. Статья основана на работах российских и зарубежных исследователей и демонстрирует, как политкорректность выступает инструментом социальной регуляции и проявления вежливости в коммуникации. Keywords: political correctness, politically correct language, euphemisms, socio-cultural differences, intercultural communication, politeness, discrimination, USA, Russia. Ключевые слова: политическая корректность, политкорректный язык, эвфемизмы, социокультурные различия, межкультурная коммуникация, вежливость, дискриминация, США, Россия. Введение В последние десятилетия значительно возрос интерес исследователей к проблеме языковых средств выражения политической корректности, которая стала объектом многочисленных работ российских и зарубежных авторов. Политическая корректность — масштабное явление современности, затрагивающее различные аспекты общественной жизни: гендерные отношения, взаимодействие расовых и этнических групп, статус людей разного возраста и социального положения. Особого внимания заслуживает лингвистическое измерение данного феномена, подчёркивающее его связь с языком как основным инструментом социальной коммуникации. Политическая корректность как языковое явление направлена на замену единиц, способных задевать человеческое достоинство и ущемлять права индивида, эмоционально нейтральными эвфемизмами. Вторая половина XX века вследствие распространения в англоязычных странах идеологии политкорректности ознаменовалась «эвфемистическим бумом». XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 100 Развитие межкультурных контактов способствует постепенному проникновению политкорректной лексики в русский язык, что обусловливает объективную необходимость её осмысления и адекватного перевода. С этой точки зрения русский язык выступает как язык-реципиент, однако заимствование политкорректных единиц сопровождается не механическим воспроизведением, а переработкой и переосмыслением, что связано с различиями между англоязычной и русской культурными традициями. Несмотря на то, что политкорректность в русском языке пока не играет столь значимой роли, как в английском, некоторые элементы политкорректного дискурса уже твёрдо вошли в современную практику. Интерес к проблематике политкорректности обусловлен также необходимостью сопоставительного анализа её языкового выражения в английской и русской лингвокультурах. Политкорректность как лингвистическое и социальное явление Явление, именуемое политической корректностью, зародилось в 1923 г. и было обусловлено формированием в Германии «франкфуртской школы». Исследовательская деятельность представителей франкфуртской школы опиралась на марксистскую теорию и психоанализ З. Фрейда, что привело к созданию «критической теории» основных компонентов западной культуры. Подвергались критике такие элементы социальной системы, как капитализм, христианские ценности, консервативная идеология, моральные нормы, устоявшиеся традиции, патриархальный уклад, семейные отношения, иерархичность общества, национализм и патриотизм. Значительное влияние на развитие идей франкфуртской школы оказал Г. Маркузе, пропагандировавший концепцию «великого отказа» — отказа от базовых западных принципов, а также революционные преобразования в интересах небелого населения, феминизма и сексуальной свободы [Кагилева 2017: 2]. К основоположникам политкорректности относят также Б. Фриден, которую после издания книги «Женская мистика» стали считать основательницей современного феминистского движения в США. На мировоззрение Б. Фриден заметно повлияли идеи франкфуртской школы, и в её работах прослеживается марксистская сущность политкорректности. Что касается самого термина «политкорректность», то он возник в США в 1970-е гг. и первоначально использовался преимущественно в критическом отношении к марксистской идеологии. Современное же значение термин получил в 1990-е гг., когда стал соотноситься с понятием «inclusive language», основанным на гипотезе Э. Сепира и Б. Уорфа о зависимости восприятия мира от языковых категорий. Распространение идеи политкорректности За последние три десятилетия идея политической корректности приобрела в США широкое распространение и вышла за рамки национального контекста, распространившись в другие страны как важный компонент культурной и общественной жизни, а также как лингвистический феномен. Пиком её активного внедрения стала последняя треть XX в., когда высшее образование стало доступнее для женщин и представителей небелого населения, что повлекло изменение преподавательского состава американских университетов. В результате многие вузы начали пересматривать учебные программы и вводить новые поведенческие и речевые нормы. В условиях традиционного для США акцента на соблюдении прав человека возникла потребность в таком языке, который мог бы отражать социально-культурные изменения посредством соответствующей лексики. Середину 1970-х гг. XX в. в США называют эпохой «облагораживания» словесных обозначений. В этот период внимание общества было сосредоточено на формировании новой политкорректной терминологии, что способствовало появлению как активных сторонников, так и противников данного явления [Палажченко 2004]. Как отмечает М. Ю. Палажченко, сторонники политкорректности исходили из убеждения, что мировая история нуждается в пересмотре, поскольку написана с позиций «белого мужского большинства». Одновременно предпринимались попытки создания политкорректного языка, который отражал бы интересы притесняемых социальных групп: национальных меньшинств, женщин, людей с физическими или психическими ограничениями, а также представителей сексуальных меньшинств. Политкорректность была направлена на преодоление дискриминации по признакам пола, расы и сексуальной ориентации. Борьба велась как в языковой сфере (путём формирования новой терминологии), так и в политической, что выражалось, в частности, в отмене дискриминационных норм. Важной составляющей политкорректности стала концепция «положительной дискриминации», предполагающая создание специальных поведенческих и речевых кодексов, способствующих обеспечению равноправия рас и полов [Палажченко 2004]. По мнению А. В. Рыбакова, первой группой, в отношении которой была применена политкорректная стратегия, стало афроамериканское население США. В 1960–1970-х гг., на фоне активного XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 101 развития движения за гражданские права, такие обозначения, как black, negro и особенно nigger («черномазый»), стали рассматриваться как оскорбительные. Для нейтрального наименования данной группы было предложено использование термина Afro-Americans (афроамериканцы). Политкорректные номинации постепенно распространились и на другие группы населения — пожилых людей, инвалидов, представителей ЛГБТ-сообщества и др. [Рыбаков 2016: 67]. В то же время политкорректность нередко рассматривается и как средство сокрытия реального положения дел, подмены понятий и маскировки социальных проблем, оказывающее имплицитное воздействие на адресата [Миронина 2014]. Л. Виссон в книге «Русские проблемы в английской речи. Слова и фразы в контексте двух культур» подчёркивает, что распространение политкорректности в США во многом связано с культурной установкой на позитивное мышление, присущее американцам. Для американской культуры характерны оптимизм и доброжелательность; представители этого общества стремятся демонстрировать благополучие и передавать позитивное отношение к жизни через языковые средства. Например, если человек едва не погиб, американец может сказать, что он «пережил жизнеутверждающее испытание» (life-affirming experience). Товары, продающиеся за полцены, не называют «неликвидами», вместо этого употребляют выражение «не самый оптимальный ассортимент» (minor flaws / imperfections / defects). Массовое увольнение персонала обозначается как «оптимизация штатов» (rationalizing of the workforce / downsizing), а отказ в приёме на работу формулируется как «неполное взаимопонимание» между работодателем и соискателем (there was a lack of mutual understanding) [Виссон 2005: 30]. Таким образом, позитивное мышление, формируемое в американской культуре с детства, оказывает прямое влияние на речевое поведение. Американская мать, например, не предупреждает ребёнка словами «Смотри, не упади и не запачкайся», а предпочитает поощрительные выражения: «Развлекайся!» (Have fun); «Ты сможешь!» (You can do it) [Виссон 2005: 30]. Л. Виссон отмечает, что в США популярны книги, в которых герои сталкиваются с различными жизненными трудностями: пребывали в тюрьме, проходили лечение от тяжёлых заболеваний, алкоголизма, наркомании. При этом этих людей представляют публике как героев, а не как жертв; в рамках политкорректности их некорректно называть жертвами, допустимо лишь употребление термина «уцелевшие» (survivors). Автор подчёркивает, что тенденция представлять отрицательные качества в позитивном свете и оправдывать людей, моральные поступки которых вызывают сомнения, связана с крайним стремлением американской культуры к всеобщему равенству. Согласно этой концепции, ни один человек не должен превосходить других, независимо от ценностей, мировоззрения или образа жизни, а задача общества — устранять унижённое положение личности. Для реализации этой идеи сторонники политкорректности создают «свободный от предрассудков» (bias-free) язык и требуют внимательного отношения к речи, чтобы не оскорбить людей, находящихся в уязвимом положении по признакам пола, расы, физического состояния или социальных условий. В соответствии с теорией политкорректности слова не должны ущемлять чувства лиц, отклоняющихся от общепринятой нормы [Виссон 2005: 3941]. Политкорректность в США В результате распространения политкорректности в США произошло определённое искажение представлений о базовых культурных ценностях. Провозглашение всеобщего равенства сопровождалось отказом от традиционных критериев нормальности и нравственности, что, по мнению Виссон, привело к моральной уравниловке и создало почву для вседозволенности. Сегодня использование ряда «неполиткорректных» выражений способно возмутить американцев: даже шутки о людях другой расы, религии, национальной принадлежности или анекдоты о женщинах воспринимаются как оскорбительные. Нарушители норм политкорректности могут столкнуться с юридической ответственностью за ущемление прав человека [Виссон 2005: 43]. В связи с введением терминов политкорректности американцам приходится более ответственно относиться к собственной речи, чтобы не задеть чувства окружающих. В результате мы становимся свидетелями своеобразных явлений в сфере лингвистики. Терминология политкорректности, ставшая особенно популярной с 1990-х гг., оказала значительное влияние на язык и привела к самоцензуре в СМИ. Сегодня иностранец, посетивший США, обязан соблюдать лингвистические нормы, продиктованные политкорректностью, чтобы невзначай не оскорбить граждан и не прослыть реакционером. Приведём несколько примеров. Американцы, как правило, не используют буквальные эквиваленты слов «родина — мать» (motherland) или «отечество», «отчизна» (fatherland). Слово homeland стало широко употребляться после терактов 11 сентября 2001 г., в основном в словосочетании XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 102 homeland security. Американцы называют свою страну my country, а выражения my native country, my native land употребляют лишь в патриотических произведениях. В отличие от русских, американцы не говорят «как у нас», а используют контекстуальные варианты: in our city, in our country, in our house. Будучи индивидуалистами, они скажут in my country, а не in our country [Виссон 2005: 41]. Если речь идёт о конкретной стране, русское выражение «у нас» лучше переводить как in Russia, поскольку частое употребление in my/our country может быть воспринято как шовинизм. Американцы избегают выражений "они", "мы", которые могут усилить чувство отчуждённости у иммигрантов и затруднить их приобщение к английскому языку. Иностранцы же, находясь в США, могут использовать in this country («в этой стране»): в английском языке это выражение носит нейтральный характер, тогда как в русском оно зачастую имеет негативную окраску. В США отсутствует концепт «национальности» в русском понимании. Жители считают себя американцами. Nationality в английском языке обозначает гражданство, а национальность соответствует понятию ethnicity. Если американец интересуется происхождением человека, он спрашивает: Where are your parents/grandparents/folks from? или Where are they from originally? — вопросы, одновременно подразумевающие: «где родились ваши родители — в США или за границей?»; либо What is your ethnic background? («Какое у вас этническое происхождение?»). Корректными ответами будут: My background is Russian, I'm of Russian origin/background, My parents came from Russia или We're RussianAmericans [Виссон 2005: 42]. Политкорректность и вежливость: теоретическая интерпретация Согласно Оксфордскому руководству по британской и американской культуре, политическая корректность стремится к исключению действий, отношений и форм языкового выражения, предполагающих предубеждённость и способных обидеть людей в зависимости от их возраста, пола, расовой принадлежности или физического состояния [Oxford guide to British and American culture 2005: 367]. Иными словами, политкорректный язык тесно связан с понятием вежливости. Вежливость можно определить как принцип социального взаимодействия, основанный на уважении к личности партнёра. Следование этому принципу предполагает определённые ограничения в поведении членов общества: они обязаны учитывать интересы других людей, считаться с их мнением, чувствами и желаниями. Цель соблюдения принципа вежливости — обеспечение эффективности взаимодействия людей через поддержание социального равновесия и дружественных отношений [Грайс 1985: 245]. Дж. Лич отмечает, что вежливость отражает не только точку зрения на социальное взаимодействие, идентифицируемую с уважением, но и предполагает «усилия» участников коммуникации, направленные на успешность взаимодействия. Важную роль играет также эвфемизация социальнонегативных моментов во избежание коммуникативных неудач [Leech 1983: 245-248]. Национальная специфика восприятия политкорректности: Россия vs Запад Следует подчеркнуть, что разные народы имеют разные представления о политкорректности. Так, в России, в отличие от западных стран, понятие политкорректности менее развито, а темы, связанные с сексуальными проблемами и тяжёлыми заболеваниями, считаются неполиткорректными [Жельвис 2011: 51]. Вместе с тем, в России, как и в США, наблюдается эвфемизация ряда слов, особенно в СМИ. Например, вместо «бедные» используется выражение «простые люди», а вместо «сократить расходы на социальные нужды» — «пойти на непопулярные меры». Как отмечает М.Ю. Палажченко, различия в нормах языковой вежливости объясняются различием культур. Американская и английская культуры являются индивидуалистскими, тогда как русская культура носит коллективистский характер, где преобладает воля большинства. Поскольку политкорректность сосредоточена на защите интересов меньшинства, она получила широкое распространение именно в индивидуалистских западных культурах. Кроме того, в русском языке, в отличие от английского, существует грамматическая категория рода, позволяющая решать проблемы сексизма на языковом уровне. Политкорректность в исследованиях российских учёных В работах российских ученых политкорректность рассматривается в различных аспектах: социокультурном (Ю.Л. Гуманова), культурологическом (М.Ю. Палажченко, А.В. Остроух) и лингвистическом (С.Г. Тер-Минасова). Ю.Л. Гуманова, рассматривая политкорректность в социокультурном аспекте, пишет, что «политическая корректность» в качестве общественного движения выступает проявлением американской политической культуры и отражает характерные для неё особенности, что свидетельствует о жизнеспособности этого движения в США [Гуманова 1999]. По мнению исследовательницы, трудно предположить, что движение за «политическую корректность» могло бы возникнуть в XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 103 России, поскольку обстоятельства, определяющие специфику американской истории, не имеют аналогов в российской истории. Хотя в России имелись эпизоды, связанные с выступлениями за эмансипацию женщин, они не находили поддержки ни со стороны широкой общественности, ни со стороны основных политических сил [Гуманова 1999]. И.Г. Остроух рассматривает политкорректность как инструмент языковой политики, направленный на предотвращение недовольства отдельных групп населения и поддержание социальной стабильности. Она определяет политкорректность как искусство писать на уязвимые темы, сочетая стремление сохранить содержание текста и при этом не оскорбить собеседника, принадлежащего к определённой социальной категории или являющегося представителем меньшинства [Остроух 2003: 273]. При этом отношение к политкорректности в разных странах неодинаково: в некоторых случаях её критикуют как форму цензуры и ограничения свободы выражения мнений. Вместе с тем соблюдение политкорректности способствует снижению социальной напряжённости и изменению ценностных ориентиров, личностных и групповых установок людей. Большинство определений политкорректности как лингвистического явления акцентируют внимание на стремлении избежать оскорблений и дискриминации отдельных групп населения. По мнению Л.В. Цуриковой, политкорректность выступает как поведенческий и языковой феномен, отражающий стремление преодолеть существующую и осознаваемую обществом дискриминацию [Цурикова 2001: 94]. Например, в английском языке наблюдается тенденция ухода от проявлений расизма, при этом запрет на употребление определённых языковых знаков во многом обусловлен историей общества. Согласно Н.Г. Комлеву, политкорректность демонстрирует либеральную направленность политики США и проявляется не столько в содержании, сколько в попытках корректировки языкового кода и символических образов. При этом «речь декодируется знаками антирасизма, экологизма, терпимого отношения к национальным и сексуальным меньшинствам» [Комлев 1999: 273]. С.Г. Тер-Минасова отмечает, что «политическая корректность языка выражается в русском языке в стремлении найти новые способы языкового выражения взамен тех, которые задевают чувства и достоинство индивидуума, ущемляют его человеческие права привычной языковой бестактностью и/или прямолинейностью в отношении расовой и половой принадлежности, возраста, состояния здоровья, социального статуса, внешнего вида и т.п.» [Тер-Минасова 2000: 216]. По мнению З.С. Трофимовой, возникновение политической корректности связано с идеей культурного плюрализма и необходимостью пропорционального представления произведений литературы и искусства, включая произведения авторов из числа меньшинств [Трофимова 1993: 227]. С точки зрения А.Ю. Палкина, политкорректность является синкретическим, культурно-поведенческим и языковым явлением, распространение которого оказывает значительное влияние на языковые нормы современного английского языка. К наиболее характерным средствам выражения политкорректности автор относит эвфемизмы [Палкин 2007: 140]. А. Вильданова полагает, что если первоначально политкорректность можно было считать проявлением позитивной вежливости, то стандартизированность образцов политкорректной лексики в современных условиях позволяет рассматривать её как форму негативной вежливости. Эвфемизмы, связанные с политкорректностью, в отличие от традиционных эвфемизмов, являются не искренним, а формальным проявлением симпатии, этикетным образцом общения [Вильданова 2008]. Категориальные признаки политкорректности и лексические оппозиции В качестве языковой категории политкорректность обладает следующими категориальными признаками: а) интегральный признак – коннотативные значения единиц языка корректны по отношению к имущественному и возрастному статусу, а также половой, расовой и этнической принадлежности; б) дифференциальный признак – коннотативные значения единицы языка исключают указанные виды дискриминации. На основании этих признаков выделяются оппозиции, где одна единица языка считается политически корректной, а другая – политически некорректной, несмотря на одинаковые денотативные значения. Примеры таких оппозиций: Native American – Indian, Asian – Oriental, African-American – Negro, senior – old, low-income – poor. Коннотативные различия в этих парах определяют их политическую корректность. В ходе анализа концепта политической корректности и её эволюции можно сделать ряд важных выводов. Политкорректность является сложным и многомерным феноменом, объединяющим культурно-поведенческие, социокультурные и лингвистические аспекты. Она возникла в контексте специфических исторических, социальных и культурных условий США и получила развитие как инструмент обеспечения социальной гармонии, защиты прав меньшинств и предотвращения дискриминации. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 104 Исторический анализ показывает, что политкорректность имеет глубокие корни в философских и социокультурных идеях XX века, начиная с «Франкфуртской школы» и идей марксистской критики западной культуры, через феминистские движения и активизацию борьбы за гражданские права. Влияние этих процессов на формирование языковой практики стало ключевым фактором распространения эвфемизмов и новой терминологии, направленной на смягчение социальной напряжённости и уважение индивидуального достоинства. Языковой аспект политкорректности проявляется в стремлении к эвфемизации, корректировке речевых кодов и созданию «biasfree» языка. Это отражает не только заботу о чувствах отдельных групп, но и культуру вежливости, позитивного мышления и социальной ответственности. В то же время американская практика политкорректности демонстрирует сложность и противоречивость явления: она способствует социальной гармонизации, но одновременно может приводить к моральной уравниловке и самоцензуре, искажать культурные ценности, формируя новые стандарты поведения и речи. Сравнительный анализ показывает, что в русском языке политкорректность менее развита, а её функции ограничены определёнными сферами — СМИ и официальными коммуникациями. Культурные различия между индивидуалистическими западными странами и коллективистской Россией обусловливают различия в восприятии и применении политкорректности, включая возможности языковой корректировки, грамматические ресурсы и социальные установки. Итоговые выводы о феномене политкорректности Современные исследования российских и зарубежных учёных позволяют рассматривать политкорректность как синкретическое явление, включающее социально-поведенческую, культурную и языковую составляющие. Она не только формирует новые нормы коммуникации, но и отражает идеологические, культурные и моральные ориентиры общества, обеспечивая баланс между свободой выражения и уважением к личности. Таким образом, политкорректность является важным индикатором культурного развития общества и языковой политики. Её изучение позволяет понять механизмы взаимодействия языка и социума, показать взаимосвязь между культурными ценностями, социальной этикой и средствами коммуникации. Эволюция политкорректности демонстрирует, как язык может становиться инструментом социальной справедливости и одновременно предметом культурной дискуссии, что делает дальнейшие исследования этой темы актуальными и необходимыми для лингвистики, культурологии и социологии. References 1. Grice G. P. Logic and speech communication // New in foreign linguistics. Issue 16: Linguistic Pragmatics. Moscow: Nauka, 1985. pp. 245-260 [Опубликовано на русском языке]. 2. Gumanova Yu. L. 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USA. 13-14.11.2025 111 At the initial stage, a complex of sensors will be launched, including a laser rangefinder (LiDAR) that continuously scans the environment. LiDAR forms a cloud of points, each of which represents the coordinate of the object located in the scanning area. This data is sent in real time to the SLAM algorithm, which is implemented on the ROS platform. Visually, in the rviz environment (See Photo. 1), the LiDAR data is expressed as a dense set of points corresponding to the detected obstacles, walls, objects and other elements of the landscape. This ensures the robot's first perception of the environment. Then the process of simultaneously blocking and creating a map (Slam) begins, during which: - the initial route of the robot takes place in a space without a preloaded map; - based on the collected data, a 2D model (map) of the environment is created; - the current position and direction of the robot are clarified (x, y, θ). Thus, the robot works in research mode and subsequently creates a basic map of the area necessary for navigation and decision-making. Second stage: setting the target point and planning the route using 2D Nav Goal (See Figure 2). Figure 2. After the initial mapping and isolation stage is completed, the next step is to set the target movement point of the robot. This is done using the 2D Nav Goal tool built into the RViz visualization interface. Figure 2 shows the interaction of the operator with the robot: the user determines the destination point and direction of the robot by displaying coordinates with the mouse on the map. Visually, it is displayed as a purple arrow indicating the direction of movement and the end point of the route. The 2D Nav Goal tool plays a key role in organizing the autonomous movement of the robot: 1.Definition of target coordinates: a point is given on the map to which the Robot should be directed. 2.trajectory planning: based on the previously drawn map and identified obstacles, a safe and optimal route is calculated. 3.interactive control: flexible interaction of the operator with the system is ensured, including the ability to urgently redirect the robot or set a new goal in a changing environment. Advantages of using 2D Nav Goal and ROS interaction - Flexibility and urgency: the operator can give a new task at any time or change the current trajectory without the need for reprogramming. - Integration with AI algorithms: 2D Nav Goal can be supplemented with neural network modules that automatically select Target points based on visual analysis, thermal data or signals from other robots. - Compatibility with ROS navigation planners: interaction with modules such as move_base or Nav2 Planner allows you to take into account dynamic obstacles and adjust the adaptive route. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 112 - Visual feedback: RViz visually displays the selected target, route, current location of the robot and a map of the changing environment. Thus, the use of 2D Nav Goal, linked to Slam algorithms and sensor data from LiDAR, significantly expands the capabilities of the autonomous system: from manual control to fully automatic adaptive navigation in real time. Third stage: navigation and dynamic map construction (See Figure 3). Figure 3. At the final stage, the robot begins to perform movement along a pre-formed trajectory. The main task of this stage is to realize constant real-time navigation with simultaneous refinement of the map of the environment based on continuous sensory perception. During movement, the following main components of the system are involved: - The LiDAR sensor continuously scans the environment by detecting new objects and obstacles in the range. This ensures a stable supply of relevant spatial data. - The SLAM algorithm (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) processes the resulting point clouds, dynamically updates the terrain map and adjusts the current coordinates of the robot. Thus, high positioning accuracy is ensured even in the conditions of a changing environment. - The ROS navigation system analyzes the built map and in automatic mode selects the optimal path by bypassing obstacles and adapting to changes in the route. In Figure 3, we can observe a gradual refinement of the map in the rviz interface: - the green and gray areas represent the areas studied; - black / dark areas show obstacles; - white areas-empty space or non-scanned areas. Final results of the navigation period 1. autonomous perception and localization: The robot receives and processes spatial data in real time, forms a map and accurately determines its current state in relation to the environment. 2. intelligent route planning: The system based on AI and SLAM effectively calculates a safe trajectory, taking into account all detected obstacles, and also performs its dynamic correction when the situation changes. 3. reaching the target point: The robot successfully achieves the goal set by the operator with high accuracy, which indicates the ability to autonomous control and adapt in conditions of uncertainty. This stage indicates a completed cycle of interaction of the components of the AI from sensory perception to adaptive movement. This architecture allows the mobile robot to perform missions in conditions close to real emergencies, which confirms the effectiveness of integration into a single intelligent platform - SLAM, ROS and LiDAR. Results of the navigation period: XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 113 1. map formation and localization: Based on the data obtained from Lidar sensors, the robot performs the creation of a map of the environment in real time and determines its position with high accuracy. This ensures stable orientation in space and reliable navigation. 2. successful planning and achievement of goals: The intelligent control system forms the optimal course, taking into account the identified obstacles and the constantly updated map. The robot successfully reaches a given target point, demonstrating adaptability and autonomy when performing navigation tasks in a changing environment. Algorithm for the operation of the intelligent navigation system of the mobile robot: The operation of a mobile robot based on the integration of artificial intelligence, sensor systems and autonomous control modules in the RoS environment will be carried out in stages: 1. System initialization: - Launch of the robotic platform. - Launch and calibrate LiDAR sensors for initial scanning of the environment. - Initialization of the SLAM module for map creation and localization. - Customize rOS software components to receive and process sensor data. 2. Scan and create a map: - LiDAR performs circular browsing by collecting distance data to surrounding objects. - SLAM algorithms form a two-dimensional (or three-dimensional) map of the terrain and determine the current position of the robot, taking into account the dynamic environment. - Detected obstacles are labeled and stored in the local navigation model. 3. Target point task: - The operator determines the target coordinate and direction of movement using the 2D Nav Goal tool using the rviz interface. - The robot fixes the vector of movement, determines the initial and final parameters of the route. - The road is calculated taking into account the current state of the map and possible obstacles. 4. Real-time navigation and adaptation: - The robot begins autonomous movement towards the set point. - LiDAR sensors continue to collect data by capturing changes in the environment. - The SLAM algorithm updates the map and localization, and the RoS navigation module quickly adapts the route by avoiding collisions and optimizing traffic. 5. Monitoring and operator management: - All information (MAP, sensor data, robot position, route) is displayed in real time in RViz. - The operator can make adjustments to the target point or current trajectory if necessary. You can activate manual control or emergency stop mode. Conclusion The integration of artificial intelligence technologies with mobile robotic platforms based on the RoS architecture opens up new opportunities for prompt and effective response in emergency situations. Developed autonomous systems demonstrate a high degree of adaptability, positioning accuracy and stability when performing logistics, transport and rescue tasks in a complex and dynamically changing environment. The use of the ROS modular structure, sensor systems (LiDAR, camera), simulators (Gazebo) and imaging tools (RViz) allows you to create scalable and flexible customizable smart solutions capable of learning, self-orientation and navigation in the face of uncertainty. SLAM algorithms, along with machine learning methods and technical vision systems, provide offline map creation, object recognition, and safe route selection in real time. At the same time, such important scientific and technical tasks as ensuring stable communication between robots, expanding energy autonomy, limited visibility and improving performance in conditions of extreme environmental factors remain open. In the future, the main direction will be the development of multi-agent intelligent systems capable of joint learning, distributed decision-making and coordinated execution of tasks in specific operational scenarios. References 1. Quigley, M., i dr. "ROS: operasionaia sistema s otkrytym ishodnym kodom dlä robotov." ICRA Workshop on Open Source Software (2009). https://www.ros.org/ 2. Burgard, W., i dr. "Razrabotka mobilnoi robotizirovannoi sistemy RoboCup." IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation 18.5 (2002): 799-809. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 114 3. Thrun, S., i dr. "Odnovremennaia lokalizasia i postroenie karty s ispölzovaniem razrejennyh filtrov rasşirennoi informasii." The International Journal of Robotics Research 23.7-8 (2004): 693-716. 4. Yousif, M., i F. Karray. "Obzor navigasii avtonomnyh robotov s ispölzovaniem ROS." International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications 8.10 (2017): 408-414. 5. Mellinger, D., i dr. "Generasia traektori i upravlenie dlä tochnyh agresivnyh manevrov s kvadrokopterami." IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (2012). 6. Borenstein, J., i dr. "Vektornoe pole gistogrammy — bystryi metod izbegania prepätstvi dlä mobilnyh robotov." IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation 7.3 (1991): 278-288. 7. Siegwart, R., i I. Nourbakhsh. "Vvedenie v avtonomnyh robotov." MIT Press (2004). 8. O'Kane, J., i dr. "Kartirovanie i avtonomnaia navigasia mobilnyh robotov v neizvedannyh usloviah." Springer Handbook of Robotics (2008). 9. Besuchet, E., i F. Karray. "Mobilnaia robotizirovannaia sistema na osnove ROS dlä navigasii v pomeşenii s ispölzovaniem LiDAR." Journal of Robotics (2016). 10. Mahon, B., i S. Gupta. "Simuläsia avtonomnyh robotov s pomöşü Gazebo." Springer Handbook of Robotics (2016). XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 115 LINGUISTICALLY ADAPTIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS A TOOL FOR SCALING INTERNATIONAL SALES OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES Yeskendirova Damilya Ruslankyzy 4th-year Bachelor’s student in Foreign Philology Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Abstract International sales have traditionally been constrained by linguistic and cultural barriers that prevent small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) from reaching global markets. Although English is often considered the lingua franca of business, fewer than one-fifth of the world’s population speaks it fluently. Consequently more than a third of companies report that language barriers limit their ability to enter new markets or engage customers abroad. This article investigates how linguistically adaptive artificial intelligence (AI) technologies can help SMEs overcome those barriers and scale internationally. Drawing on data from European SME surveys, global language-technology reports and recent research on digital maturity within Italian SMEs, the article synthesizes the state of adoption of AI-powered translation and localization tools. A conceptual framework is proposed for implementing adaptive AI in the sales funnel, and empirical metrics are presented in three tables. Results show that European SMEs adopting AI experienced rapid adoption growth (85 % increase since January 2023), reported productivity gains in 90 % of cases and observed a 75 % improvement in customer interactions. The paper concludes that linguistically adaptive AI not only levels the playing field with larger corporations but also offers a sustainable path for SMEs to participate in global commerce. Recommendations include investing in domain-specific translation models, improving cross-lingual data quality and establishing ethical standards for multilingual AI systems. Keywords: small and medium-sized enterprises; artificial intelligence; language adaptation; machine translation; international sales; multilingual business; digital maturity; generative AI; linguistically adaptive systems; global commerce. Introduction Small and medium-sized enterprises play a disproportionately large role in the global economy. According to the European Commission and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), SMEs account for roughly 90 % of all businesses and around half of worldwide gross domestic product. Despite their economic significance, SMEs frequently encounter barriers when attempting to expand beyond domestic borders. Chief among these are linguistic and cultural differences. A recent global survey of 780 business leaders commissioned by DeepL revealed that fewer than 20 % of people speak English fluently and that more than one-third of organizations struggle to realize their full potential because of language and communication barriers. Thirty-five percent of firms report difficulties expanding into new markets, 32 % struggle to engage customers abroad and 24 % suffer from breakdowns in internal communication. At the same time, digital technologies are transforming the ways SMEs operate. The adoption of AI technologies within European SMEs grew by 85 % between January 2023 and early 2025, with two-thirds of SMEs now using AI tools. The same study found that 90 % of European AI adopters experienced productivity improvements and 75 % observed changes in how customers interacted with them. Adoption rates vary by region; in the United Kingdom and the United States, roughly 60 % and 64 % of SMEs have incorporated AI respectively, whereas adoption in France lags at 35 %. Many SMEs also believe AI helps them compete against larger firms: 59 % of French SMEs think AI levels the playing field. To harness these opportunities, SMEs must integrate AI systems capable of adapting to multiple languages and cultural contexts. Linguistically adaptive AI combines natural-language processing, machine translation, speech recognition and cultural intelligence to produce contextually appropriate interactions in many languages. While large enterprises have embraced such systems, SMEs often lack the resources and expertise to implement them. This article examines the current state of language-adaptation AI in SMEs, evaluates its impact on international sales and proposes a framework to facilitate adoption. Literary review Academic and industry literature on AI adoption by SMEs is growing rapidly. The European Union defines SMEs as enterprises with fewer than 250 employees and less than €50 million in annual turnover; micro-enterprises have fewer than 10 employees and a turnover below €2 million. Proietti and Magnani (2025) surveyed 36 Italian SMEs across 14 industries and found that none could be classified as digitally mature and most had only limited knowledge of AI. Only 13.9 % of respondents used AI to support their processes and XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 116 just 11 % were familiar with generative AI technologies. More than 70 % of firms had never experimented with generative AI and over half admitted they did not understand how AI could help them. Major barriers identified included high costs, lack of expertise and uncertainty about benefits. Language barriers have long been recognized as inhibitors to international trade. DeepL’s 2025 report highlights that 35 % of companies struggle to expand into new markets because of language limitations and that 32 % find it difficult to engage foreign customers. Seventy-five percent of international shoppers prefer to purchase products in their native language, and 59 % of non-English speaking consumers seldom buy from English-only websites. Moreover, 55 % of workers lose up to two hours per day due to poor communication. Because of these inefficiencies, 72 % of executives plan to integrate AI into their operations in 2025, with a quarter specifically seeking translation solutions. Adoption of AI translation tools by SMEs is also influenced by the maturity of digital infrastructure. In Proietti and Magnani’s study, only 16.7 % of SMEs abstained from using Excel for basic business functions and roughly 14 % lacked a website. Just half used social media regularly and fewer than 14 % leveraged advanced technologies like the Internet of Things or robotics. These findings underscore the digital divide between SMEs and large corporations. Nevertheless, interest in generative AI is rising because such tools can automate tasks that occupy 60-70 % of employees’ time. Industry reports corroborate these trends. Sage’s digital-newsroom report notes that AI adoption among European SMEs increased by 85 % from 2023 to early 2025, with the United Kingdom and United States leading adoption and France lagging. The report emphasizes that AI enhances productivity and customer interactions, enabling SMEs to compete effectively. DeepL’s survey underscores the urgency of localization: only one-fifth of the global population speaks English fluently, yet global commerce depends on multilingual engagement. Together, these studies highlight the opportunity for linguistically adaptive AI to unlock new markets and improve sales for SMEs. However, existing literature focuses mainly on barriers and rarely proposes concrete frameworks for implementing adaptive AI. This article fills that gap by synthesizing empirical data and outlining a structured approach. Materials and Methods This work employs a mixed-methods approach combining secondary data synthesis with conceptual framework development. First, quantitative data on AI adoption, language barriers and digital maturity were extracted from reputable sources including the Sage Group, DeepL, academic preprints and industry surveys. These data were organized into three tables summarizing adoption metrics, language barrier impacts and digital-maturity indicators. Second, a qualitative analysis was conducted to interpret these metrics in the context of international sales. Relevant scholarly literature was reviewed to identify best practices in machine translation, domain-specific language models and cross-cultural communication. Finally, a conceptual framework for linguistically adaptive AI in SMEs was developed. The framework maps the processes required to collect multilingual sales data, apply AI-driven translation and localization, integrate the outputs into sales channels and evaluate outcomes. While this study does not conduct new experiments, it synthesizes empirical evidence and theoretical insights to provide actionable guidance. Results and Discussion Table 1. AI adoption and benefits in European SMEs Metric Value Interpretation Growth in AI adoption among European SMEs (Jan 2023–Feb 2025) 85 % increase Indicates rapid acceleration in AI uptake among SMEs, showing that digital tools are becoming mainstream even for smaller firms. SMEs reporting productivity improvement from AI 90 % of adopters Suggests that efficiency gains are tangible and widely recognized by businesses. SMEs noting improved customer interactions 75 % of adopters Highlights that AI enhances customer engagement, an essential factor in international sales. SMEs that have adopted AI tools ≈ 66 % overall; 60 % in UK, 64 % in US, 35 % in France Demonstrates regional disparities; adoption is strongest in Anglophone countries and weaker in France, implying cultural or regulatory differences. SMEs believing AI levels the playing field with larger firms 59 % (France) Signals that smaller firms see AI as a way to compete globally despite limited resources. The data in Table 1 underscore a remarkable transformation underway in the European SME landscape. An 85 % surge in adoption between January 2023 and February 2025 signifies not merely incremental growth but an exponential shift in how small businesses operate. Historically, SMEs have lagged behind larger corporations in technology adoption because of capital constraints, limited technical expertise and risk aversion. The acceleration reported by Sage suggests that AI has reached a tipping point: once peripheral, it is now perceived as a necessity for competitiveness. The productivity gains reported by 90 % of adopters corroborate this perception, offering empirical evidence that investments in AI yield clear returns. These gains likely stem from XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 117 automation of routine tasks (e.g., data entry, translation or inventory management) and improved decision-making facilitated by data analytics and machine learning. The finding that 75 % of SMEs experience improved customer interactions illustrates how AI contributes not only to internal efficiency but also to market engagement. For firms expanding internationally, the ability to provide timely, contextually relevant responses in multiple languages can determine whether a sale is closed or a prospect is lost. AI-powered chatbots, recommendation engines and translation tools can deliver personalized experiences at scale. The regional variation in adoption rates—60 % in the UK, 64 % in the US and 35 % in France—invites reflection on socio-economic and regulatory factors. Anglophone countries may benefit from larger domestic markets and a cultural predisposition toward early technology adoption, whereas French businesses may face stronger regulatory constraints or linguistic self-sufficiency that delays adoption. Finally, the perception that AI levels the playing field suggests that SMEs view technology as a counterbalance to the advantages enjoyed by larger corporations, such as economies of scale and global brand recognition. For micro-enterprises, the democratization of sophisticated tools—once affordable only to multinationals—offers a path to internationalization. However, this optimism must be tempered by awareness of barriers such as data quality, cultural nuance and the need for skilled personnel. SMEs that adopt AI without adequate training or strategic planning risk implementing tools that fail to deliver promised benefits. Therefore, a structured framework for adoption, discussed later in this paper, is crucial. Table 2. Impact of language barriers on business expansion Barrier / Observation Metric (percentage) Implications Global population fluent in English < 20 % Demonstrates that English-only strategies exclude the majority of potential customers. Organizations hindered from reaching potential due to language barriers > 33 % Language gaps directly impede strategic growth and revenue. Companies struggling to expand into new markets 35 % Indicates that one in three businesses cannot internationalize effectively without multilingual capabilities. Firms finding it difficult to engage foreign customers 32 % Highlights customer-relationship challenges in cross-border contexts. Breakdown in internal communication due to language barriers 24 % Shows that language issues hinder not only external sales but also internal processes. International shoppers preferring to buy in their native language 75 % Suggests that localization is essential for conversion; generic English content will deter most customers. Non-English speakers who rarely purchase from English-only websites 59 % Illustrates potential revenue loss if websites are not localized. Workers losing up to two hours per day because of poor communication 55 % Quantifies productivity losses caused by language confusion; time lost translates to financial cost. Executives planning to integrate AI by 2025 72 % Reveals high readiness for AI adoption; shows managerial appetite for technological solutions. Executives specifically seeking AI for translation tasks 25 % Indicates that specialized language tools are in strong demand. The statistics presented in Table 2 reveal that language barriers are not a trivial inconvenience but a systemic constraint on global business. That fewer than one fifth of the world’s population speaks English well is striking given that English is often assumed to be the default language of commerce. Relying exclusively on English excludes billions of potential consumers and partners. The fact that over one third of surveyed organizations feel they cannot reach their full potential because of linguistic and cultural barriers underscores the tangible economic cost of monolingualism. The inability of 35 % of companies to expand internationally and the difficulty of 32 % in engaging foreign customers indicate that the sales funnel breaks down when communication fails. This problem is not limited to external transactions: 24 % of firms report internal breakdowns, implying that multilingual staff and clear workflows are essential even within diverse teams. Perhaps the most persuasive data for SMEs concerns consumer preferences: 75 % of international shoppers want to buy in their own language and 59 % of non-English speakers rarely patronize English-only sites. These figures quantify the opportunity cost of neglecting localization and demonstrate that translation and cultural adaptation directly affect conversion rates. The productivity loss of two hours per day for 55 % of workers further underscores how miscommunication drains resources. Executives appear to recognise these stakes: 72 % plan to deploy AI solutions by 2025, and one quarter specifically aims to use AI for translation. Such intent signals that leadership is preparing to invest in language technology. However, effective adoption requires strategic planning. Machine translation models must be trained on domain-specific corpora to avoid mistranslations, and culturally sensitive content must complement literal translation. For SMEs, off-the-shelf translation services may suffice initially, but long-term success depends on integrating adaptive AI into product design, marketing and customer support. Policy makers should XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 118 also consider providing subsidies or shared platforms to ensure that micro-enterprises can access high-quality language tools. Overall, Table 2 demonstrates that overcoming linguistic barriers is central to unlocking global opportunities for SMEs. Table 3. Digital maturity and generative AI adoption in Italian SMEs Indicator Value Interpretation SMEs classified as high digital maturity 0 % None of the surveyed Italian SMEs achieved high digital maturity, reflecting a significant readiness gap. SMEs not using Excel for business functions 16.7 % Basic digital tools like spreadsheets are ubiquitous; fewer than one in six SMEs abstain from them. SMEs without a website ≈ 14 % Online presence remains incomplete; a website is the minimum requirement for global visibility. SMEs with regular social-media use ≈ 50 % Only half of SMEs actively use social media, limiting their ability to engage digitally with customers. SMEs using advanced technologies (IoT, robotics, AR/VR) Small minority Adoption of cutting-edge technology is extremely low, reflecting limited resources or awareness. SMEs leveraging AI to support processes 13.9 % AI usage is nascent; most SMEs remain hesitant or unconvinced of its utility. SMEs familiar with and regularly using generative AI 11 % Shows early engagement with generative models, though the percentage is low. SMEs that have never used generative AI > 70 % Reflects a cautious or uninformed stance on emerging AI technologies. Respondents lacking understanding of how AI can help their processes > 50 % Indicates that education and capacity building are needed before adoption can succeed. Perceived positive effects of AI adoption Cost reduction and competitiveness Managers see AI as a way to reduce costs and enhance competitiveness. Perceived negative effects of AI adoption Loss of humanity, reduction in revenue/employment (~22 %) Concerns about dehumanization and job loss persist, highlighting the need for human-centred design. Main barriers to AI adoption High cost, lack of expertise Cost perception and skill shortages deter adoption. The digital-maturity indicators in Table 3 depict a landscape where Italian SMEs remain firmly at the early stages of digital transformation. The absence of any enterprise classified as highly digitally mature suggests that foundational investments in infrastructure, skills and organizational change are urgently needed. The near-ubiquity of spreadsheet tools (with only 16.7 % not using Excel) and the availability of websites for most enterprises highlight that basic digital literacy is present. However, these tools rarely translate into advanced capabilities: fewer than 14 % use cutting-edge technologies such as IoT or robotics and only 13.9 % deploy AI for business processes. Generative AI, despite its recent prominence, is used regularly by only 11 % of SMEs, while over 70 % have never experimented with it. These figures reflect a combination of financial constraints, lack of awareness and uncertainty about benefits. More than half of respondents do not understand how AI can support their processes, revealing a knowledge gap that must be addressed through targeted training and advisory programmes. At the same time, there is a recognition that AI can reduce costs and enhance competitiveness. This duality—optimism about AI’s potential coupled with fear of job loss and dehumanization—underscores the importance of human-centred design. AI should augment rather than replace human expertise, especially in linguistically and culturally sensitive contexts. Perceived barriers such as high costs and lack of expertise further suggest that policy interventions (e.g., subsidies, shared platforms, training initiatives) could accelerate adoption. For SMEs aiming to expand internationally, bridging the digital-maturity gap is prerequisite to leveraging linguistically adaptive AI. Figure 1 shows a diagram illustrating the conceptual framework for implementing linguistically adaptive AI in SMEs. It shows the flow from data collection through AI processing to sales and evaluation results. XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 119 Figure 1 - Conceptual framework for implementing linguistically adaptive AI in SMEs Data flow from multilingual data collection to preprocessing, domain-specific model fine-tuning, CRM and e-commerce integration, multilingual content generation, cross-market interactions, and feedback metrics with a continuous improvement loop. This cyclical model emphasizes continuous improvement: feedback collected from global interactions feeds back into data preprocessing and model tuning. Such a loop enables SMEs to iteratively enhance translation accuracy, cultural appropriateness and sales effectiveness. Conclusion Artificial intelligence offers a transformative pathway for SMEs seeking to expand beyond national borders. The evidence assembled here demonstrates that AI adoption among European SMEs has accelerated dramatically and yields measurable benefits in productivity and customer engagement. At the same time, pervasive language barriers continue to limit international sales opportunities. Linguistically adaptive AI tools— spanning machine translation, speech recognition and culturally sensitive content generation—can bridge this gap. However, their effectiveness depends on the digital maturity of SMEs, the quality of domain specific data and an understanding of local consumer preferences. Thus, based on the above, one can conclude that integrating linguistically adaptive AI into SME sales processes not only improves operational efficiency but also unlocks access to diverse customer segments. For XXII international scientific conference. Philadelphia. USA. 13-14.11.2025 120 policy makers and support institutions, the findings highlight the need for targeted subsidies, training programmes and shared resources to enable SMEs to adopt AI responsibly. For researchers, the results suggest rich opportunities for developing adaptive translation models tailored to specific industries, languages and cultural contexts. Finally, for practitioners, the study underscores the importance of continuous improvement: success in international markets requires not a one-time translation effort but an ongoing, feedback driven adaptation process. Building on these findings, three priorities emerge for SMEs that aim to operationalize linguistically adaptive AI at scale. First, implementation should be workflow-first, not tool-first: start from the points in the international funnel where language friction blocks revenue, such as high-traffic landing pages, product detail pages, checkout prompts, help center articles and first-line chat. Second, measure commercial lift with clear indicators that leadership understands, including visit-to-lead conversion, add-to-cart rate, checkout completion, first-contact resolution, average handle time and customer satisfaction. Third, pair automation with human quality control wherever wording has legal, safety or reputational consequences. Data quality is the decisive factor. SMEs need compact but curated linguistic assets that travel across teams and markets: domain glossaries, style guides, examples of resolved escalations and bilingual knowledge base articles. Treat these assets as living datasets that are versioned and audited. A small corpus with high signal typically outperforms a large uncurated dump. Where regulated claims or warranties are involved, human reviewers retain final authority while AI accelerates drafting and consistency. Organizational readiness determines durability of results. Staff should learn prompt hygiene, the disciplined use of terminology and tone controls, and fast feedback annotation during customer interactions. Lightweight governance can be practical for SMEs: name owners for data, risk and brand, define red-flag categories that always escalate to humans, and schedule short audits that verify accuracy, privacy and cultural suitability. Risk management can coexist with speed. Vendors should be assessed for data residency options, transparent model update policies and the ability to export glossaries and fine-tuning artifacts so the capability remains portable. Privacy controls must align with customer contracts and jurisdictional rules. Cultural sensitivity reviews should precede deployment in new markets, especially where idioms or imagery may misfire. Strategic payoff goes beyond translation. Once multilingual content and conversations are captured in a structured way, firms can analyze country-level demand, compare message resonance by segment and adapt packaging, pricing and inventory using real signals rather than assumptions. In this sense, linguistically adaptive AI becomes a demand discovery instrument that narrows the gap between SME agility and enterprisegrade scale. Managerial implications. SMEs should 1) prioritize the highest revenue blockers, 2) invest in small but curated datasets, 3) instrument every step of the funnel, 4) keep humans in the loop for high-risk content and 5) use public support where available through training vouchers, shared glossaries and advisory programs. Integrating linguistically adaptive AI into sales and service is a high-leverage move that raises international reach, compresses time-to-response and converts more intent into revenue when executed with curated data, human oversight and metric discipline. Firms that treat language as a first-class operational system, rather than an afterthought, will be the ones that translate technical capability into durable competitive advantage. References 1. Michael O. Maximising the Potentials of Small and Medium Scale Business Enterprises in Developing Nations Through the Use of Artificial Intelligence: AI Adoption by SMEs in the Developing Nations //The Future of Small Business in Industry 5.0. – IGI Global Scientific Publishing, 2025. – С. 215246. https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/maximising-the-potentials-of-small-and-medium-scale-businessenterprises-in-developing-nations-through-the-use-of-artificial-intelligence/366173 2. Hinrix F. et al. AI Applications for Small & Medium Sized Enterprises. – 2024. https://www.buildingmarkets.org/s/AI-Applications-EN-cover.pdf 3. Sage Group. The AI Revolution: Accelerating SME Adoption. Digital Newsroom. 10.02.2025. URL: https://www.sage.com/en-gb/company/digital-newsroom/2025/02/10/the-ai-revolution-acceleratingsmes/ 4. DeepL. Breaking language barriers: how AI is transforming global communication. DeepL Blog. 13.03.2025. URL: https://www.deepl.com/en/blog/language-ai-report-findings 5. Proietti S., Magnani R. Assessing AI Adoption and Digitalization in SMEs: A Framework for Implementation. arXiv, 2025. arXiv:2501.08184. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.08184 6. Kikani D., Ramchandani S.M. The Impact of AI Chatbots on Customer Service: Efficiency vs. Human Touch. International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation. 2025. Vol. 10, No. 3. URL: https://www.ijrti.org/papers/IJRTI2503134.pdf