RESEARCH IN THE CLASSROOM: APPROACH TO GEOTECHNOLOGIES APPLIED TO AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
Abstract
A obra Pesquisa em Sala de Aula: Abordagem às Geotecnologias Aplicadas às Ciências Agrárias , de autoria de Cassiane Jrayj de Melo, constitui uma produção técnico-científica inovadora que articula, de forma consistente, fundamentos pedagógicos, metodologias ativas e aplicações práticas das geotecnologias no contexto das ciências agrárias. O livro resulta diretamente de projetos de pesquisa, ensino e extensão coordenados pela Profª Drª Cassiane Jrayj de Melo , no âmbito da UNIGAIA – Grupo de Ações Interdisciplinares Aplicadas da Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), grupo de pesquisa certificado pela instituição e cadastrado no Diretório dos Grupos de Pesquisa do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), consolidando-se como uma expressão qualificada de liderança acadêmica e integração entre formação de recursos humanos e produção científica aplicada. A gênese da obra está vinculada ao desenvolvimento da metodologia de pesquisa ativa em sala de aula, aplicada no Componente Curricular Complementar de Graduação (CCCG) intitulado “Geotecnologias Aplicadas à Elaboração de Laudos Agrícolas e Perícias”, oferecido aos cursos de Medicina Veterinária e Engenharia de Aquicultura da UNIPAMPA, no semestre 2022/02. Nesse contexto, a obra emerge como resultado direto de atividades de ensino articuladas à pesquisa aplicada, envolvendo a orientação de estudantes e a elaboração de trabalhos acadêmicos baseados em problemas reais, o que evidencia seu forte caráter formativo. A estrutura do livro reflete essa proposta pedagógica, sendo composta por capítulos desenvolvidos por grupos de discentes, organizados sob orientação docente, em um processo que valoriza a autonomia intelectual, o trabalho colaborativo e a construção ativa do conhecimento. Cada contribuição apresentada na obra foi submetida à análise rigorosa e aprovação pela comissão editorial do grupo de pesquisa, composta por doutores e mestres, garantindo excelência acadêmica, profundidade analítica e relevância científica. O livro apresenta três estudos principais, que abordam diferentes dimensões do uso de geotecnologias na análise e planejamento de sistemas produtivos rurais, contemplando desde a avaliação de uso e cobertura da terra até a proposição de sistemas sustentáveis integrados de produção. O primeiro estudo analisa a conversão de áreas agrícolas, especificamente a substituição de pomares de citros por pastagens de braquiária em uma propriedade rural no Uruguai, utilizando imagens de satélite LANDSAT e índices de cultivo, como o NDVI, para avaliar o estado das culturas e propor alternativas produtivas. O segundo estudo dedica-se ao mapeamento e dimensionamento de pastagens de inverno para recria de bovinos de corte, empregando técnicas de geoprocessamento e análise espacial para melhorar o uso da terra e implementar sistemas de pastejo rotacionado, evidenciando ganhos produtivos e econômicos. Já o terceiro estudo propõe novos arranjos produtivos sustentáveis em propriedades rurais, integrando piscicultura, sistemas agroflorestais e agricultura sintrópica, com foco na sustentabilidade ambiental, diversificação produtiva e resiliência dos sistemas agrícolas. Do ponto de vista metodológico, a obra fundamenta-se no uso intensivo de geotecnologias, incluindo sensoriamento remoto, geoprocessamento e sistemas de informação geográfica. Foram utilizadas imagens de satélites como LANDSAT 5 e LANDSAT 8, ferramentas como Google Earth e softwares especializados, como o SPRING (INPE), permitindo a análise multitemporal da cobertura do solo, a delimitação de áreas produtivas e o planejamento territorial com base em dados espaciais. A utilização de índices espectrais, modelagem espacial e análise comparativa de cenários reforçam o rigor técnico e científico da obra. A relevância científica e aplicada do livro reside na sua capacidade de demonstração, de forma concreta, como as geotecnologias podem ser utilizadas como ferramentas estratégicas na gestão de propriedades rurais, no monitoramento ambiental e na tomada de decisão. Além disso, a obra contribui para o avanço do conhecimento ao proporcionar soluções inovadoras e sustentáveis para desafios contemporâneos da agricultura, como uso eficiente de recursos naturais, adaptação às mudanças climáticas e diversificação dos sistemas produtivos. Destaca-se, ainda, o papel formativo da obra, ao evidenciar a participação ativa de estudantes como autores, sob orientação docente, promovendo o desenvolvimento de competências essenciais, como pensamento crítico, análise de dados, escrita científica e trabalho em equipe. Conforme exposto na introdução, a pesquisa em sala de aula favorecendo o engajamento discente, a aplicação prática do conhecimento e a formação de profissionais mais preparados para os desafios do mercado e da sociedade. A publicação está vinculada ao grupo editorial internacional OmniScriptum SRL, que conta com editores, equipe técnica e especialistas responsáveis pelos processos editoriais, participando por meio de diferentes selos internacionais, como Novas Edições Acadêmicas, Ediciones Nuestro Conocimiento, Sciencia Script, Our Knowledge Publishing, Editions Notre Savoir, Edizioni Sapienza e Wydawnictwo Nasza Wiedza. Trata-se de uma editora com sede em Str. Armeneasca 28/1, escritório 1, Chisinau, MD-2012, República da Moldávia, o que reforça a internacionalização da produção acadêmica. Mais informações podem ser acessadas em: https://www.nea-edicoes.com/#team Em resumo, a obra configura-se como um produto acadêmico de elevada relevância, que evidencia liderança científica, cooperativa de projetos de pesquisa, integração entre ensino, pesquisa e extensão e formação comprometida de recursos humanos. Ao articular inovação pedagógica e rigor científico, o livro contribui significativamente para o fortalecimento das geotecnologias aplicadas às ciências agrárias e para as construções de práticas educacionais externas à aprendizagem ativa e à produção de conhecimento aplicado.
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1 SUMMARY INTRODUCTION 2 Chapter I - Proposed change of land use in a former citrus area to brachiaria on a farm in Uruguay 5 Chapter II - Mapping and sizing winter pastures for rearing beef cattle 19 Chapter III - In search of new production arrangements on a rural property - fish farming, agroforestry and syntropic agriculture 31 CONCLUSION 47 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES 49
2 INTRODUCTION Using an undergraduate course as a context for classroom research can offer several advantages for both students and teachers. Research in the classroom involves students directly in the process of discovering, analysing and synthesising information. This promotes a form of active learning, in which students become active participants in the construction of knowledge, rather than mere passive recipients of information (Moraes, 1997; Saraiva et al., 2024). By carrying out research in an undergraduate subject, students have the opportunity to develop fundamental research skills, such as formulating research questions, collecting and analysing data, reviewing the literature, academic writing and presenting results. These skills are valuable not only for academia, but also for the labour market and life in general (Silva & Madruga, 2024). Classroom research allows students to apply the theoretical and practical knowledge learnt in the classroom to real-world problems. This helps to solidify concepts and theories, while demonstrating their relevance and applicability in concrete contexts (Galle & Justina, 2024). The opportunity to carry out research in class can increase student engagement, making the course content more meaningful and interesting to them. Students tend to feel more motivated when they have the chance to explore topics of their own interest and actively contribute to the production of knowledge (Galle
3 & Justina, 2024; Moraes, 1997). Research in the classroom encourages students to ask questions, explore new ideas and seek solutions to complex problems. This promotes intellectual curiosity and creativity, essential skills for students' personal and professional development (Galle & Justina, 2024; Moraes, 1997; Saraiva et al., 2024). Research often involves teamwork, which offers students the opportunity to develop collaboration, communication and conflict resolution skills. The ability to work effectively in a team is highly valued in many professional contexts (Andrade et al., 2020). Research carried out in the classroom can result in significant discoveries and contributions to the advancement of knowledge in a given area. Even if research projects are limited in scope, they can still offer valuable insights and open up new directions for future research (Anversa et al., 2018). Therefore, research in the classroom provides an enriching educational experience that benefits both students and teachers, while contributing to the advancement of knowledge in a specific subject. This work is the result of the development of the active research methodology in the classroom in the Complementary Undergraduate Curricular Component (CCCG), Geotechnologies Applied to the Preparation of Agricultural Reports and Expertise for the Veterinary Medicine and Aquaculture Engineering courses at the Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), during the 2022/02 semester. This book is divided into three chapters written by the students enrolled in the
4 course. The aim was to assess the potential for land use on rural properties in Brazil and Uruguay using images from sensors on board satellites, proposing production alternatives according to the area of activity of each working group. The students were divided into three trios, two trios of Veterinary Medicine students and one trio of Aquaculture Engineering students. The research work carried out by each group over the course of the semester is presented below in the form of chapters.
11 Figure 2 shows the Landsat5 satellite images from August 2010. The lime green shades indicate areas of native grassland, the orange areas indicate eucalyptus plantation windbreaks, the dark green shades indicate native forest and, finally, the yellow shades indicate areas planted with citrus plants such as orange trees in 2010. Figure 02. Satellite image from August 2010. Lime green shades indicate areas of native grassland, orange areas indicate eucalyptus plantation windbreaks, dark green indicates native forest and yellow indicates areas planted with citrus plants such as orange trees in 2010. Possible cultivable area and crop proposal 2022 One LANDSAT8 satellite image taken after the citrus grove was removed was analysed in order to assess and propose the change to Brachiaria mavuno
12 cultivation in October 2022. Figure 3 shows the Landsat8 satellite images from October 2022. The areas in orange indicate eucalyptus plantation windbreaks, in dark green they indicate native forest and, finally, in yellow, they indicate areas of native grassland in 2022. Figure 03. Landsat8 satellite image from October 2022. The areas in orange indicate eucalyptus plantation windbreaks, in dark green they indicate native forest and finally, in yellow, they indicate areas of native grassland in 2022. Figure 4 shows images of the Mavuno Hybrid Brachiaria and beef cattle project from the Landsat8 satellite in October 2022. The orange areas indicate eucalyptus plantation windbreaks, the dark green areas indicate native forest, the lime green areas indicate the implementation of BRACHIARIA HYBRID MAVUNO pasture, subdivided into 6 paddocks, and finally, in red, the implementation of a feeding station for the animals in 2022.
13 Figure 04. Landsat 8 satellite image from October 2022. The orange areas indicate eucalyptus plantation windbreaks, the dark green areas indicate native forest, the lime green areas indicate the implementation of BRACHIARIA HYBRID MAVUNO pasture, subdivided into 6 paddocks, and finally, in red, the implementation of a feeding station for the animals in 2022.
14 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS From the above, there is evidence that the farm analysed can implement the cultivation of MAVUNO HYBRID BRACHIARIA for the satisfactory development of calf rearing from 2022 onwards. The property covers 49.6 hectares. The area planted with citrus fruits in the 2010 harvest corresponded to 13.07 hectares, 11.42 hectares of unoccupied native field, 18.97 hectares corresponding to the native area and 6.14 hectares of eucalyptus plantations for windbreaks. In 2022, the area of native forest increased to 19.52 hectares, 1.88 hectares of eucalyptus were maintained, and there was an area of native grassland totalling 28.2 hectares. The proposal for implementing Hybrid Brachiaria Mavuno would be to divide the 28.2 hectares into 6 paddocks and 2 feeding plazas for rearing beef cattle. The paddocks would vary in size from 3.89 to 5 hectares and the feeding areas would be 0.41 and 0.98 hectares.
15 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Alexander, G. (2009). 043-MAPPING THE USE AND OCCUPANCY OF A PROPERTY USING GEOPROCESSING TOOLS - Fábio Ávila Nossack, Célia Regina Lopes Zimback-Fanossack@yahoo. Allen, R. G., Tasumi, M., Morse, A., Trezza, R., Wright, J. L., Bastiaanssen, W., Kramber, W., Lorite, I., & Robison, C. W. (2007). Satellite-Based Energy Balance for Mapping Evapotranspiration with Internalised Calibration (METRIC)-Applications. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 133(4). https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(2007)133:4(395) Almeida, N. C. D. A. D., Santos, R. P., Pacheco, C. S. G. R., Moreira, M. B., Oliveira, L. S. D., Silva, A. F., & Oliveira, L. M. S. R. D. (2024). AGROFORESTRY AND MULTIFUNCTIONALITY IN THE HINTERLAND OF EXU - PERNAMBUCO - BRAZIL: AN EXPERIENCE REPORT ON ORGANIC CULTIVATION. In M. B. Moreira, OrganicBiological Agriculture: Current Challenges and Perspectives (Interdisciplinary Collection) (1o ed, p. 43-59). Editora Científica Digital. https://doi.org/10.37885/231115122 Andrade, F. C. de, Oliveira, A. T. D. C. C. D., & Esquincalha, A. D. C. (2020). What do mathematics degree professors say about their practices and perceptions in Precalculus? Maths Education Research, 22(2), 573-603. Anversa, A. C., Filha, V. A. V. dos S., Silva, E. B. da, & Fedosse, E. (2018). Quality
16 of life and academic daily life: A necessary reflection 1. Cadernos de Terapia Ocupacional da UFSCar, 26(3), 626-631. Carvalho, P. C. D. F., Rocha, L. M. D., Baggio, C., Macari, S., Kunrath, T. R., & Moraes, A. D. (2010). Productive and structural characteristics of mixed oat and ryegrass pastures managed at four heights under continuous stocking. Brazilian Journal of Animal Science, 39(9), 1857–1865. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982010000900001 Carvalho, P. C. D. F., Trindade, J. K. D., Mezzalira, J. C., Poli, C. H. E. C., Nabinger, C., Genro, T. C. M., & Gonda, H. L. (2009). From mouthing to precision grazing: Understanding the plant-animal interface to exploit the multifunctionality of pastures. Brazilian Journal of Animal Science, 38(spe), 109– 122. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982009001300013 Dutra, S. G. (2019). Technical and economic analysis of some citrus production systems [Master's Degree in Plant Science, University of São Paulo]. https://doi.org/10.11606/D.11.2019.tde-20190821-125728 Filho, A. T. S. (2021). EFFECTS OF REUSING FISH FARMING WATER ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CELOSIA PLUMOSA. Galle, L. A. V., & Justina, L. A. D. (2024). Reflections of teachers participating in a training programme: Research as a way of learning and teaching. Journal of Science and Maths Teaching, 15(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.26843/rencima.v15n1a15 Godoy, L. J. G. D., Souto, L. S., Fernandes, D. M., & Villas Bôas, R. L. (2007). Use
17 of the chlorophyll meter in the management of nitrogen fertilisation for maize in succession to Brachiaria decumbens pasture. Ciência Rural, 37(1), 38-44. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782007000100007 Gomide, J. A. (2001). UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PASTURES. Moraes, R. (1997). RESEARCH IN THE CLASSROOM: Mourão, C. (2018). SUSTAINABILITY PLAN FOR THE FRANCISCAN VILLAGE OF FRATERNITY O CAMINHO, CAMPO MOURÃO, PARANÁ. Nave, A., Cavaco, M., & Godinho, J. (2024). Managing adventitious flora to increase functional biodiversity in agroforestry systems. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 317-321 Pages. https://doi.org/10.19084/RCA.35064 Pinheiro, E. J. K. (2014). STUDY OF THE ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIABILITY OF IMPLEMENTING A STORMWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEM IN A MEDIUM STANDARD RESIDENCE (150m2) IN DOURADOS-MS. Ramoelo, A., Cho, M. A., Mathieu, R., Madonsela, S., Van De Kerchove, R., Kaszta, Z., & Wolff, E. (2015). Monitoring grass nutrients and biomass as indicators of rangeland quality and quantity using random forest modelling and WorldView-2 data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 43, 43-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2014.12.010 Rheinheimer, D. S., Santos, E. J. S., Kaminski, J., Bortoluzzi, E. C., & Gatiboni, L. C. (2000). Changes in soil attributes by surface and incorporated liming from natural pasture. Brazilian Journal of Soil Science, 24(4), 797–805. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832000000400012
18 Rosas, I. A. (2019). UNIVERSITY CENTRE OF ANÁPOLIS - UniEVANGÉLICA AGRONOMY COURSE. Saraiva, J., Araujo, J., & Soarés, S. (2024). Teaching LGPD Compliance in Software Development through Active and Learner-Centred Learning. São Paulo. Sátiro, T. M., Maia Zacardi, D., & Barroca De Almeida Neto, O. (2022). Reusing fish farm effluent for fertigation: An environmentally and economically profitable alternative. Bulletin of the Alberto Ribeiro Lamego Environmental Observatory, 16(1), 161–180. https://doi.org/10.19180/21774560.v16n12022p161-180 Silva, C. M. D., & Madruga, Z. E. D. F. (2024). A teacher's narrative about the learning promoted by classroom research in Science Teaching. Temas & Matizes, 17(31), 289-303. https://doi.org/10.48075/rtm.v17i29.32034 Torres, R. de A. (2006). Proceedings of the 3rdo Rio Serrano Milk Festival.
19 Chapter II - Mapping and sizing winter pastures for rearing beef cattle Miguel Ravalha Cortelini Jhulia Melo de Moraes Elise Messa Camargo Cassiane Jrayj de Melo INTRODUCTION Mapping and sizing winter pasture for rearing cattle on a rural property involves several important steps to ensure the health and well-being of the herd, as well as production efficiency (Carvalho et al., 2010; Torres, 2006). The first step is to carry out a survey of the area available on the property that can be used for winter grazing. This involves measuring the extent of the land available and identifying suitable areas for planting pasture (Alexander, 2009; Gomide, 2001). A detailed analysis of the soil is essential to determine its characteristics and nutritional needs. This includes tests for pH, nutrient content and soil texture. Based on the results, corrections such as fertilisation or liming may be necessary to ensure healthy pasture growth (Carvalho et al., 2010; Rheinheimer et al., 2000). Based on the soil conditions, local climate and availability of water resources, the most suitable forage species for winter grazing is chosen. Some common options include oats, ryegrass, white clover and other legumes (Carvalho et al., 2010).
20 The next step is to plan the time and method of sowing the winter pasture. This can vary depending on the region and local climatic conditions. It is important to consider the period of growth of the forage plant and the ideal time to ensure the best establishment of the pasture (Carvalho et al., 2009, 2010). Based on the pasture's carrying capacity and the herd's needs, the area to be used for winter grazing is sized. This involves calculating the amount of forage needed to feed the cattle during the winter period and ensuring that there is enough area to meet this demand (Carvalho et al., 2009). Once the pasture has been established, it is essential to implement appropriate management practices, such as pasture rotation, weed control and forage growth monitoring. This helps to ensure the sustainability of the pasture and maximise food production for cattle (Carvalho et al., 2009, 2010). Over time, it is important to regularly monitor the health and productivity of the pasture, carrying out periodic soil analyses and assessing the growth of the forage. Based on this data, adjustments can be made to pasture management to optimise the system's performance (Ramoelo et al., 2015). Therefore, mapping and sizing winter pasture for rearing beef cattle involves a series of steps, from surveying the available area to continuous pasture management and monitoring. Careful planning and proper execution are essential to ensure herd health and production efficiency (Allen et al., 2007; Carvalho et al., 2009).
27 The winter pasture was chosen because it was more successful in this management, as well as having significant water performance. The animals entered the pasture in the first week of July. When a large supply of pasture was observed, a larger number of animals (47 animals) were initially placed so that they could graze more significantly. In the first rotation, 7 animals were removed to the native grassland and the rest continued in the rotation system (40 animals). A pasture management ruler (EMBRAPA) was used to specify the size of the crop mentioned above (figure 7). Figure 7. Pasture Management Ruler. The rotation was carried out three times until the animals showed a satisfactory body score (figure 8 - b), and they were removed from the pasture weighing 310kg in the third week of October. This earned the owner R$ 370.00 per animal head and a total of R$ 14,800.00.
28 (a) (b) Figure 8: (a) animals when they arrived on the property; (b) animals at the end of the project. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS With the development of this project, it was possible to see how remote sensing tools, in addition to being increasingly inserted in the labour market, can also bring advantages when it comes to associating them with animal management and livestock projects. This makes it easier to observe and implement the best way of development, bringing profit to everyone involved.
29 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Alexander, G. (2009). 043-MAPPING THE USE AND OCCUPANCY OF A PROPERTY USING GEOPROCESSING TOOLS - Fábio Ávila Nossack, Célia Regina Lopes Zimback-Fanossack@yahoo. Allen, R. G., Tasumi, M., Morse, A., Trezza, R., Wright, J. L., Bastiaanssen, W., Kramber, W., Lorite, I., & Robison, C. W. (2007). Satellite-Based Energy Balance for Mapping Evapotranspiration with Internalised Calibration (METRIC)- Applications. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 133(4). https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(2007)133:4(395) Carvalho, P. C. D. F., Rocha, L. M. D., Baggio, C., Macari, S., Kunrath, T. R., & Moraes, A. D. (2010). Productive and structural characteristics of mixed oat and ryegrass pastures managed at four heights under continuous stocking. Brazilian Journal of Animal Science, 39(9), 1857–1865. https://doi.org/10.1590/S151635982010000900001 Carvalho, P. C. D. F., Trindade, J. K. D., Mezzalira, J. C., Poli, C. H. E. C., Nabinger, C., Genro, T. C. M., & Gonda, H. L. (2009). From mouthing to precision grazing: Understanding the plant-animal interface to exploit the multi-functionality of pastures. Brazilian Journal of Animal Science, 38(spe), 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982009001300013 Gomide, J. A. (2001). UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PASTURES. Ramoelo, A., Cho, M. A., Mathieu, R., Madonsela, S., Van De Kerchove, R., Kaszta,
30 Z., & Wolff, E. (2015). Monitoring grass nutrients and biomass as indicators of rangeland quality and quantity using random forest modelling and WorldView-2 data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 43, 43-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2014.12.010 Rheinheimer, D. S., Santos, E. J. S., Kaminski, J., Bortoluzzi, E. C., & Gatiboni, L. C. (2000). Changes in soil attributes by surface and incorporated liming from natural pasture. Brazilian Journal of Soil Science, 24(4), 797–805. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832000000400012 Torres, R. de A. (2006). Proceedings of the 3rdo Rio Serrano Milk Festival.
31 Chapter III - In search of new production arrangements on a rural property - fish farming, agroforestry and syntropic agriculture Rudinei Copceski Jocemar Antonio Toso Luis Claudio Alves Vieira Cassiane Jrayj de Melo INTRODUCTION As we face increasingly complex challenges related to environmental sustainability and food security, the search for new production arrangements on farms is becoming an essential priority. In this context, the integration of practices such as fish farming, agroforestry and syntropic agriculture is emerging as an innovative and promising approach. These techniques not only aim to increase agricultural productivity, but also seek to restore ecosystems, promote biodiversity and ensure the resilience of food production systems. This paper explores the benefits and challenges associated with adopting these integrated practices, highlighting their potential to transform farms into sustainable and regenerative spaces. Reforestation with native trees, fruit trees and other crops in agroforestry systems (SAFs) offers a range of significant benefits and implementation potential. By reintroducing native species into degraded or deforested areas, SAFs help restore
32 local ecosystems and promote plant and animal diversity. Trees in SAFs can contribute to nutrient cycling in the soil, increasing fertility and reducing the need for external inputs. The presence of different species of trees and crops in a SAF can increase the resilience of the agricultural system to climate change, providing greater stability and adaptability. The fruit trees and other crops present in SAFs provide an additional source of food, diversifying agricultural production and increasing food security (Almeida et al., 2024; Nave et al., 2024). SAFs also contribute to providing ecosystem services such as climate regulation, water conservation and pollination, benefiting not only farmers but also society in general. In addition to food production, SAFs can generate income through the sale of wood products, fruit, medicinal products and other non-timber products. Trees in SAFs help protect and improve water quality by reducing soil erosion, filtering pollutants and recharging groundwater. The diversity of species present in SAFs promotes positive ecological interactions, increasing resistance to pests and diseases and reducing the need for pesticides. Reforestation with native species often revives traditional agricultural practices and indigenous knowledge, contributing to the preservation of local culture and the connection between communities and the land. By offering economically viable alternatives to sustainable agriculture, SAFs help discourage deforestation and the conversion of forest areas into agricultural land (Nave et al., 2024; Rosas, 2019). Therefore, agroforestry systems that combine native trees, fruit trees and other crops have enormous potential to promote environmental, social and economic
33 sustainability in rural areas and contribute to a more resilient and equitable future (Almeida et al., 2024; Dutra, 2019). On the other hand, a fish farming system that captures and reuses water offers a number of significant advantages, both from an economic and environmental point of view (Sátiro et al., 2022). Capturing and reusing water in fish farming makes it possible to maximise the use of this scarce resource, reducing the need to capture fresh water and minimising waste. By reusing water, costs related to water collection and treatment are significantly reduced, making fish farming more economical and competitive. Good quality recirculated water favours a more stable and healthy environment for the fish, promoting faster and healthier growth, which can result in higher productivity for the fish farm. Recirculating water in fish farming reduces the discharge of effluents into the environment, minimising water pollution and preserving water quality in local water bodies. Recycled fish farm water can be used to irrigate other agricultural crops on the property, contributing to the diversification of production and increasing the resilience of the agricultural system as a whole (Filho, 2021). The ability to produce fish sustainably and efficiently, together with irrigation of agricultural crops, can contribute to the food security of the farm by providing an additional source of nutritious food (Pinheiro, 2014). By reusing water, the fish farming system reduces pressure on local water resources, especially in areas where water availability is limited or subject to seasonal restrictions (Filho, 2021; Sátiro et al., 2022).
34 The ability to recirculate and reuse water gives the fish farming system greater resilience to extreme weather conditions, such as droughts, by minimising dependence on external water sources. Therefore, a fish farming production system with water harvesting and reuse offers a sustainable and efficient approach to food production, with significant economic, environmental and social benefits (Filho, 2021; Pinheiro, 2014; Sátiro et al., 2022). As such, there is evidence that integrating agroforestry and fish farming on a rural property offers an innovative and highly advantageous approach to sustainable agricultural production. By combining the cultivation of trees, plants and aquatic animals, farmers can reap a range of economic, environmental and social benefits. This paper explores the advantages of these integrated practices, highlighting their potential to promote productive diversification, environmental conservation and sustainable rural development. By adopting agroforestry and fish farming, farmers can not only increase their resilience to variable climatic conditions and volatile markets, but also contribute significantly to protecting natural resources, improving food security and promoting social inclusion in rural communities. Objectives Identifying potential for implementing agroforestry, through reforestation with native trees, fruit trees and other crops; setting up fish farming with production
35 in line with current environmental standards and legislation, capturing and reusing water for use on the property's crops. Justification Society's growing concern with environmental preservation and conservation; the production sector's need for technologies to implement agricultural production systems with an environmental focus; The agroecological sector for the agricultural sector is orientated towards the responsible use of natural resources. METHODOLOGY The boundaries of the rural property were obtained using the Google Earth tool, as well as the delimitation of the polygons and the size of each area earmarked for different production systems. The remote sensing techniques used in this work make it possible to assess the property, the size of the areas and the planning of production systems. In this way, rural producers, funding agencies and/or public management bodies have information that enables more assertive decision-making, control and management of the activities carried out on the property.
36 RESULTS Implementing Fish Farming The fish farm will have 06 ponds for fattening fish, measuring 25x50m; containing individual water inlets and outlets to the settling tank or tailings 01 water reservoir with a capacity of 0.5 ha of water depth, to supply water to the 06 ponds; 01 reservoir for water from the ponds with 1 ha of water depth (Figure 1). Figure 1. Fishpond designs. Production System
43 The combination of agricultural crops and fruit trees in SAFs or syntropic farming systems can result in greater diversification of agricultural products, increasing productivity per unit area. In addition to citrus, other food or interest crops can be grown in the same space, providing an additional source of income for farmers (Nave et al., 2024). Therefore, citrus groves in agroforestry or syntropic farming systems can offer an integrated and sustainable approach to citrus production, taking advantage of the benefits of moderate shading, crop diversity and the positive interaction between the different elements of the farming system. Figure 6 - Example of a citrus orchard in agroforestry.
44 Final considerations As we face increasingly urgent environmental challenges and recognise the finiteness of the planet's resources, the importance of rethinking our agricultural practices becomes clear. Agribusiness, from small farms to large enterprises, is at the epicentre of these discussions. In order to produce more and better, it is essential to look for new production arrangements that are inspired by nature and the synergy between species. In this context, fish farming, agroforestry and syntropic agriculture are emerging as promising solutions. By integrating these practices, we can not only increase productivity, but also regenerate ecosystems, promote biodiversity and ensure the long-term sustainability of food production. Through co-operation between different sectors and the adoption of holistic approaches, we can build an agricultural future that is more resilient, equitable and in harmony with the environment.
45 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Almeida, N. C. D. A. D., Santos, R. P., Pacheco, C. S. G. R., Moreira, M. B., Oliveira, L. S. D., Silva, A. F., & Oliveira, L. M. S. R. D. (2024). AGROFORESTRY AND MULTIFUNCTIONALITY IN THE HINTERLAND OF EXU - PERNAMBUCO - BRAZIL: AN EXPERIENCE REPORT ON ORGANIC CULTIVATION. In M. B. Moreira, Organic-Biological Agriculture: Current Challenges and Perspectives (Interdisciplinary Collection) (1o ed, p. 43-59). Editora Científica Digital. https://doi.org/10.37885/231115122 Dutra, S. G. (2019). Technical and economic analysis of some citrus production systems [Master's Degree in Plant Science, University of São Paulo]. https://doi.org/10.11606/D.11.2019.tde-20190821-125728 Filho, A. T. S. (2021). EFFECTS OF REUSING FISH FARMING WATER ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CELOSIA PLUMOSA. Nave, A., Cavaco, M., & Godinho, J. (2024). Managing adventitious flora to increase functional biodiversity in agroforestry systems. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 317-321 Pages. https://doi.org/10.19084/RCA.35064 Pinheiro, E. J. K. (2014). STUDY OF THE ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIABILITY OF IMPLEMENTING A STORMWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEM IN A MEDIUM STANDARD RESIDENCE (150m2) IN DOURADOS-MS. Rosas, I. A. (2019). UNIVERSITY CENTRE OF ANÁPOLIS - UniEVANGÉLICA AGRONOMY COURSE.
46 Sátiro, T. M., Maia Zacardi, D., & Barroca De Almeida Neto, O. (2022). Reusing fish farm effluent for fertigation: An environmentally and economically profitable alternative. Bulletin of the Alberto Ribeiro Lamego Environmental Observatory, 16(1), 161–180. https://doi.org/10.19180/2177-4560.v16n12022p161-180
47 CONCLUSION By using the active research methodology in the classroom, it was possible to see a series of positive results both in the students' learning process and in the development of skills and competences. There is evidence that the proposed classroom research encouraged students' active participation in the learning process. This resulted in greater motivation, interest and involvement with the content, since the students became the protagonists of their own education. Carrying out research activities in class allows students to develop research skills, such as identifying reliable sources, collecting and analysing data, and synthesising information. This is fundamental not only for academic learning, but also for professional and personal life. The active research methodology also encourages students to think critically and analyse. They are challenged to question, evaluate and interpret information, thus developing cognitive skills that are essential for solving complex problems and making decisions. Research activities in the classroom were carried out in groups, which promoted collaboration and teamwork. The students were encouraged to communicate ideas, share knowledge and solve the challenges of evaluating and proposing production alternatives in their areas of expertise together, crucial skills for the professional and social environment.
48 Research in the classroom allowed students to apply theoretical knowledge to practical situations on a rural property. This makes learning more meaningful and relevant, as students see how what they are learning applies to their personal and professional context. By carrying out research, students are encouraged to explore new ideas, perspectives and solutions to real-world problems. This stimulates innovation and creativity, preparing students to face the challenges of their ever-changing professional world. In this way, it can be seen that the active research methodology in the classroom has led to a series of positive results, including greater student engagement, development of research skills, critical thinking, collaboration, autonomy, practical application of knowledge, innovation and creativity. These results contribute to a richer and more meaningful learning experience, preparing students for academic and professional success.
49 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Andrade, F. C. de, Oliveira, A. T. D. C. C. D., & Esquincalha, A. D. C. (2020). What do mathematics degree professors say about their practices and perceptions in Precalculus? Maths Education Research, 22(2), 573-603. Anversa, A. C., Filha, V. A. V. dos S., Silva, E. B. da, & Fedosse, E. (2018). Quality of life and academic daily life: A necessary reflection 1. Cadernos de Terapia Ocupacional da UFSCar, 26(3), 626-631. Galle, L. A. V., & Justina, L. A. D. (2024). Reflections of teachers participating in a training programme: Research as a way of learning and teaching. Journal of Science and Maths Teaching, 15(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.26843/rencima.v15n1a15 Moraes, R. (1997). RESEARCH IN THE CLASSROOM: Saraiva, J., Araujo, J., & Soarés, S. (2024). Teaching LGPD Compliance in Software Development through Active and Learner-Centred Learning. São Paulo. Silva, C. M. D., & Madruga, Z. E. D. F. (2024). A teacher's narrative about the learning promoted by classroom research in Science Teaching. Temas & Matizes, 17(31), 289-303. https://doi.org/10.48075/rtm.v17i29.32034
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