CONTENT AND HISTORY OF CORRUPTION CRIMES IN THE STATE CIVIL SERVICE

1 THE ROLE OF EDUCATORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION Turkey international open conference 2025 http://innoconferences.iblogger.org/ CONTENT AND HISTORY OF CORRUPTION CRIMES IN THE STATE CIVIL SERVICE Farrukh Anvarovich Atoyev Master's student of the Law Enforcement Academy of the Republic of Uzbekistan Abstract: This article examines the conceptual foundations, historical evolution, and contemporary characteristics of corruption crimes within the state civil service. It explores corruption as a socio-legal phenomenon shaped by political, administrative, and institutional factors, tracing its development from early forms of bribery and patronage in ancient administrative systems to modern, complex manifestations involving abuse of power, conflicts of interest, and illicit enrichment. The article analyzes the legal content of corruption crimes – such as bribery, embezzlement, fraud, influence peddling, and misappropriation of public resources – highlighting how these offenses undermine transparency, accountability, and public trust. Furthermore, it outlines the evolution of anti-corruption mechanisms, including merit-based civil service reforms, integrity standards, international conventions, and institutional oversight measures. Keywords: corruption crimes, state civil service, public administration, historical evolution, abuse of power, conflict of interest In scientific, educational, and socio-publicistic literature, there are various definitions of corruption. The definition of "corrumpere" in Roman law was interpreted in the most general way, as damaging, breaking, destroying, bribery, and meant illegal actions in judicial practice. This concept originated from the combination of the Latin words "corei" - several participants in one of the parties of a mandatory relationship regarding a single subject and "rumpere" - to break, damage, cancel. As a result, an 2 THE ROLE OF EDUCATORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION Turkey international open conference 2025 http://innoconferences.iblogger.org/ independent term was formed, which implied participation in the activities of several (at least two) persons, the purpose of which was to disrupt or damage the normal course of the judicial process or the process of managing the affairs of society. In the UN Reference Document on International Fight against Corruption, the latter is defined as "abuse of state power for personal gain." There are other definitions of this concept. One of the latter is reflected in Article 8 of the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (New York, 2000) [1]. However, it would be incorrect to believe that corruption manifests itself everywhere and always in the same way, that its causes and consequences are the same. National, mental, legal, religious, and ethnic traditions are of decisive importance here. In defining the concept of corruption, the author proceeds from the priority of its normative meaning. Corruption - the illegal use by a person of their official or service position for the purpose of obtaining material or non-material benefits in personal interests or in the interests of other persons, as well as the illegal provision of such benefits [2]. Analysis of this definition allows us to conclude that the legislator did not follow the path of full implementation of the provisions of the anti-corruption conventions of the Council of Europe and the UN ratified by him and did not recognize as corruption the commission of the above-mentioned acts: a) by a natural person in connection with his official position (for example, when temporarily exercising certain public powers - a voter, a witness, a victim); b) for obtaining nonproperty benefits. Often, corruption is a form of one-sided transactions or embezzlement. Historically, in law, different forms of corruption were bribery - obtaining, in violation of the procedure established by law, by a person holding state or public service, any advantages for the commission of lawful actions (inaction) in office, 3 THE ROLE OF EDUCATORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION Turkey international open conference 2025 http://innoconferences.iblogger.org/ and extortion - obtaining by the same person any advantages for the commission of illegal actions (inaction) in office. Thus, the abuse of power, the theft of funds, is as old as wars, epidemics, and prostitution. If there is access to social goods, there is always a temptation to use them for personal gain, as noted by Montesquieu in his famous treatise "On the Spirit of Laws," who wrote: "Any person who has power is inclined to abuse it." The desire to use one's official position in a modern official is no less than that of the ancient Roman bureaucrat. And, as it is not sad to admit, no society has been able to get rid of the side defects of its development. However, this does not mean at all that it is powerless against the worst of its vices. Today, the fate of millions of people depends on the quality of the work of the state apparatus, the competence, integrity, and honesty of its officials. This circumstance justifies the relevance of the relevant topic in ensuring the stable functioning of the state, the state apparatus, and civil society. Even in ancient civilizations, such a phenomenon as corruption was mentioned. The expression of the Macedonian king Philip II that "there is no such high fortress walls through which it would be impossible for a donkey loaded with gold to pass" has reached us today. In the ancient Indian treatise on the art of state governance, "Arthashastra" (BC IV century), it is indicated that one of the king's tasks was to combat treasury theft. The document mentions forty ways to steal treasury property, in connection with which knowledgeable people of that time concluded that it is easier to guess the path of birds in the sky than the tricks of cunning officials. The specific realities of corruption crime and the fight against it have a number of characteristic criminologically unfavorable features. Firstly, the country is experiencing a socio-psychological process of intensive population adaptation to the growing corruption crime. It only leads many to 4 THE ROLE OF EDUCATORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION Turkey international open conference 2025 http://innoconferences.iblogger.org/ indignation when they become victims. Awareness of the everyday nature and widespread prevalence of corruption phenomena in society creates a sense of hopelessness and the futility of combating them. Moreover, a significant number of people perceive the illegal way of solving life's problems as almost normal. Otherwise, we won't survive, they are convinced. Some authorities even take this position directly or indirectly. It is clear to all thinking people that without overcoming the avalanche of corruption growth in the current period, full-fledged reforms in the country are impossible. The serious tasks set by the leadership will not be fulfilled if there is no effective fight against corruption. Thus, the safety of the people from various forms of corruption crime, apparently, is not part of the current policy of the authorities. There can be several reasons: the desire to appear liberal, legal powerlessness, lack of political will, "fear that nothing will come of it," and habituation to corruption phenomena. The last factor is the most understandable and destructive. Getting used to the current situation demoralizes both the people and the government, reducing the ability to counter corruption. Secondly, numerous facts of corruption are being shown and told about in the mass media, and this is causing mass interest among the liberated people. As a result, a corresponding behavioral model gradually takes root in human psychology: to solve any issue, a person is initially ready to pay a certain amount to avoid bureaucratic red tape and red tape. A. I. Herzen wrote to Georg Herweg: "My heart aches seeing what happens around me every day...Homosapiens is just Linney's mischievous invention!" Perhaps that is why the great literature and high art of the past tried to form from homo homini lupus est (man to man - wolf) and homo homini monstrum (man to man - monster) homo novus (new man) and homo sapiens (intelligent man). But in our mad age, they forgot about it. 5 THE ROLE OF EDUCATORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION Turkey international open conference 2025 http://innoconferences.iblogger.org/ Thirdly, the dominant motivation for various types of criminal behavior is utilitarian: greed, various forms of personal gain, power, enrichment through the use of official position. The essence of motivations has not changed since Bible times, but has only become extremely simplified and strengthened. According to French historian Ernest Renan's predictions made more than a hundred years ago, the tendency of the coming era will strive "to replace moral drivers in everything with material ones." In our country, this process has become avalanche-like. Fourthly, the main feature of the modern legislative process is the focus on quantitative indicators, not qualitative ones. The adoption of a large number of regulatory legal acts, in essence, does not have a favorable impact on the legal climate in the country, due to the lack of detailed elaboration of these documents, various corruption-generating factors can be found everywhere, which leads to an even more regrettable situation. Legislative activity is not ensured by serious scientific research, draft laws do not undergo criminological examination (for their criminality), continuous and contradictory changes and additions to legislation, on the basis of which the fight against corruption is carried out, do not have a wellthought-out conceptual approach. Many deputies and other subjects of legislative initiative introduce dozens of draft laws that are not agreed upon with each other. And no attempt is made to integrate them. In this case, one can hardly dispute the words of Cicero - laws must eradicate vices and instill virtues, or the ancient Chinese philosopher Lao-Tzu: "When laws and orders multiply, the number of thieves and bandits increases" (III century BC), and J.-J. Rousseau: "The more you multiply laws, the more despicable you become of them" (XVIII century AD). Therefore, criminal liability is primarily imposed on those who have committed a primitive and obvious act; those who have failed to cover the trail; those who are unable to qualitatively defend themselves; those who are not covered by deputy or other official immunity; those who have no defense at the top, who do not 6 THE ROLE OF EDUCATORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION Turkey international open conference 2025 http://innoconferences.iblogger.org/ understand the presumption of innocence; those who cannot provide bail and be released before the court to cover the trail; those who cannot fabricate or obtain the necessary compromising information for their pursuers, who cannot simply get rid of them, etc. The current practice of combating corruption "choses" only those forms of corruption that are easier to combat: corruption in schools, universities, and medical institutions, corruption on the roads and in the permitting system. We also know that the impunity of latent and unproven acts by the investigation and court is a serious reason for subsequent crime, a significant indicator of society's helplessness. It's not about the severity of punishment, but about its inevitability. In Italy (Sitzerland), confiscation exists in three variants: criminal-legal, administrative-legal, and civil-legal. There, the globally recognized norm of "illegal enrichment" also operates. When the investigation reaches a dead end regarding serious acts, the suspect is asked: where did he get such a large fortune from? No explanation. Confiscation is enabled. Confiscated property is not sold (mafia members buy it through fake individuals), but is transferred for social purposes: to orphanages, nursing homes, and lands for work. On grape and olive plantations, wine and butter are made, the bottles of which are labeled: "Wine is made from grapes grown on lands taken from the mafia." The same applies to olive oil bottles [3]. In the USA, the Federal Regulation of Lobbying Activities Act of 1946 has been in effect, according to which any organization influencing Congress is obliged to register its lobbyists and report on its interests in the legislative sphere. Every lobbyist is obligated to publish a report on their activities in the "Congress Bulletin" every quarter. The importance of this law is explained by the fact that unregulated lobbying in any developed society inevitably leads to the adoption of legislative decisions beneficial to a limited circle of individuals or political groups, and consequently, to corruption in the apparatus of legislative bodies. 7 THE ROLE OF EDUCATORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION Turkey international open conference 2025 http://innoconferences.iblogger.org/ Lobbying, favoritism, protectionism, political contributions, traditions of political leaders and government officials transitioning to the positions of honorary presidents of corporations and private firms, investing commercial structures from the state budget, transferring state property to joint-stock companies, using connections of criminal communities, etc., are veiled forms of corruption [4]. Despite all the advantages of the Law on Combating Corruption, it should be noted that it is advisable to make a number of changes to the text of the law, namely: the very concept of corruption given in the law needs to be adjusted. We propose to add the following signs of corruption to the content of the concept: guilt, illegality, social conditioning, shadow character, socially dangerous consequences; The law on combating corruption contains very few concepts. In our opinion, it makes sense to add definitions of the concepts of "corruption offense," "subjects of corruption offenses," "anti-corruption standards" to Article 1 of the Law. It is advisable to include an article in the text of the law indicating all types of corruption offenses, including corruption administrative offenses; In a separate article, it seems reasonable to establish the content of anticorruption standards, which represent unified guarantees for a separate sphere of legal regulation. In conclusion, it should be noted that the implementation of all the abovementioned measures should be comprehensive, as corruption is a systemic phenomenon, and it is advisable to influence it simultaneously from different fronts, delivering a harsh, massive blow. It is the competent combination of preventive and punitive measures, administrative-legal and criminal-targeted measures that will contribute to achieving the main goal - establishing legal and factual control over such a destructive phenomenon as corruption. List of references 1. UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 2000. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/organized-crime/intro/UNTOC.html 8 THE ROLE OF EDUCATORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION Turkey international open conference 2025 http://innoconferences.iblogger.org/ 2. Закон Республики Узбекистан “О противодействии коррупции”, от 03.01.2017 г. № ЗРУ-419. https://lex.uz/docs/3088013 3. Лунеев В.В. Опыт борьбы с организованной и коррупционной преступностью в Италии. // Организованная преступность, терроризм и коррупция. Криминологический ежеквартальный альманах. 2003. № 1. 4. Лунеев В. В. Преступность ХХ века. Мировые, региональные и российские тенденции. М., 2005.