Navigating the Entrepreneurial Transition of Car Owners into the Car Rental Business: A Multiple Case Study

Copyright © ISRG Publishers. All rights Reserved. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17760268 156 ISRG PUBLISHERS Abbreviated Key Title: Isrg J Econ Bus Manag ISSN: 2584-0916 (Online) Journal homepage: https://isrgpublishers.com/isrgjebm/ Volume – III Issue - VI (November-December) 2025 Frequency: Bimonthly Navigating the Entrepreneurial Transition of Car Owners into the Car Rental Business: A Multiple Case Study John Rowuel M. Palabrica1*, Dr. Joseph Elmer G. Noval2 1 Central Mindanao Colleges Osmeña Drive, Kidapawan City, North Cotabato, Philippines 2 University of the Immaculate Conception Bonifacio St., Davao City, Philippines | Received: 23.11.2025 | Accepted: 27.11.2025 | Published: 29.11.2025 *Corresponding author: John Rowuel M. Palabrica Central Mindanao Colleges Osmeña Drive, Kidapawan City, North Cotabato, Philippines Abstract This qualitative multiple case study aimed to describe the entrepreneurial transition of car owners into the car rental business in Kidapawan City. Five case units involving 15 participants were selected through maximum variation sampling, representing both owner-operators and consignees. Their experiences were explored using in-depth interviews and triangulated with accounts from people close to them. Data were analyzed through thematic and cross-case analysis. Four main themes emerged on their motivations: financial necessity and the strategy to sustain car ownership and earn extra income; opportunity recognition and social encouragement; personal and family-related needs and non-financial goals; and future intentions for business expansion and diversification. Five themes described their challenges and growth: financial burden and sustainability struggles, emotional and mental toll of risk, lifestyle adjustments and sacrifices, experiential learning and entrepreneurial growth, and resilience and adaptive practices sustained by partnerships, faith, and practical problem-solving. The cases were generally similar in using the car rental business as a means to stabilize finances while gradually developing entrepreneurial skills. The findings support the Push–Pull Theory and Effectuation Theory of entrepreneurship. Keywords: Entrepreneurial transition, car rental business, car owners, multiple case study, Philippines, Kidapawan City Copyright © ISRG Publishers. All rights Reserved. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17760268 157 Introduction Entrepreneurial transition refers to the shift individuals make from non-entrepreneurial backgrounds into business ownership, a process often marked by gaps in managerial skills, financial literacy, and strategic planning (Welter et al., 2017). Prior studies highlight that such transitions contribute to the high failure rates of new ventures, with nearly half of global startups collapsing within five years due to limited entrepreneurial knowledge and weak business management (Bosima et al., 2021). In the Philippines, although micro, small, and medium enterprises dominate the economic landscape, many struggle with sustainability as a result of insufficient financial competencies and constrained adaptability to market changes (Salazar & Miranda, 2020). Research also emphasizes that effective entrepreneurial transition fosters job creation, innovation, and long-term economic participation (Aldrich & Yang, 2014; Brüderl & Preisendörfer, 2021), underscoring its social and economic relevance. Despite the growing interest in necessity-driven and opportunitydriven entrepreneurship, limited research focuses on individuals who transition into business ownership outside typical startup pathways. Existing studies predominantly examine formal entrepreneurs or those with prior business exposure, leaving a notable gap concerning non-traditional entrepreneurs who enter specific service-based markets such as car rental operations (Kautonen et al., 2015). In Kidapawan City, no empirical work has been found that explores how ordinary car owners navigate this transition or how they adapt to the responsibilities of business management within an informal and emerging rental industry. This multiple case study addresses this gap by examining the entrepreneurial transition experiences of car owners who have become rental service operators. The investigation focuses on understanding their motivations, the challenges and opportunities they encountered, and how they adjusted to entrepreneurial roles despite having no formal business background. The purpose of the study is to generate empirical insights into how non-entrepreneurial individuals learn, adapt, and sustain participation in a growing local service enterprise, thereby contributing to the broader discourse on entrepreneurial transition in underexplored community-based markets. Methodology Research Design The study employed a qualitative multiple case study design to explore the entrepreneurial transition of car owners who entered the car rental business without prior entrepreneurial experience. This design enabled in-depth examination of each case and comparison across cases to identify both shared patterns and unique experiences. Setting and Participants The research was conducted in Kidapawan City, Philippines, where car owners increasingly engage in car rental either through direct operations or consignment arrangements. A total of 15 participants were involved: five primary car owner–entrepreneurs (one per case unit) and two additional informants per case for triangulation. Participants were selected through maximum variation purposive sampling to capture diverse backgrounds and transition experiences. Inclusion criteria for primary cases were: (a) car owners residing in Kidapawan City, (b) currently engaged in car rental operations (direct or consignment), (c) no prior entrepreneurial background before entering car rental, and (d) at least one year of experience in the car rental industry. Triangulation informants were individuals closely familiar with each car owner’s entrepreneurial journey (e.g., family members or colleagues) and able to provide corroborating perspectives. Data Collection and Procedures Data were collected primarily through semi-structured in-depth interviews using an interview guide aligned with the study objectives. The guide focused on participants’ motivations, challenges, opportunities, and coping strategies related to their entrepreneurial transition. Prior to data collection, formal approval was obtained from the Graduate School and ethics clearance was secured from the University of the Immaculate Conception Research Ethics Committee (Protocol Code GS-ER-08-25-0354). Potential participants received an invitation letter and an Informed Consent Form (ICF) explaining the purpose of the study, procedures, risks, benefits, confidentiality, and voluntary nature of participation. For face-to-face interviews, printed consent forms were signed on-site; for online interviews, consent was obtained through electronically signed ICFs sent via email. Interviews were conducted either face-to-face or online, depending on participant preference, with at least half of the interviews held in person. Each in-depth interview lasted a minimum of 45 minutes, with duration adjusted based on the depth of responses. With explicit permission, all interviews were audio-recorded and supplemented by field notes documenting non-verbal cues and contextual observations. Participants were reminded that they could skip any question or withdraw at any time without consequence. For triangulation, additional in-depth interviews were conducted with individuals close to the primary participants to validate and enrich the data on each case. All participants were assigned pseudonyms, and no identifying personal details were recorded in the transcripts. Data Management and Analysis Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim into text. The researcher reviewed each transcript multiple times to ensure accuracy and familiarity with the data. Transcripts and field notes were organized in password-protected digital folders, with backup copies stored in a secured institutional cloud drive accessible only to the researcher. Data analysis followed a thematic and cross-case analytic process. First, initial coding was performed manually by identifying significant statements and assigning descriptive codes. These codes were then clustered into categories, which formed the basis for emerging themes. Thematic analysis was used to identify patterns related to motivations, challenges, opportunities, and adaptive strategies in each case. After within-case analysis, a cross-case analysis was conducted to compare themes across all five cases, highlighting similarities, differences, and contextual nuances in the entrepreneurial transition experiences. Trustworthiness and Ethical Safeguards Trustworthiness was supported through several strategies. Credibility was enhanced by member checking, where participants were given the opportunity to review and validate summaries of their accounts and key interpretations. Triangulation was achieved by comparing data from primary car owners and their associated Copyright © ISRG Publishers. All rights Reserved. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17760268 158 informants. Dependability and confirmability were addressed through careful documentation of procedures, maintenance of an audit trail of decisions, and systematic storage of data. Ethical standards were upheld by ensuring voluntary participation, informed consent, the right to withdraw, and strict confidentiality. All data were handled in compliance with institutional guidelines and the Philippine Data Privacy Act, and raw data were scheduled for deletion after completion of the study and submission of the final manuscript. References 1. Adisa, T. A., Gbadamosi, G., Mordi, T., & Mordi, C. (2019). In search of perfect boundaries? Entrepreneurs’ work-life balance. Personnel Review, 48(6), 1634–1651. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-06-2018-0197 2. Ahmed, A. E., Ucbasaran, D., Cacciotti, G., & Williams, T. A. (2022). Integrating psychological resilience, stress, and coping in entrepreneurship: A critical review and research agenda. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 46(3), 497–538. https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587211046542 3. Albert, C., Caggese, A., González, B., & MartínSánchez, V. (2023). Income inequality and entrepreneurship: Lessons from the 2020 COVID-19 recession. Journal of Banking & Finance, 149, 106779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2023.106779 4. Aldrich, H. E., & Yang, T. (2014). How do entrepreneurs know what to do? Learning and organizing in new ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(4), 351–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.07.001 5. Alshebami, A. S., Fazal, S. A., Amin, M. B., Seraj, A. H. A., Sobaih, A. E. E., & Oláh, J. (2026). Ripple effect of gig work: How hands-on experience and networks shape future female entrepreneurs. Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship, 5(1), 100118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stae.2025.100118 6. Amit, R., & Muller, E. (1995). “Push” and “pull” entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 12(4), 64–80. 7. Apaloo, S., & Bright, D. (2022). The effect of risk management practices on performance of small and medium scale enterprises. Enterprise Risk Management, 7(1), 1–15. 8. Aref, M. (2024). Sharing economy from the sustainable development goals perspective: A path to global prosperity. Journal of Internet and Digital Economics, 4(2), 116–138. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIDE-02-20240007 9. Arthur, J. L., Amofah, K., Arthur, S. D., Boateng, R., & Oppong, D. (2025). Small and medium enterprise approach to risk management in the Kumasi metropolis. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 14, 121. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-025-00519-3 10. Ayentimi, D., Amankwaa, A., & Burgess, J. (2025). The emerging gig economy and sustainable development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Societies, 15(10), 274. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100274 11. Azuara Herrera, O., Mondragón, M., Rodríguez Tapia, C., & Vivanco, F. (2022). Generating income through ride-hailing apps: What are the preferences of Beat drivers? Inter-American Development Bank. 12. Baxter, P., & Jack, S. (2008). Qualitative case study methodology: Study design and implementation for novice researchers. The Qualitative Report, 13(4), 544– 559. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2008.1573 13. Bayissa, J. T., Hellerstedt, K., Brundin, E., & Abtew, M. S. (2024). Transitioning to an entrepreneurial career as a process of individuation: A study of graduate entrepreneurs in Ethiopia and the role of their parents. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 30(11), 420–445. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-03-2023-0306 14. Belitski, M., Guenther, C., Kritikos, A. S., & Thurik, R. (2022). Economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on entrepreneurship and small businesses. Small Business Economics, 58(2), 593–609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00544-y 15. Bello, F. O., Ali, M., & Usman, U. (2024). Navigating financial compliance in small and medium enterprises: Challenges and survival strategies. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 23(1), 42–55. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.1.1984 16. Ben Tahar, Y., Rejeb, N., Maalaoui, A., Kraus, S., Westhead, P., & Jones, P. (2023). Emotional demands and entrepreneurial burnout: The role of autonomy and job satisfaction. Small Business Economics, 61(2), 701– 716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-022-00702-w 17. Biswas, D., & Bathla, P. (2022). A study on relationship between unemployment and rise of the gig economy. Asian Journal of Management, 13(1), 79–83. https://doi.org/10.52711/2321-5763.2022.00014 18. Blaese, R., Schneider, N., & Liebig, B. (2021). Should I stay, or should I go? Job satisfaction as a moderating factor between outcome expectations and entrepreneurial intention among academics. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 17(3), 1357–1386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-021-00744-8 19. Brownell, K., Kickul, J., & Mestwerdt, S. (2025). The development of social or economic entrepreneurial intentions: A self-actualization perspective. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 35(2), 67–81. https://doi.org/10.53703/001c.129662 20. Brüderl, J., & Preisendörfer, P. (2021). Networks and the survival of new firms. Social Forces, 64(4), 124–140. https://doi.org/10.2307/2578791 21. Bufe, S., Roll, S., Kondratjeva, O., Skees, S., & Grinstein-Weiss, M. (2022). Financial shocks and financial well-being: What builds resiliency in lowerincome households? Social Indicators Research, 161(1), 379–407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02828-y 22. Caliendo, M., Kritikos, A. S., & Stier, C. (2023). The influence of start-up motivation on entrepreneurial performance. Small Business Economics, 61(3), 869– 889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-022-00722-6 23. Caringal-Go, J. F., & Hechanova, M. R. M. (2022). Work-life balance crafting and well-being of workers in dual-income relationships in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 55(1). https://doi.org/10.31710/pjp/0055.01 24. Caulfield, J. (2019). How to do thematic analysis. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/thematic-analysis/ 25. Chhabra, A. (2024). Tax compliance costs and their impact on small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Copyright © ISRG Publishers. All rights Reserved. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17760268 159 international trade. International Journal of Progressive Research in Engineering Management and Science, 4(9), 1018–1024. https://doi.org/10.58257/IJPREMS36127 26. Choi, K. (2024). Heterogeneity in self-employment and labor market risk (Job market paper). University of Washington. https://econ.washington.edu 27. Creswell, J. W. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications. 28. Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications. 29. Crowe, S., Cresswell, K., Robertson, A., Huby, G., Avery, A., & Sheikh, A. (2011). The case study approach. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 11, 100. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-11-100 30. Cubbon, L., Darga, K., Wisnesky, U. D., Dennett, L., & Guptill, C. (2021). Depression among entrepreneurs: A scoping review. Small Business Economics, 57(2), 781– 805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-020-00382-4 31. Cunanan, E. J. R., Delos Santos, C. L., Esguerra, J. B., Briones, J. P., & Abante, M. V. (2025). Relationship between nano-entrepreneurship and employees’ worklife balance in a local government unit in the Philippines. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Creative Economy, 5(1), 54–73. https://doi.org/10.31098/ijebce.v5i1.2764 32. Dawson, C., & Henley, A. (2012). “Push” versus “pull” entrepreneurship: An ambiguous distinction? International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 18(6), 697–719. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551211268139 33. De Klerk, S., Scheepers, R., & McCormack, M. (2025). Career transitions from work-to-entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 37(5), 749–777. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2024.2412967 34. Deligero, L. A., & Ballados, M. T. (2025). Financial management practices and business performance of micro and small enterprises in the food retail industry. Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 3(6), 187–200. https://doi.org/10.69569/jip.2025.220 35. Dencker, J. C., Bacq, S., Gruber, M., & Haas, M. (2021). Reconceptualizing necessity entrepreneurship: A contextualized framework of entrepreneurial processes under the condition of basic needs. Academy of Management Review, 46(1), 60–79. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2017.0471 36. Denes, M., Lagaras, S., & Tsoutsoura, M. (2025). Entrepreneurship and the gig economy: Evidence from U.S. tax returns. Journal of Financial Economics, 173, 104156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2025.104156 37. Department of Trade and Industry. (2022). MSME statistics. https://www.dti.gov.ph/ 38. Djatmika, E. T. (2023). Self-challenge, flexibility, and recognition: Its correlation with entrepreneurial selfefficacy and intention among business-management students. In I. Zutiasari & D. T. Kurniawan (Eds.), Proceedings of the BISTIC Business Innovation Sustainability and Technology International Conference (BISTIC 2023) (pp. 123–131). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-302-3_16 39. Do, M. H. (2023). The role of savings and income diversification in households’ resilience strategies: Evidence from rural Vietnam. Social Indicators Research, 168, 353–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205023-03141-6 40. Dongming, X., Zhiyuan, L., Yun, S., & Heng, W. H. (2023). Financial management strategies for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research, 5(6), 1–13. https://www.ijfmr.com/papers/2023/6/8373.pdf 41. Dvorsky, J., Belas, J., Gavurova, B., & Brabenec, T. (2021). Business risk management in the context of small and medium-sized enterprises. Economic Research – Ekonomska Istraživanja, 34(1), 1690–1708. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2020.1844588 42. Eisenhardt, K. M., & Graebner, M. E. (2007). Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2007.24160888 43. Felipe-Carreras, F., Robles-García, M., & MartínezRodríguez, I. (2023). Push versus pull motivations in entrepreneurial intention: The mediating effect of perceived risk and opportunity recognition. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 29(2), 100214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2023.100214 44. Ferreira de Araújo Lima, P., Crema, M., & Verbano, C. (2020). Risk management in SMEs: A systematic literature review and future directions. European Management Journal, 38(1), 78–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2019.06.005 45. Francisco, J. P., Flaminiano, J. P., Abad, J. U., & Santamaria, J. G. (2020). Do regulatory compliance costs hinder growth among small and medium enterprises in the Philippines? SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3607837 46. Geldenhuys, D. J., & Johnson, S. (2021). Experience of meaningful work for self-employed individuals. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 47(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v47i0.1817 47. Gerring, J. (2004). What is a case study and what is it good for? American Political Science Review, 98(2), 341–354. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055404001182 48. Giacomin, O., Janssen, F., Guyot, J.-L., & Lohest, O. (2023). Opportunity and/or necessity entrepreneurship? The impact of the socio-economic characteristics of entrepreneurs. Sustainability, 15(14), 10786. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151410786 49. Glowka, G., Kallmünzer, A., & Zehrer, A. (2021). Enterprise risk management in small and medium family enterprises: The role of family involvement and CEO tenure. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 17(3), 1213–1231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-020-00682-x 50. Goldsby, M. G., McDowell, W. C., & Neck, C. P. (2021). The impact of self-management practices on entrepreneurial psychological states. Administrative Sciences, 11(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci11010012 51. Gustafsson, J. (2017). Single case studies vs. multiple case studies: A comparative study. Halmstad University. Copyright © ISRG Publishers. All rights Reserved. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17760268 160 https://www.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2:1064378/FULLTEXT01.pdf 52. Hamouche, S. (2024). Crisis-induced career shock and entrepreneurial intention. BL – Business Law and Entrepreneurship (advance online publication). https://doi.org/10.1108/BL-08-2023-0248 53. Hamouche, S., Bani-Melhem, S., Demir, A., & Kammogne, C. L. (2024). Crisis-induced career shock and entrepreneurial intention among employees: What is the role of layoff, job insecurity and perceived employability during COVID-19? The Bottom Line (advance online publication). https://doi.org/10.1108/BL08-2023-0248 54. Hanggraeni, D., Ślusarczyk, B., Sulung, L. A. K., & Subroto, A. (2019). The impact of internal, external and enterprise risk management on the performance of micro, small and medium enterprises. Sustainability, 11(7), 2172. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11072172 55. Hooda, P., Singla, A., & Gupta, S. (2025). Financial capability and financial well-being among small business owners: Does grit moderate the association? Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 30(3), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41264-025-00310-1 56. Ibrahim, M. G., Ifegwu, I. J., Aminu, S. M., Ibrahim, A. T., & Sunday, Y. O. (2024). The quantitative evaluation of pull and push drivers of self-employment in entrepreneurial intentions: Moderating the effect of unemployment in Nigeria economy. Innovations, 78, 126–143. 57. Islam, M. D., Khan, M. M. R., Zidat, S., Mostafa, M., & Das, P. K. (2020). Determinants of entrepreneurial intention: A case study of the SME sector. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(7), 565–576. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no7.565 58. Jaar, D. (2024). Self-employment as self-insurance (Working paper). University of Pennsylvania. 59. Jabagat, C. R. (2021). Cost of regulatory compliance for small and medium enterprises in the Philippines. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3878642 60. Jalili, R., Gilani, N., Najafi, B., & Doshmangir, L. (2025). Health financial resilience in individuals and households: A scoping review of components, strategies and outcomes. BMC Public Health, 25, 3021. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-24467-5 61. Kalinowska, K., Wójtowicz, Ł., & Noworol-Luft, E. (2025). Work-life balance challenges of young startup entrepreneurs. European Research Studies Journal, 28(2), 441–450. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/3989 62. Kanyepe, J., Musasa, T., & Wilbert, M. (2025). Supply chain risk factors, technological capabilities, and firm performance of small to medium enterprises (SMEs). Journal of Small Business Strategy, 35(1), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.53703/001c.125910 63. Kautonen, T., Down, S., Minniti, M., & Welter, F. (2015). Ageing and entrepreneurial preferences. Small Business Economics, 45(4), 759–776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-015-9663-5 64. Kautonen, T., Kibler, E., Laitinen, E., Minniti, M., & Stenholm, P. (2023). Transitions to entrepreneurship, self-realization, and subjective well-being. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 19, e00373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2023.e00373 65. Kiefl, S., Fischer, S., & Schmitt, J. (2024). Selfemployed and stressed out? The impact of stress and stress management on entrepreneurs’ mental health and performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1365489. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1365489 66. Kim, D., Kim, T., Kim, W., & Youn, H. (2025). When automation hits jobs: Entrepreneurship as an alternative career path. PLOS ONE, 20(9), e0331244. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0331244 67. Kim, Y. (2022). Taxi driver’s learning curves: An empirical analysis. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 166, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2022.07.002 68. Kirkwood, J. (2009). Motivational factors in a push-pull theory of entrepreneurship. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 24(5), 346–364. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542410910968805 69. Kleine, A.-K., Schmitt, A., & Wisse, B. M. (2024). Financial stress and quit intention: The mediating role of entrepreneurs’ affective commitment. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 20(2), 1487–1510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-024-00972-8 70. Korstjens, I., & Moser, A. (2018). Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. European Journal of General Practice, 24(1), 1–2.* 71. Kurian, J. S. (2024). Navigating the gig economy: Exploring challenges and opportunities of gig workers. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1), 2357458. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2024.2357458 72. Laghari, F., Ahmed, F., & López García, M. de las N. (2023). Cash flow management and its effect on firm performance: Empirical evidence on non-financial firms of China. PLOS ONE, 18(6), e0287135. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287135 73. Lamatao, M., & Sanchez, J. (2025). Cash flow mastery: Fueling micro-enterprises’ financial stability. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 39(2).* 74. Le Moal, M., Thurik, R., Torrès, O., & Soenen, G. (2025). Mental health of entrepreneurs and daily recovery experiences. Small Business Economics (advance online publication). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-025-01087-2 75. Lerman, M. P., Munyon, T. P., & Williams, D. W. (2020). The (not so) dark side of entrepreneurship: A meta-analysis of the well-being and performance consequences of entrepreneurial stress. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 15(3), 377–402. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1370 76. Li, J., Yang, F., Qi, J., Sun, R., & Geng, R. (2022). The influence of job satisfaction on entrepreneurial intention: A cross-level investigation. International Small Business Journal, 40(3), 385–402. https://doi.org/10.1177/02662426211018831 77. Lim, W. M., Bansal, S., Kumar, S., Singh, S., & Nangia, P. (2024). Necessity entrepreneurship: A journey from unemployment to self-employment. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 43(6), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/joe.22256 78. Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage Publications. 79. Mazrekaj, L., & Krasniqi, B. A. (2025). Work-life satisfaction via entrepreneur activities. Journal of Copyright © ISRG Publishers. All rights Reserved. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17760268 161 Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 19(5). https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-032024-0054 80. Mensah, E. K., Asamoah, L. A., & Jafari-Sadeghi, V. (2021). Entrepreneurial opportunity decisions under uncertainty: Recognizing the complementing role of personality traits and cognitive skills. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation, 17(1), 11–44. https://doi.org/10.7341/20211711 81. Mentari, D., Arifin, B., & Yuliana, D. (2023). The influence of family background and role models on entrepreneurial intention among youth. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 26(4), 1–12.* 82. Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass. 83. Misfin, E. W. (2024). Impact of family and work conflicts on job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and mental and physical health. Cogent Psychology, 11(1), 2430458. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2430458 84. Muslimin, M., Zahara, Z., Tope, P., Rombe, E., Pattawe, A., & Salmah, N. N. A. (2025). Effect of financial capabilities on SME well-being in Indonesia: The moderating role of financial stress. Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management, 10(57s), 979–990.* 85. Nasimiyu, A. E. (2024). Cashflow management practices and financial performance of small and medium business enterprises in Kenya. African Journal of Commercial Studies, 4(3), 252–263. https://doi.org/10.59413/ajocs/v4.i3.7 86. Niazi, R., Liu, A., Han, J., Hassan, S., Elham, H., & Osewe, M. (2025). Household income diversification and food insecurity: A case study of Afghanistan. Foods, 14(12), 2048. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14122048 87. Niño, A. G. M. (2024). Compliance with business permits and licensing system (BPLS) reforms and business performance of micro and small enterprises. Journal of Innovation and Philanthropy, 4(2), 55–72.* 88. Noombo, C., Mwange, A., & Kapulu, K. K. (2024). Risk management in entrepreneurial ventures: Theoretical approaches and strategies. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation, 5(5), 935–940. https://doi.org/10.54660/IJMRGE.2024.5.6.935-940 89. O’Donnell, P., Leger, M., O’Gorman, C., & Clinton, E. (2023). Necessity entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Annals, 18(1), 1–41. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2021.0176 90. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023). The missing entrepreneurs 2023: Policies for more inclusive entrepreneurship and selfemployment. 91. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Sage Publications. 92. Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (4th ed.). Sage Publications. 93. Pranić, L., Pivac, S., & Čolak, A. (2023). What happens to the entrepreneurial intentions of Gen Z in a crisis? A study of push–pull factors and sustainability orientation. Sustainability, 15(7), 5750. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075750 94. Przychocka, I., Sikorski, M., & Milewski, L. (2024). Cash flow management in small and medium enterprises in times of economic uncertainty. European Research Studies Journal, 27(2), 155–162. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/3376 95. Ravikumar, T., Sriram, M., Kannan, N., Elias, I., & Seshadri, V. (2022). Relationship between financial stress and financial well-being of micro and small business owners: Evidence from India. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 20(4), 306–319. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(4).2022.23 96. Read, S., Sarasvathy, S. D., Dew, N., Wiltbank, R., & Ohlsson, A. V. (2009). Effectual entrepreneurship. Routledge. 97. Salazar, R., & Miranda, J. (2020). Challenges of micro and small enterprises in the Philippines: A regional perspective. Philippine Journal of Business and Economics, 27(2), 45–62. 98. Santiago, R. S., Villarete, N. P., & Fillone, A. M. (2023). Out from the cold: Unboxing “habal-habal” in the Philippines (and the motorcycle-taxis in the Global South). In Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Transportation Science Society of the Philippines (pp. 1–20). 99. Santoso, B., Riyanti, B. P. D., & Waluyo, H. D. (2021). Family support and entrepreneurial intention: The mediating role of self-efficacy. Journal of Family Business Management, 11(4), 415–431. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFBM-09-2020-0097 100. Sarasvathy, S. D. (2001). Causation and effectuation: Toward a theoretical shift from economic inevitability to entrepreneurial contingency. Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 243–263. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2001.4378020 101. Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2000.2791611 102. Shir, N., & Ryff, C. D. (2022). Entrepreneurship, selforganization, and eudaimonic well-being: A dynamic approach. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 46(6), 1658–1684. https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587211013798 103. Son, M., Cho, D., & Lee, Y. (2025). Systematic literature review on the career development of gig workers. Korean Human Resource Development Review, 20(3), 97–131. https://doi.org/10.21329/khrd.2025.20.3.97 104. Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Sage Publications. 105. Stephan, U., Tavares, S. M., Carvalho, H., Ramalho, J. J. S., Santos, S. C., & van Veldhoven, M. (2020). Selfemployment and eudaimonic well-being: Energized by meaning, enabled by societal legitimacy. Journal of Business Venturing, 35(6), 106047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2020.106047 106. Sundararajan, A. (2016). The sharing economy: The end of employment and the rise of crowd-based capitalism. MIT Press. 107. Suter, W. N. (2012). Qualitative data, analysis, and design. In W. N. Suter, Introduction to educational research: A critical thinking approach (pp. 342–386). Sage Publications. Copyright © ISRG Publishers. All rights Reserved. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17760268 162 108. Tisu, L., Vîrgă, D., & Taris, T. W. (2023). Entrepreneurial well-being and performance: Antecedents and mediators. Journal of Business Research, 161, 113810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113810 109. Tobin, G. A., & Begley, C. M. (2004). Methodological rigour within a qualitative framework. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(4), 388–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03207.x 110. Tuffour, J. K., & Bortey, F. M. (2022). Effect of workfamily conflict on job satisfaction of small enterprise managers. Economic and Business Review, 24(4), 208– 221. https://doi.org/10.15458/2335-4216.1310 111. Umardani, P. (2023). Exploring the determinants of legal compliance in small and medium enterprises in West Java: Type of industry, company size, legal awareness, and regulatory burden. West Science Law and Human Rights, 1(2), 71–81.* 112. Usmany, A. (2024). Impact of government regulations on small business performance. International Journal of Business, Law and Education, 5(1), 1–15.* 113. Viollaz, M. (2025). Diversification of employment in Latin America and the Caribbean: Gig employment and implications for economic resilience (UNDP LAC Working Paper Series No. 44). United Nations Development Programme. 114. Walid, L., & Peng, H. (2022). Entrepreneurial risk perception and sustainable entrepreneurship intention among SMEs in Algeria: A multidimensional approach. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Development, 2(2), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.18775/jebd.22.5001 115. Weber, C., Fasse, A., Haugh, H. M., & Grote, U. (2023). Varieties of necessity entrepreneurship: New insights from Sub-Saharan Africa. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 47(5), 1843–1876. https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587221111737 116. Welter, F., Baker, T., & Wirsching, K. (2017). Three waves and counting: The rising tide of contextualization in entrepreneurship research. Small Business Economics, 49(1), 119–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-0179865-9 117. Welter, F., Baker, T., Audretsch, D. B., & Gartner, W. B. (2017). Everyday entrepreneurship: A call for entrepreneurship research to embrace entrepreneurial diversity. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(3), 311–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12258 118. Yang, S., Tran, M. H., & Wiklund, J. (2025). Family support, work-life balance, and entrepreneurial wellbeing: A global systematic review with a gendered perspective. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research (advance online publication). 119. Yang, W. N., Niu, Q., Wang, X., & Wang, Z. (2025). Revisiting the relationship between career plateau and job performance: A social-cognitive perspective. Applied Psychology (advance online publication). https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.70002 120. Yang, Y., Ma, M., & Hu, X. (2021). Social expectations and entrepreneurial intention: The mediating role of perceived behavioral control. Sustainability, 13(4), 2140. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042140 121. Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods (3rd ed.). Sage Publications. 122. Yu, S., & Sekiguchi, T. (2024). Platform-dependent entrepreneurship: A systematic review. Administrative Sciences, 14(12), 326. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14120326 123. Yu, Z., Tang, Y., Guo, H., & Fan, X. (2023). What motivates academics toward entrepreneurship? Examining the formation of academic entrepreneurial intention from the push–pull perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1073866. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1073866 124. Yuliantina, D., Fatmawati, Y., & Jariah, A. (2025). Gig economy workers: A systematic literature review. PESHUM: Jurnal Pendidikan Sosial dan Humaniora, 4(4), 6178–6189. https://doi.org/10.56799/peshum.v4i4.9739 125. Zhao, J. (2025). The impact of gig economy on entrepreneurial activities: Empirical evidence from large sample micro surveys. Journal of Social Science Humanities and Literature, 8(3–4), 49–53.* 126. Zheng, Q., Zhan, J., & Xu, X. (2024). Platform training and learning by doing and gig workers’ incomes: Empirical evidence from China’s food delivery riders. SAGE Open, 14(3), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241284555 127. Zwettler, C. H., Straub, C., & Spurk, D. (2023). Kicking off a gig work career: Unfolding a career learning cycle of gig workers. Journal of Career Assessment, 32(4), 650–677. https://doi.org/10.1177/10690727231212188