Real-Time Effects of the Special Judo Fitness Test: Performance Analysis Before and After Active, Passive, and Judo-Specific Recovery

Real-Time Effects of the Special Judo Fitness Test: Performance Analysis Before and After Active, Passive, and Judo-Specific Recovery 2 List of summery ةيبرعلا ةغللاب صَّخلُملا ....................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract: ................................................................................................................ 4 List of table : ......................................................................................................... 5 List of figures : ..................................................................................................... 5 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 6 I. Introduction: ................................................................................................ 7 II . The study problems: ................................................................................... 10 III. Purpose: ..................................................................................................... 10 IV. Hypothesis .................................................................................................. 10 V. Study highlight ........................................................................................... 11 VI. Key words ................................................................................................... 11 VII . Similar studies ......................................................................................... 12 1. Background: judo ...................................................................................... 18 1.1. The nature of the judo match ................................................................. 18 1.2. Physical requirements of the judo practitioner ..................................... 20 1.3. Special Judo Fitness Test ....................................................................... 22 Chapter II: Energy System ................................................................................ 25 2. Introduction to energy system ................................................................... 26 2.1. Immediate energy systems: ..................................................................... 27 2.2. Short-term energy systems ...................................................................... 27 2.3. Long-term energy systems ...................................................................... 30 Chapter III: Recovery Methods ......................................................................... 31 Second Party : ..................................................................................................... 38 Research Methodology ....................................................................................... 38 Chapter I: Field Procedures .............................................................................. 39 Discussion of results by hypothesis ................................................................... 54 Conclusion: ......................................................................................................... 60 Conclusion: ...................................................................................................... 61 REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 62 3 ةيبرعلا ةغللاب صَّخلُملا : فدهلا كلذ يف امب ، ةفلتخملا عاجرتسلاا قرط ريثأت يف قيقحتلا ىلإ ةساردلا هذه فدهت ( AR ) يبلسلا ، يباجيلاا عاجرتسلاا ( PR ), ودوجلاب صاخلا عاجرتسلااو ( JSR ) دعبو لبق ام ءادأ ىلع ودوجلاب صاخلا ةيندبلا ةقايللا رابتخلا عاجرتسلاا ( SJFT ). ىلإ ةساردلا فدهت ، كلذ ىلإ ةفاضلإاب هعومجم ام دينجت مت :بيلاسلأا .مدلا نم كيتكلالا درط ثيح نم هذه عاجرتسلاا قرط ةيلاعف ةنراقم12 ماع يف ودوجلا ركسعم نم اًكراشم2022 ةيرتموبورثنلأا تاسايقلا ءارجإ مت .ةساردلا ريياعم اوفوتساو ، كيتكلالا ةبتع رابتخاو( LT4 ) يلت ، لولأا مويلا يفاه SJFT لك بقعو .عبارلاو ثلاثلاو يناثلا مايلأا يف SJFT ، ) لازي لا يذلا ( يبلسلا عاجرتسلاا عاجرتسلاا قرط تنمضت .ةثلاثلا عاجرتسلاا قرط ىدحإ لااو يباجيلاا عاجرتس( ةبسنب لمعي80نم ٪ LT4 ) ودوجلاب صاخلا دادرتسلااو ، ( uchi-komi ةبسنب80-100نم ٪ LT4 ). :جئاتنلا اما يباجيلإا عاجرتسلاا عم ءادلأا يف اًريبك اًضافخنا رابتخلاا دعبو لبق عاجرتسلاا ءادأ رهظأ ًاهاجتا ودوجلاب صاخلا عاجرتسلاا رهظأ نيح يف ,ءادلأا يف ريبك فلاتخا ىلإ ىدأ دقف يبلسلا عاجرتسلاا نيب مدلا يف كيتكلالا ضمح ىلع ءاضقلا ثيح نم اضيأ ةريبك تافلاتخا تظحولو .ريبك افلاتخا افلتخم نم لك عم ,ودوجلا عاجرتسا و يباجيلإا عاجرتسلاا و ، ودوجلا عاجرتساو يبلسلا عاجرتسلاا عاجرتسلاا نم لضفا مدلا يف كيتكلالا ضمح ىلع ءاضقلا ىلإ يدؤي امم يباجيلااو يبلسلا عاجرتسلاا ودوجلاب صاخلا. :ةصلاخلا نيبردملا عيمجل نكمي ثيح ,نيعراصملل ةيندبلا تاردقلا رابتخلا ةساردلا مادختسا نكمي مادختسا SJFT يف لهسلاو ةياغلل هب قوثوملا ، ودوجلاب صاخلا ءادلأا مييقتل يساسلأا رابتخلاا هنلأ مويلا ةيلمعملا تارابتخلاا نم ديدعلاب هتنراقم نكميو ةفلكتلا ثيح نم رفوملا و قيبطتلا. نوكي نأ بجي SJFT جماربلا ةعاجن ىدم و بيردتلا ةرتف روطت مييقتل نيبردملل ةيسيئرلا تاودلأا دحأ ءادلأا يلاع ودوجلل ةصاخ ، ةيبيردتلا. ةيحاتفملا تاملكلا: ودوجلاب صاخلا و يبلسلا و يباجيلإا عاجرتسلاا, ودوجلاب صاخلا ةقايللا رابتخا 4 Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of different recovery methods, including active (AR), passive (PR), and judo-specific recovery (JSR) on preand post-recovery performance of the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT). Additionally, the study aimed to compare the efficacy of these recovery methods in terms of blood lactate elimination. Methods: A total of 12 participants were recruited from a judo camp in 2022, and met the study criteria. Anthropometric measurements and Lactate Threshold Test (LT4) were conducted on day one, followed by SJFT on days two, three, and four. Each SJFT was followed by one of the three recovery methods. The recovery methods included passive recovery (sitting still), active recovery (running at 80% of LT4), and judo-specific recovery (uchi-komi at 80-100% of LT4). Results: Preand post-specific recovery performance showed a significant decrease in performance, with passive recovery resulting in a significant difference in performance, while active and judo-specific recovery showed a trend in significant difference. Significant differences were observed in blood lactate elimination between passive and judo-specific recovery, and active and judo-specific recovery, with both passive and active recovery resulting in more stable blood lactate elimination than judo-specific recovery. Conclusion: the study can be used to test the physical abilities of practitioners, as the SJFT can be used by all coaches today as it is the primary test for examining performance related to judo, very reliable, easy to perform and very cost effective and can be compared to many laboratory tests. The SJFT should be one of the coaches' main instruments to evaluate the development of a training period, especially for high performing judo. Keywords: Special Judo Fitness Test, Active, Passive , Judo Specific Recover 5 List of table : Tables number ……………………………………………………page number Table N°1…………………………………………………………………….41 Table N°2……………………………………………………………………42 Table N°3…………………………………………………………………….48 Table N°4……………………………………………………………………49 Table N°5……………………………………………………………………49 Table N°6……………………………………………………………………50 Table N°7…………………………………………………………………….51 List of figures : Figures number ……………………………………………………………………page number Figure N°1……………………………………………………………………24 Figure N°2……………………………………………………………………24 Figure N°3……………………………………………………………………27 Figure N°4……………………………………………………………………47 Figure N°5……………………………………………………………………42 Figure N°6……………………………………………………………………52 6 Introduction 7 I. Introduction: Judo is a martial art that requires a combination of physical abilities such as strength, power, speed, endurance, agility, and flexibility (Fukuda et al., 2018). Due to its high-intensity nature, Judo has been the subject of several scientific studies aimed at understanding the physiological and neuromuscular variables associated with performance during fights (Franchini et al., 2016; Szmuchrowski et al., 2013). It’s is a physically demanding sport that requires high levels of fitness and technical proficiency (Torres-Luque et al., 2016). several studies found that Judo athletes have higher levels of aerobic and anaerobic fitness compared to non-athletes, with better oxygen uptake and utilization during exercise (Franchini et al., 2011; Wolska et al., 2022). Another study found that Judo athletes have greater isometric and dynamic strength, particularly in the lower limbs and core muscles (Senouci et al., 2024). Moreover, analyses of neuromuscular variables such as reaction time, muscle activation patterns, and force production have revealed that Judo athletes have faster reaction times and more coordinated muscle activation patterns during throws and other techniques (Kons, da Silva Athayde, et al., 2020; Kons, Orssatto, et al., 2020). According to the International Judo Federation, the regulation time for men's matches is four minutes, while for women's matches, it is four minutes (Kons et al., 2022). In 2017, the International Judo Federation made changes to the scoring system, with only ippon and waza-ari scores given during a match (Cherara et al., 2022; Kons et al., 2022) During judo practice, Athletes work in high-intensity intervals lasting 20-30 seconds and low-intensity intervals lasting 5-10 seconds for recovery (Adel et al., 2019; Kons & Detanico, 2022). Recent studies suggest that the time in highintensity intervals has increased slightly, while the time in low-intensity intervals has decreased slightly (Julio et al., 2018; Kons et al., 2018; Kons, Orssatto, et al., 2020). The time spent in standing fights has also increased 8 compared to ground fights, possibly due to rule changes and changes in tactics during low-intensity intervals (Franchini et al., 2017) Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) is a standardized physical fitness test designed to evaluate the fitness levels of judo athletes and control their training process (Belkadi et al., 2015; Benbernou et al., 2022; Szmuchrowski et al., 2013). The normative values of SJFT are used to assess the performance of judo athletes and develop age-specific norms. However, little is known about the real-time effects of SJFT performance and the recovery process after completing the test (Belkadi et al., 2020). During high-intensity, short-duration performance, the immediate energy system, also known as the anaerobic lactic energy process, is responsible for providing energy without the use of oxygen or lactate formation (Wolska et al., 2022). This system primarily relies on the release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (PCr) from muscle fibre depots, which are sufficient to support maximum intensity work for up to 10 seconds, or even up to 15 seconds in highly trained individuals (Franchini et al., 2016). The PCr process is the fastest way to rebuild ATP, allowing athletes to perform intense work in a short period of time (Benhammou et al., 2022; Nasikhah et al., 2021; Youcef et al., 2022). Many sports, such as wrestling, weightlifting, gymnastics, athletics, baseball, and volleyball, rely heavily on the PCr system to generate energy for short maximal efforts (Belkadi et al., 2020; Forbes et al., 2008). While high-energy phosphates are crucial for movement, stored carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are also necessary to replenish high-energy phosphate stores and provide the energy needed for recovery (Belkadi, 2018; Nasikhah et al., 2021). Understanding the contribution of the immediate energy system and the role of different energy sources in short-duration, high-intensity exercise is essential for developing effective training and recovery strategies for athletes (Belkadi et al., 2019; Scott, 2011). 15 Title: Short-term low-volume high-intensity intermittent training improves judo-specific performance. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20, e116. Franchini, E., Julio, U., Panissa, V., Lira, F., Agostinho, M., & Branco, B. (2017). Purpose: An important aspect concerning the specificity principle is related to the time structure of the sport. The aim of our study was the effects of short-term low-volume high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) added to traditional judo training on physiological and performance responses to judospecific tasks. Material and Methods: Thirty-five judo athletes were randomly allocated to a control group (n=8) and 3 HIIT groups: lower-body cycle-ergometer (n=9); upper-body cycle-ergometer (n=9); uchi-komi (technique entrance) (n=9). All protocols were constituted by 2 blocks of 10 sets of 20 s of all-out e ort, with 10 s interval between sets and 5 min between blocks, executed twice per week for 4 weeks. Pre and post-training the athletes performed the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) and a match simulation, with blood lactate, hormones (cortisol, C, and testosterone, T) and muscle damage marker (creatine kinase, CK, lactate dehydrogenase, LDH, aspartate aminotransferase, AST and alanine aminotransferase, ALT) measurements. Results: There was an increase (p=0.031) in the number of throws in the SJFT for the upper-body group, while decreasing the HR immediately after the SJFT and the number of sequences in standing position for the lower body group (p < 0.001 and p=0.034, respectively), the index in the SJFT for the uchi-komi group (p=0.015) and the CK concentration (p= 0.014) in the match simulation for the upper-body group. T/C ratio increased (p=0.028) after the match simulation in the post-training. 16 First party: Theoretical study of research 17 Chapter I: Special Judo Fitness Test 18 1. Background: judo In this study, the starting point will be Olympic judo. In judo, the athlete attempts to throw his opponent on his back or control the opponent through ground fighting(Franchini, Takito, Kiss, et al., 2005; Kano, 2013). Based on this, judo can be described as a weighted martial art (Franchini et al., 2011), which is dynamic, high-intensity and intermittent in its form (Franchini et al., 1998; Agostinho et al., 2018; Franchini, Takito, Kiss, et al., 2005; Degoutte et al., 2003) This thus requires complex skills and tactical competence in concert with good physical attributes for the athlete to succeed(Belkadi et al., 2015; Degoutte et al., 2003; Franchini, Takito, & Bertuzzi, 2005) . 1.1. The nature of the judo match The match time in judo is currently 4 minutes for both women and men (IJF 2020). However, the match time can vary anywhere from a few seconds to continue more than 10 minute, this entirely depending on what the practitioners do during the match and entirely depending on the rules of the sport (Castagna et al., 2006; Azevedo et al., 2007; Beboucha et al., 2021). To place in the top five at a competition, judo practitioners need to complete 5-7 matches (Franchini et al. 2003) sometimes up to 9 matches (Agostinho et al., 2017) in a competition day. A normal judo match at the elite level lasts about 3 minutes (Onda 1994; Castarlenas & Planas 1997, Miarka et al. 2012). In a study by Monteiro et al. (2019), they show that the total match time for judo increased by 3.6% in the periods 2013-2017. Despite the fact that the match time was reduced from 5 to 4 minutes for men in 2017. This is a direct result of the rule changes and led to more time of the match being spent in the Golden Score (Monteiro et al., 2019). Golden score is when the regular match time of 4 minutes has ended without any of the practitioners in the match having scored, this moment continues until one of the participants scores either by throwing in standing or controlling the 19 opponent in ground fighting, or winning on the opponent being disqualified due to direct fouls or too many (3st) warnings (IJF, 2020). During judo practice, practitioners work in high-intensity intervals lasting 20-30 seconds, as well as 5-10 seconds in low-intensity intervals to recover between each high-intensity interval(Belkadi et al., 2019; Marcon et al., 2010; Miarka et al., 2014; Montano et al., 2009)) can show that the time in the highintensity intervals increased slightly while the time in the low-intensity intervals decreased slightly. At the same time, the time in the standing fight increased in relation to the time in the ground fight (Miarka et al. 2012; Monteiro et al. 2019). This may be a consequence of rule changes that seek a more dynamic and active judo and may have led to changes in tactics during the low-intensity intervals (Benhammou et al., 2025). This in turn means that practitioners need to be able to perform a high number of intervals during each match. According to Monteiro et al. (2019), judo practitioners perform an average of 32 intervals per match with 25 intervals being high intensity and 8 intervals being low intensity. Other studies show 7-14 intervals in standing and 3-9 intervals in ground fighting. However, the number of intervals per match depends on the match time and the rules of the sport (Castarlenas & Planas 1997; Franchini et al. 2005b). During a competition day, the recovery time between two matches is at least 10 minutes at elite level, however, the usual recovery time between matches is around 15 minutes (Franchini et al. 2003). The physical demand for a single judo match is therefore high (Franchini et al. 2011b), especially on the upper body (Franchini et al. 2007) as most of the match time (51 ± 11%) in the high intensity periods is spent establishing a grip (Marcon et al. 2010) similar results are also presented by Miarka et al. (2012) at 58%. Monteiro et al. (2019) also say that they see a similar result as 'Miarka et al. 2012' in their study. 20 Another factor affecting performance in judo is the pace of the match (Franchini et al. 2019), something that has been demonstrated in other highintensity intermittent sports such as: running (Hanley 2016), cycling (Abbiss et al. 2016), triathlon (Benhammou et al., 2022; Harbach et al., 2022; Hichem et al., 2015; Mokhtar et al., 2019), swimming (McGibbon et al 2018) and football(Lorenz & Morrison, 2015; Mohamed et al., 2019) (. As in other highintensity intermittent sports (Link & Lorenzo 2016), the tempo in judo depends on a combination of other factors such as technical-tactical, physical as well as psychological factors such as: characteristics of the performer in comparison to his/her opponent, the result on the scoreboard at the specific time, and the time left until the end of the match (Franchini et al., 2019). 1.2. Physical requirements of the judo practitioner After some 40 years of physiological research specific to judo, it is still difficult to describe a single physiological model for judo practitioners. This is due to a large number of variables to take into account: a) difficulties in quantifying effort during matches; b) weight classes; c) non-cyclical nature: where match duration can vary from a few seconds to about 10 minutes; d) multiple matches per day; e) differences in physical and tactical characteristics of opponents (Castarlenas & Solé 1997). Several studies such as (Berria et al., 2018; Franchini et al., 2015; Zerf et al., 2021)show that a certain physique in concert with certain anthropometric variables is necessary for high performance in judo. Much research has been conducted on the aerobic fitness of judo athletes, the aerobic power has mainly been measured in terms of VO2max or highest measured oxygen uptake (VO2peak), while the aerobic capacity has been measured in terms of anaerobic threshold (Franchini et al., 2011; Belkadi et al., 2020; Youcef et al., 2022) where many studies have been based on the protocol according to (Abdelkader et al., 2018; Almansba et al., 2010; Arazi et al., 2017, 21 2017). Research shows that both aerobic power and aerobic capacity are important for judo athletes in the match, these influence the athletes by allowing them to maintain a higher intensity during the matches as well as delaying the accumulation of metabolites linked to the fatigue process, and hypothetically this should lead to better recovery between two subsequent matches (Benbernou et al., 2022; Cherara et al., 2019; Detanico et al., 2015; Kons et al., 2022). Many studies report VO2max values for male judo athletes between 5060 ml/kg/min, while women have values between 40-50 ml/kg/min (Franchini et al. 2011b). In a study in which researchers examined the VO2max of untrained students compared to trained runners, they found that untrained students had a VO2max value of 48.9 ± 5.21 ml/kg/min for males and 43.5 ± 3.33 ml/kg/min for females (Zhou 2004a, Zhou 2004b) Based on these values, the VO2max of trained judo athletes is not significantly different versus untrained individuals. Regarding the anaerobic capacity of judo practitioners, this is a more complex capacity to measure as there are no good methods, however, researchers in judo-specific research have chosen to use the Wingate test to investigate the anaerobic capacity of judo practitioners. A Wingate test is a sprint test on a bicycle in which subjects perform a maximum workload lasting 30 seconds, with a load equivalent to 7.5% of the participants' body weight. These have then been reported as peak power, mean power and fatigue index. In judo research, Wingate tests have also been performed on both the lower body and the upper body. However, in sports such as judo and wrestling, tests on the upper body are more represented, as these sports place higher demands on anaerobic capacity mainly in the upper body (Franchini et al. 2011b). The anaerobic performance of the upper body has a correlation between the number of matches won at European World Cup competitions for Peak power (r=0.66) and mean power (r=0.68) in the upper body Wingate test. There is also 22 a correlation (r=0.76) between total performance between two consecutive Wingate tests for the upper body, these separated by 3 minutes of rest, and the number of attacks performed by the practitioners during simulated matches (Franchini et al. 2011b). Competition judo places high demands on the practitioners, both on the anaerobic and aerobic systems. Where the anaerobic system assists in short max work during matches, while the aerobic system assists in maintaining a higher intensity during matches (Franchini et al. 2003), while delaying the accumulation of metabolites associated with the exhaustion process, as well as enhancing recovery between matches (Ache Dias et al., 2012; Agostinho et al., 2018; Degoutte et al., 2003; Yacine et al., 2020). 1.3. Special Judo Fitness Test As judo is a complex sport that does not have a definite physiological model (Farzaneh Hesari et al., 2014), it is necessary to be able to test its practitioners anyway, in order to get an accurate picture of the athlete's performance in relation to judo. Hence, several judo-specific tests have been developed to investigate this (Santos et al. 2010, Sbriccoli et al. 2007). There is only one judo-specific test on which most research has been done (Drid et al. 2012), which has high reliability (r = 0.97) with a low chance of measurement error (Sterkowichz 1995: Franchini et al. 2010). It is the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT), the test created by Dr. Stanisław Sterkowicz in 1995 (see Sterkowicz 1995) in search of a high-intensity intermittent judo specific test (Franchini et al. 2010). This is also a test that has high applicability by trainers as one does not need expensive equipment, the test also works for elite practitioners (Drid et al. 2012). The SJFT also shows clear differences between judo practitioners with different physical levels (Franchini et al.2005a). The test has also a high correlation with advanced laboratory tests (Drid et al. 2012, Franchini et al. 23 2010) and has a high positive correlation with the number of throwing attempts during judo games (Franchini et al. 2005b) and VO2max (Franchini et al, 2007). There is a correlation between frequency in number of throw attempts during judo matches and different level of judo practitioners such as Super Elite Judo practitioners (9±6throws/match) and Elite Judo practitioners (6 ± 4 throws/match) (p<0.05)(Franchini et al. 2008; Miarka 2016). The test is divided into three active intervals (A) 15 sec, (B) 30 sec and (C) 30 sec, between the active intervals 10 seconds of rest are performed. During the test, the test person (called Tori) stands 3 meters away from the persons the Tori is going to throw (called Uke). Uke A and B stand with a total distance of 6 meters from each other (see figure 1). During the active intervals (A,B & C) the tori should run as fast as possible to uke A and throw the ipponseoinage (see figure 2). Then the tori runs directly to uke B and throws the same throw. During the active intervals, tori should have time to throw uke A and uke B on as many throws (of ippon-seoi-nage) as possible (Franchini et al. 2010, Drid et al. 2012). Figure 1 Positioning for the Special Judo Fitness Test, according to Drid et al. (2012, p. 119). 24 Figure 2: The ippon-seoi-nage throw, according to Drid et al. (2012, p. 119). Performance is determined by the number of throws for each period (A, B, C) summed to the total number of throws completed during the test (N); the test measures heart rate immediately (HRimm) after the last performance period and heart rate 1 minute after performance (HR1min) (Franchini et al. 2010; Miarka et al. 2011; and Drid et al. 2012). These values are then inserted into the formula of Sterkowichz (1995) the same calculation has also been used in these studies (Franchini et al. 2007, Franchini et al. 2010; Miarka et al. 2011; Drid et al. 2012). In implementing the SJFT, the lactic energy system contributes a higher energy contribution 86.8 ± 23.6 kJ or 42.3 ± 5.9% (p<0.001) this in comparison to both the lactic acid energy system contributing 58.9 ± 12.1 kJ or 29.5 ± 6.2% and the aerobic energy system 57.1 ± 11.3 kJ or 28.2 ± 2.9% (Franchini et al. 2011c). 31 Chapter III: Recovery Methods 32 3. Defining recovery: Recovery as a concept is broad, as there are many different definitions. Previously, there was no clear or established definition of recovery as a phenomenon (Kenttä, 2008). However, since 2018, it can be said that there is a definition that is broad for recovery based on the consensus statement made by Kellman et al (2018). They chose to define recovery as follows: "Recovery can be said to be a multifaceted field that is, for example, physiological and psychological, primarily concerned with a rebuilding process in relation to time" (Kellman et al. 2018, p.1). Kellman et al (2018) also write that an individual's recovery status (or biopsychosocial balance) can be disrupted by internal and external factors, leading to the person developing fatigue as a result of physical or mental exertion. Thus, through recovery, practitioners can recover from the fatigue created by allostatic load (the change from the normal in the body for example in blood pressure, respiratory rate, hormone levels, etc.). This is done by restoring balance to an equilibrium state known as homeostasis. This from both a psychological and a physiological perspective. 3.1. Defining physiological recovery Physiological recovery is mainly about the regeneration of metabolites, tissues, neurological recovery, etc. This is a result of fatigue created by training or competition, from which the practitioners thus need to recover. This form of recovery is usually divided into three forms of recovery: passive, active and proactive recovery (Kellman et al 2018). 3.2. Various forms of physical recovery 3.2.1. Passive recovery (PR) : can refer to anything from being completely inactive to using external methods such as massage, cold water baths, sleeping, resting on the couch or bonding (Kellman et al 2018, Kenttä, 2008). 33 3.2.2. Active recovery (AR): refers primarily to any form of physical activity aimed at recovering the direct metabolic stress of physical fatigue. This could be activities such as running, walking, cycling or similar (Kellman et al 2018, Kenttä, 2008). Kenttä (2008) writes that active recovery can be further divided into two forms such as general (nonspecific) or sport-related (specific). Where sport-related (specific) recovery can be conducted with a focus on the type of fatigue that the practitioner has 'the nature of the need' and how much the practitioner needs to recover from 'the magnitude of the need' (Kenttä 2008). 3.2.3. Proactive recovery: The least talked about form of recovery, this form of recovery is about choosing activities tailored to individual needs or preferences. Such as various forms of social activities (Kellman et al 2018) for example hanging out with friends. 3.3. The physiological recovery process: Performance in all its forms affects the body physiologically, by putting stress on tissues and systems (Marklund et al. 2008). This is mainly through metabolic and mechanical stress (White & Wells, 2013). Something that often leads to the deterioration of the capacity of these systems. After a performance, there is a recovery phase, where the systems and tissues that have been stressed are given a chance to regain their normal capacity (Marklund et al. 2008). What practitioners want to recover from after training or competition is mainly fatigue. This is in the form of so-called residual products left over after the training load. An example of a residue left after a performance is blood lactate, which is one of the main markers used to examine whether athletes are recovered (Kenttä 2008). In many studies, such as for swimming (Greenwood et al. 2008), judo (Franchini et al. 2003; Franchini et al. 2005), running (Menzies et al. 2010), climbing (Watts et al. 2000), football (Baldari et al. 2004) and triathlon (Baldari et al. 2007), this residual is used to analyse recovery. 34 It is also important to be able to recover these residues as quickly as possible, especially in sports where there are several performances/matches per day and the recovery time is short between the different performances/matches (Kenttä 2008). Therefore, this form of recovery aims to restore the body to an anabolic environment, by eliminating the residues formed and therefore making the body ready for the next performance (Svensson 2008; McArdle et al. 2005). Otherwise, the performance outcome may deteriorate after one match, and further after one more match (Marklund et al. 2008). The length of recovery of different tissues and systems can vary, ranging from a few minutes to several days until they have returned to a normal level. If the performance load is sufficient over a period of time, and the recovery is adequate, the systems will recover better (Marklund et al. 2008). In a study by Monedero & Donne (2000), they found that the difference in mean blood lactate elimination was significantly greater in AR than PR between recovery times of 0-3 minutes (p<0.05), 6-9 minutes (p<0.05) and 9-12 minutes (p<0.01). However, they found no significant differences in blood lactate elimination between PR and AR recovery at 3-6 minutes and 12-15 minutes. In this study, it was observed that the heart rate for AR recovery was around 130140 beats/minute while the heart rate for PR recovery was around 95-110 beats/minute(Moussa et al., 2025). As a result, they concluded that AR postexercise is a more effective recovery method in comparison to PR, as active recovery increases performance, eliminates larger amounts of blood lactate and there are differences in observed heart rate in comparison to passive recovery (Monedero & Donne 2000). Menzies et al. (2010) found that a recovery intensity between 80-100% of the lactate threshold, was most effective in the recovery of blood lactate. However, there were still significant differences in blood lactate elimination at intensities 40 and 60% of the lactate threshold, compared to PR. The same study also found significant differences in heart rate between all the different intensities used in 35 the study (PR, 40, 60, 80 & 100% of the lactate threshold, and a self-regulated recovery rate with a mean of 78.5 ± 4.7% of the lactate threshold). Baldari et al (2004) conducted a similar study where passive recovery was compared with different intensities of the ventilatory catabolic threshold. This study also found that AR was more effective than PR. The state of research on active and passive recovery for judo Franchini et al. (2009) conducted a very comprehensive study in which the researchers conducted three sub-studies, see the study methodology used by the researchers in Figure 4. Figure 4: Study design used in the study by Franchini et al. (2009). The results of their first sub-study showed no significant differences between test occasions (p>0.05) for the performance parameters of the wingate test such as peak power, mean power, fatigue index and time to reach peak power. Relative total work done for the control group (509.6+- 59.2 J/kg) PR (505.0 +- 73.0 J/kg) and AR (521.4 +- 79.9 J/kg) and no significant differences were observed between the different recovery methods (p > 0.05) (Franchini et al. 2009). For blood lactate concentration, there was a correlation between form of recovery and time of measurement (p < 0.001). Differences between recovery methods were observed at a significant level for 9, 12 and 15 minutes between AR and PR (p<0.001). They found significant differences 36 between PR and AR for 12 minutes (p<0.001) and for 15 minutes (p<0.001), in both cases observing lower values in blood lactate concentration in AR compared to AR. They also observed lower blood lactate values for AR at 12 minutes compared to PR for 15 minutes (p<0.001) (Franchini et al. 2009) In their second study, they found that the results showed no significant differences (p>0.05) in the total number of throws in SJFT (N) between the different test groups, the control group (26 ±), PR (26 ± 3) and AR (27 ± 1). They observed a trend in higher HRimm in AR compared to the control group (p=0.077), but found no significant differences in HR1min (P > 0.05) (Franchini et al. 2009). In study 2, the researchers found a correlation between form of recovery and time of measurement for blood lactate concentration (p < 0.05). Blood lactate concentration for AR at 10 and 15 minutes was significantly lower than at the same time for PR (p<0.001). The same method used in study 1 by Franchini et al. (2009) was used in a previous study by Franchini et al. (2003) in this study they were able to observe that there were no significant differences between the PR and AR for Peak Power (P >0.05), at the same time they saw that there was a progressive deterioration of peak power over time when the practitioners performed 4 upper body wingate tests (p<0.001), however they could not see any effect of the recovery method. They further observed differences in Mean power performance between the different test sessions for different test groups A (competing at national/international level) and B (competing at regional level) performed right values than test group C (competing at city level). Mean power differed between the different performances of the 4 upper body wingate there (trials W1>W2>W3>W4). As a consequence, overall performance differed between groups (p < 0.05) (Franchini et al. 2003). In this study, no significant difference was observed for blood lactate between the different experimental groups and type of recovery method (p > 0.05). However, significant differences 37 in blood lactate concentration were observed for the time of measurement and for the type of recovery method (Franchini et al. 2003). In another study by Touguinha et al. (2011), they used a completely different test procedure in comparison to Franchini et al. (2003) and Franchini et al. (2009). Their results showed that blood lactate concentration in the blood increased significantly with the uchi-komi (repeated inputs of a throw) exercise where the blood lactate value was increased almost 4 times from about 2 mmol/l to about 8 mmol/l (p=0.05). During the test, the subjects achieved a heart rate value equivalent to 86.3% of maximal HR an increase of 2.5 times from about 35% (p=0.05). The researchers also observed differences in blood lactate values between PR and AR after 9 minutes (p = 0.05) with PR having higher blood lactate values. However, no significant differences were observed between the different recovery methods (p>0.05) (Touguinha et al. 2011). 38 Second Party : Research Methodology 39 Chapter I: Field Procedures 40 1. Selection: Approximately one fifty tow forms were distributed to participants at a training camp in 2014, this in connection with the first training session, see Annex 2. Thereafter, practitioners were asked to volunteer for the study, 32 people responded to the form, each of 26 people met the criteria that the study set for the participants. The forms were then numbered and a sample group was randomised from the 26 people who met the criteria. This study involved 12 judo practitioners from different clubs around Sweden. During the course of the study there was a dropout of 5 people (42%) due to illness/injury, clashes in the calendar and loss of interest. This in turn meant that a total of 7 people completed the entire study. During the study, certain criteria were set for the participants: 1) that subjects were male between 15 and 25 years of age; 2) practicing judo at least 3 times a week; 3) having competed in judo in the last month and having competed internationally in the last 3 months; being healthy from diseases; 5) completed health declaration and informed consent, and if required, informed consent must be signed by the guardian; 6) have at least a blue belt (2 kyu) or higher; 7) do not compete below the -60kg category and do not compete above the -90kg category, this is to ensure they have a similar body composition. 1.1. The rules of conduct applied during the study were: - Participants were not allowed to consume nicotine, caffeine, protein supplements, 2 hours before test. - Participants were allowed to complete their regular training during the study. - Participants were not allowed to acutely lose weight (reduce weight by lowering the water concentration in the body) during the study. 47 1.10. Ethical considerations: In this study, subjects who are not of legal age participated, thus requiring that clear information was given to both subjects and any guardians about what the study would entail and that participation in the study was voluntary at all times. During the course of the study, lactate values were taken several times by pricking the finger, and in addition to this, the study required that subjects were prepared to reach maximum exhaustion several times. In addition, it was informed that no subjects will be identifiable from the study, and therefore individual results are not reported and that all results obtained during the course of the study will be used only for this study. 48 Chapter Two: Presentation and Discussion of Results 49 2. Presentation and analysis of results Performance Before and After a Specific Recovery Method A paired t-test was used to examine SJFT performance before and after the three different recovery methods. This for the variables total number of throws at SJFT, HRimm, HR1min and SJFT index 2.1. SJFT index : The results show that performance in SJFT before and after the recovery form PR has a significant difference (p=0.011*) where the value of SJFT index increases, the performance deteriorates. While performance of AR and JSR is not significant in performance before or after, but there is a trend of difference even these, see Table 3. SJFT Index M±SD (Before) M±SD (After) M±SD Dif. (Before-After) t (df. 6) Sig. (BeforeAfter) PR 14 ± 1 15 ± 1 -1 ± 1 -3,63 0,011* AR 14 ± 1 14 ± 1 -0 ± 0 -2,44 0,050 JSR 14 ± 1 15 ± 1 -1 ± 1 -2,37 0,055 p < 0.05; ** significant when p < 0.01. Table 3: shows the performance of the SJFT before and after recovery for all recovery methods. 2.2. Total number of throws at SJFT (N): For the variable number of throws at SJFT before and after recovery, the results show for: PR (p = 0.013*), AR (p = 0.018*) and for JSR (p = 0.038*). This result shows that there is a significant difference for the variable number of throws at SJFT before and after recovery methods, see Table 4. Total number cabinet M±SD (Before) M±SD (After) M±SD Dif. (Before-After) t (df. 6) Sig. (BeforeAfter) PR 23 ± 2 21 ± 2 2 ± 2 3,46 0,013* AR 23 ± 2 22 ± 1 1 ± 1 3,24 0,018* JSR 23 ± 2 22 ± 1 1 ± 1 2,65 0,038* significant when p < 0.05; ** significant when p < 0.01. Table 4: shows the performance of SJFT before and after recovery within each recovery method, where the difference of the mean number of throws at SJFT before and after is reported for all recovery methods. 50 2.3. HRimm at SJFT : For the variable HRimm at SJFT before and after recovery, the results show for: PR (p = 0.504), AR (p = 0.268) and for JSR (p = 0.901). This result shows that there is no significant difference for the variable HRimm at SJFT before and after all recovery methods, see Table 5. HRimm (strokes/mi n) M±SD (Before) M±SD (After) M±SD Dif. (Before-After) t (df. 6) Sig. (BeforeAfter) PR 189 ± 4 190 ± 3 -1 ± 4 0,72 0,504 AR 188 ± 7 187 ± 6 2 ± 4 1,17 0,286 JSR 188 ± 5 188 ± 5 -0 ± 3 - 0,13 0,901 p < 0.05; ** significant when p < 0.01. Table 5 shows the results for pre and post recovery SJFT heart rate values within each recovery method 2.4. HR1min at SJFT : For the variable HR1min at SJFT before and after recovery, the results show for: PR (p = 0.041*), AR (p = 0.031) and for JSR (p = 0.731). This result shows that there is a significant difference for the variable HR1min at SJFT before and after for recovery methods such as PR and AR but not for JSR, see Table 6. HR1min (strokes/min ) M±SD (Before) M±SD (After) M±SD Dif. (Before-After) t (df. 6) Sig. (BeforeAfter) PR 138 ± 6 133 ± 6 4 ± 5 2,60 0,041* AR 136 ± 4 133 ± 5 3 ± 3 2,81 0,031* JSR 133 ± 7 134 ± 6 -1 ± 4 -0,36 0,731 p < 0.05; ** significant when p < 0.01. Table .6: shows the results for preand post-recovery heart rate values in SJFT. 2.5. Performance in SJFT before recovery : To examine the baseline SJFT pre-recovery performance for the different test occasions, a One-Way ANOVA test was used. This was done for the variables total number of throws at SJFT, HRimm, HR1min and SJFT index. Table 7 presents the mean and standard deviation for the variables analysed. The results show that the baseline SJFT pre-recovery performance values for the different test occasions did not show any significant differences for all variables. 51 SJFT PR (M ± SD) AR (M ± SD) JSR (M ± SD) Total (M ± SD) Sig. Total number of throws 23 ± 2 23 ± 2 23 ± 2 23 ± 2 0,952 HRimm 189 ± 4 188 ± 7 188 ± 5 188 ± 5 0,934 HR1min 138 ± 6 136 ± 4 133 ± 7 136 ± 6 0,339 SJFT Index 14 ± 1 14 ± 1 14 ± 1 14 ± 1 0,795 Table 7: Mean and standard deviation of the variables in SJFT performance before recovery, between different recovery methods. 2.6. Performance in SJFT after recovery To examine the values of performance in the SJFT after recovery for different test occasions, a One-Way ANOVA test was used. This was done for the variables total number of throws at SJFT, HRimm, HR1min and SJFT index. Table 8 presents the mean and standard deviation for the variables analysed. The results also show that the values at performance in SJFT after recovery for the different test occasions did not show any significant differences for all variables. SJFT PR (M ± SD) AR (M ± SD) JSR (M ± SD) Total (M ± SD) Sig. Total number of throws 21 ± 2 22 ± 1 22 ± 1 22 ± 1 0,189 HRimm 187 ± 3 187 ± 6 188 ± 5 188 ± 5 0,479 HR1min 133 ± 6 133 ± 5 134 ± 6 135 ± 5 0,908 SJFT Index 15 ± 1 14 ± 1 15 ± 1 15 ± 1 0,109 Table 8 Mean and standard deviation of the SJFT performance variables after recovery, between different recovery methods. 2.7. Performance in SJFT Before and After recovery between different recovery methods: A Repeated Measures ANOVA test was conducted to examine whether there were differences between the performance variables of the SJFT before and after recovery, and between the different recovery methods. This is because the difference between the performance variables in the SJFT before and after, was compared between the different recovery methods. The results show that there are no significant differences in the performance variables of SJFT before and after recovery, this for all variables: total number of throws (p=0.645), HRimm (p=0.751), HR1min (0.746) and SJFT index (p = 0.351). 52 Blood lactate in different recovery methods α** αα** 10,00 9,00 8,00 7,00 δ* * γ* * β * β * l 6,00 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,00 9,07 δ* * 8,94 γ* * 8,77 8,37 6,57 7,10 6,47 3,57 4,01 LA0 LA3 LA15 LA0 LA3 LA15 LA0 LA3 LA15 PR AR JSR measurement events per recovery 2.8. Elimination of blood lactate: To examine the blood lactate values at recovery for different measurement times, a One-Way ANOVA test was used. There were no significant differences in blood lactate at LA0 (p = 0.290), significant differences in blood lactate were found at LA3 (p = 0.032)* and LA15 (p < 0.001). Figure 6 Shows blood lactate values for the different test times immediately, 3min and 15 min after, and between the different recovery methods. α - shows significance between PR and JSR p < 0.001, αα - shows significance between AR and JSR p < 0.001. For LA3, β - shows significant differences between ARJSR p=0.044. LA15 shows δ - significant differences between PR-JSR p < 0.001, and where γ - shows significant differences between AR-JSR p<0.001. Subsequent Bonferroni-type post hoc tests showed in more detail where the differences occurred at LA3; the significant differences were between AR-JSR (p = 0.044). At LA15, there were no significant differences between PR-AR 53 (p=0.236) while significant differences were between PR-JSR (p<0.001) as well as AR-JSR (p<0.001), see Figure 6. There after a Repeated Measures ANOVA test was performed showing that there were differences in blood lactate values between the different recovery methods PR-AR (p = 0.189), where significant differences were found between PR-JSR (p < 0.0001) as well as ARJSR (p < 0.0001). See Figure 6, to see the different lactate values for the different measurement occasions as well as the recovery methods. 54 Discussion of results by hypothesis 55 3. Discussion Performance before and after SJFT in specific recovery method The main finding of this study was that in each recovery method there were significant performance decreases when comparing performance before and after SJFT. For PRthis performance reduction was found for the variables total number of throws in SJFT (N),HR1min and SJFT index. While for AR this reduction was seen for the variables number of throws in SJFT (N) and HR1min, and for JSR for the variable total number of throws in SJFT (N). It can also be said that a tendency in performance deterioration in the variable SJFT index in both AR (p= 0.050) and JSR (p = 0.055) could be observed although not significantly. Thus, this means that SJFT performance deteriorated between preand postrecovery SJFTs regardless of the recovery method. In a study by Lopes-Silva (2014), they studied performance between three repeated SJFTs with 5 minutes of rest between each test session. In this study, they could not see any significant differences in the number of throws at SJFT (N) for each SJFT performance (p>0.05) and test session (p>0.05) or interaction effects (p>0.05). They also could not see any significant differences in performance for SJFT index for each SJFT performance (p<0.05) and test occasion (p>0.05) and interaction effects (p>0.05). The results as Lopes-Silva (2014) may vary with this study as the methods of the studies varied. In their study, it is not clear which recovery method was used between SJFTs, which may affect the results. Thus, the result of this study confirms the first (1) hypothesis. However, this area needs further investigation as few studies have been conducted in this area to confirm whether performance at SJFT is lowered or maintained at SJFT before and after recovery. 56 3.1. Differences between recovery methods in SJFT : No significant differences were observed in the various performance variables for SJFT prior to the different recovery methods, thus indicating that there were no differences between the different test occasions in the study. When the performance variables for SJFT after the different recovery methods were analysed, again no significant differences were observed. When the performance variables for SJFT before and after recovery were analysed between the different recovery methods, again no significant differences in performance were observed between the different recovery methods(Manar et al., 2023). In study 2 by Franchini et al. (2009), they did not observe any significant differences in the number of throws in SJFT (N) between the different recovery methods and the control group (p>0.05). They also observed a trend in higher HRimm between the AR and the control group, but no significant differences for HR1min. This is a result similar to that observed for the number of throws in SJFT (N) for the different recovery methods in this study. No trend could be observed for HRimm (p=0.908), however, the result for HR1min is consistent with the results of this study, where there are no significant differences. Furthermore, the result could be compared with the result observed by (Belkadi et al., 2020)in their study. Although their method differed from this study, they could not observe any significant differences in performance between the different recovery methods for peak power performance (p>0.05). Furthermore, they could not observe any significant differences in performance at mean power for the different test occasions, however, this result was not dependent on the recovery method but on the level of the different test groups' performers (Adel et al., 2019; Franchini et al., 2003). In that no significant differences in performance at SJFT before recovery were observed in this study, this may indicate that the test subjects participating in the study had an equivalent judophysical level. In a similar study by Franchini et al. (2009), they also did not 63 REFERENCES 1. Aasen S.B, Sæterdal R, Frøyd C, Madsen Ø, Tønnessen E and Wisnes A.R (2006) Perseverance training that gets results. SISU Idrottsböcker, Stockholm. 2. Abbiss CR, Thompson KG, Lipski M, and Skorski S. 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