Sleep Quality and Work Engagement as Serial Mediators in the Path Between Social Networking Addiction and Work Performance among Working Adults

Academy of Education and Social Sciences Review Vol. 5 No. 4 | November, 2025 | 527 - 536 ISSN (p): 2790-8348 | ISSN (e): 2789-6781 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17768354 Sleep Quality and Work Engagement as Serial Mediators in the Path Between Social Networking Addiction and Work Performance among Working Adults Mahjabeen Iqbal1 Department of Psychology Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan Soulat Khan2 Department of Psychology Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan Hamna Sajjid3 Department of Psychology Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan Tayyab Butt4 Department of Psychology Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan How to Cite: Iqbal, M., Khan, S., Sajjid, H., & Butt, T. (2025). Sleep Quality and Work Engagement as Serial Mediators in the Path Between Social Networking Addiction and Work Performance among Working Adults. Academy of Education and Social Sciences Review, 5(4), 527–536. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17768354 Publisher’s Note: International Research and Publishing Academy (iRAPA) stands neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in the published maps and institutional affiliations. Copyright: ©2025 | Academy of Education and Social Sciences Review published by International Research and Publishing Academy (iRAPA) This is an Open Access article published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY): lets others distribute and copy the article, to create extracts, abstracts, and other revised versions, adaptations or derivative works of or from an article (such as a translation), to include in a collective work (such as an anthology), to text or data mine the article, even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit the author(s), do not represent the author as endorsing their adaptation of the article, and do not modify the article in such a way as to damage the author's honour or reputation. 05-45-AESSR-6306-1175 Published online: 30 November 2025 View related articles Submit your article to this journal Iqbal, Khan, Sajjid & Butt Vol. 5 No. 4 (November, 2025) 528 INTRODUCTION Social networking plays a significant role in getting information about our surroundings. Social networking is a crucial channel for communication and achievement of social support (Azizi et al., 2019). Using social media, checking emails, and watching the news before bed leads to staying late, which can interfere with sleep patterns. In terms of misuse, it leads to dependency which affects the employees or workers and hurts their focus on work in work settings (Hoşgör et al., 2021). It is proved by a study that social media addiction is making employees’ health problems and lifestyle illnesses worse. Employees report sleeping for fewer hours each night than in the past because of their excessive use and addiction to social media (Priyadarshini et al., 2020). Other findings of the study support the study assumptions, implying that employee engagement levels significantly impacted job performance. Work engagement plays a role in mediation between social media and work performance which helps a working adult to complete their goal proactively (Ibrahim et al., 2022). Therefore, the present research was conducted to investigate different factors which influence work performance in different ways. Social networking addiction is related to psychological fulfilment associated with social network usage and extra time consumed in those networks’ usage, influencing an individual’s other social activities, occupational and professional relationships, and both physical and mental health problems (Azizi et al., 2019). Research evidenced that social media addiction made up 2% of work engagement and that there was a negative significant association between social media addiction and work engagement (Hoşgör et al., 2021). The success of a business is equal to the aggregate performance of working adults. (Leonard & Thompson, 2019). According to Martocchio (2015), work performance is defined as the sum of the expected value for each episode. According to a study, social media exhaustion significantly negatively impacted individual job performance. Also, Information and communication overload were significant stressors that influenced social media exhaustion (Yu et al., 2018). Sleep is a vital element of the human daily routine, much the same as food and drink. Poor sleep quality, stress, and sadness are common in individuals who are also extremely engaged in social media (Tandon et al., 2020). In professional settings, prolonged lack of sleep is common. As shown by studies over 25% of people in the USA struggle with insomnia. Another study found that mobile phone addiction to increased social media usage negatively impacted medical students’ sleep ability (Mohammadbeigi et al., 2016). The present study investigates how social networking addiction may impact work performance through its negative effects on sleep quality and, consequently, work engagement, with both factors Abstract This study explored how social networking addiction correlates with work performance in working adults, using both sleep quality and work engagement as the mediators in that order. The Sample comprised working adults from 4 different work settings (hospital staff, teaching staff, industry, and marketing), which included males and females. For the assessment purpose, the Social Networking Addiction Scale, the Individual Job Performance scale, the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, and the Sleep Condition Indicator were used. Findings revealed that social networking addiction is linked to sleep quality and work performance; however, the serial mediation effect as proposed was not shown. The differences proved to be statistically significant in various organisational situations, implying that the workplace milieus moderate these associations. Overall, the research provides valuable information about how social networking practices affect occupational performance and the need to be cautious in the application of social media in the work environment. Keywords Sleep quality Social networking addiction Work engagement Work performance Working adults 529 Sleep Quality and Work Engagement as Serial Mediators in the Path Between Social Networking Vol. 5 No. 4 (November, 2025) acting as serial mediators. Social Networking Sites are virtual platforms that enable people to interact with their real-life friends and with new people with whom they share common interests; by making public profiles (Parks, 2010). Though social networking sites have been more frequently used during the past ten years, there is very little research evidence that can explain their negative consequences on the work environment. Research in this area is not much developed because it lacks the empirically tested theories that can explain the phenomenon that how social networking addiction impacts different environments. One research has shown that excessive use of addictive stimuli can negatively impact cognitive functioning such as working memory, leading to difficulty in performing complicated tasks and understanding novel and complex information. Such behaviour as a result will hinder work performance. In the current research, we aim to check the consequences of social networking addiction on work performance among these four occupational settings and to check the occupational differences in the work performance of different settings. The objectives of the study include the following: • To test the correlations among the dimensions of social networking addiction (salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, relapse), sleep quality, work engagement (vigour, dedication, absorption), and work performance among working adults. • To examine the mediating effect of work engagement in the interaction between certain aspects of social networking addiction (e.g., mood modification) and work performance. • To examine the serial mediating hypothesis of sleep quality and work engagement in the relationship between general social networking. • To examine the serial mediating effect of work engagement and sleep quality on the relationship between overall social networking addiction and work performance. • To compare the levels of social networking addiction, sleep quality, work engagement, and work performance in working adults in various organizational settings (hospital staff, teaching staff, industry and marketing). LITERATURE REVIEW Social networking is considered a primary means of communication worldwide; however, excessive use can develop into social networking addiction, which disrupts cognitive processes, workplace responsibilities, and even basic daily functioning (Azizi et al., 2019). In terms of occupational settings, this can lead to a decrease in concentration, increased dependency, and ultimately, lifestyle-related health problems (Hoşgör et al., 2021). These findings suggest that excessive social media use indicates a growing concern for both employee health and workplace efficacy. Martocchio (2015) defines work performance as the combined value of employees’ cumulative behaviour within their job responsibilities, and Yu et al. (2018) explored the impact of social media use on employee work performance. Their findings indicated that information and communication overload causes social media exhaustion, which was shown to impair employee performance. Similarly, according to Ibrahim et al. (2022), unrestricted social media exposure during work hours leads to lower productivity and a shorter attention span. These patterns establish a significant connection between social media overuse and diminished job function. An important mechanism found underlying this relationship is sleep quality. Increased engagement with social media before bedtime contributes to an increase in sleep disturbances, including delayed, restless, and overall poor sleep quality (Tandon et al., 2020). Similar research conducted on mobile phone and social media overuse among students reported a significant decline in sleep quality (Mohammadbeigi et al., 2016). The Two-Process Model of Sleep Regulation outlines the decline of cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, and executive processing, as a direct result of homeostatic sleep pressure and circadian rhythm disturbance (Borbély et al., 2016). These disturbances highlight sleep as a likely mediator between social networking addiction and occupational effectiveness. Iqbal, Khan, Sajjid & Butt Vol. 5 No. 4 (November, 2025) 530 Another explanatory mechanism is work engagement, a positive psychological state of vigour, dedication, and absorption (Christensen, 2017). According to Jackson (2014), engagement is strongly associated with improved job performance and explained that it is enhanced by employees’ perception of management practices as empowering. However, evidence suggests that social media engagement leads to a decrease in work engagement, explaining the decline in employees’ motivation and involvement (Hoşgör et al., 2021). Given that work engagement represents the employees’ level of focus and effort, it is likely to mediate the effects of social network use and sleep quality on workplace performance. Hypotheses H1: Social Networking Addiction (SNA) is significantly correlated with Individual Work Performance (IWP), Work Engagement (WE) and Sleep Condition Indicator (SCI) H2: SNA and IWP are mediated by SCI and Work Engagement. H3: The response of working adults from different organizations is equal. METHODOLOGY For the present study, employees were recruited from four different settings i.e., hospital staff, industry, marketing, and teaching staff; which included hospitals, schools, colleges, universities, call centres, and companies. the sample consisted of 700 employees. The employees were included only those whose age ranged between 20 and 50. The Purposive Sampling Technique was used to collect data. Data were collected from employees through questionnaires. The employees in the hospital were nurses, and doctors (n= 173). A sample of the teaching staff was taken from both schools and colleges (n= 177). Employees in marketing were from call centres (n=174). Similarly, industry employees from companies (n= 176). Most of the participants were male (n= 351) and number of female participants was (n= 349). The ratio of More than 5 years employees was the highest in the study (n=371). Having a high job satisfaction rate (n=521) with no frequent job switches (n=482). Instruments Social Networking Addiction Scale The Social Networking Addiction (SNA) scale, as presented by Shahnawaz and Rehman (2020), was consisted of 21 items which measured six different factors, salience (1-4 items), mood modification (5-7 items), tolerance (8-9 items), withdrawal (11-14 items), conflict (1517 items), and relapse (18-21 items). It is a 7-point Likert scale with strongly disagree to strongly agree (1-5). The scores can range from 21 to 147. The procedure to obtain the total score by summing up all the items. Any score above a total score of 84 signifies social media networking addiction. If the score lies under a score of 84, it means no addiction. The test-retest reliability was found to be .88. Individual Work Performance Scale The Individual Work Performance (IWP) scale was developed by Koopmans (2014). It consisted of 18 items that measured three dimensions of work performance including task performance, contextual performance, and counterproductive behaviour. It was a 5-point rating scale from 0 = seldom to 4 = often for counterproductive performance. The range score of this scale was from 0 to 4. The mean score was obtained for each scale by summing the score of the item and dividing it by the number of total items in the scale with higher scores reflecting higher task and contextual performance, and higher counterproductive work behaviour. The reliability of this scale was found to be .83, and .87 for all three dimensions respectively (Ramos-Villagrasa, Barrada, et al., 2019). Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-17) The Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-17) was developed by Schaufeli et al., (2006). It consists 531 Sleep Quality and Work Engagement as Serial Mediators in the Path Between Social Networking Vol. 5 No. 4 (November, 2025) of 17 items that measure three dimensions including vigour (1-6 items), dedication (7-11 items), and absorption (12-17 items). It is a 7-point rating scale from 0= never to 6 always. The total score is calculated by summing up all the items and the total score of the subscale is calculated by summing up the respective items of each scale. The reliability of the scale is .94. The Sleep Condition Indicator The Sleep Condition Indicator (SCI) scale was developed by Espie et al. (2014). It was a 5-point Likert scale of 0-4 points and consisted of 9 items. The score ranged from 0-9 which showed severe sleep problem, 10-18 showed some sleep problem, 19-27 showed sleep in a good position, and 2836 showed sleep in a great position. The reliability of this scale was .86. Demographic Information Questionnaire Participants completed self-developed demographic information sheets inquiring about age, gender, experience, occupational setting, job sector, job satisfaction level, and job switches. Procedure After receiving permission from the authors to use their scales/questionnaire, data from 700 educated employees from four organizational settings (hospital, teachers, industries, and marketing) was collected. In this research before taking data, researchers briefed the nature and purpose of their study to the participants and gave them instructions to fill out the questionnaire. Researchers also ensured the participants that they had the right to discontinue the research if they did not want to continue with it. Privacy and confidentiality of the information of participants were ensured to them. Firstly, the researchers gave consent forms and demographic sheets to participants and then all the questionnaires to participants which included Social Networking Addiction Scale, Work Engagement Scale, The sleep condition indicator, And Individual Work Performance Scale. After gathering the data, the data was analysed by using the SPSS 25 version. Descriptive statistics of study variables were calculated. Reliability analysis was conducted to determine the internal consistency of the instruments used in this study. The association between social networking addiction, work performance, sleep quality, and work engagement was determined through Pearson Product Moment Correlation. Moreover, Serial mediation by using Process Macro (Hayes, 2017) was conducted to examine the mediation effect of sleep quality and work performance among working adults. RESULTS & FINDINGS Descriptive analyses of research variables and demographics are in Table 1. Correlation analysis to find out the relationship between social networking addiction, sleep quality, work engagement, and work performance in Table Serial mediation analysis through process macro to investigate the mediating role of sleep quality and work engagement between social networking addiction and work performance in Table 3. one way ANOVA analysis to check the differences on social networking addiction among working adults based on different organizations in Table .5 Table 1 Descriptive and Psychometric Properties of Study Variables (N= 700) Variables K a M SD Skew Kurtosis SNA 21 .93 78.3 27.3 -.04 -.82 IWP 18 .83 43.3 12.7 .09 .26 WE 17 .91 64.5 19.9 -.27 -.00 SCI 9 .77 25.6 6.64 -.61 .52 K=no of item, a= Cronbach alpha reliability, M= Mean, SD= Standard Deviation, SNA=Social Networking Addiction, IWP=Individual Work Performance, WE=Work Engagement, SCI=Sleep Condition Indicator Table 1 shows the mean, standard deviation, range, kurtosis, and Cronbach alpha reliability. These Iqbal, Khan, Sajjid & Butt Vol. 5 No. 4 (November, 2025) 532 descriptive were computed to check the overall distribution of the data across study variables. Mean and standard deviation show that the data was normally distributed. Results revealed that the data is normally distributed and it’s fulfilling the assumption of parametric testing. Table 2 Correlation between SNA, IWP, SCI, and WE (N=700) Variables IWP SNA SCI WE IWP - .07*-0.06 .53** SNA - -.37** 0.06 SCI - -0.04 WE - Note: **p<0.1, *p<.0. The result indicated that WE had a significant positive correlation with IWP (0.53). In other words, if work engagement increases, the level of work performance also increases. The findings showed an insignificant correlation between that SCI and WE (-0.04), and a significant negative correlation between SNA and SCI (-.37**), which indicates that higher social networking addiction will lead to poor sleep quality. The correlation between IWP and SNA (.07*), between IWP and SCI (-0.06), and SNA and WE (0.06) was found insignificant. Therefore, the H1 was partially supported as per the findings of this study. Table 3 Serial Mediating Role of SCI and WE in a Path between SNA and IWP among Working Adults (N=700) B SE t p Total effect .03 .01 2.08 .03 Direct effect .01 .01 1.00 .31 Total indirect effect .02 .01 SNA→SCI→IWP .00 .00 SNA→WE→IWP .01 .01 SNA→SCI→WE→IWP .00 .00 The results show that there is a significant total effect of SNA on IWP (p=.03). The indirect pathway (SNA→SCI→IWP) was insignificant, which showed that SNA through SCI was an insignificant predictor of IWP. The indirect pathway (SNA→WE→IWP) was fond to be an insignificant, which showed that SNA through WE was an insignificant predictor of IWP. The indirect pathway SNA→SCI→WE→IWP) was insignificant, which showed that SNA through SCI and WE was an insignificant predictor of IWP. The total indirect effect was statistically insignificant (Table 3). Table 4 Comparison of Participants’ Response’s (N=700) variable Categories N M SD F P SNA Hospital Staff 173 80.5 31.3 22.1 .00 Teaching Staff 177 74.3 22.2 Industry 176 68.4 23.6 Marketing 174 90.3 26.8 SCI Hospital Staff 173 25.6 6.83 6.22 .00 Teaching Staff 177 27.1 6.45 Industry 176 25.6 5.8 Marketing 174 24 7.13 WE Hospital Staff 173 63.4 20.4 9.88 .00 Teaching Staff 177 71.3 17.9 Industry 176 61.3 17.4 Marketing 174 61.9 22 IWP Hospital Staff 173 44.4 13.6 19 .00 Teaching Staff 177 48.5 11 Industry 176 39.8 11.1 Marketing 174 40.3 13.2 533 Sleep Quality and Work Engagement as Serial Mediators in the Path Between Social Networking Vol. 5 No. 4 (November, 2025) The output of the one-way ANOVA test (Table 4) showed that there was a statistically significant difference in SNA (p< .00), SCI (p<.00), WE (p<.00) and IWP (p<.00) among working adults from different organizational settings. Discussion This study was conducted to explore the relationship between social networking addiction, sleep quality, work engagement, and work performance. The first hypothesis was formulated to find out the positive or negative relationship between research variables. The second hypothesis was formulated to investigate social networking addiction and its direct and indirect effects on working performance. However, the third hypothesis was formulated to observe the organizational difference in social networking addiction, sleep quality, work engagement, and work performance. The results of the first hypothesis indicate social networking addiction had a significant positive relationship with work performance. These results are consistent with earlier work. Social Networking platforms offer employees a means to communicate and exchange work-related information, ultimately enhancing their job performance (Munene & Nyaribo, 2013). Research highlights the benefits of integrating social media in workplaces, including improved communication channels, skill and knowledge exchange, learning opportunities, and the potential to boost employee morale and job performance (Sophia van Zyl, 2009). While some managers may not personally use social media, they recognize its integration into modern culture and the workplace, affecting employees’ job performance. In the 21st-century workplace, new methods have emerged that allow challenging employees to persist in the practice of not giving their full effort (Kidwell, 2010). Furthermore, the utilization of social media platforms to foster job performance and organizational commitment has been linked to enhanced job performance. Collectively, these insights underline the dynamic relationship between social media, workplace culture, and employee performance (Kock & Moqbel, 2021). The study’s findings also reveal that the serial mediation of sleep quality and work engagement in the path of social networking addiction was not significant. However, the total effect was significant; which indicated that work performance was dependent upon social networking addiction. In a recent study by Ferreira et al. (2019), it was established that social networking addiction can significantly impact work performance in adult populations. The study revealed that experiences of social networking addiction correlated with heightened work productivity. Remarkably, the study identified a unique mediator: work engagement. This intermediary variable influenced the connection between social networking addiction and work productivity. This alignment with the Conservation of Resources theory supports the notion that addiction to the internet and smartphone use may deplete personal resources such as time and attention, and diminish job performance (Zivnuska et al., 2019). In parallel, the study by Sadeghi et al. (2019) highlighted the adverse effects of poor sleep quality, resulting in daytime dizziness, reduced attention, and ultimately lowered work performance. Social media platforms offer individuals a valuable avenue to connect with colleagues who share similar backgrounds and interests, contributing to overall job satisfaction and work-related opportunities (Priyadarshini et al., 2020). Delving deeper, the study also unveiled significant variations in social networking addiction, sleep quality, work engagement, and work performance among working adults across various organizational contexts, aligning with prior research. For instance, the industry sector showed the lowest levels of social networking addiction, while the marketing department exhibited higher addiction levels due to its reliance on advertising and increased social networking site usage (Can & Kaya, 2016). Similarly, healthcare professionals displayed elevated addiction scores, potentially linked to their age and clinical responsibilities (Buneviciene & Bunevicius, 2021). In contrast, teaching staff demonstrated controlled internet usage and lower social networking addiction, leading to more consistent sleep quality and subsequently higher work engagement and performance (Fasli & Ozdamli, 2018). Teaching staff also reported higher scores in work engagement and performance, attributed to their supportive environment that fosters daily engagement and indirectly boosts job performance (Bakker Iqbal, Khan, Sajjid & Butt Vol. 5 No. 4 (November, 2025) 534 & Bal, 2010). Conversely, sectors like marketing and industry displayed lower work engagement and performance scores, potentially due to their higher social networking addiction levels, which in turn negatively impacted sleep quality and subsequent engagement and performance. These intricate relationships underscore the complexity of interplay among these variables across diverse work settings. In essence, these findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how social networking addiction, sleep quality, work engagement, and work performance interact in the lives of working adults, highlighting the need for a comprehensive approach to optimize job performance within various organizational contexts. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study establishes that while social networking addiction and work engagement significantly influence work performance, the hypothesized serial mediation of sleep quality and work engagement in the path between social networking addiction and work performance was not found to be significant. Variations in social networking addiction, sleep quality, work engagement, and work performance across different work settings were evident. The study’s implications underscore the importance of nurturing positive work engagement and managing social networking addiction to enhance overall work performance. Future research could explore additional factors and interventions to further enrich our understanding of these dynamics in the evolving landscape of digital work environments. Limitations and Suggestions This study has a few limitations which can be addressed in future studies for further exploration and elaboration. Firstly, there were time constraints in this study which could be addressed by conducting longitudinal research in the future. The participants were reluctant to undertake the questionnaire as they reluctant to share their personal information. Also, the sample for this study were employees who were on duty, therefore not everyone was willing to fill questionnaires. Furthermore, it can be difficult to conclude whether they filled the questionnaire with attention to detail, honesty, and patience. To address this, data should be collected when all the participants are free and willing to pay proper attention. Implications These findings can be used in an array of organizations and industries, given that utilizing work engagement efficiently can lead workers toward increasing their productivity. Moreover, this study also can be used to further the work of studying the habits of working adults and pave the way for this research to be continued and find out more about how to enhance productivity in the workplace. Furthermore, finding innovative ways to enhance the ability of the workers to engage in work and to find joy in their work would overall increase work performance and make workers willing to undertake more work. Competing Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Authors’ Biography 1 Mahjabeen Iqbal is a Research Scholar at the Department of Psychology, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan. She completed her Bachelors of Psychology from Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2 Soulat Khan is a Lecturer at the Department of Psychology, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan. She completed her Masters of Applied Psychology from University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. 3 Hamna Sajjid is a Research Scholar at the Department of Psychology, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan. She completed her Bachelors of Psychology from Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 535 Sleep Quality and Work Engagement as Serial Mediators in the Path Between Social Networking Vol. 5 No. 4 (November, 2025) 4 Tayyab Butt is a Lecturer at the Department of Psychology, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan. He completed his Masters of Psychology from Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan. REFERENCES Azizi, S. M., Soroush, A., & Khatony, A. (2019). The relationship between social networking addiction and academic performance in Iranian students of medical sciences: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychology, 7(1), 28. https:// doi.org/10.1186/s40359-019-0305-0 Bakker, A. B., & Bal, M. P. (2010). Weekly work engagement and performance: A study among starting teachers. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(1), 189-206. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X402596 Borbély, A. A., Daan, S., Wirz‐Justice, A., & Deboer, T. (2016). The two‐process model of sleep regulation: a reappraisal. Journal of Sleep Research, 25(2), 131-143. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12371 Buneviciene, I., & Bunevicius, A. (2021). Prevalence of internet addiction in healthcare professionals: Systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67(5), 483-491. https://doi. org/10.1177/0020764020959093 Can, L., & Kaya, N. (2016). Social networking sites addiction and the effect of attitude towards social network advertising. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 235(October), 484-492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. sbspro.2016.11.059 Christensen, M. (2017). Work engagement and job crafting. In The positive side of occupational health psychology (pp. 79-90). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66781-2_7 Espie, C. A., Kyle, S. D., Hames, P., Gardani, M., Fleming, L., & Cape, J. (2014). The Sleep Condition Indicator: a clinical screening tool to evaluate insomnia disorder. BMJ Open, 4(3), e004183. Fasli, E., & Ozdamli, F. (2018). Teacher Candidates’ Opinions Regarding Instructional and Safe Use of Social Networks and Internet Addiction Risk Levels. TEM Journal, 7(2). Ferreira, A. I., da Costa Ferreira, P., Cooper, C. L., & Oliveira, D. (2019). How daily negative affect and emotional exhaustion correlates with work engagement and presenteeism-constrained productivity. International Journal of Stress Management, 26(3), 261. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000114 Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford publications. Hoşgör, H., Dörttepe, Z. Ü., & Memiş, K. (2021). Social media addiction and work engagement among nurses. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 57(4), 1966-1973. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12774 Ibrahim, M., Yusra, Y., & Shah, N. U. (2022). Impact of social media addiction on work engagement and job performance. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 25. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2022.25.1.11 Jackson, L. (2014). The work engagement and job performance relationship: Exploring the mediating effect of trait emotional intelligence. San José State University. Kidwell, R. E. (2010). Loafing in the 21st century: Enhanced opportunities—and remedies—for withholding job effort in the new workplace. Business Horizons, 53(6), 543-552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2010.06.001 Kock, N., & Moqbel, M. (2021). Social networking site use, positive emotions, and job performance. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 61(2), 163-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2019.1571457 Koopmans, L. (2014). Measuring individual work performance. CPI Koninklijke Wöhrmann, Zutphen. Leonard, K., & Thompson, J. (2019). Importance of employee performance in business organizations. Viitattu, 28, 2019. Martocchio, J. J. (2015). Pay, compensation, and performance, psychology of. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition (pp. 611-617). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08097086-8.22012-6 Mohammadbeigi, A., Absari, R., Valizadeh, F., Saadati, M., Sharifimoghadam, S., Ahmadi, A., ... & Ansari, H. (2016). Sleep quality in medical students; the impact of over-use of mobile cellphone and social networks. Journal of Research in Health Sciences, 16(1), 46. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27061997/ Munene, A. G., & Nyaribo, Y. M. (2013). Effect of social media pertication in the workplace on employee productivity. International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics, 2(2), 141-150. Parks, M. R. (2010). Social network sites as virtual communities. In A networked self (pp. 113-131). Routledge. Priyadarshini, C., Dubey, R. K., Kumar, Y. L. N., & Jha, R. R. (2020). Impact of a social media addiction on employees’ wellbeing and work productivity. The Qualitative Report, 25(1), 181-196. https://doi.org/10.46743/21603715/2020.4099 Ramos-Villagrasa, P. J., Barrada, J. R., Fernández-del-Río, E., & Koopmans, L. (2019). Assessing job performance using