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प्राचीन भारत की न्यायिक व्यवस्था की बदलती परिस्थितियां

मिनाक्षी देवी; डॉ. नहीद अहमद

Abstract

प्राचीन भारत की न्यायिक व्यवस्था भारतीय समाज की मुख्य आधारशिला रही है जो कि धर्म पर आधारित थी। प्राचीन भारतीय न्यायिक व्यवस्था केवल दंड देने तक ही सीमित नहीं थी, बल्कि यह संपूर्ण व्यवस्था धर्मनीति तथा समाजिक आचार पर स्थापित थी। प्रस्तुत शोध का मुख्य उद्देश्य ऋग्वैदिक काल से लेकर गुप्त काल तक की न्याय व्यवस्था की मुख्य विशेषताओं का अध्ययन करना है। इसके अध्ययन में ऋग्वेद धर्मसूत्र , स्मृतियाँ, महाभारत, रामायण तथा कौटिल्य के अर्थशास्त्र जैसे प्राथमिक ग्रंथों का आश्रय लिया गया है। इसके अतिरिक्त आधुनिक इतिहासकार जैसे A.S Alteker, K.P जयस्वाल तथा R.C मजुमदार के विचारों को भी शोध का आधार बनाया गया है। प्राचीन भारत की न्याय व्यवस्था का अध्ययन करने से यह बात स्पष्ट होती है कि प्राचीन भारत में राजा ही सर्वोच्च न्यायाधीश के रूप में कार्य करता था, लेकिन सभा, समिति, पंचायत तथा अन्य न्यायालय भी न्यायिक प्रक्रिया में से सक्रिय थे। संपूर्ण न्याय व्यवस्था धर्म तथा नैतिक मूल्यों पर आधारित थी जिसमें लोगों के नैतिक आचरण, सामाजिक परम्पराएँ तथा धर्म शास्त्रों की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका रही महिलाओं तथा निम्न वर्णो के लोगों की न्यायिक व्यवस्था में बदलाव आता गया संपूर्ण रूप से कहा जा सकता है कि प्राचीन भारतीय न्यायिक व्यवस्था प्राचीन समाज में शांति तथा व्यवस्था बनाए रखने में सहायक रही।

Full text

Ind. Jr. of Mod. Res. and Rev. PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 3 Issue 8 [Aug] 2025 52 © 2025   , .  . This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Indian Journal of Modern Research and Reviews This Journal is a member of the ‘Committee on Publication Ethics’ Online ISSN:2584-184X Review Paper           1*, .   2 1 ,  ,     , , , ,  , ,  ,  2   ,     , . . .  , ,  ,  Corresponding Author: *   DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17768918 2  Manuscript Info.                               ,                                       , , ,                   A.S Alteker, K.P   R.C                                       ,  , ,                          ,                                              ✓ ISSN No: 2584184X ✓ Received: 26-07-2025 ✓ Accepted: 24-08-2025 ✓ Published: 29-08-2025 ✓ MRR:3(8):2025;52-55 ✓ ©2025, All Rights Reserved. ✓ Peer Review Process: Yes ✓ Plagiarism Checked: Yes How To Cite this Article  ,  .        . Ind J Mod Res Rev. 2025;3(8):52-55.    : , , , , ,                 ,                                                       ,                                                                            ,                                                               Ind. Jr. of Mod. Res. and Rev. PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 3 Issue 8 [Aug] 2025 53 © 2025   , .  . This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/                                            ,                 -                                                                                                                               ,                                                                           ,                      ,                        ,        , ,                                              ,                                                                   ,                                                                                                                 ,                ,  , ,                                                 , , ,  ,                                                                      , ,                                                  ,   ,  ,                                                                                                                                 ,  ,                                     ,                                         ,   ,                                                                              , ,                                      ,                                        Ind. Jr. of Mod. Res. and Rev. PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 3 Issue 8 [Aug] 2025 54 © 2025   , .  . This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/   ,  ,                                                                                       , ,   ,   ,    ,                        ,              :        ,   ,  ,    ,    , ,           ,  ,                           ,  , , ,                   – ,  –  ;  /       –           , , , -  ,      , ,  , –,         ()           ,      ,                          –                    ,                                              A.S Alteker           ,                                        ,               -                           ,   ,                                                                                             ,       ,                                                                                                                ,                         ,                                    ,                                                   ,                    ,                                                                                                                , , ,  , , , ,  ,  ,                  ,                         Ind. Jr. of Mod. Res. and Rev. PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 3 Issue 8 [Aug] 2025 55 © 2025   , .  . This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/                                  R.C                                             ,                       ,                                                                   ,                                                              ,    , ,                                          ,                                                           1. .  5,  44,  6. 2. .  10,  85,  26. 3. .  6,  51,  5. 4. .  1,  13,  2-4. 5. .  6,  88,  1-3. 6. .  8,  10,  5. 7. .  1,  9,  1-3. 8. .  7,  6. 9. .  9,  130. 10. .  4.1,  1-15. 11. .  4.4,  1-22. 12. .  3.3,  1-31. 13. .  3.11,  1-26. 14.   .    .  ; : 2017. 15.   .   . 16.  .   .  89-91. 17.    .       .      ;   Creative Commons (CC) License This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. 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