THE TRANSLATION FEATURES OF PARTICIPLE and PARTICIPLE CONSTRUCTIONS FROM ENGLISH TO TURKISH and RUSSIAN

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17774437 Page ~ 1 ~ EDU REKHA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS, LAW AND SOCIAL SCIENCE Journal Homepage: https://edurekhapublisher.com/erijalss/ Volume1 Issue4 (November-December) 2025 ISSN: 3107-5169 (Online) Frequency: Bimonthly ARTICLE TITLE: RECEIVED 25-10-2025 ACCEPTED 27-10-2025 PUBLISHED 17-11-2025 Corresponding author: Ayşe DAĞ PESTİL Aye Da Yabanc Diller Yüksekokulu-Kepez, Merkez Çanakkale, 17100, TÜRKYE - PhD - Abstract In this research, the features of the translation of participles and participle constructions from English to Russian and Turkish were investigated. In the beginning of the research, the participles and participle constructions in modern English, Russian and Turkish language were displayed and explained in detailed with the help of sample sentences. The subject about the features of the translation of English participles and participle constructions into Russian and Turkish were analyzed in two groups; the first one is the translation of participles into Russian and Turkish, and the second one is the translation of participle constructions into Russian and Turkish. The participles are also grouped in and analyzed in the study. At the end of the research the features of translation from English into Russian and Turkish are displayed in terms of participles and participle constructions with the help of sample sentences plenty in English, Russian and Turkish. Key words: participles, participle structures, translation, grammar, Turkish, Russian, English, Introduction In modern linguistics, considerable attention is paid to the study of the participle, since this non-personal form occupies an intermediate position between a verb and an adjective and has a dual character: this means they can perform the functions of both a verb and an adjective. Translating participles and participle constructions from English into Russian and Turkish can be a complex task, as these languages have their own rules and structures for dealing with participles. When compare and discuss the translation of participles and participle constructions in English, Russian, and Turkish there may occur some problematic and also tricky issues: For example Present Participles: English: "The running boy is fast", present participle: "running". Russian: "Бегущий мальчик быстрый", present participle: "бегущий". Turkish: "Koşan çocuk hızlıdır", present participle: “koşan”. Past Participles; English: "The broken window needs fixing.", past participle: "broken". Russian: "Сломанное окно нуждается в починке", past participle: "сломанное (broken)". Turkish: "Kırık pencere tamir edilmeli", past participle: "kırık (broken)". Some sample sentences in participle constructions; English: "He sat at the table, reading a book", Russian: "Он сидел за столом, читая книгу.", Turkish: "Kitap okurken masa başında oturuyordu" / “masa başında otururken kitap okuyordu”. Russian often uses present and past participles to convey actions or states in a similar manner to English. The translation process involves identifying the appropriate form of the participle in Russian and placing it correctly in the sentence structure. Turkish, like Russian, also uses present and past participles similarly to English. However, the structure of the sentence may differ, and Turkish may use a participle phrase or clause to convey the same meaning. “Reading a book, читая книгу, kitap okurken”. As observed in translated sentences, an issue related with syntax appeared in Turkish translation of the same sentence. THE TRANSLATION FEATURES OF PARTICIPLE and PARTICIPLE CONSTRUCTIONS FROM ENGLISH TO TURKISH and RUSSIAN ARTICLE HISTORY PAGES: 01-10 Ayşe DAĞ PESTİL Aye Da Yabanc Diller Yüksekokulu-Kepez, Merkez Çanakkale, 17100, TÜRKYE - PhD - DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17774437 Page ~ 2 ~ sentence. In two possible different of structure of sentence may display in translation to Turkish. In this case, some issues need to be taken into account. Therefore, there are some key points to consider like agreement; Russian and Turkish may require agreement in gender, number, or case with the noun they modify. This can affect the form of the participle. The other one is word order/syntax; the word order in participial constructions can vary among these languages, so translators must pay attention to sentence structure. The next point to consider is Context; the choice of the participle or participle construction can depend on the context and the specific meaning to be conveyed. Translators should consider the nuances. Another key point is idiomatic expressions; Some idiomatic expressions involving participles may not have direct equivalents in the target language, requiring creative translation. Tense and aspect; while both Russian and Turkish can express tense and aspect using participles, the exact grammatical structure used may differ. Generally, translating participles and participle constructions between English, Russian, and Turkish requires a solid understanding of the grammar and syntax of each language, as well as careful consideration of context and the intended meaning. It is a nuanced process that involves not only choosing the right form of the participle but also adapting it to fit the target language's structure and idiomatic expressions. Despite the fact that the participle form in English has repeatedly served as the subject of research in domestic and foreign linguistics and some issues remain controversial. For example, the question of the status of the participle in the system of parts of speech; the ratio of verbal and adjective properties of a given non-personal form, etc. Thus, the relevance of the research topic is due to the need for theoretical and practical consideration of the participle and participial constructions - the impersonal form of the English verb in the aspect of translation. Turkish and Russian often use verb conjugations or specific suffixes to form participles, while English primarily uses "-ing" for present participles and has various forms for past participles. All three languages utilize participles for adjective and adverbial purposes, providing additional information in sentences. The structure of participle constructions varies, allowing for flexibility in expressing complex ideas, concurrent actions, or cause-and-effect relationships. In summary, while Turkish, English, and Russian employ participles and participle constructions for similar purposes, their formation, usage, and syntactic nuances demonstrate the unique characteristics of each language. Understanding these differences is essential for proficient and accurate use of participles in each language. Methodology This study is based on the analysis of sample sentences from three different languages, Turkish, Russian and English. Data of the study are sample sentences from these languages.. Different sample sentences are collected from daily speech of these languages. The materials of the study are the scientific sources and studies releveant with the topic, according to their convenience level to the subject. They are all mentioned throughout the article and indicated especially in the citations. Data collected is implemented by scanning the researches and sources about the topic, some sources involving sample sentences. Since the study is about translation of a grammatical structure between the two and three languages; Turkish, Russian and English, the data collected from all of these three languages and analyzed for illuminating the translation features are plenty and scripted in both alphabetical codes of the two languages. Methods used for analyzing the data are comparing the participle and participle structures in the sentences in three languages. FIindings Hereby the data on the subject are analyzed in the light of quite a lot sample sentences within the subtitles. The study focuses on translation features of participle and participle constructions 1. Participle as an impersonal form of the verb 1.1. Participles in Modern English In English, there are both personal and non-personal forms of the verb. The difference between non-personal verb forms and personal forms is that the infinitive, gerund and participle do not have grammatical categories of person, number and mood and therefore cannot perform the syntactic function of the predicate inherent in personal forms. The absence of the most essential syntactic function of the person for them is reflected in the term "non-personal forms". In modern English, these forms have both verbal and some nominal properties. The verbal properties of the participle are revealed at the morphological, syntactic and semantic levels. In support of the fact that the participle is a form of a verbal lexeme, arguments such as the identity of the verb and the participle of morphological categories; the common lexical meaning of the participle and the finite verb; the identity of the models of formation by means of suffixes -ing, -ed for participial forms and the corresponding regular verbs are given (Kubryakova, 1978 p.102). E.S.Kubryakova, notes that the participle is usually considered not as an independent part of speech, but as a sub-categories of verbs and that the reason for this is that in its semantic structure it retains verb meanings — tense, type, pledge (Kubryakova, 1978, p. 68). O. Espersen (1958) proposed "number" the forms of participles and designate the participle in -ing with the term "participle I", and the second type of participle with the term "participle II" (Espersen, 1958, p. 33). Verbal properties revealed at the morphological level of the participle can be formed from any verbs except modal ones (Kosinets, 2000, p.15). Participation of the participle in the formation of analytical verb forms is an important criterion for the manifestation of verbality at the morphological level. English participial forms with varying degrees of activity participate in the formation of the perfect, long and perfectlong aspects, as well as the passive voice (Kosinets, 2000, p.18). According to I.I.Kosinets (2000), participle II is more actively involved in the formation of analytical forms than participle I. The author sees the reasons for this circumstance in the peculiarities of the functioning of participles I and II. Diachronic studies have shown that in the early stages of the development of the English language, participle II had a much higher frequency compared to participle I (Koşevaya, 1972, p.116). As for the participle I, according to I.I.Kosinets, it was not able to compete with the finite forms of the verb and therefore was used quite rarely as a predicate [Kosinets, 2000, p.18]. However, B.A.Ilyish (1971), regarding participle II, expresses doubt whether these forms in the composition of analytical verb forms can be called participles at all (İlyish, p.133). In this paper, the analytical species-modern forms of the perfect and long-term form are not included in the research material. The verbality of the participle is manifested in the presence of the categories of pledge, type, time, in DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17774437 Page ~ 3 ~ the preservation of management models and adjacency (Yartseva, 1983, p. 17). The morphological categories of tense and voice in the participle correspond to the corresponding categories of the finite verb. In English, there are two past participles (in the asset and passive), namely: Past Participle (type asked) and Perfect Participle (type having asked, having been asked). But like the finite form of the verb in perfect use, the Perfect Participle, in addition to the meaning of the preceding, expresses a connection with the present moment (Muryasov, 2000, p.47). The definition of the clause as the nature of the attitude of the participants in the situation to the action expressed in the predicate usually proceeds from the comparison of three-term constructions in the asset and liability, in which, as is commonly believed, the same subject-object relations are represented. Passive constructions are considered as corresponding transformations of active constructions: John greeted Mary. Mary was greeted by John (Dolinina, 1989 p.100]. The pledge in participles I coincides with the meaning of the pledge in the personal form of the verb. The category of the pledge in the participle I is expressed in the opposition of the active and passive pledge, for example, asking - being asked. Participle II, formed from transitive verbs, has a passive meaning. Participle II from intransitive verbs has a specific meaning of completeness of action: faded "withered", burst "burst" (Pushina, 2001 p. 86). Such a participle acquires an independent functional meaning if it is formed from a verb denoting a transition to a new statement: a withered flower, a faded leaf (Kosinets, 2000 p.17). A review of the literature on the subject of the study showed that participles I and II have both verbal and adjectival properties. It needs considering the features of the manifestation of these properties in the above syntactic functions and the factors that determine the manifestation of these properties of the participle. The need to identify the verbal properties of the participle in the course of the study dictated the appeal to the method of transformations. Familiarity with the experience of researchers convinces that the method of transformation, the transformation of a participial turnover into an independent sentence works quite effectively. As the basis for the transformations performed, the model of explanatory transformation that exists in an authentic English educational text was adopted, for example: missing pages are pages that are missing, a missed opportunity is an opportunity that has been missed. The use of the verb in the paraphrased text indicates the verbality of the participle. Aiming to identify the properties of the participle manifested by it in the function of the circumstance, we consider it possible to talk about the function of the circumstance as a whole, without distinguishing the circumstances of the mode of action, causes, comparisons, etc. As the material showed, the function of the circumstance is assigned mainly to the participle I. Participle II can also perform a circumstantial function: Once seen, it can never be forgotten; if deceived I have been my own dupe; appointed Supreme Commander, he took the stern measures expected of him (Blohk, 1983 p.73). However, we limited the material to the most frequent, most typical cases of the functioning of the participle. Since only a small number of examples with participle II in the function of circumstance were identified, we found it possible not to take them into account when constructing a functional model of the participle. Considering the properties of the participle I in the function of circumstance on the material of the prose of British and American authors of the 20th century. Participles reveal verbal properties on three levels: 1) morphological, 2) syntactic, 3) semantic. Next, for each participle, there will be displayed the properties revealed at these levels using digital pointers, respectively: 1), 2), 3). In a sentence, the participle I, can be in a postposition or preposition to the predicate. The examples illustrating the participle I in the postposition can be considered; Afterwards Mrs. Thornton had said, putting her finger on the sore spot... (Lessing, 1978 p.233). In this sentence, the participle I putting reveals the following indicators of verbality. 1) It has the value of an active voice and expresses the value of a dependent taxi, i.e. simultaneity with the main action, which is transmitted by the predicate had said. 2) The participle putting, being formed from the transitive verb put, takes the direct complement of finger. Use with a direct complement is a property inherited by the participle of the verb. In addition, the manifestation of the verbality of the participle at the syntactic level is the expression of secondary predication, i.e. the possibility of transforming the participial turn into a subordinate clause with a verb predicate: putting her finger when Mrs. Thornton was putting I put her finger. 3) This participle expresses a physical action performed by a person. A bass jumped, making a circle in the water. 1) The participle I, making has the value of an active voice and expresses dependent taxis, simultaneity with the action expressed by the predicate jumped. 2) The participle inherits the property of the motivating transitive verb make to be used with a direct complement (a circle). It expresses a secondary predication and can be transformed into a verb predicate: making made. 3) The participle making expresses a physical action. In the examples considered, participles formed from transitive verbs and taking a direct complement are used. Participles formed from transitive verbs have the most vivid verbal character. 1.2. Participles in Russian In Russian, the participle is understood as a special non-conjugated form of the verb, which denotes an action, but represents it as a sign of the subject. The participle combines the signs of a verb and an adjective. The verbal signs of participles are transitivity –intransitivity (reading a book, visible in the field), reversibility – irrevocability, type (can be perfect and imperfect, for example: read, read), pledge (valid and passive, for example: pulling out – pulled out), tense (present and past: reading – reading, read – read), returnability (visible, written). The signs of the adjective in participles are dependent forms of gender, number, case (written book, written letter, written letters); the presence of both full and short forms in passive participles, the paradigm of declension of adjectives (written letter, written letter, to a written letter, etc.). Participles denote a feature of an object by action, therefore, in a sentence they perform the same syntactic functions as adjectives. The full forms of participles in the sentence play the role of agreed definitions: I love the smoke of a burnt harvest, a nomadic wagon train in the steppe, and the short ones – the role of the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate: The whole room is illuminated with amber brilliance. In modern Russian, there are four forms of participles: the present tense of the active and passive voice, the past tense of the active and passive voice. The formation of participles in modern Russian is associated with the differences of verbs in terms of transitivity and type, therefore the formation of all four forms of the participle from any verb is impossible. The participles of the active voice can be formed from DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17774437 Page ~ 4 ~ transitive and intransitive verbs, and passive ones – only from transitive ones. The present participle of the active and passive voice are formed from imperfect verbs and are not formed from perfect verbs that do not have present tense forms. Participles of the passive voice of the past tense, as a rule, are formed from verbs of only the perfect form. Thus, from perfect intransitive verbs, only participles of the actual past tense can be formed, for example: standing, jumping. The present participle active and passive are formed from the basis of the present tense of the verb by means of suffixes ушь-(-ющ), ащ-(- ящ-) / -ush-(-yushch), asch-(-yashch-) – for active participles and suffixes ем-, -им- / –yem-, -imfor passive participles: читаю –ущий, читаю –ем-ый (chitayu – yushiy, chitayu, -yem-iy ), содерж-ат – содерж-ащ-ий, содерж-им-ый ( soderj-at – soderj -ash-iy, soderjim-iy). Past participle active and passive are formed from the basis of the infinitive (or past tense) by means of the suffix –вш-, -ш- (–sh-, -sh- ) for active participles; -нн-, -енн-, -т- (-nn-, -enn-, -t- ) for passive participles: ходи-ть – ходи-вш-ий (go-gone), нес-ти – нес-ш-ий ( carry - carried) сыгра-ть – сыгра-нн-ы (play - played), купи-ть – куп-л-енный (buy - bought), принес-ти – принес-енн-ый (bring – brought).. Short forms of passive past participles are formed by discarding endings and suffixes –n, -en, -t: prochita-n, left-en, sbi-t. The presence of signs in participles that are common with adjectives contributes to the transition of participles into adjectives. This transition, which was observed in the previous periods of the history of the Russian language, is intensively carried out in our time. In the modern language, there are words that have completely lost their inherent verbality and turned into ordinary adjectives (frank from open, ordinary from habit, and the like: sacred, blessed, inviolable, inspired, intentional, etc.). Participial formations by origin that have completely lost verbal signs (meaning of the process, time, type, pledge and ability to control) are two types of adjectives in the modern language: recumbent, hanging, prickly, combustible, etc. and bold, burnt, mature, hateful, alien, etc. (cf.: recumbent - lying, hanging - hanging and burnt - burned, mature - ripe). A separate group of participial formations by origin consists of adjectives such as dried, soaked, whose connection with generating verbs is still distinct in the modern language. Such adjectives have the meaning "the one who has been exposed to the action expressed by the basis of the generating verb" (cf. dyed, ironed, etc.) and are formed, as a rule, from transitive verbs of an imperfect kind, which distinguishes them from passive past participle (cf.: fried - fried, baked - baked). The absence of adjectives of this type of control (explanatory words) obscures the meanings of time, type and pledge. On the contrary, the presence of explanatory words restores the verbal meaning of the basis and, consequently, translates these adjectives into the category of participles (cf.: baked bread - baked bread in tin form). A special group of adjectives consists of formations from verb bases by means of suffixes -im-, -em-, usually used in conjunction with non- (invincible, inimitable) with the meaning of the impossibility, the inadmissibility of an action or state. The difference between the suffixes -im-, -emin this case is based on the belonging of the original verbs to different types of conjugation: inexpressible (express - II conjugation), inimitable (imitate - I conjugation). The presence in modern Russian of adjectives with suffixes -im-, -em-, does not imply the mandatory formation of these adjectives from correlative participles. Such adjectives in some cases could be formed directly from the corresponding verb bases with the help of the suffix -m- (cf.: unbearable - adjective and carried away - participle). The distinction between participles and adjectives with the suffix -mis made taking into account the semantic and grammatical features of the generating bases of adjectives and participles: passive participles of the present tense are formed from verb bases with the meaning of transitivity and imperfect form; adjectives of the present, with a few exceptions (unharmed, independent, necessary, etc.), are formed from transitive verbs of the perfect form (cf.: intolerant - intolerable). In the group of adjectives with the suffix -imthere are a large number of words that are used only in conjunction with not: unharmed, necessary, etc. Adjectives, the use of which is possible without non-, for example: independent - dependent, irreplaceable - replaceable, etc., semantically and grammatically converge with participles in the presence of a complement in the creative case without a preposition (with the meaning of a figure, an instrument of action): There were some indefinable expectations, desires, requests wandering in it. Adjectives with the suffix -emrepresent a small group of words formed from verbal bases with the meaning of intransitivity and imperfect form: non-combustible, non-exhaled, inimitable, waterproof, fireproof, incessant, incessant, etc. As a rule, adjectives are used only in conjunction with nonand do not correlate with the participles of non-, since the latter are not formed from intransitive verbs (cf.: unquenchable - adjective and unquenchable - participle). The presence in the language of formations having the same morphological appearance, but used both in the meaning of adjectives and in the meaning of participles, is the result of morphological and syntactic word formation (cf.: распущенные волосы - распущенные дети / loose hair - loose children). The formation of adjectives from participles is due to a number of factors: the lexical meaning of the participle, depending on the context, the presence or absence of explanatory words, etc. In different groups of participles, the development of qualitative meanings and the loss of verbality in the formation of adjectives proceed unevenly. Thus, real participles are less able to form adjectives than passive participles. Valid past participles, especially reflexive ones, are more resistant to the preservation of verbality and form adjectives less often. The presence of the prefix particle of non-participles gives them a pronounced shade of possible quality and facilitates the formation of adjectives (неудавшийся актер, незадавшееся предприятие /failed actor, failed enterprise). The qualitative meanings of passive participles are developing especially intensively, and the participles nn, -n, and -th form adjectives more often than the participles n-n, -th. The morphological and syntactic formation of adjectives from participles is accompanied by the transformation of the lexical meaning of the participle, while the tendency to break up the word into two independent homonyms is manifested to a greater or lesser extent (cf.: залив, образованный природой, - человек образованный /a gulf formed by nature is an educated person). The semantic rebirth of the participle during the transition to the adjective is expressed in the loss of the meaning of the temporal attribute created by the activity of the subject by the participle. The adjective formed from the participle denotes a permanent feature of the DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17774437 Page ~ 5 ~ subject (cf.: scattered fog-scattered schoolboy), and often acquires a certain qualitative and evaluative coloring, positive or negative (cf.: воспитанный мальчик, распущенный мальчик /a well-mannered boy, a dissolute boy). Adjectives formed from passive past participles are characterized by metonymic use due to semantic separation from the meaning of the basis of the generating verb; cf.: confused baggage (the defined word baggage is the object of action) and confused appearance (the defined word kind is not thought of as an object of action). From the morphological point of view, an adjective formed from a participle is devoid of collateral and species-temporal meanings and is therefore characterized by the ability to: 1) to form short forms: the dagger is brilliant; 2) to form adverbs by means of suffixes -o, -e: tense, brilliant, etc.; 3) to have degrees of comparison: more organized, more confident; 4) to form abstract nouns on -awn (absent-mindedness, visibility) and 5) to combine with adverbs of measure and degree: a very organized team, very refined taste. 2. Features of Translation of Participles and Participal Constructions From English Into Russian 2.1. Translation of Participles Into Russian The English participle differs from the Russian in form and in the nature of the functions performed by it in the sentence. This is due to the difficulties of its translation into Russian. In English, there are two types of participles — participle I and participle II. At the same time, the participle I has four forms, and the participle II is unchangeable. The English participle can perform the functions of definition, circumstance and predicate parts, while the Russian participle cannot act as a circumstance. In addition, the English participle can be a part of a number of constructions. Thus, when transferring the English participle into Russian, one should take into account: 1) The form of the English participle; 2) The dependence of the translation methods on the syntactic function of the English participle; 3) The use of the participle in participial constructions. Participle I The participle I has non-perfect and perfect forms and, accordingly, the difference in their meaning also differs in the ways of their translation into Russian. In the first case, the simultaneity of the action with the action of the predicate must be transmitted, and in the second — the preceding of it. He forget everything watching the kids. Он забыл обо всём и наблюдал за детьми. He forgot about everything and watched the children. Не watched the sergeant going away having said not a word. Он смотрел, как уходил сержант, не сказав ни слова. / He watched the sergeant leave without saying a word. In a sentence, Participle I can function as a definition, a circumstance, a predicative member and an introductory member of a sentence. 2.1.1. In the definition function, the participle I is translated by a participle, participial turnover, or a determinative subordinate clause: I know the boy throwing stones into the pond. I know the boy throwing stones into the pond (...who throws stones into the pond) I knew the boy throwing stones into the pond. I knew a boy who threw stones into a pond (...who threw stones into a pond). ...it would be appropriate to listen to authentic speech and to use in the classes recordings demonstrating classical Istanbul accent. ..audio recordings demonstrating the classic Istanbul accent ( ...which uses the classic Istanbul dialect.) Firstly, it is recommended to conduct the courses emphasizing the sounds which are common and different in the two languages. ... emphasizing the sounds that are ..) At the initial stage it is useful to use mini dialogues dealing with everyday communication and easy construction. .. it would be useful to use mini dialogues concerning everyday communication and easy construction. (mini-dialogues that use everyday situations...) At the initial stage it is useful to use mini dialogues dealing everyday communication and easy construction. .. it would be useful to use mini dialogues concerning everyday communication and easy construction. (mini-dialogues that use everyday situations...) 2.1.2. In the function of the predicative member, the participle I is translated by an adjective or verb: The trip is exciting. The ride is amazing. The news was surprising for everybody. The news surprised everyone. All this information help to make learning Turkish language more interesting and lead to higher motivation. All this information will help to make the study of the Turkish language more interesting, which will increase the level of motivation of students. 2.1.3. In the function of circumstance, the participle I conveys the meaning of time, cause, mode of action, comparison of concomitant circumstances. It can be introduced by the conjunctions when (when, in those cases when), while (although, despite, while, meanwhile, while), as if, as though (as if, like, as if). The participle I is translated into Russian by the noun, the adverbial participle, the adverbial turnover, as well as by means of internal division (a circumstantial subordinate clause): (While) Reading this book, he learnt a lot. Reading this book, he learned a lot. (When he read this book,) (While) Discharging the ship we found a few broken cases. When unloading the ship, we found several broken boxes. Having been asked to return home earlier, he couldn't stay for dinner. Since he was asked to come home early, he couldn't stay for dinner. He was silent as though waiting for a further question from me. He was silent, as if waiting for me to ask him another question. (When) Teaching pronunciation it would be appropriate to use Turkish dictionary of spelling, to listen authentic speech… When teaching pronunciation, it is advisable to use pronunciation dictionaries, listen to competent speech. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17774437 Page ~ 6 ~ (while) Teaching Turkish to Belarusian learners we should focus your attention on the characteristics of work orders in both languages. Therefore, when teaching Russian-speaking Turkish, special attention should be paid to the order of words in these languages. ( While) Working with the Russian-speaking students, I have noticed that a particular difficulty is connected with the sound (ü). While working with Russian-speaking students, I noticed that the special difficulty in pronunciation is the sound ü. 2.1.4. In the function of the introductory member of the sentence, the participle I is translated by the adverbial participle or the introductory sentence with the conjunction if: Generally speaking, I like this country. Generally speaking, I like this country. Judging by appearance, he looked like an artist. Judging by his appearance, he was an artist. (Judging by his appearance,...) 2.1.5. As a union, participle I introduces conditional, concessive and causal subordinate clauses. They are translated into Russian as follows: supposing, assuming — if, for example, suppose that; seeing (as / that) — because, taking into account, in view of the fact that. Supposing it rains, what shall we do? What will we do if it rains? Assuming the house is for sale, would you buy it? Let's say the house is for sale. Will you buy it? Seeing that you're already at the door, I suppose I must invite you inside. Поскольку ты уже стоишь в дверях, полагаю, я должен пригласить тебя войти. Taking into consideration their similarities, it is appropriate to introduce this sound using such words as … Опираясь на их сходные черты, целесообразно вводить данный звук с помощью таких слов, как Organizing words in certain order, we form a sentence. Организуя слова в определенный порядок, мы образуем предложения 2.1.6. As a preposition, the participle I is used before the noun and is translated into Russian as follows: failing - for lack of, due to absence; in case of absence, in case of failure; regarding, respecting – relatively, considering - taking into account, pending - before, waiting, following - after, after. Failing his arrival we shall stay here. В случае, если он не приедет, мы останемся здесь. What are his intentions regarding you? Каковы его намерения по отношению к вам? It is excusable considering how young he is. Это простительно, если принять во внимание его молодость. Pending his arrival they played chess. В ожидании его приезда они играли в шахматы. Following the lecture the meeting was open to discussion. После лекции началось обсуждение. Pulling a card out of the bag, the student asks “who has eighty five” or “have you seventy-six?” Доставая число из мешка, студент задает вопрос “У кого восемьдесят пять?” или “ У тебя есть семьдесят шесть?” Participle II The participle II has a passive meaning and corresponds to the Russian passive participle. Participle II is used in the function of definition, circumstance, predicative member, conjunction and preposition. 1. In the function of definition, participle II is translated by a passive participle, a participial turnover, or a determinative subordinate clause: Не answered through the locked door. Он ответил через закрытую дверь. The new dam is a major construction project, funded by the government. Сооружение новой плотины — это главный проект, финансируемый правительством. They sent us all the goods mentioned. Они выслали нам весь -товар, который был упомянут. Demirel declared that speaking is important for the unity of thought and feeling reflected in the use of sounds. Демирель говорил, что для говорения важно единство мыслей и чувств, отражающееся в использовании звуков. In every language has from thirty to forty pounds generated by animals. In each language there are from thirty to forty sounds similar to the sounds generated by animals. 2. In the function of circumstance, participle II conveys the meaning of time, reason, concession, comparison. It can be introduced by the conjunctions when (when, in those cases when), while (although, despite, while , meanwhile, while), if (if), whenever (whenever), unless (if not), until (yet), though (although), as (as, when), as if, as though (just like, as if, as if). In Russian, the participle II can be translated by a group of verbal noun with a preposition at, an independent or circumstantial subordinate clause: When cross-examined, Ann confessed. При допросе Энн призналась. This was the breach of the law. If discovered, it would bring them into the police court. Это было нарушением закона. Если бы оно обнаружилось, их отдали бы под суд. Her spirit, though crushed, was not broken. Хотя она и была подавлена, её дух не был сломлен. Unless given extra money, the theatre will have to close. Если театру не дадут дополнительных средств, его придётся закрыть. 3. In the function of the predicative member, participle II is translated by a short passive participle or a personal verb form in a simple predicate: The gate was locked. The gate was locked. Clarity is provided by proper grammatical and lexical statement organization and the clearance of intonation. Clarity is provided due to the correct grammatical and lexical design of the utterance, intonation design The process of speaking has been studied from different points of view. The process of speaking has been studied from different points of view DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17774437 Page ~ 7 ~ It must be performed a large number of pronunciation exercises to acquire this feature. To learn this feature, it is necessary to perform a large number of pronouncing exercises 4. As a conjunction, participle II introduces conditional clauses. They are translated into Russian as follows: provided, granted - subject to, taking into account, if only. I shall give you my dictionary provided you return it tomorrow. Я дам вам свой словарь при условии, что вы завтра его вернёте. Granted that he did say so, we can stay here. Если только он действительно это сказал, мы можем остаться. In order to speak fluently, needed to construct sentences properly, smoothly and sufficiently breath and use an appropriate tone and stress. Для беглого говорения необходимо правильно строить предложения, ровно дышать, использовать подходящий тон и ударение. 5. As a preposition, participle II is used before a noun and is translated into Russian as follows: given — if available, taking into account, taking into account: Given their inexperience, they've done a good job. Taking into account their inexperience, they did a good job. Given certain conditions, such work can be done by anybody. If there are certain conditions, everyone can do such work. 2.2. Translation of participle constructions The participle is used in the following constructions: "objective participial turnover" (the Objective Participial Construction), "subjective participial turnover" (the Subjective Participial Construction), "absolute participial turnover" (the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction) and prepositional absolute participial turnover (the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction). When translating an English sentence containing a participial construction, its division occurs, that is, the division of one sentence into several sentences. Object Participial / The Objective Participial Construction The construction "object participial turnover with participle I" consists of a personal pronoun in the object case or a noun in the general case and a participle I. If the construction includes the participle I, then the personal pronoun or noun is called the person performing the action expressed by the participle I. If the construction includes participle II, then it calls an action directed at a person or object expressed by a personal pronoun or noun. This construction is used in the function of a complex complement. In Russian, it corresponds to an additional subordinate clause. In the Turkish language, this construction is similar to English one. I saw him crossing the street. Я видела, как он переходит улицу. Onu karşıdan karşıya geçerken gördüm. I heard his name mentioned several times. Я слышал, как его имя упоминали несколько раз. Adının birkaç kez geçtiğini duydum. I want the work done well. Я хочу, чтобы работа была сделана хорошо. İşin iyi yapılmasını istiyorum. When the object participle with the participle I is used after the verbs to have, to get, to make, keep, this construction acquires a causative meaning. It shows that the action was not performed by the person expressed by the subject, but by someone else for him or for him. Such sentences are translated into Turkish and Russian by a simple sentence; Не had his hair cut. Он подстригся (Его подстригли). Saçını kestirdi. I had got a coat made. Я сшила пальто. (Мне сшили пальто.) Bir palto yaptım. Subjective Participial Turnover (The Subjective Participial Construction) The construction of the "Subjective Participial turn" (the Subjective Participial Construction) consists of a personal pronoun in the nominative case or a noun in the common case and a participle. The subject participial turnover appears in the sentence in two syntactic functions. The nominal part of this construction (a pronoun in the nominative case or a noun in the common case) in a sentence functions as a subject, and the participle — as part of a complex predicate. The action expressed by the participle refers to the subject, and the verb in front of it in a personal form indicates the attitude to this action on the part of the speaker or any person not specified in the sentence. When translating into Russian, the method of internal division is used. In Russian, this construction corresponds to a complex sentence. The main sentence is an indefinite-personal sentence, the predicate of which corresponds to an English verb in a personal form. The subject of an English sentence with corresponds to the subject of an additional subordinate clause with the conjunction that, to, and the participle is translated by the personal form of the verb into the function of the predicate subordinate clause. They were heard talking about it. Было слышно, как они обсуждали это. Tartıştıkları duyulabiliyordu. Не seemed surprised. Казалось, что он был удивлён. Şaşırmış gibiydi. Independent Participial Turnover (The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction) The construction of the "independent participial turn" (the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction) consists of a combination of a noun in the common case (less often a pronoun in the nominative case) and a participle I or participle II. The action expressed by the participle refers to this noun (or pronoun). In the sentence, the independent participial turnover acts as various circumstances. When translating an independent participial turnover, internal or external sentence division is often used — the division of one sentence into two or more. When this construction is at the beginning of a sentence, it has the meaning of a circumstance of time, reason or condition. The corresponding subordinate clause is transmitted into Turkish or Russian Weather permitting, we shall go to the country. Если погода позволит, мы поедем за город. Hava müsaade ederse, kırlara gideceğiz. It being very cold, we could not go skiing. Так как было очень холодно, мы не смогли пойти кататься на лыжах. Hava çok soğuk olduğu için kayak yapmaya gidemedik. It being pretty late, we went upstair . Так как было довольно поздно, мы пошли наверх. Oldukça geç olmuştu, yukarı çıktık. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17774437 Page ~ 8 ~ The sun having risen, we continued our way. После того как солнце взошло, мы продолжили свой путь. Güneş doğduktan sonra yolumuza devam ettik. The task completed, he left. Когда задание было выполнено, он ушёл. Görev tamamlandığında oradan ayrıldı. When an independent participial turn stands at the end of a sentence, it usually conveys additional information and the circumstances of the accompanying circumstances matter. In this case, it is transmitted into Russian by internal or external division — part of a compound sentence, either unconnected, or introduced by unions a, and, moreover, at the same time, or by an independent simple sentence: Не walked carefully, his boots creaking at every step. Он тихо шёл; сапоги у него скрипели при каждом шаге. Sessizce yürüdü; botları her adımda gıcırdıyordu. Не continued his work, his assistant helping him. Он продолжил работу, а его помощник помогал ему. Asistanı kendisine yardım ederken işine devam etti. An independent participle may be introduced by the preposition “with”, which is not translated into Russian (the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction): With inflation rate going down, the buying behaviour has changed. Так как уровень инфляции снижается, изменилось потребление. Enflasyon oranı düştükçe tüketim de değişmiştir The territory extends for about 200 miles, with a breadth varying from 50 to 100 miles. Территория простирается на 200 миль, причем ширина ее изменяется от 50 до 100 миль. Bölge 200 mil boyunca uzanır ve genişlikleri 50 ila 100 mil arasında değişir Sometimes the participle may be omitted (the Nominative Absolute Construction / the Prepositional Absolute Construction). The functions and translation of an independent turnover without a participle are similar to the functions and methods of translation of an independent participle turnover: The Nominative Absolute Construction: Dinner over, he went to his room. Когда обед закончился, он пошел в свою комнату. Akşam yemeği bitince odasına gitti. He went home alone, his heart full of excitement. Он отправился домой один, душа его была переполнена радостным волнением. Eve yalnız gitti, ruhu sevinçli bir heyecanla dolup taşıyordu. The Prepositional Absolute Construction: I found him waiting for me, with his hat in his hand. Я обнаружил, что он ждет меня; в руке у него была шляпа. Onu elinde şapkasıyla beni beklerken buldum. DISCUSSION The paper analyzes the participles of English and Russian from the point of view of their syntactic functions. Russian participles are described in the first chapter: their properties, functions, role in the sentence, examples, and ways of translation into Russian. There is a third non-personal form of the English verb - the participle, which combines the properties of the verb and the adjective, also shows which members in the sentence can be. Also, the participle has two forms – present (Participle I) and past tense (Participle II). We have reviewed theoretical sources on the problem of English and Russian participle, verbal and adjectival properties of the participle, its functions in the sentence and syntactic complexes with the participle. A number of works by various authors (Birenbaum Ya.G., Kubryakova E.S., Kosinets I.I., Pushina N.I. and others) are devoted to the study of non-personal forms of the verb, namely participles. The verbal properties of the participle are revealed at the morphological, syntactic and semantic levels. The verbality of the participle is manifested in the presence of the categories of pledge, type, time (expression of the dependent taxis). Among the verbal properties of the participle, they note the expression of secondary predication, the presence of dependent words characteristic of the verb in the participle, namely: the meanings of an action, process or state expressed by it. The adjectival properties of the participle are revealed at the morphological, syntactic, semantic and word-formation levels. Thus, when transferring the English participle into Russian, one should take into account: 1) The form of the English participle; 2) The dependence of the translation methods on the syntactic function of the English participle; 3) The use of the participle in participial constructions. In a sentence, the participle I can function as a definition, circumstance, predicative term and introductory term of the sentence. In the definition function, the participle I is translated by a participle, a participial turnover, or a determinative subordinate clause. In the function of the predicative member, the participle I is translated by an adjective or verb. In the function of the introductory member of the sentence, the participle I is translated by the adverbial or introductory sentence. Under the influence of this knowledge, the translation of participles from English into Turkish and Rusian examples of translation are taken into account in the study, as follows: In the definition function, the participle I: ..it would be appropriate to listen to authentic speech and to use in the classes recordings demonstrating classical Istanbul accent. ..аудиозаписи демонстрирующие классический Стамбул акцент (…в которых используется классический стамбульский диалект.), klasik İstanbul aksanını gösteren ses kayıtları (...klasik İstanbul şivesini kullanan ). Firstly, it is recommended to conduct the courses emphasizing the sounds which are common and different in the two languages. подчеркивая звуки, которые являются, .. olan seslerin vurgulanması… At the initial stage it is useful to use mini dialogues dealing everyday communication and easy construction. было бы полезно использовать мини диалоги, касающиеся повседневного общения и легкого строительства. (минидиалоги, в которых используются повседневные ситуации.) İlk aşamada, basit konularla ilgili günlük iletişim ile mini diyaloglar kullanmak yararlıdır. In the function of the predicative member, the participle I: All this information help to make learning Turkish language more interesting and lead to higher motivation. Все эти сведения помогут сделать изучение турецкого языка более интересным, что позволит повысит уровень мотивации студентов. Tüm bu bilgiler, Türkçe öğrenmeyi daha ilgi çekici hale getirmeye ve daha yüksek motivasyona yol açmaya yardımcı olur. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17774437 Page ~ 9 ~ In the function of the circumstance, the participle I: (When) Teaching pronunciation it would be appropriate to use Turkish dictionary of spelling, to listen authentic speech… При обучении произношению целесообразно использовать произносительные словари, слушать грамотную речь. Telaffuz öğretirken Türkçe imla kılavuzu kullanmak, özgün konuşmaları dinlemek uygun olacaktır... (while) Teaching Russian-speaking Belarusian students Turkish, special attention should be paid to word order in these languages. Поэтому при обучении русскоговорящих белорусских студентов турецкому языку следует уделить особое внимание порядку слов в этих языках. (Rusça konuşan Belaruslu öğrencilere Türkçe öğretirken dikkatimizi her iki dildeki sözcük dizilişlerinin özelliklerine odaklamalıyız. ( While) Working with the Russian-speaking students, I have noticed that a particular difficulty is connected with the sound (ü). Во время работы с русскоговорящими студентами, мной было замечено, что особую сложность в произношении представляет собой звук ü. (Bu arada) Rusça konuşan öğrencilerle çalışırken, (ü) sesi ile ilgili özel bir zorluk olduğunu fark ettim. As a union, the participle I: Taking into consideration their similarities, it is appropriate to introduce this sound using such words as … Опираясь на их сходные черты, целесообразно вводить данный звук с помощью таких слов, как… Benzerlikleri göz önüne alındığında, bu sesi aşağıdaki gibi kelimeler kullanarak tanıtmak uygundur… Organizing words in certain order, we form a sentence. Организуя слова в определенный порядок, мы образуем предложения. Kelimeleri belirli bir sıraya göre düzenleyerek bir cümle oluştururuz. As a preposition, the participle I: Pulling a card out of the bag, the student asks “who has eighty five” or “have you seventy-six?”; Доставая число из мешка, студент задает вопрос “У кого восемьдесят пять?” или “У тебя есть семьдесят шесть?” ; Öğrenci çantadan bir kart çekerek "kimde seksen beş var" ya da "sende yetmiş altı var mı?" diye sorar. The participle II has a passive meaning and corresponds to the Russian passive participle. Participle II is used in the function of definition, circumstance, predicative member, conjunction and preposition. In the function of definition, participle II is translated by a passive participle, participial turnover or a determinative subordinate clause. In the function of circumstance, participle II conveys the meaning of time, reason, concession, comparison. In the function of the predicative member, participle II is translated by a short passive participle or a personal verb form in a simple predicate. As a union, participle II introduces conditional subordinate clauses. In the definition function, participle II: Demirel declared that speaking is important for the unity of thought and feeling reflected in the use of sounds. Демирель говорил, что для говорения важно единство мыслей и чувств, отражающееся в использовании звуков. Demirel, seslerin kullanımına yansıyan düşünce ve duygu birliği için konuşmanın önemli olduğunu ifade etti. In every language has from thirty to forty sounds generated by animals. В каждом языке насчитывается от тридцати до сорока звуков, сходных со звуками, порождаемыми животными. Her dilde hayvanlar tarafından üretilen otuz ila kırk ses vardır. In the function of the predicative member, participle II: Clarity is provided by proper grammatical and lexical statement organization and the clearance of intonation. Ясность обеспечивается за счет правильного грамматического и лексического оформления высказывания, интонационного оформления. Açıklık, ifadenin doğru dilbilgisel ve sözcüksel düzenlenmesi ve temiz bir tonlama ile sağlanır. The process of speaking has been studied from different points of view. Процесс говорения был исследован с разных точек зрения. Konuşma süreci farklı bakış açılarından incelenmiştir. It must be performed a large number of pronunciation exercises to acquire this feature. Чтобы усвоить данную особенность, необходимо выполнить большое количество произносительных упражнений. Bu özelliği kazanmak için çok sayıda telaffuz alıştırması yapılmalıdır. As a union, the participle II In order to speak fluently, needed to construct sentences properly, smoothly and sufficiently breath and use an appropriate tone and stress. Для беглого говорения необходимо правильно строить предложения, плавно и с достаточным дыханием, использовать соответствующую интонацию и ударение. Akıcı bir şekilde konuşabilmek için, cümleleri düzgün, akıcı ve yeterince nefes alarak kurmak ve uygun bir ton ve vurgu kullanmak gerekir. In a sentence, Participle I can function as a definition, a circumstance, a predicative member and an introductory member of a sentence. In order to adequately translate from English into Russian and Turkish, it should be remembered that the participle is a special form of the verb and adjective. Participles have the following signs of the verb; Kind; imperfect and perfect: reading and having read, Tense; present and past: fighting and having fought: the participle can be reflexive: developing. Like an adjective, the participle answers the question which one? and in the sentence performs the function of definition. According to the meaning and form of the participle, they can be valid and passive. The translation of the participles involved in the study of translation and the main methods of the participles of translation into Russian are analyzed. To sum up, translating participles and participle constructions between English, Russian, and Turkish requires a solid understanding of the grammar and syntax of each language, as well as careful consideration of context and the intended meaning. It is a nuanced process that involves not only choosing the right form of the participle but also adapting it to fit the target language's structure and idiomatic expressions. REFERENCES 1. Birenbaum Ya.G. 1993. The system of the English verb, Kirov, 155 p. 2. Bloch M. Ya. 1983. Theoretical grammar of the English language: Textbook, Moscow V.Sh., p. 383. 3. Dolinina I.B. 1989. Syntactically significant categories of the English verb. Leningr, 215 p. 4. O. Espersen. 1958. English Language Philosophy of Grammar, Moscow, 331 p.