Appendix for A second hot core in the outer Galaxy: impact of metallicity on the formation of complex organic molecules

Appendix D: Spectral index of G135.27 MM1 Figure D.1 shows the in-band spectral index of MM1 measured within a 1.8" diameter aperture. 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 Frequency (GHz) 60 70 80 90 100 110 Integrated flux density (mJy) = 3.27 ± 1.37 Fig. D.1: Continuum flux density integrated over an aperture of diameter 1.8" as a function of in-band frequency for G135.27 MM1, plotted on a log–log scale. The red dashed line shows the best-fit power law. Appendix E: CO channel maps and spectra of CO isotopologs Figure E.1 displays the spectra of the 2−1 rotational transition of CO isotopologs (CO, 13CO, C18O, and C17O) at the peak position of MM1. The CO and 13CO lines exhibit broad profiles with prominent wing emission. To analyze the outflow morphology, we integrated the blueand red-shifted CO emission over the velocity ranges indicated in Fig. E.1. For blueand red-shifted CO 2−1 emission, the inner limits were set to Vsys −∆Vand Vsys +∆V, with ∆Vthe width at half maximum measured directly on the spectrum. The outer limits were selected on the basis of CO channel maps smoothed spectrally by chunks of 25 channels (see Fig. E.2). No significant emission was detected beyond these limits. For 13CO we used Vsys −1.5×FWHMC18Oand Vsys +1.5×FWHMC18O. The outer limits correspond to Vsys −5×FWHMC18Oand Vsys +5×FWHMC18O, beyond which no significant emission is detected. The full set of velocity limits is listed in Table E.1. Table E.1: Velocity ranges used to integrate the blueand red-shifted emission of CO and 13CO shown as contours in Fig. 2. Molecule Blue-shifted Red-shifted (km s−1) (km s−1) CO −201.2−85.8−57.6 58.8 13CO −87.3−77.4−66.0−56.1 Appendix F: First moment maps of CH3OH and CH3OCHO Figure F.1 shows the first moment maps of CH3OH and CH3OCHO transitions. Appendix G: Emission size Figure G.1 presents the deconvolved size of CH3OH plotted against upper-level energy and line optical depth. Figure G.2 displays the deconvolved emission sizes for all detected molecules. Appendix H: Population diagrams Figure H.1 shows the population diagrams for all molecules with at least two detected lines toward G135.27 MM1. Figure H.2 shows the population diagrams of CH3CCH for the spectrum toward the continuum peak position and the spectrum averaged over a ring centered on MM1 with inner and outer diameters of 0.9" and 2.7", respectively. Appendix I: Detected molecules Tables I.1 and I.2 list the molecules detected toward G135.27 MM2 and MM3, respectively. Article number, page 1 A&A proofs: manuscript no. output Fig. E.1: a CO 2−1 spectrum toward G135.27 MM1. b Spectra of the 2−1 transition of CO and its isotopologs (13CO, C18O, and C17O) over a narrower velocity range. The green solid line represents the Gaussian fitting result for C18O. The additional feature at ∼−52 km s−1in the C17O spectrum is a methanol line. The black dashed line represents the systemic velocity of −71.7 km s−1. In both panels, the blue and red dashed lines indicate the blueand red-shifted integration ranges used to produce the maps shown in Fig. 2, respectively. Light-gray shading below the CO (a) and 13CO (b) spectra highlights the detected emission. Table I.1: Molecules identified toward G135.27 MM2 2 atoms 4 atoms 6 atoms CN H2CS CH3OH CO H2CO 13CO CS C34S Table I.2: Molecules identified toward G135.27 MM3 2 atoms 3 atoms 4 atoms 5 atoms 6 atoms 7 atoms CN SiO H2S H2CS HC3N CH3OH CH3CCH CO CS DCN H2CO 13CO 13CS DNC C18O C34S SO2 C17O C33S SO Article number, page 2 [-253.2, -245.1] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-245.1, -237.0] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-237.0, -228.9] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-228.9, -220.7] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-220.7, -212.6] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-212.6, -204.5] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-204.5, -196.4] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-196.4, -188.2] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-188.2, -180.1] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-180.1, -172.0] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-172.0, -163.9] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-163.9, -155.7] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-155.7, -147.6] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-147.6, -139.5] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-139.5, -131.4] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-131.4, -123.2] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-123.2, -115.1] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-115.1, -107.0] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-107.0, -98.9] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-98.8, -90.7] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-90.7, -82.6] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-82.6, -74.5] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-74.5, -66.4] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-66.3, -58.2] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-58.2, -50.1] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-50.1, -42.0] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-42.0, -33.8] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-33.8, -25.7] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-25.7, -17.6] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-17.6, -9.5] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-9.5, -1.3] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [-1.3, 6.8] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [6.8, 14.9] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [14.9, 23.0] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [23.0, 31.2] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [31.2, 39.3] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 1050510 Offset (") 10 5 0 5 10 Offset (") [39.3, 47.4] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [47.4, 55.5] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [55.5, 63.7] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [63.7, 71.8] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [71.8, 79.9] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 [79.9, 88.0] km/s MM1 MM2 MM3 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 Jy/beam Fig. E.2: Channel maps of CO emission, spectrally smoothed by chunks of 25 channels. The white crosses mark the positions of the continuum peaks. Appendix J: Unidentified lines Table J.1 lists the frequencies and peak temperatures of the lines that remain unidentified in the spectrum of G135.27 MM1. Article number, page 3 A&A proofs: manuscript no. output 101 Offset (arcsec) 1 0 1 Offset (arcsec) MM1 5000 au E u=447 K [-76.2,-65.9] km/s (a) 101 Offset (arcsec) MM1 5000 au E u=100 K [-77.6,-63.8] km/s (b) 74 73 72 71 70 Velocity (km/s) 73 72 71 70 69 Velocity (km/s) Fig. F.1: Moment 1 maps of the CH3OH and CH3OCHO transitions shown in Figs. 4 and 5. The symbols, black lines, and contours are the same as those used in Fig. 5. The velocity ranges used to create the moment 1 maps are indicated in the top right corner of each panel. The filled ellipse in the bottom left corner of each panel represents the beam. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Eu/kB (K) 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Deconv. major FWHM (arcsec) (a) S1 S2 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Eu/kB (K) 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Deconv. minor FWHM (arcsec) (b) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Eu/kB (K) 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Deconv. mean FWHM (arcsec) (c) Median Mean 0123 Line opacity 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Deconv. minor FWHM (arcsec) (d) 0123 Line opacity 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Deconv. minor FWHM (arcsec) (e) 0123 Line opacity 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Deconv. mean FWHM (arcsec) (f) Fig. G.1: Deconvolved emission size of methanol transitions as a function of upper-level energy (top) and line opacity (bottom). The left (a and d), middle (b and e), and right (c and f) panels show the major, minor, and mean FWHM, respectively. The filled circle and triangle symbols indicate the spectral setups S1 and S2, respectively. The dashed line represents the mean value, while the dot-dashed line represents the median value. Appendix K: Overall matching parameter Figure K.1 presents the overall matching parameter derived from the comparison between the chemical model predictions and the observed abundances. Article number, page 4 CN CO 13CO C18O C17O SO 34SO 33SO S18O CS 13CS C34S C33S SiO CH3CCH OCS OC34S H2S HDO DCN SO2 34SO2 H2CS H2CO H213CO HNCO HC3N t_HCOOH H2CCO CH3OH CH3OH(v t =1) 13CH3OH CH3CN CH3CHO CH3OCHO CH3OCH3 C2H5OH (CH2OH)2 0 1 2 3 4 Deconv. mean FWHM (") Mean Median Fig. G.2: Deconvolved mean source size determined for all identified molecules through two-dimensional Gaussian fitting. For each molecule, the deconvolved emission sizes of different transitions are shown as black dots, while the mean and median values are indicated by red and blue lines, respectively. Table J.1: List of unidentified lines with peak S/N ratio ≥3 in the spectrum of G135.27 MM1. Frequency(a)T(b)S, W(c) 218180.08 0.62 S1, LO 220344.94 0.61 S1, LI 225822.90 0.64 S2, LO 226071.76 0.55 S2, LO 226211.15 0.25 S2, LO 226218.60 0.51 S2, LO 226538.59 0.58 S2, LO 226691.66 0.75 S2, LO 227836.26 0.66 S2, LI-CO 227840.97 0.69 S2, LI-CO 228820.62 0.58 S2, LI-CO 228849.12 0.42 S2, LI-CO 228993.06 0.77 S2, LI-CO 229990.87 0.55 S2, LI-CO 230110.10 0.38 S2, LI-CO 230159.31 0.67 S2, LI-CO 230206.06 0.44 S2, LI-CO 235103.96 1.09 S1, UO 236308.34 0.87 S1, UO 238806.94 0.74 S2, UI 239924.99 0.77 S2, UI 240701.23 0.56 S2, UI 242285.78 0.79 S2, UI 245497.77 0.74 S2, UO Notes. (a)Rest frequency in MHz. (b)Peak temperature in K. (c)Setup (S) and spectral window (W). Article number, page 5 A&A proofs: manuscript no. output 80 100 120 140 160 180 Eu/kB (K) 34.4 34.5 34.6 34.7 34.8 34.9 35.0 35.1 ln(Nu/gu) (cm 2) a HDO 80 100 120 140 160 180 Eu/kB (K) 34.4 34.5 34.6 34.7 34.8 34.9 35.0 35.1 b T rot = (260.4 ± 0.0)K N tot = (3.0 ± 0.0) × 1017 cm 2 0 50 100 150 200 Eu/kB (K) 30.5 31.0 31.5 32.0 32.5 ln(Nu/gu) (cm 2) a H2CO 0 50 100 150 200 Eu/kB (K) 30.5 31.0 31.5 32.0 32.5 b T rot = (102.6 ± 2.7)K N tot = (7.6 ± 0.3) × 1016 cm 2 50 100 150 Eu/kB (K) 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 ln(Nu/gu) (cm 2) a CH2DOH 50 100 150 Eu/kB (K) 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 b T rot = (76.0 ± 19.0)K N tot = (1.1 ± 0.5) × 1016 cm 2 0 100 200 300 Eu/kB (K) 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0 ln(Nu/gu) (cm 2) a C-13-H3OH,v=0 0 100 200 300 Eu/kB (K) 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0 b T rot = (116.6 ± 8.9)K N tot = (5.9 ± 0.6) × 1016 cm 2 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Eu/kB (K) 22 23 24 25 26 27 ln(Nu/gu) (cm 2) a CH3CN v t = 0 v t = 1 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Eu/kB (K) 22 23 24 25 26 27 b T rot = (193.4 ± 5.5)K N tot = (1.2 ± 0.1) × 1016 cm 2 50 100 150 200 Eu/kB (K) 26.00 26.25 26.50 26.75 27.00 27.25 27.50 27.75 ln(Nu/gu) (cm 2) a H2CCO 50 100 150 200 Eu/kB (K) 26.00 26.25 26.50 26.75 27.00 27.25 27.50 27.75 b T rot = (103.5 ± 19.4) K N tot = (3.6 ± 1.0) × 1015 cm 2 0 100 200 300 400 500 Eu/kB (K) 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0 ln(Nu/gu) (cm 2) a HNCO 0 100 200 300 400 500 Eu/kB (K) 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0 b T rot = (231.9 ± 19.4) K N tot = (3.8 ± 0.4) × 1016 cm 2 60 80 100 120 140 Eu/kB (K) 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.6 ln(Nu/gu) (cm 2) a CH3CHO,v=0 60 80 100 120 140 Eu/kB (K) 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.6 b T rot = (62.9 ± 12.9)K N tot = (5.4 ± 1.8) × 1014 cm 2 60 80 100 120 Eu/kB (K) 26.4 26.6 26.8 27.0 27.2 ln(Nu/gu) (cm 2) a HC(O)NH2,v=0 60 80 100 120 Eu/kB (K) 26.4 26.6 26.8 27.0 27.2 b T rot = (109.5 ± 25.6) K N tot = (2.0 ± 0.6) × 1015 cm 2 50 100 150 200 250 Eu/kB (K) 28.2 28.4 28.6 28.8 29.0 29.2 29.4 29.6 ln(Nu/gu) (cm 2) a t-HCOOH 50 100 150 200 250 Eu/kB (K) 28.2 28.4 28.6 28.8 29.0 29.2 29.4 29.6 b T rot = (191.5 ± 22.2) K N tot = (3.9 ± 0.5) × 1016 cm 2 Fig. H.1: Same as Fig. 8, but for other molecules (except CH3CCH, which is shown in Fig. H.2). Article number, page 6 0 100 200 300 Eu/kB (K) 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 ln(Nu/gu) (cm 2) a H2CS 0 100 200 300 Eu/kB (K) 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 b T rot = (103.2 ± 7.3) K N tot = (2.8 ± 0.3) × 1015 cm 2 0 100 200 300 400 Eu/kB (K) 24 25 26 27 ln(Nu/gu) (cm 2) a CH3OCH3,v=0 0 100 200 300 400 Eu/kB (K) 24 25 26 27 b T rot = (117.5 ± 5.1)K N tot = (9.0 ± 0.8) × 1016 cm 2 0 50 100 150 200 250 Eu/kB (K) 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 ln(Nu/gu) (cm 2) a C2H5OH,v=0 0 50 100 150 200 250 Eu/kB (K) 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 b T rot = (87.8 ± 10.3)K N tot = (3.2 ± 0.7) × 1016 cm 2 130 140 150 160 170 Eu/kB (K) 25.8 25.9 26.0 26.1 ln(Nu/gu) (cm 2) a HC3N,v=0 130 140 150 160 170 Eu/kB (K) 25.8 25.9 26.0 26.1 b T rot = (135.8 ± 14.0)K N tot = (5.1 ± 1.0) × 1014 cm 2 60 80 100 120 140 160 Eu/kB (K) 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.2 ln(Nu/gu) (cm 2) a CH3COCH3-oz,v=0 60 80 100 120 140 160 Eu/kB (K) 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.0 23.2 b T rot = (81.8 ± 8.4)K N tot = (9.1 ± 1.7) × 1015 cm 2 100 200 300 400 Eu/kB (K) 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 ln(Nu/gu) (cm 2) a CH3OCHO v t = 0 v t = 1 100 200 300 400 Eu/kB (K) 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 b T rot = (136.4 ± 4.1)K N tot = (1.2 ± 0.1) × 1017 cm 2 100 110 120 Eu/kB (K) 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 31.7 31.8 ln(Nu/gu) (cm 2) a OCS,v=0 100 110 120 Eu/kB (K) 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 31.7 31.8 b T rot = (111.3 ± 6.6)K N tot = (5.7 ± 0.5) × 1016 cm 2 0 200 400 600 800 Eu/kB (K) 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 ln(Nu/gu) (cm 2) a SO2,v=0 0 200 400 600 800 Eu/kB (K) 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 b T rot = (148.7 ± 4.3)K N tot = (3.6 ± 0.3) × 1017 cm 2 Fig. H.1: Continued. Article number, page 7 A&A proofs: manuscript no. output 75 100 125 150 175 Eu/kB (K) 23 24 25 26 27 ln(Nu/gu) (cm 2) a CH3CCH v t = 0 75 100 125 150 175 Eu/kB (K) 23 24 25 26 27 b T rot = (75.4 ± 8.7)K N tot = (1.7 ± 0.3) × 1017 cm 2 75 100 125 150 175 Eu/kB (K) 22 23 24 25 26 27 ln(Nu/gu) (cm 2) a CH3CCH v t = 0 75 100 125 150 175 Eu/kB (K) 22 23 24 25 26 27 b T rot = (63.3 ± 5.3)K N tot = (2.6 ± 0.4) × 1014 cm 2 Fig. H.2: Same as Fig. 8, but for the CH3CCH spectrum extracted from the continuum peak position (left) and the averaged spectrum within a ring with inner and outer diameters of 0.9" and 2.7", respectively (right). Av2 Av3 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 Overall matching parameter Timescale fast medium slow Fig. K.1: Overall matching parameter obtained for the comparison of chemical model results with the observed abundances of a subset of the species shown in Fig. 12, for three different warm-up timescales. Av2 and Av3 refer to the models with an initial visual extinction of 2 and 3 mag, respectively. A lower matching parameter indicates a closer agreement between the model and the observations. Article number, page 8