Sound for survival, exploration and pleasure.

Sound for survival, exploration and pleasure. Hanne Sagen, Espen Storheim Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center Resources for further informaiton: International Quite Ocean Experiment –https://iqoe.org Discovery of Sound in the ocean - https://dosits.org Arctic Ocean Boundary Current: Atlantic (red arrows) and Pacific (yellow arrows) water circulation Green arrows –fresh-water input from Siberian rivers Water resides and circulates for 25 years! (from Beszczynska-Möller et al., 2011) How well does the ocean climate models (e.g., CMIP6) represent the ocean under the sea ice? What is happening with the ocean under the sea ice? MacDonald and Bewers (1996) Temperature in the Arctic transect in 13 climate models Multi-model mean + 1 STD - 1 STD Langehaug et al. 2023 Observing the interior ocean under the Arctic Sea Ice “Leverage existing ocean observation infrastructures and networks, working to strengthen and expand user engagement in already established communities.” OECD,2021 To observe the interior ocean, we need instruments therein . https://www2.whoi.edu/site/itp/data/ Thompson et al., 2017), Copyright 2024 NERSC. All Right Reserved https://sio-argo.ucsd.edu/statusbig.gif Sound is important for us •Music can express and induce feelings •Spoken language is used to communicate •Warning –protect our self from danger •Extract information from background sound Noise can make it difficult for us! What is sound? •Pressure waves propagate in all media. •C= 340 m/s in air, 1500 m/s in water, 3000m/s in solid Sound in the ocean: Spherical and cylindrical spreading •1/R •1/R2 https://dosits.org Principle of acoustic measurements •1826, Colladon and Sturm •Lake Geneva •Measure distance (navigation) and time V=S/T Acoustic thermometry Travel time between source receiver –gives sound speed →temperature (V=S/t) Acoustic positioning/localization Measure travel time – known sound speed →gives S=v*t Passive listening Detect, localize, track sounds from different human and natural sources. Communication Narwhals (Narhval) Only found in the Arctic. The tusks may be able to detect water temperature, pressure and salinity (Not everyone has its own CTD!!!). http://minnesota.publicradio.org/events/2013/11/a-beautifulworld/images/Narwhal3.jpg https://dosits.org Bearded seal (storkobbe) –prince charming https://dosits.org Adult bearded seal by by wildlife photographer Paul Souders Bowhead whale (Grønnlandshval) Bowhead whales are considered to be the longest living mammals, living for over 200 years. They can break through 60 cm of ice! http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/B/bowhead_whale.html Fin whale - Second largest species on Earth Length up tp 27 m and 77 tonnes. 184-186 underwater dB Geohazards such as marine Earthquake produce a lot of sound https://dosits.org Merchant vessel https://dosits.org Other applications of sound •Medicine (e.g. Ultrasound) •Search and Rescue (e.g. black-box in aircrafts) •Oil and gas (e.g. seismics) •Fisheries (e.g. echosounders) •Military (e.g. location of submarines) •Mapping of seafloor (e.g echosounders) •Research (e.g. echosounders, tomography) Funded by the European Union Horizon Europe Programme, Grant Agreement No.101094621. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Executive Agency. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. AOOS is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2023-2026).