ग्रामीण और शहरी पर्यावरणीय समस्याएं

Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10 (III) October2025 248      .jes'k izlkn dksy lgk;d izk/;kid] jktuhfr'kkL= foHkkx] 'kkldh; j.kfot; izrki flag LukrdksRrj egkfo|ky;] ftyk mefj;k] e0iz0Hkkjr] Email- [email protected] Manuscript ID: JRD -2025-171056 ISSN: 2230-9578 Volume 17 Issue 10 (III) Pp. 248-251 October 2025 Submitted: 25 Sept. 2025 Revised: 30 Sept. 2025 Accepted: 22 Oct. 2025 Published: 31 Oct. 2025 Lkkjka'k& i;kZoj.kh; leL;k,a] ekuo vkSj i;kZoj.k ds e/; varlaZca/kksa dh tfVyrk dks le>us dk ,d oSKkfud ç;kl gSA ;g u dsoy çk—frd ifj?kVukvksa tSls tyok;q] LFkyk—fr] ty lalk/ku] tSo fofo/krk vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= dk v/;;u djrk gS] cfYd ;g ;g Hkh tkaprk gS fd ekuo lekt bu çk—frd lalk/kuksa dk fdl çdkj mi;ksx djrk gS] fdl gn rd mu ij fuHkZj djrk gS vkSj fdl çdkj mudk nksgu ;k laj{k.k djrk gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa ftl xfr ls 'kgjhdj.k] vkS|ksxhdj.k] tula[;k o`f) vkSj lalk/kuksa dk vfrnksgu gqvk gS] mlus oSf'od vkSj LFkkuh; nksuksa Lrjksa ij i;kZoj.kh; ladV mRiUu fd, gSaA bu ladVksa dk lek/kku [kkstus dh fn'kk esa i;kZoj.kh; leL;k,a vR;ar egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA lrr fodkl] ,d ,slk –f"Vdks.k gS tks orZeku dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djrs gq, Hkfo"; dh ihf<+;ksa ds fy, lalk/kuksa dh miyC/krk dks cuk, j[kus ij cy nsrk gSA ;g vo/kkj.kk dsoy vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd igyqvksa rd lhfer ugha gS] cfYd ;g i;kZoj.kh; larqyu vkSj lalk/kuksa dh iqu#Rikndrk dks Hkh dsaæ esa j[krh gSA ,sls esa] i;kZoj.kh; Hkwxksy vkSj lrr fodkl ds e/; ,d xgjk fj'rk curk gSA tc fodkl ;kstuk,a ikfjfLFkfrd –f"V ls larqfyr gksa] rHkh os okLro esa LFkk;h fl) gks ldrh gSaA Hkkjr tSls fo'kky vkSj fofo/krkiw.kZ ns'k esa tgk¡ ,d vksj egkuxjksa esa tula[;k vkSj fuekZ.k xfrfof/k;k¡ foLQksVd :i ys jgh gSa] ogha nwljh vksj xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ikjaifjd —f"k i)fr;ksa] ty çca/ku vkSj ouksa ij fuHkZjrk vkt Hkh çpfyr gSA bl 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k foHkktu us i;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa ds :i] ç—fr vkSj lek/kku dks Hkh fHkUu cuk fn;k gSA mnkgj.kr%] tgk¡ 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa ok;q çnw"k.k] Bksl vif'k"V çca/ku] vkSj ty ladV çeq[k eqís gSa] ogha xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa feêh dk {kj.k] ouksa dh dVkbZ vkSj tyok;q vfuf'prrk tSlh leL;k,¡ mHkj jgh gSaA dhoMZ&: xzkeh.k] 'kgjh] i;kZoj.k] leL;k,A izLrkouk& xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa i;kZoj.kh; leL;k,¡ vyx&vyx gksrh gSa] ysfdu nksuksa gh ekuo LokLF; vkSj fodkl ds fy, [krjukd gSaA 'kgjksa esa ok;q vkSj /ofu çnw"k.k] dpjk çca/ku dh leL;k vkSj çk—frd lalk/kuksa dk vR;f/kd nksgu vke gS] tcfd xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vkarfjd ok;q çnw"k.k] dhVuk'kdksa dk vuqfpr mi;ksx] ty çnw"k.k ¼[kjkc is;ty½ vkSj feêh dk {kj.k tSlh leL;k,¡ vf/kd ikbZ tkrh gSaA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa jgus okys yksx vkerkSj ij vius çk—frd i;kZoj.k dh lhekvksa ds çfr vf/kd tkx:d gksrs gSa D;ksafd os mlds cgqr djhc jgrs gSa] vkSj muds fy, ;g ns[kuk vklku gksrk gS fd ekuoh; xfrfof/k;k¡ muds fy, egRoiw.kZ lalk/kuksa dks fdruk uqdlku igq¡pk ldrh gSaA ;g bdkbZ vf/kdka'k xzkeh.k ifjos'kksa dh lkekU; leL;kvksa ij ppkZ djrh gSA bldh txg 'kq"d Hkwfe] igkM+ksa vkSj NksVs }hiksa ij fLFkr fo'ks"k bdkb;k¡ yxkbZ tk ldrh gSa] tgk¡ fof'k"V i;kZoj.kh; leL;k,¡ gSaA Quick Response Code: Website: https://jrdrvb.org/ DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17786641 Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work noncommercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations ae licensed under the idential terms. Address for correspondence: .  󰭈 , 󰭈󰬀, 󰲌 , 󰲒  󰭈 󰲓 󰲊󰰌 󰱳,  󰲐, 󰭈. , How to cite this article:  󰭈 . (2025). 󰬶   󰫦 󰬎 . Journal of Research & Development, Original Article Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10 (III) October2025 249 17(10( III)), 248-251. vf/kdka'k xzkeh.k ifjos'kksa esa vusd i;kZoj.kh; lalk/ku gksrs gSa% —f"k vkSj [kk| mRiknu ds fy, ç;qä Hkwfe] i'kqvksa ds fy, pjkxkg] taxy ;k ouHkwfe] LFkkuh; ouLifr;ksa vkSj i'kqvksa okys çk—frd {ks=] laHkor% dqN ehBs ikuh dh fo'ks"krk,¡ tSls /kkjk,¡] unh ;k >hy] vkSj dqN ds fy, egklkxj ;k leqæ ds fdukjs rVh; {ks=A ,sls xk¡o ;k dLcs Hkh gSa tgk¡ ekuoh; xfrfof/k;k¡ dsafær gSaA buesa ls çR;sd esa dqN fof'k"V i;kZoj.kh; leL;k,¡ ;k çca/ku pqukSfr;k¡ gks ldrh gSaA 1bl 'kks/k& i= esa ,d rqyukRed –f"Vdks.k ls 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dh i;kZoj.kh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk ewY;kadu fd;k x;k gSA bldk mís'; ;g le>uk gS fd nksuksa {ks=ksa esa fdu&fdu çeq[k i;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa dk lkeuk fd;k tk jgk gS] mudk Lo:i dSlk gS] vkSj mu leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, vc rd fdu j.kuhfr;ksa dks viuk;k x;k gS ;k viuk;k tkuk pkfg,A bl fo'ys"k.k ds ek/;e ls ;g Li"V fd;k x;k gS fd ;|fi 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k ifjos'k esa leL;k,¡ vyx&vyx Lo:i esa çLrqr gksrh gSa] rFkkfi lrr fodkl dh vko';drk vkSj mldh fl)karkRed vk/kkjHkwr vo/kkj.kk,¡ nksuksa esa leku :i ls çklafxd gSaA bl v/;;u dk ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ mís'; ;g gS fd Hkkjr ds fofHkUu izkd`frd {ks=ksa esa LFkkuh; lalk/kuksa] ikjaifjd Kku] vkSj lkeqnkf;d Hkkxhnkjh dks fdl çdkj lefUor dj lrr fodkl dh j.kuhfr rS;kj dh tk ldrh gSA tc rd fodkl ;kstukvksa esa LFkkuh; i;kZoj.kh; Hkwxksy vkSj {ks=h; lkekftd lajpuk dks /;ku esa ugha j[kk tk,xk] rc rd os O;ogkj esa çHkkoh fl) ugha gks ldrhaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ;g 'kks/k&i= dsoy leL;kvksa dh igpku ugha djrk] cfYd laHkkfor lek/kkuksa] uhfr&fuekZ.k vkSj tu&lgHkkfxrk ij Hkh fo'ks"k cy nsrk gSA bl çdkj] ;g 'kks/k xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh i;kZoj.kh; leL;k, dks ,d ledkyhu] O;ogkfjd vkSj rqyukRed – f"Vdks.k ls çLrqr djus dk ç;kl djrk gS] rkfd Hkkjr ds 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k nksuksa ifjos'kksa esa i;kZoj.kh; tkx:drk] uhfr vuqdwyu] vkSj lalk/kuksa ds foosdiw.kZ mi;ksx dh fn'kk esa Bksl igy dh tk ldsA 'kks/k mís'; ¼Objectives of the Study½ 1- 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k i;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa dh çeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa dh igpku djukA 2nksuksa {ks=ksa esa lrr fodkl ls lacaf/kr çeq[k pqukSfr;ksa dk rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k djukA 3lalk/ku mi;ksx vkSj i;kZoj.kh; {kj.k ds iSVuZ dk ewY;kadu djukA 4- 'kgjh&xzkeh.k varjksa ds ckotwn lk>k lek/kku ,oa j.kuhfr;ksa dk lq>ko nsukA 5uhfrxr ,oa leqnk; vk/kkfjr lrr fodkl e‚My dks lkeus ykukA 3- 'kks/k i)fr ¼Research Methodology½ bl v/;;u esa xq.kkRed ¼Qualitative½ ,oa ek=kRed ¼Quantitative½ nksuksa çdkj dh i)fr;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA • f}rh;d lzksrksa ls çkIr vkadM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gS] ftuesa ljdkjh fjiksVsaZ ¼MOEFCC] NITI AAYOG½] IPCC fjiksVZ] tux.kuk vk¡dM+s] vkSj vU; i;kZoj.kh; v/;;u 'kkfey gSaA • 'kgjh {ks= ds fy, fnYyh] eqacbZ vkSj csaxyq# tSls 'kgjksa dk v/;;u fd;k x;k] ogha xzkeh.k {ks= ds fy, fcgkj] jktLFkku vkSj NÙkhlx<+ ds dqN ftyksa dks dsl LVMh ds :i esa fy;k x;kA • GIS vk/kkfjr Hkwfe mi;ksx ifjorZu ¼LULC½] tyok;q ifjorZu MsVk vkSj Hkwty Lrj ds vk¡dM+ksa dk rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;kA • fo'ks"kKksa ds lk{kkRdkj vkSj lkeqnkf;d lgHkkfxrk dh ço`fÙk;ksa dk voyksdu Hkh fd;k x;k gSA 4i;kZoj.kh; leL;k,a dk fl)kar vkSj egRo i;kZoj.kh; leL;k, ç—fr vkSj ekuo ds ikjLifjd laca/kksa dh xgu iM+rky djrh gSA ;g v/;;u djrh gS fd fdl çdkj çk—frd rÙo — tSls tyok;q] LFkyk—fr] ouLifr] ty lalk/ku] vkSj e`nk — euq"; dh vkfFkZd] lkekftd] vkSj lkaL—frd xfrfof/k;ksa dks çHkkfor djrs gSa] vkSj dSls ekuoh; gLr{ksi ç—fr dks iqu% ifjofrZr djrk gSA i;kZoj.kh; Hkwxksy bl f}i{kh; laca/k ds dkj.k mRiUu leL;kvksa dks le>us vkSj muds lek/kku ds oSKkfud mik; lq>kus dk dk;Z djrk gSA bl {ks= dk egRo blfy, vkSj vf/kd gks tkrk gS D;ksafd orZeku ;qx esa tyok;q ifjorZu] i;kZoj.kh; çnw"k.k] lalk/kuksa dh vR;f/kd [kir] tSo fofo/krk dk fouk'k] vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= dh vfLFkjrk tSlh leL;k,¡ ekuo vfLrRo ds fy, [krjk cu pqdh gSaA i;kZoj.kh; Hkwxksy gesa ;g le>us esa lgk;rk djrk gS fd çk—frd ç.kkyh ds larqyu dks dSls Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10 (III) October2025 250 cuk, j[kk tk, vkSj fdl çdkj ekuoh; xfrfof/k;ksa dks i;kZoj.k ds vuqdwy :i esa ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA i;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa ds varxZr dqN çeq[k vo/kkj.kk,¡ vkrh gSa — tSls ikfjfLFkfrdh larqyu ¼Ecological Balance½] ogu {kerk ¼Carrying Capacity½] lalk/ku laj{k.k ¼Resource Conservation½] ikfjfLFkfrd ra= lsok,¡ ¼Ecosystem Services½] vkSj tksf[ke ewY;kadu ¼Risk Assessment½A ;g vuq'kklu dsoy fl)kar rd lhfer ugha gS] cfYd uhfr&fuekZ.k] 'kgjh fu;kstu] çk—frd vkink çca/ku] tyok;q uhfr] vkSj lrr fodkl dh j.kuhfr;ksa esa bldh Hkwfedk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA lrr fodkl ¼Sustainable Development½ ds y{; dks çkIr djus gsrq i;kZoj.kh; u dsoy ns’k dh tula[;k dks nwf"kr dj jgh gS] cfYd fodkl dh mu çfØ;kvksa dh Hkh igpku djrk gS tks nh?kZdky esa i;kZoj.kh; {kfr dk dkj.k cu ldrh gSaA vr% ;g vfuok;Z gks tkrk gS fd ;kstukvksa] uhfr;ksa vkSj fodkl ifj;kstukvksa esa i;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa ds fl)karksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tk,] rkfd lekos'kh vkSj nh?kZdkfyd fodkl laHko gks ldsA 'kgjhdj.k vkSj xzkeh.k o 'kgjh {ks=ksa ds e/; leL;k,a& 'kgjhdj.k vkSj xzkeh.k o 'kgjh {ks=ksa ds chp laca/kksa dks le>uk] fo'o Hkj esa gks jgs oSf'od ifjorZuksa dk vf/kdre ykHk mBkus rFkk ekStwnk vusd feFkdksa dks pqukSrh nsus ds fy, ekSfyd gSAvkus okys n'kdksa esa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ls 'kgjh {ks=ksa dh vksj tula[;k esa cM+s cnyko dh Hkfo";ok.kh dh xbZ gS] rFkk la;qä jk"Vª ds vuqekuksa ds vuqlkj] fo'ks"k :i ls ,f'k;k vkSj vÝhdk esa] djksM+ksa dh la[;k esa 'kgjh fuoklh c<+saxsA bruh vf/kd la[;k esa 'kgjh fuokfl;ksa dks dq'kyrkiwoZd vkSj leku :i ls lek;ksftr djuk dfBu gksxk&ysfdu ;g lkspuk fd 'kgjh fodkl nj vHkwriwoZ gS vkSj c<+ jgh gS] iwjh rjg ls xyr gS vkSj xyr uhfr lans'k nsrk gSA 'kgjhdj.k dh nj ij vadq'k yxkus ds ctk;] gesa ekStwnk pqukSfr;ksa vkSj voljksa ij /;ku nsus dh t:jr gSA ge vkfFkZd mRikndrk vkSj i;kZoj.kh; fLFkjrk esa 'kgjhdj.k ds ;ksxnku ds ldkjkRed igyqvksa dh c<+rh la[;k dk Lokxr djrs gSa&gkyk¡fd 'kgjhdj.k okys ns'kksa esa 'kgjhdj.k ds çfr vkf/kdkfjd –f"Vdks.k eksVs rkSj ij udkjkRed gh cuk gqvk gSA 'kgjhdj.k dsoy 'kgjksa esa gksus okyh xfrfof/k;ksa rd lhfer ugha gS] cfYd ;g O;kid ifjorZuksa dk ,d fgLlk gSA gkyk¡fd yksxksa vkSj mudh xfrfof/k;ksa dks vkerkSj ij 'xzkeh.k' ;k ''kgjh' ds :i esa oxhZ—r fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu okLro esa xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh LFkkuksa] yksxksa vkSj xfrfof/k;ksa ds chp laca/k gh egRoiw.kZ gSaA 'kgjhdj.k dks O;kid ifjorZuksa ds ,d fgLls ds :i esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg,] ftlesa oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk esa cnyko 'kkfey gS vkSj ftlesa 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k nksuksa {ks= 'kkfey gSaA gesa ,d {ks= ls nwljs {ks= esa yksxksa ds çokl vkSj 'kgjh tula[;k o`f) nj ij Hkh /;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSA ;g Hkh egRoiw.kZ gS fd 'kgjhdj.k ls dsoy 'kgjh cfLr;ksa dks gh ugha] cfYd O;kid {ks=ksa dks ykHk gksrk gSA 'kgjhdj.k vkSj xzkeh.k ifjorZu ,d&nwljs ls xgjkbZ ls tqM+s gq, gSa] vkSj bldk [kk| ç.kkfy;ksa ij egRoiw.kZ çHkko iM+rk gSA xzkeh.k vkthfodk ij Hkh blds egRoiw.kZ çHkko iM+rs gSa A xzkeh.k&'kgjh çokl 'kgjhdj.k dk ,d çeq[k ?kVd gS] ysfdu tgka ,d vksj çokfl;ksa dks 'kgjh xjhch c<+kus ds fy, nks"kh Bgjk;k tkrk gS] ogha nwljh vksj dbZ ekeyksa esa blds ifj.kkeLo:i ,slh cfg"dj.kdkjh uhfr;ka viukbZ tkrh gSa] tks 'kgjh xjhcksa ds fy, thou dks vkSj vf/kd dfBu cuk nsrh gSa] pkgs mudh çoklh fLFkfr dqN Hkh gksA 'kgjh i;kZoj.kh; leL;k,¡& ok;q çnw"k.k&'kgjh {ks=ksa esa okguksa vkSj m|ksxksa ds dkj.k ok;q çnw"k.k cgqr vf/kd gS] ftlls 'olu laca/kh chekfj;k¡ c<+rh gSaA ty çnw"k.k vkSj deh&'kgjh vkcknh ds fy, ihus ds ikuh dh vkiwfrZ vDlj nwf"kr gksrh gS vkSj Hkwty dk Lrj fxjrk gS] D;ksafd cM+h la[;k esa yksxksa ds fy, ty lzksr de gSaA vif'k"V çca/ku&'kgjh {ks=ksa esa cM+h ek=k esa dpjk mRiUu gksrk gS] vkSj bldk lgh çca/ku u gksus ij ;g i;kZoj.k dks çnwf"kr djrk gSA /ofu çnw"k.k&okguksa ds g‚uZ] fuekZ.k vkSj ykmMLihdj ds dkj.k /ofu çnw"k.k c<+rk gS] ftlls yksxksa ds LokLF; ij udkjkRed çHkko iM+rk gSA [kqyh txgksa dh deh&'kgjhdj.k vkSj HkhM+HkkM+ ds dkj.k ikdksaZ vkSj [kqyh txgksa esa deh vk jgh gS] ftlls LoPN gok vkSj euksjatu ds fy, txg dh deh gks tkrh gSA xzkeh.k i;kZoj.kh; leL;k,¡& —f"k&laca/kh çnw"k.k&dhVuk'kdksa vkSj jklk;fud moZjdksa ds vuqfpr mi;ksx ls feêh vkSj ty dk çnw"k.k gksrk gS] ftlls LokLF; laca/kh leL;k,¡ gksrh gSaA taxy vkSj Hkwfe {kj.k&ouksa dh dVkbZ vkSj Hkwfe dk vuqfpr mi;ksx] Hkwfe {kj.k dk dkj.k curk gSA ?kjsyw çnw"k.k&xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa [kkuk idkus ds fy, ck;ksekl bZa/ku ¼ydM+h] xkscj½ dk O;kid mi;ksx gksrk gS] ftlls ?kj ds vanj Hkkjh çnw"k.k gksrk gS vkSj 'olu jksx QSyrs gSaA ty çnw"k.k&dqvksa vkSj NksVh uxj ikfydkvksa ij fuHkZjrk ds dkj.k ihus dk ikuh nwf"kr gks ldrk gSA lalk/ku dh deh&ouksa vkSj vU; çk—frd lalk/kuksa dk vR;f/kd nksgu gksrk gSA nksuksa {ks=ksa esa lk>k leL;k,¡& tyok;q ifjorZu& nksuksa gh {ks=ksa esa tyok;q ifjorZu dk çHkko ns[kk tk ldrk gSA tSo fofo/krk dk uqdlku&nksuksa gh {ks=ksa esa çk—frd vkoklksa ds {kj.k ls tSo fofo/krk dk uqdlku gks jgk gSA Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10 (III) October2025 251 çnw"k.k ds çdkj&nksuksa gh {ks=ksa esa çnw"k.k ds fofHkUu :iksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gS] ftlesa IykfLVd] 'kksj vkSj /ofu çnw"k.k 'kkfey gSaA fu"d"kZ& 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k nksuksa {ks=ksa esa vyx&vyx i;kZoj.kh; leL;k,¡ gSa] ysfdu nksuksa dk lek/kku lrr fodkl vkSj i;kZoj.k ds çfr tkx:drk esa fufgr gSA 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa uokpkj vkSj çkS|ksfxdh&vk/kkfjr j.kuhfr;ksa dh vko';drk gS] tcfd xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ikjaifjd Kku vkSj lkeqnkf;d Hkkxhnkjh ij vf/kd /;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSA xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh i;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, LFkk;h 'kgjh fu;kstu] uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ dks viukuk] ty laj{k.k] vkSj dpjk çca/ku tSls ,dh—r –f"Vdks.kksa dh vko';drk gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa —f"k i)fr;ksa esa lq/kkj] ouksa dh dVkbZ ij jksd vkSj xzkeh.k&'kgjh laidZ ds ek/;e ls csgrj cqfu;knh <kaps dk fuekZ.k djds lek/kku fudkyk tk ldrk gSA Refrences1. Government of India. (2020). State of Environment Report 2020. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. Pages: 14–39, 95–124. 2. Sharma, A. K. (2016). Paryavaran Bhugol Evam Paristhitiki. Allahabad: Vasundhara Prakashan. Pages: 45–89, 102– 117. 3. Singh, Savindra. (2021). Environmental Geography (Paryavaran Bhugol). Allahabad: Prayag Pustak Bhawan. Pages: 1–43, 86–120, 155–176. 4. UNDP. (2021). Human Development Report: The Next Frontier – Human Development and the Anthropocene. United Nations Development Programme. Pages:78–112. 5. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). (2019). Urban Environmental Management in India. Government of India. Pages: 63–97. 6. Mishra, R. P. (2013). Rural Development and Environmental Sustainability. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. Pages: 39–61, 140–158. 7. World Bank. (2022). World Development Indicators: Environment and Sustainability. World Bank Publications. Pages: 92–117. 8. Dubey, Ramesh. (2019). Gramin Bhugol aur Paryavaran Vikas. Jaipur: Rajasthan Hindi Granth Akademi. Pages: 31– 74. 9. IPCC. (2023). Climate Change and Land Use. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report. Pages: 11–55, 121–167.