Replication material for paper "Bernauer, Kalbhenn, Koubi, Spilker (2010): A Comparison of International and Domestic Sources of Global Governance Dynamics. British Journal of Political Science. DOI: 10.1017/S0007123410000098"

1 Web Appendix Appendix I: Additional Descriptive Statistics The main dataset contains 255 treaties opened for ratification between 1950 and 2000. Table 1 shows the baseline hazard of ratification, which is the conditional probability of ratification given that a certain country has not yet ratified the treaty, for different years a treaty is open for ratification. We can deduce that – assuming the same baseline hazard for every treaty – the baseline ratification hazard is .018 in the year the treaty is opened for ratification, .023 in the first and the second year after ratification, etc. We can see that the baseline hazard gradually declines over time. Insert Table 1 about here Figure 1 visualizes the baseline hazard displayed in Table 1. Insert Figure 1 about here Of the 255 Treaties in the main sample, - 132 have been ratified by France - 132 by Germany - 126 by the UK - 127 by Spain 2 - 82 by Russia - 74 by the US - 58 by Brazil - 50 by China - 49 by India by the end of our period of analysis. The mean number of treaties a country has ratified by the end of the period of analysis is 35. The mean number of treaties ratified per country and year is 0.21. The mean number of countries that have ratified a treaty - after 1 year is 3 - after 2 years it is 8 - after 3 years 12 - after 4 years 15 - after 5 years 17 - by the end of the period of analysis: 30. Regarding the emergence of new treaties within the period of analysis, 35 additional treaties emerged between 1960 and 1969, 52 in the following decade, 66 from 1980 to 1989, and 84 from 1990 to 2000. 3 Illustrations of Treaty Ratification Trajectories The following figures show the ratification trajectories for eleven of the twenty-two treaties analyzed by Roberts et al. 1. To illustrate the time dynamics of treaty ratification we have graphed the (cumulated) number of ratifications over time. Insert Figures 2-12 about here 1 Timmons J. Roberts, Bradley C. Parks and Alexis A. Vásquez, ‘Who Ratifies Environmental Treaties and Why? Institutionalism, Structuralism and Participation by 192 Nations in 22 Treaties’, Global Environmental Politics, 4 (2004), 22-64 4 Appendix II: Correlation Coefficients Table 2 shows the correlation coefficients for all our independent variables. Insert Table 2 about here 5 Appendix III: Robustness Checks 1. Alternative measures for the independent variables The effect of IO membership is independent of whether we define the IO variable as full, associated, or observer membership. For the results shown in the main paper, the most comprehensive IO membership definition was used. The results for the more narrow definitions of the IO variable are shown in columns 2 and 3 in Table 3. Using these IO membership definitions does not induce any substantive change to the variables. Insert Table 3 about here Similarly, the results are robust to using Vanhanen’s democracy index2 instead of the Polity IV index (column 1 in Table 3) and population instead of GDP (column 4, in Table 3). A central argument in our theory relating trade intensity to treaty ratification suggests that most environmental treaties act similar to a tax on exportables. Hence, one could argue that it would be more appropriate to proxy trade intensity with exports divided by GDP instead of both exports and imports divided by GDP. As can be seen in column 5, Table 3 the results are robust to using exports instead of trade intensity. 2 Tatu Vanhanen, ‘A new dataset for measuring democracy, 1810-1998', Journal of Peace Research, 37 (2000), 251-65. 6 2. Alternative estimation methods To assess whether our results are sensitive to the estimation method, we also estimated the models using cubic splines and time dummies, as proposed by Beck et al.3 to control for temporal dependence. The results, which are shown in columns 1 and 2 in Table 4, are very similar to those obtained when using t, t2 and t3. The major difference to the main specification is that ratification behaviour of the incomerelated peer group turns out to be positive and significant when using cubic splines (column 1, Table 4) whereas the positive coefficient of democracy looses its statistical significance. The results using time dummies as displayed in column 2 in Table 44 are identical with those obtained by our baseline model except for the coefficient of democracy, which does no longer reach statistical significance. Hence these additional results suggest we can be rather confident that our main results are robust to the approach to deal with time dependence. The particular structure of our dataset implies that the events of interest, namely ratifications of global environmental agreements, are rare events. As noted in Table 2 of the article, only 0.88 per cent of the observations in our dataset are coded as 1. To 3 Nathaniel Beck, Jonathan N. Katz and Richard Tucker, ‘Taking Time Seriously: Time-Series-CrossSection Analysis with a Binary Dependent Variable’, American Journal of Political Science, 42 (1998), 1260-88. 4 The actual results for the 52 time dummies are not shown in column 2, Table 4 for lack of space. 7 assess whether this influences our results we also use the rare events logit estimator proposed by Tomz et al..56 Since the results do not change when controlling for rare events (column 3, Table 4) we decided to use the standard logit approach for the principal model. Insert Table 4 about here 3. Additional control variables and estimation procedures We have also evaluated whether the inclusion of further control variables changes the results. In column 5 in Table 4 we include a dummy variable that indicates the period after the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment that took place in Stockholm. This conference is a widely acknowledged milestone in the field of global environmental co-operation, whereupon the importance of environmental issues at the international level should have increased. However, in contrast to our expectations, the likelihood of treaty ratification is smaller in the post-Stockholm period although the coefficient is not statistically significant. If we also include a dummy variable characterizing the period after the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, another milestone in global environmental cooperation (column 6, Table 4), we again see that the coefficient is 5 Michael Tomz, Gary King, and Langche Zeng, ‘RELOGIT: Rare Events Logistic Regression’, Version 1.1. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, October 1, http://gking.harvard.edu/ ,(1999). 6 See also Gary King and Langche Zeng, ‘Logistic Regression in Rare Events Data,’ Department of Government, Harvard University, http://GKing.Harvard.Edu, (1999); Gary King and Langche Zeng, ‘Estimating Absolute, Relative, and Attributable Risks in Case-Control Studies’, Department of Government, Harvard University, http://GKing.Harvard.Edu, (1999). 8 negative and this time it reaches statistical significance. When both dummies are included in the statistical model, as shown in column 7 in Table 4, both effects are negative but only the coefficient for the Rio conference is statistically significant. This seems to suggest that the likelihood for treaty ratification is lower in the period after the UN Conference on Environment and Development. Our principal dataset includes all multilateral environmental treaties that were identified as such by CIESIN and Mitchell.7 Hence our definition of what is to be considered a multilateral environmental treaty follows from the coding decisions of these two sources. We then decided to exclude treaties that, although having an environmental component, were designed for entirely different purposes. One example is the “Constitution of the UN Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization”. That is, the dataset on which the principal models are based includes the merged (and restructured) data from the two sources mentioned, but was purged from agreements of marginal environmental relevance before we ran the regressions. The dataset for the principal models thus includes 255 of the around 450 multilateral environmental agreements in the original dataset. Table 7 shows all treaties included in the principal dataset. All of the 255 agreements are de jure open to all countries on Earth. But de facto there are still some agreements in our dataset that appear more relevant to particular 7 CIESIN, ‘Environmental Treaties and Resource Indicators (ENTRI)’, available at: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/entri/, date accessed: 13 December 2006, (2006), Ronald B. Mitchell, ‘International Environmental Agreements Database Project’, Version 2007.1, available at: http://iea.uoregon.edu/, date accessed: 18 March 2008, (2002-2008). 9 countries or regions. We have sought to control for such effects by using region dummies that capture geographic or climatic characteristics that may make a treaty particularly relevant for the countries in the given region. Because the sample boundaries are obviously not very firm, we have carried out two additional robustness checks that focus on sample composition. First, we have implemented the models for a sub-sample that includes only those treaties that have no obvious regional focus. This sub-sample contains 113 instead of 255 treaties and excludes treaties such as for example the “Cooperation Agreement for the Protection of the Coasts and Waters of the North-East Atlantic against Pollution”. The treaties included in this reduced sample are listed in Table 8. Table 5, column 1 shows that the results do not differ much from those obtained for the principal models. Second, we reduced the original sample to the 22 treaties that Roberts et al.8 included in their analysis (shown in Table 9). Except for trade intensity and two of the control variables – stringency of domestic environmental quality and GDP per capita – which become insignificant, all of our main results survive (column 2, Table 5). Insert Table 5 about here Since all treaty-country pairs in which the given country has not yet ratified the treaty by the year 2000 (the year our dataset ends) are included in the dataset, our data is right-censored. Although Beck et al.9 note that right-censored data ‘[…] are 8 Roberts et al., ‘Who Ratifies Environmental Treaties and Why? Institutionalism, Structuralism and Participation by 192 Nations in 22 Treaties’. 9 Beck et al., ‘Taking Time Seriously: Time-Series-Cross-Section Analysis with a Binary Dependent Variable’, p. 1272. 16 Table 3: Principal Model, Using Alternative Measures and Additional Indicators (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Democracy (Vanhanen) Full IO membership Full and associate IO membership Population Exports 0.01* - - 0.01*** 0.01** IO membership (full, assoc., obs.) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) - 0.01*** - - - IO membership (full) (0.00) - - 0.01*** - - IO membership (full and associate) (0.00) -0.11** -0.12** -0.13** -0.12** - ln trade intensity (0.05) (0.05) (0.05) (0.05) 0.02*** 0.02*** 0.02*** 0.02*** 0.02*** # of other coun-tries that ratified (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 % of same income group that ratified (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 0.03*** 0.03*** 0.03*** 0.03*** 0.03*** % of countries in region that ratified (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) - 0.01* 0.01* 0.01* 0.01* Democracy (Polity) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) 0.01*** - - - - Democracy (Vanhanen) (0.00) 0.98* 0.93 0.95 0.86 0.95 ln GDP p.c. (0.56) (0.62) (0.62) (0.63) (0.62) -0.05 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 ln GDP p.c.^2 (0.03) (0.04) (0.04) (0.04) (0.04) 0.06** 0.09*** 0.09*** 0.09*** 0.09*** ln SO2 p.c. (0.03) (0.03) (0.03) (0.03) (0.03) 0.01 -0.07 -0.08 - -0.06 ln GDP (0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07) - - - -0.07 - Population (0.07) -0.31** -0.51*** -0.51*** -0.51*** -0.53*** Africa (0.14) (0.15) (0.15) (0.15) (0.15) -0.48*** -0.54*** -0.54*** -0.55*** -0.54*** North America (0.16) (0.17) (0.16) (0.16) (0.15) -0.37*** -0.55*** -0.55*** -0.54*** -0.55*** Latin America (0.11) (0.13) (0.13) (0.12) (0.13) -0.43*** -0.46*** -0.46*** -0.46*** -0.48*** East Asia (0.13) (0.14) (0.14) (0.14) (0.14) -0.60*** -0.71*** -0.71*** -0.71*** -0.73*** West Asia (0.15) (0.16) (0.16) (0.16) (0.16) - - - - -0.10* ln (exports/GDP) (0.05) -0.33*** -0.33*** -0.33*** -0.33*** -0.33*** t (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) 0.01*** 0.01*** 0.01*** 0.01*** 0.01*** t2 (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) -0.00*** -0.00*** -0.00*** -0.00*** -0.00*** t3 (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) -11.09*** -9.39*** -9.46*** -9.90*** -9.27*** Constant (2.65) (2.99) (2.98) (2.84) (2.99) Observations 614,679 574,196 574,196 574,196 574,196 Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses, *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1 17 Table 4: Robustness Checks of Principal Model: methods and additional controls (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Splines Time dummies Rare events logit Major power Stockholm Rio Stockholm + Rio 0.02*** 0.01*** 0.01*** 0.01*** 0.01*** 0.01*** 0.01*** IO Membership (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) -0.14*** -0.13** -0.12** -0.12** -0.11* -0.08 -0.08 ln trade intensity (0.05) (0.05) (0.05) (0.05) (0.06) (0.05) (0.06) 0.01*** 0.02*** 0.02*** 0.02*** 0.02*** 0.02*** 0.03*** # of other countries that ratified (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 0.02*** 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.00 -0.00 % of same income group that ratified (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 0.03*** 0.03*** 0.03*** 0.03*** 0.03*** 0.03*** 0.03*** % of countries in region that ratified (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 0.00 0.01 0.01* 0.01* 0.01* 0.01** 0.01** Democracy (Polity) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) 0.02*** 0.01*** 0.01*** 0.01*** 0.01*** 0.01*** 0.01*** IO Membership (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 0.88 0.92 0.93 0.97 0.95 1.12* 1.12* ln GDP p.c. (0.56) (0.61) (0.62) (0.62) (0.61) (0.61) (0.60) -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.05 -0.05 ln GDP p.c.^2 (0.03) (0.04) (0.04) (0.04) (0.04) (0.04) (0.04) 0.09*** 0.09*** 0.09*** 0.09*** 0.09*** 0.08** 0.07** ln SO2 p.c. (0.03) (0.03) (0.03) (0.03) (0.03) (0.03) (0.03) -0.10* -0.07 -0.07 -0.08 -0.07 -0.06 -0.06 ln GDP (0.06) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07) - - - 0.07 - - - Major power (0.13) - - - - -0.07 - -0.04 After Stockholm (0.10) (0.09) - - - - - -0.26*** -0.26*** After Rio (0.07) (0.06) 0.02*** - - - - - - Spline 1 (0.00) -0.02*** - - - - - - Spline 2 (0.00) 0.00*** - - - - - - Spline 3 (0.00) -0.34** -0.51*** -0.51*** -0.50*** -0.50*** -0.51*** -0.50*** Africa (0.15) (0.15) (0.15) (0.15) (0.15) (0.15) (0.15) -0.43*** -0.54*** -0.54*** -0.57*** -0.54*** -0.50*** -0.50*** North America (0.16) (0.16) (0.16) (0.17) (0.16) (0.14) (0.14) -0.31*** -0.54*** -0.54*** -0.54*** -0.54*** -0.55*** -0.55*** Latin America (0.11) (0.12) (0.12) (0.13) (0.13) (0.13) (0.13) -0.12 -0.46*** -0.46*** -0.46*** -0.46*** -0.44*** -0.44*** East Asia (0.12) (0.14) (0.14) (0.14) (0.14) (0.14) (0.14) -0.50*** -0.71*** -0.71*** -0.71*** -0.71*** -0.66*** -0.65*** West Asia (0.15) (0.16) (0.16) (0.16) (0.16) (0.16) (0.16) - - -0.33*** -0.33*** -0.33*** -0.33*** -0.33*** t (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) - - 0.01*** 0.01*** 0.01*** 0.01*** 0.01*** t2 (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) - - -0.00*** -0.00*** -0.00*** -0.00*** -0.00*** t3 (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) -9.55*** -9.65*** -9.38*** -9.45*** -9.31*** -9.61*** -9.56*** Constant (2.58) (2.96) (2.97) (2.96) (2.98) (2.95) (2.96) Observations 574,196 571,659 574,196 574,196 574,196 574,196 574,196 Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses, *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1 18 Table 5: Robustness Checks of Principal Model (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Excluding regional treaties Roberts Truncation Excluding small traders Excluding big traders 0.01*** 0.03*** 0.01** 0.01** 0.01** IO membership (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) -0.09* -0.06 -0.14** -0.17*** -0.12** ln trade intensity (0.06) (0.07) (0.05) (0.06) (0.06) 0.02*** 0.02*** 0.02*** 0.02*** 0.02*** # of other countries that ratified (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) -0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 % of same income group that ratified (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 0.02*** 0.02*** 0.03*** 0.03*** 0.03*** % of countries in region that ratified (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 0.02*** 0.02** 0.01* 0.01* 0.01 Democracy (Polity) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) 0.64 1.08 0.89 0.80 0.66 ln GDP p.c. (0.63) (0.75) (0.63) (0.63) (0.64) -0.02 -0.07 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 ln GDP p.c. ^2 (0.04) (0.05) (0.04) (0.04) (0.04) 0.08** 0.03 0.11*** 0.10*** 0.11*** ln SO2 p.c. (0.03) (0.05) (0.04) (0.03) (0.04) -0.04 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.08 ln GDP (0.07) (0.08) (0.07) (0.07) (0.07) -0.46*** -0.38** -0.53*** -0.53*** -0.53*** Africa (0.16) (0.17) (0.15) (0.15) (0.15) -0.74*** -0.45* -0.56*** -0.58*** -0.58*** North America (0.24) (0.26) (0.12) (0.16) (0.15) -0.47*** -0.36** -0.54*** -0.58*** -0.54*** Latin America (0.13) (0.16) (0.13) (0.13) (0.13) -0.32** -0.05 -0.49*** -0.51*** -0.49*** East Asia (0.14) (0.18) (0.15) (0.15) (0.15) -0.55*** -0.22 -0.82*** -0.80*** -0.77*** West Asia (0.16) (0.19) (0.15) (0.16) (0.16) -0.27*** -0.22*** -0.32*** -0.31*** -0.31*** t (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) 0.01*** 0.01*** 0.01*** 0.01*** 0.01*** t2 (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) -0.00*** -0.00* -0.00*** -0.00*** -0.00*** t3 (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) -8.17*** -7.74** -9.62*** -9.67*** -8.27*** Constant (2.92) (3.68) (3.09) (3.06) (3.14) Observations 240,993 45,599 721,904 718,953 716,151 Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses, *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1 19 Table 6: Robustness Checks of Principal Model (1) (2) Conditional Logit Complementary Log-Log exp(b) 0.02*** 1.01*** IO membership (0.00) (0.00) -0.05** 0.88** ln trade intensity (0.02) (0.05) 0.01*** 1.02*** # of other countries that ratified (0.00) (0.00) -0.01*** 1.00 % of same income group that ratified (0.00) (0.00) 0.03*** 1.03*** % of countries in region that ratified (0.00) (0.00) 0.01*** 1.01* Democracy (Polity) (0.00) (0.01) 0.97*** 2.22 ln GDP p.c. (0.25) (0.61) -0.04*** 0.97 ln GDP p.c. ^2 (0.02) (0.04) 0.06*** 1.09*** ln SO2 p.c. (0.01) (0.03) -0.04* -0.93 ln GDP (0.02) (0.07) -0.50*** 0.62*** Africa (0.05) (0.14) -0.49*** 0.58*** North America (0.10) (0.17) -0.57*** 0.60*** Latin America (0.05) (0.12) -0.42*** 0.65*** East Asia (0.06) (0.14) -0.60*** 0.52*** West Asia (0.06) (0.15) -0.11*** t (0.00) Observations 555,766 571,659 Note: Standard errors in parentheses, *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1 20 Table 7: List of all treaties included in the principal dataset Treatyname Protocol Amending The International Convention For The High Seas Fisheries Of The North Pacific Ocean Protocol Of Amendment To The Convention On The Inter-American Institute Of Agricultural Sciences Protocol To The Agreement Concerning Measures For Protection Of The Stocks Of Deep-Sea Prawns (Pandalus Borealis), European Lobsters (Homarus Vulgaris), Norway Lobsters (Nephrops Norveaicus) And Crabs (Cancer Paqurus) Agreement Concerning Cooperation In The Quarantine Of Plants And Their Protection Against Pests And Diseases Convention On The African Migratory Locust Organization Amendments To The Agreement For The Establishment Of A General Fisheries Commission For The Mediterranean European Fisheries Convention Additional Protocol I To The Treaty For The Prohibition Of Nuclear Weapons In Latin America Additional Protocol II To The Treaty For The Prohibition Of Nuclear Weapons In Latin America Convention On The Conservation Of The Living Resources Of The Southeast Atlantic International Convention On Civil Liability For Oil Pollution Damage International Convention On The Establishment Of An International Fund For Compensation For Oil Pollution Damage Convention For The Prevention Of Marine Pollution By Dumping From Ships And Aircraft Convention On The Prevention Of Marine Pollution From Land-Based Sources Protocol To The International Convention On Civil Liability For Oil Pollution Damage Amendments To The Convention On The Protection Of The Marine Environment Of The Baltic Sea Area (Paragraph B Of Regulation 4 In Annex IV) Amendments To The Convention On The Protection Of The Marine Environment Of The Baltic Sea Area (Regulation 5 In Annex IV) Agreement On Regional Cooperation In Combating Pollution Of The Southeast Pacific By Oil And Other Harmful Substances In Cases Of Emergency Amendments To The Convention On The Protection Of The Marine Environment Of The Baltic Sea Area (Annex I) Amendment To The Treaty For The Prohibition Of Nuclear Weapons In Latin America Amendments To The International Convention On Standards Of Training, Certification And Watchkeeping For Seafarers - Gmdss Western Indian Ocean Tuna Organization Convention Protocol Of Amendment To The European Convention For The Protection Of Animals Kept For Farming Purposes Agreement Establishing The Inter-American Institute For Global Change Research Amendment To The Convention On The Control Of Transboundary Movements Of Hazardous Wastes And Their Disposal Protocol To The United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change Protocol Of Amendment To The European Convention For The Protection Of Vertebrate Animals Used For Experimental And Other Scientific Purposes Protocol On Heavy Metals To The Convention On Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Protocol On Persistent Organic Pollutants To The Convention On Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Convention On The Prior Informed Consent Procedure For Certain Hazardous Chemicals And Pesticides In International Trade Agreement For The Establishment Of The Regional Commission For Fisheries Protocol On Liability And Compensation For Damage Resulting From Transboundary Movements Of Hazardous Wastes And Their Disposal Cartagena Protocol On Biosafety To The Convention On Biological Diversity Convention on the Conservation and Management of the Highly Migratory Fish Stocks of the Western and Central Pacific Ocean Agreement For The Establishment Of A Commission For Controlling The Desert Locust In The Western Region 21 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals International Convention for the Protection of Birds Convention concerning Fishing in the Black Sea Agreement on the Protection of the Salmon in the Baltic Sea Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora Convention for the Establishment of an Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas Protocol Concerning Regional Co-operation in Combating Pollution by Oil and other Harmful Substances in Cases of Emergency Protocol relating to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS Prot.) International Convention relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships as modified by the Protocol of 1978 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships ( MARPOL ) International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) Protocol relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Pollution by Substances other than Oil Convention Relating to Civil Liability in the Field of Maritime Carriage of Nuclear Material Agreement for the Establishment of a Commission for Controlling the Desert Locust in the Near East Agreement For The Establishment Of A Commission For Controlling The Desert Locust In Southwest Asia Agreement for the Establishment of a Commission for Controlling the Desert Locust in NorthWest Africa Constitution of the European Commission for the Control of Foot -andMouth Disease Agreement for the Establishment of a General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean International Plant Protection Convention Protocol amending the Agreement on the Protection of the Salmon in the Baltic Sea Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil 1962 and 1969 Plant Protection Agreement for the Asia and Pacific Region Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas Convention on the High Seas Optional Protocol of Signature concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes [Arising Out Of The United Nations Conference On The Law Of The Sea] Convention on the Continental Shelf European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road ( ADR ) Protocol amending the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road ( ADR ) Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area Nordic Mutual Emergency Assistance Agreement in connection with Radiation Accidents Optional Protocol concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space Moon and other Celestial Bodies Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere Outer Space and under Water Convention on the Prohibition of the Development Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological ( Biological ) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destru Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter North-East Atlantic Fisheries Convention Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy Convention on the Establishment of a Security Control in the Field of Nuclear Energy Additional Protocol to the Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy 22 Convention concerning the Protection of Workers against Occupational Hazards in the Working Environment due to Air Pollution Convention concerning Protection against Hazards of Poisoning arising from Benzene ( ILO No.136) Convention concerning the Protection of Workers against Ionising Radiations ( ILO No. 115) European Agreement on the Restriction of the Use of certain Detergents in Washing and Cleaning Products European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage The Antarctic Treaty European Convention for the Protection of Animals during International Transport Additional Protocol to the European Convention for the Protection of Animals during International Transport Protocol to the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats Agreement Concerning Measures For Protection Of The Stocks Of Deep-Sea Prawns (Pandalus Borealis), European Lobsters (Homarus Vulgaris), Norway Lobsters (Nephrops Norveaicus) And Crabs (Cancer Paqurus) Protocol to the Convention for the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Protocol to the Convention for the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Protocol to the Convention for the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Revised Convention for the Establishment of a European Organisation for Nuclear Research Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources in the Baltic Sea and the Belts Convention on Future Multilateral Cooperation in the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries ( NAFO ) Kuwait Regional Convention for Co-operation on the Protection of the Marine Environment from Pollution Protocol concerning Co-operation in Combating Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Oil and other Harmful Substances in Cases of Emergency Protocol for the Prevention of Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution Protocol for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution from Land-Based Sources Convention for Co-operation in the Protection and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the West and Central African Region Protocol concerning Co-operation in combating Pollution in cases of Emergency Protocol amending the International Convention Relating to the Limitation of the Liability of Owners of Sea-going Ships Protocol to the International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund of Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America Agreement on an International Energy Program Amendments to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil concerning Tank Arrangements and Limitation of Tank Si Agreement for the Establishment of a Commission for Controlling the Desert Locust in NorthWest Africa Convention Supplementary to the Paris Convention of 29th July 1960 on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy as amended in 1964 and 1 Convention on the Liability of Operators of Nuclear Ships International Convention relating to the Limitation of the Liability of Owners of Sea-going Ships International Convention on Standards of Training Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers Convention for the Conservation of Salmon in the North Atlantic Ocean South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency Convention 23 Amendments to the Annexes to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and Coastal Area of the South-East Pacific Agreement on Regional Co-operation in Combating Pollution of the South-East Pacific by Hydrocarbons or other Harmful Substances in cases of Emergen Regional Convention for the Conservation of the Red Sea and of the Gulf of Aden Environment Protocol concerning Mediterranean Specially Protected Areas United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Amendments to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter concerning Settlement of Disputes Protocol to amend the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat Protocol amending the European Agreement on the Restriction of the Use of certain Detergents in Washing and Cleaning Products Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region Protocol concerning Co-operation in Combating Oil Spills in the Wider Caribbean Region Amendments to the Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources in the Baltic Sea and the Belts Protocol for the Protection of South-East Pacific against Pollution from Land-Based Sources Supplementary Protocol to the Agreement on Regional Co-operation in Combating Pollution of the South-East Pacific by Hydrocarbons or other Harmful International Tropical Timber Agreement Protocol to Amend the Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy of 29th July 1960 amended by the Additional Protocol of 28 Protocol to Amend the Convention of 31st January 1963 Supplementary to the Paris Convention of 29th July 1960 on third Party Liability in the Field Agreement for Cooperation in Dealing with Pollution of the North Sea by Oil and other Harmful Substances Additional Protocol to the Convention of 31 January 1963 Supplementary to the Paris Convention of 29 July 1960 on Third Party Liability in the Fiel Agreement governing the Activities of States on the Moon and other Celestial Bodies Protocol amending the Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft ASEAN Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Protocol concerning Protected Areas and Wild Fauna and Flora in the Eastern African Region Convention for the Protection of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region Protocol concerning Co-operation in Combating Marine Pollution in cases of Emergency in the Eastern African Region Protocol to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution on Long-Term Financing of Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer Eastern Pacific Ocean Tuna Fishing Agreement Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their Transboundary Fluxes by at Convention on Conditions for Registration of Ships Protocol Relating to Modification of the International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency Protocol amending the Convention for the prevention of marine pollution from land-based sources Convention establishing a Permanent Inter-State Drought Control Committee for the Sahel Convention for the Protection of the Natural Resources and Environment of the South Pacific Region ( SPREP Convention) Protocol for the Prevention of Pollution of the South Pacific Region by Dumping Protocol concerning Co-operation in Combating Pollution Emergencies in the South Pacific Region 24 Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer South Pacific Fisheries Treaty International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships Hazardous substances carried in packaged form International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships ( MARPOL ) - Annex IV (Optional): Sewage International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships ( MARPOL ) - Annex V (Optional) = Garbage Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protoco Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions relating to the Protection of Victims of NonInternational Armed Conflicts (Protocol II) Protocol to the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or their Transboundary Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal Protocol relating to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS PROT 1988) Joint Protocol relating to the application of the Vienna Convention and the Paris Convention Agreement on transboundary cooperation with a view to preventing or limiting harmfull effects for human beings property or the environment in the e International Convention on Salvage Amendment to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Art.XI) Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife to the Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wi European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes Convention for the Prohibition of Fishing with Long Driftnets in the South Pacific Protocol for the Protection of the South-East Pacific against Radioactive Pollution Protocol for the Conservation and Management of Protected Marine and Coastal Areas of the South-East Pacific Amendments to Annexes I and II to the Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft Protocol amending the Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft Cooperation Agreement for the Protection of the coasts and waters of the North-East Atlantic against Pollution Amendment to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Art.XXI) Amendments to Articles 6 and 7 of the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat Agreement on the Conservation of Seals in the Wadden Sea Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Convention establishing a marine scientific organization for the North Pacific Region ( PICES ) Convention on the Ban of the Import of Hazardous Wastes into Africa and on the Control of their Transboundary Movements within Africa Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation Agreement for the Establishment of the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia and the Pacific Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty on Environmental Protection International Plant Protection Convention (1979 Revised Text ) Agreement on the Organisation for Indian Ocean Marine Affairs (IOMAC) Convention on the Protection of the Alps (Alpine Convention) Convention on fisheries cooperation among African States bordering the Atlantic Ocean Protocol concerning Marine Pollution resulting from Exploration and Exploitation of the Continental Shelf Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or thei 25 Protocol I to the Convention for the the Prohibition of Fishing with Long Driftnets in the South Pacific Protocol II to the Convention for the the Prohibition of Fishing with Long Driftnets in the South Pacific Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic and North Seas Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes Convention on Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Convention on Biological Diversity Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea against Pollution Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area Agreement on the Conservation of Bats in Europe Convention on the Prohibition of the Development Production and their Destruction Convention for the Conservation of Anadromous Stocks Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Regional Agreement on the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes Agreement establishing the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme Convention concerning Safety in the Use of Asbestos North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation Protocol to amend the International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage Protocol to amend the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas Protocol to the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 Agreement on Co-operative Enforcement Operations directed at Illegal Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora United Nations Convention To Combat Desertification In Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought And/ Or Desertification, Particularly In Africa Convention on Nuclear Safety Protocol for the protection of the Mediterranean Sea against pollution resulting from exploration and exploitation of the continental shelf and the Energy Charter Treaty Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds Energy Charter Protocol on Energy Efficiency and related Environmental Aspects Agreement for the Establishment of the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission Agreement for the Establishment of the Near East Plant Protection Organization Protocol to amend Paragraph 2 of Article X of the International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea relating to the Conservation and Manageme Convention to ban the Importation into Forum Island Countries of Hazardous Wastes and Radioactive Wastes and to control the Transboundary Movement Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon - Free Zone Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles Convention for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter Protocol to amend the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage Convention on the Prohibition of the Use Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive 32 Figure 2: 33 Figure 3: 34 Figure 4: 35 Figure 5: 36 Figure 6: 37 Figure 7: 38 Figure 8: 39 Figure 9: 40 Figure 10: 41 Figure 11: 48 Figure 18: Effect of percent of countries in the same income group on the likelihood of treaty ratification 49 Figure 19: Effect of percent of countries in the same region on the likelihood of treaty ratification 50