RADAR SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM

International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 15, Vol.6, 2025 Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17759149 Original Article @2025 RS Publication, [email protected] 106 RADAR SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM 1 Padmashree H R, 1 Gurukiran S, 1 Animisha P 1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Jawaharlal Nehru New College of Engineering, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India [email protected] I. INTRODUCTION The demand for efficient object detection and motion tracking systems has significantly increased with the advancement of automation, defense, and intelligent transport technologies. Radar-based surveillance systems offer an effective and reliable approach for identifying the position, distance, and movement of objects within a specific range. However, traditional radar systems are often expensive and complex, making them unsuitable for small-scale or educational applications. Hence, there is a growing need for a compact, low-cost, and real-time monitoring solution capable of providing accurate distance and motion analysis. This project focuses on developing an Arduino-based Radar Surveillance System using an ultrasonic sensor and a servo motor for scanning and object detection. The system measures the distance of an object in centimeters, calculates its speed in cm/s, and determines whether the object is moving toward or away from the radar. The servo motor enables 180° or 360° rotation of the ultrasonic sensor to continuously monitor the surroundings. Four LEDs are used for visual indication, Red for object detected, Green for no object, Yellow for an object International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149 ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT ©2025 RS Publication Paper ID: IJETED692948CD827BC Published: 2025-11-29 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/1 0.5281/zenodo.177591 49 Page No: 106-111 Radar surveillance systems play a vital role in detecting, tracking, and analyzing objects within a defined range using sensor-based technology. With the rising need for automation and intelligent monitoring, such systems have become essential in defense, security, and traffic applications. This project presents an Arduino-based Radar Surveillance System that utilizes an ultrasonic sensor for distance measurement and a servo motor for 360° scanning of the surrounding area. The system measures object distance in centimeters, calculates speed in cm/s, and determines whether the object is moving toward or away from the radar. Four LEDs and a buzzer are integrated to provide visual and audio indications based on detection status and motion direction. Real-time parameters, including distance, speed, and angle, are displayed on the Arduino IDE serial monitor. The developed prototype demonstrates a low-cost, efficient, and reliable radar model suitable for smart surveillance, obstacle detection, and robotic navigation systems. Index Terms: Radar Surveillance, Ultrasonic Sensor, Servo Motor, Arduino UNO, Distance Measurement, Speed Detection, Motion Direction, Real-Time Monitoring. Cite This Paper: Padmashree H R, Gurukiran S and Animisha P (2025). "RADAR SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EMERGING TRENDS IN ENGINEERING AND DEVELOPMENT (IJETED), vol. 15, no. 6, 2025, pp. 106-111. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17759149 International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 15, Vol.6, 2025 Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17759149 Original Article @2025 RS Publication, [email protected] 107 approaching, and Blue for an object moving away, while a buzzer provides an audible alert upon detection. All real-time parameters, including distance, speed, angle, and movement direction, are displayed on the Arduino IDE serial monitor for analysis and tracking. The hardware configuration includes an Arduino UNO microcontroller, ultrasonic sensor, servo motor, four LEDs, and a buzzer integrated into a compact prototype. The developed system demonstrates a simple, efficient, and affordable model suitable for smart surveillance, obstacle avoidance, and robotic applications where real-time object monitoring and motion analysis are essential. 1.1 Problem Statement: In modern surveillance and automation systems, accurate detection and motion tracking of objects are essential for safety and monitoring applications. Conventional systems often fail to provide precise distance, speed, and movement direction information in real time, especially when implemented using low-cost hardware. This leads to limited functionality and reduced reliability in detecting approaching or receding objects. To overcome these challenges, this project focuses on developing a cost-effective Radar Surveillance System using an ultrasonic sensor and Arduino UNO that can measure the distance of an object in centimeters, calculate its speed in cm/s, and determine whether the object is moving toward or away from the radar. The system also provides real-time feedback through LED indicators, a buzzer alert, and live data visualization on the Arduino IDE serial monitor. 1.2 Objective of the study: This project aims to design and implement an Arduino-based Radar Surveillance System capable of detecting objects, measuring their distance and speed, and determining the direction of motion, whether approaching or moving away. It employs an ultrasonic sensor mounted on a servo motor for continuous scanning and object tracking. The system provides intuitive visual and audible feedback through four LEDs, Red for object detected, Green for no object, Yellow for object moving toward the radar, and Blue for object moving away, along with a buzzer alarm when an object is detected. Real-time parameters such as distance (in cm), speed (in cm/s), angle, and motion direction are displayed on the Arduino IDE serial monitor. The objective is to develop an affordable, reliable, and efficient prototype suitable for real-time surveillance, robotic obstacle detection, and securitybased applications. 1.3 Scope of the study: The study focuses on developing an efficient and low-cost radar surveillance system capable of detecting objects, measuring their distance in centimeters, calculating their speed in cm/s, and identifying whether they are moving toward or away from the radar. It emphasizes real-time monitoring and visualization of parameters such as distance, speed, and angle through the Arduino IDE serial monitor, allowing users to analyze object movement effectively. The Arduino-based design ensures affordability, scalability, and suitability for small-scale applications, prototype development, and educational projects. This system can be effectively applied in areas such as smart surveillance, obstacle detection in robotics, traffic monitoring, and security alert systems. Furthermore, the project establishes a foundation for future advancements in intelligent radar technology, IoTbased monitoring, autonomous vehicle navigation, and adaptive motion detection systems. II. Literature Survey: Ultrasonic sensing technology has emerged as an effective and economical solution for short-range radar applications, particularly when integrated with microcontrollers such as Arduino. Recent studies have demonstrated significant advancements in distance measurement, object tracking, motion analysis, and real-time alert systems using ultrasonic sensors. Akshay, Divya, and Krishnan (2023) presented an Arduino-based radar model that utilized an ultrasonic sensor to measure object distance and visualize the output through a graphical radar interface. Their work demonstrated that low-cost ultrasonic modules can reliably replace conventional radar sensors for educational and short-range surveillance applications, proving the feasibility of compact and affordable radar design. Rahul, Meenakshi, and Kumar (2023) further expanded the capabilities of ultrasonic systems by integrating a servo mechanism to enable angular scanning. Their real-time object tracking prototype provided accurate distance estimation with minimal response delay, highlighting the effectiveness of combining servo rotation with ultrasonic International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 15, Vol.6, 2025 Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17759149 Original Article @2025 RS Publication, [email protected] 108 sensing for low-cost environmental monitoring and security applications. Directional motion analysis using ultrasonic measurements was explored by Deepa, Senthil, and Anbarasan (2023). Their Arduino-controlled system determined whether an object was approaching or moving away from the radar by evaluating distance variations over time. The study confirmed that ultrasonic-based designs can effectively support dynamic obstacle detection and motion direction identification in autonomous and securityoriented systems. Priya, Noorul, and Vishal (2023) introduced a smart radar surveillance model that incorporated buzzer and LED indicators to provide real-time alerts. Their approach emphasized user-friendly design and situational awareness, demonstrating that simple visual and audio feedback mechanisms can significantly enhance the effectiveness of ultrasonic-based monitoring systems. In addition, Harshini, Vivek, and Pradeep (2023) proposed a low-cost ultrasonic radar capable of measuring both object distance and speed. Their experiments validated the accuracy of ultrasonic sensors for estimating velocity under various environmental conditions, making the system suitable for robotics, short-range surveillance, and motion detection applications. Overall, the existing literature establishes a strong foundation for the development of enhanced ultrasonic radar systems. The reviewed studies consistently prove that combining ultrasonic sensing with microcontroller platforms enables reliable, low-cost solutions for distance measurement, motion tracking, and real-time surveillance. These advancements support the development of more sophisticated and multifunctional radar models that are both economical and suitable for practical deployment. III. METHODOLOGY: Fig 3.1: Block Diagram of Radar of Surveillance System The system operates based on an Arduino microcontroller that controls all components. The ultrasonic sensor is mounted on a servo motor which rotates from 0° to 180° to scan the surroundings. At each angle, the ultrasonic sensor emits sound waves and measures the time taken for the echo to return, allowing the distance of an object to be calculated in centimeters. The Arduino continuously monitors the measured distance and compares successive readings to calculate the speed of the object in cm/s. Based on the variation in distance, the system determines whether the object is moving towards or away from the radar. If an object is detected within a predefined range, the buzzer and LED are activated as alerts. The serial monitor displays the object’s distance, speed, and movement direction in real time. The power supply provides the required operating voltage to the Arduino and all connected components, ensuring stable performance throughout the operation. Monitor Arduino Uno Power Supply Servo Motor LED & Buzzer Ultrasonic Sensor International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 15, Vol.6, 2025 Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17759149 Original Article @2025 RS Publication, [email protected] 109 3.1 Components The Radar Surveillance System was designed using a combination of hardware modules and embedded software tools. 3.1.1 Software Components: Arduino IDE: The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) was used to develop and upload the embedded C program to the Arduino Uno microcontroller. Embedded C Code: The program implements object detection, speed calculation, and motion direction tracking using two key functions: Setup(): Initializes all input/output pins, serial communication, servo motor, ultrasonic sensor, LEDs, and buzzer. Loop(): Continuously rotates the servo from 0° to 180°, measures the object distance at each angle, calculates speed, and determines whether the object is moving towards or away from the radar. Program Logic: The Arduino continuously reads distance data from the ultrasonic sensor and compares consecutive readings to calculate the speed of the detected object. Based on the variation in distance, it determines the direction of movement. The servo motor provides continuous scanning across 180°, allowing wide-range detection. The LEDs and buzzer indicate the object’s status, while all parameters — distance, speed, and movement direction — are displayed in real time on the Serial Monitor. IV. Design and Implementation: The Radar Surveillance System was implemented through the integration of both hardware and software components. The design ensures accurate detection and motion tracking of objects within a defined range. 4.1 Experimental Setup Includes: Ultrasonic Sensor: Detects objects and measures their distance from the radar. Servo Motor: Rotates the sensor from 0° to 180° to scan the surroundings. Arduino Uno: Controls all modules and processes sensor data. LEDs and Buzzer: Provide visual and audio alerts based on object presence and motion. Serial Monitor: Displays real-time data including distance, speed, and movement direction. Power Supply: Provides the necessary operating voltage for all components. The Arduino program continuously processes sensor data, calculates object speed, and identifies whether the object is approaching or moving away. This integrated setup provides a cost-effective, real-time, and efficient object detection and monitoring system suitable for surveillance and obstacle detection applications. Fig 4.1: Circuit Connections International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 15, Vol.6, 2025 Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17759149 Original Article @2025 RS Publication, [email protected] 110 IV. Hardware Result and Discussion: The experimental results demonstrate that the Arduino-based Radar Surveillance System effectively detects and tracks objects within a defined scanning range using ultrasonic sensing and servo-based rotation. The system continuously measures the distance between the radar and surrounding objects, calculates their speed, and determines whether they are approaching or moving away from the radar. During operation, the servo motor rotates the ultrasonic sensor from 0° to 180°, allowing continuous area scanning. When an object is detected within the set threshold distance, the buzzer activates, and the Red LED glows to indicate detection. If no object is detected, the Green LED remains ON. The system also identifies object motion direction:  When the object moves toward the radar, the Yellow LED turns ON, and  When the object moves away, the Blue LED lights up. All measured parameters such as distance (in cm), speed (in cm/s), and motion direction are displayed in realtime on the Arduino Serial Monitor. The prototype was tested under different object distances and motion conditions. The readings were found to be accurate and stable, with minimal measurement fluctuations. The servo motor provided smooth angular scanning, and the ultrasonic sensor responded promptly to distance changes. The buzzer and LED indicators worked reliably, offering clear audio-visual feedback. Overall, the developed system successfully demonstrates an efficient, low-cost, and educational radar prototype suitable for smart surveillance, object detection, and autonomous monitoring applications. Fig 5.1 Radar Surveillance System CONCLUSION: This project successfully demonstrates a low-cost Arduino-based radar surveillance system capable of detecting, tracking, and monitoring objects within a defined range. By integrating an ultrasonic sensor with a servo motor, the system continuously scans the surroundings and measures the distance, speed, and direction of movement of detected objects. The LEDs and buzzer provide clear visual and audio indications for object detection and motion status, while realtime readings of distance, angle, and speed are displayed on the Serial Monitor for easy observation. The system is simple, reliable, and energy-efficient, making it suitable for educational, research, and security applications. Its modular design allows easy modification and scalability for advanced implementations such as autonomous robots, obstacle avoidance systems, and smart surveillance networks. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 15, Vol.6, 2025 Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17759149 Original Article @2025 RS Publication, [email protected] 111 References: 1. M. R. Akshay, P. Divya, S. Krishnan, “Design and Implementation of Arduino-Based Radar System Using Ultrasonic Sensor,” 2023 Fourth International Conference on Emerging Trends in Electronics and Communication Systems (ICETEC) | DOI: 10.1109/ICETEC57891.2023.10078456 2. K. J. Rahul, T. Meenakshi, A. S. Kumar, “Real-Time Object Tracking and Distance Estimation Using Ultrasonic Sensor and Servo Mechanism,” 2023 International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Automation (ICICA) | DOI: 10.1109/ICICA59231.2023.10461239 3. R. Deepa, V. Senthil, P. Anbarasan, “Arduino-Based Obstacle Detection and Motion Direction Identification System,” 2023 9th International Conference on Advanced Instrumentation and Control (ICAIC) | DOI: 10.1109/ICAIC57263.2023.10112981 4. S. Priya, M. Noorul, J. Vishal, “Design of a Smart Radar Surveillance System with Buzzer and LED Indications,” 2023 International Symposium on Smart Electronics and Automation (ISSEA) 5. L. Harshini, A. Vivek, R. Pradeep, “A Low-Cost Ultrasonic Radar System for Distance and Speed Measurement,” 2023 International Conference on Electrical, Communication, and Control Systems (ICECCS) | DOI: 10.1109/ICECCS56712.2023.10046590