From extraction to experience: Spanish saltworks as cultural and natural attractions with a cultural entrepreneurship dimension

 Corresponding author: Fotini Maniou Copyright © 2025 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0. From extraction to experience: Spanish saltworks as cultural and natural attractions with a cultural entrepreneurship dimension Fotini Maniou 1, *, Maria Manola 2, Ioanna Maniou 1, Ioannis Pagkalos 3 and Ioannis Diannis 4 1 Sustainable Urban and Regional Development, Harokopion University of Athens, Greece. 2 Department of Tourism and Management, University of West Attica, Greece. 3 Medical School, University of Rome Sapienza. 4 Department of Informatics and Computer Engineering, University of West Attica Greece. Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, 2025, 25(01), 036-042 Publication history: Received on 30 August 2025; revised on 04 October 2025; accepted on 06 October 2025 Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2025.25.1.0297 Abstract Saltworks are significant cultural landscapes and constitute an integral part of the cultural heritage of many countries, attracting visitors and promoting cultural tourism. At the same time, they play a crucial role in biodiversity conservation, hosting rich fauna and flora, including migratory birds and marine organisms. This study focuses on the saltworks of Spain, exploring their connection to culture, tourism, and the local economy. It analyzes how these sites are utilized through educational programs, hospitality initiatives, and recreational activities, enhancing the tourist experience and creating added value for local communities. The results highlight the dual importance of saltworks: on the one hand as ecosystems of high environmental value, and on the other as drivers of cultural and economic development through cultural entrepreneurship. The study emphasizes the potential of saltworks to combine natural environment protection with sustainable tourism and cultural utilization. Keywords: Cultural Entrepreneurship; Spanish Saltworks; Cultural Heritage; Sustainable Development; Cultural Tourism 1. Introduction 1.1. Saltworks As Cultural and Natural Landscapes in Spain: A Platform for Cultural Entrepreneurship Saltworks are unique cultural and natural landscapes where traditional salt production coexists with significant ecological value. These areas host a diverse range of flora and fauna, including rare and migratory species associated with wetland environments, while also providing observation points and experiential educational opportunities for visitors (Perez-Ruzafa, Marcos and Gonzalez, 1987). The preservation of saltworks is not only about environmental protection but also about maintaining historical and social memory, as salt production has been linked to economic, social, and ritual practices for centuries (Cirillo et al., 1994; Calvo, Mariani and Rossi, 2009; Calvo et al., 2009). In the contemporary context, saltworks serve as important hubs of cultural entrepreneurship, combining cultural heritage, environmental value, and the potential for sustainable economic development through tourism (Maniou, 2023; Maniou, 2024a; Maniou, 2024b; Maniou et al., 2025; Manola, 2023; Manola and Balermpas, 2020). Visitor participation in hands-on activities such as salt harvesting, bird watching, and involvement in educational and cultural programs Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, 2025, 25(01), 036-042 37 enhances ecotourism and supports the local economy, offering a multidimensional experience (Mitoula, 2023; Panzera, 2022; Tsatalbasoglou and Maniou, 2023; Vlachos, 2023). Cultural entrepreneurship in saltworks allows historical knowledge and traditional salt production techniques to be leveraged as resources for the sustainable development of local communities. Furthermore, the conservation and promotion of biodiversity, along with ecosystem protection, are incorporated into tourism strategies, where education and visitor experience are central components (Manola and Koufadakis, 2020; Mitoula, 2018). Spanish saltworks such as Salinas de Villena, Mar Menor, Salinas de La Mancha, Salinas de Santa Pola, and Salinas de Cabo de Gata exemplify locations where traditional salt extraction, flora and fauna observation, and cultural activities converge to enhance local economies and sustainability (Jones et al., 2018; Guias Viajar, 2025; Ventosa, Sánchez-Porro and Klenk, 2014; Martin, 2024; Perez-Ruzafa et al., 1987). Moreover, linking saltworks with cultural activities and local gastronomy creates additional opportunities for entrepreneurship and innovation in cultural tourism (Manola and Koufadakis, 2020; Vlachos, 2023; Manola, 2023). By cultivating experiences through nature, tradition, and the arts, visitor awareness of sustainability is enhanced, promoting recognition of these regions as sustainable tourism destinations (Mitoula, 2023; Tsatalbasoglou and Maniou, 2023). Overall, saltworks are not merely production sites or protected natural environments but also platforms of cultural entrepreneurship, where tradition, ecology, and tourism converge to create added value, preserve cultural and natural heritage, and strengthen the sustainability of local communities (Maniou et al., 2025; Manola, 2023; Mitoula, 2018; Panzera, 2022). 2. Saltworks of spain: history, ecology, and tourism value Spain hosts a variety of important saltworks that integrate traditional salt production, ecosystem conservation, and tourism development. These sites represent unique cultural and natural landscapes where human activity and nature coexist, forming complex ecosystems that support diverse flora and fauna, including migratory birds and other wetlanddependent species (Perez-Ruzafa, Marcos and Gonzalez, 1987; Calvo, Mariani and Rossi, 2009). Salinas de Villena in the Alicante region of Valencia is the primary salt source of the area. Extending approximately 4.5 km in length and 2 km at its widest point, the high temperatures favor water evaporation for salt production. The saltworks also provide habitats for migratory birds, small mammals, and amphibians. While the site does not attract mass tourism, the Villena Archaeological Museum, featuring 66 exhibits including gold and rare metals, has the potential to enhance cultural tourism (Turismo Villena, 2025). Mar Menor, a shallow lagoon in Murcia, is a significant wetland for birds and other organisms. Both natural processes and human interventions have shaped the lagoon, which is protected under European Union legislation (Perez-Ruzafa, Marcos and Gonzalez, 1987; Pérez-Ruzafa et al., 1987). Pollution from agricultural runoff prompted EU conservation measures in 2019. Covering 135 km² with depths up to 7 meters, Mar Menor attracts visitors for birdwatching, excursions, and boat trips to Isla Grosa (Guias Viajar, 2025). Salinas de La Mancha in central Spain comprises over 50 small lakes where saltworks continue to apply centuries-old traditional extraction methods. Despite their cultural and economic importance, these saltworks face environmental pressures due to overexploitation of groundwater resources. Educational programs integrated into saltwork visits promote awareness of Spain’s historical and cultural heritage. Salinas de Santa Pola, located on the eastern coast, have been studied for microbial diversity and their ecological role in supporting local flora and fauna (Ventosa, Sánchez-Porro and Klenk, 2014; Ventosa et al., 2014). Coral habitats in the area also represent valuable ecological resources (Martin, 2024). Preserving traditional architectural and production elements supports cultural tourism, while educational initiatives foster environmental awareness and sustainability. Salinas de Cabo de Gata, situated in Almería within the protected Cabo de Gata Natural Park, offer recreational activities, hiking trails, and birdwatching opportunities (Daniele et al., 2011). The combination of traditional salt extraction with nature-based tourism demonstrates how these saltworks serve as models for sustainable human–environment interaction. Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, 2025, 25(01), 036-042 38 3. Comparative significance of spanish saltworks Spanish saltworks highlight the intersection of cultural heritage, ecological value, and economic potential. The preservation of traditional salt extraction techniques, as in La Mancha and Santa Pola, allows visitors to experience historical practices and understand the social and economic significance of salt in local communities (Ventosa, SánchezPorro and Klenk, 2014). Conservation efforts in areas like Mar Menor and Cabo de Gata protect wetlands, coral habitats, and bird populations, enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem services (Calvo, Mariani and Rossi, 2009; Martin, 2024). The integration of traditional practices with environmental protection positions Spanish saltworks as exemplary sites for sustainable development. Tourism and educational initiatives offer visitors multidimensional experiences, including participation in salt extraction, birdwatching, exploring underwater flora, and engaging in cultural events (Sei Saline, 2025; Guias Viajar, 2025). Such activities increase environmental awareness and foster a connection between humans, culture, and nature. Economically, these saltworks attract visitors from across Europe, generating direct and indirect income for local communities. By linking tradition, ecology, and tourism, Spanish saltworks represent a model of sustainable development, ensuring long-term viability and serving as a reference for other coastal regions (Calvo, Di Maida et al., 2009; Santulli, 2014; Cirillo et al., 1994; Williams, 1996). In conclusion, Spanish saltworks are living examples of the harmonious interaction between human culture and natural ecosystems. Their protection, sustainable management, and promotion through tourism and education underscore their critical importance for Mediterranean culture, economy, and ecology (Calvo, Mariani and Rossi, 2009; PerezRuzafa, Marcos and Gonzalez, 1987; Ventosa, Sánchez-Porro and Klenk, 2014; Martin, 2024; Santulli, 2014; Turismo Villena, 2025; Sei Saline, 2025). 4. Spanish saltworks: comparative table and chart Table 1 Comparative Table of Spanish Saltworks Saltwork Location Area / Size Main Ecological Features Cultural / Historical Value Tourism / Activities Environmental Issues Salinas de Villena Alicante, Valencia 4.5 km × 2 km Migratory birds, small mammals, amphibians Traditional salt extraction; Villena Archaeological Museum Low-mass tourism Limited tourist infrastructure Mar Menor Murcia 135 km², depth up to 7 m Shallow lagoon, wetlands, bird habitats EU protected site Birdwatching, excursions, cruises Pollution from agriculture; EU protection measures 2019 Salinas de La Mancha Central Spain (Mancha) 50+ small lakes Wetlands, bird habitats Traditional salt extraction Educational and cultural visits Groundwater overexploitation; pollution Salinas de Santa Pola Eastern Spain - Microorganism biodiversity, flora and fauna, coral beds Preservation of traditional architecture Educational programs, cultural tourism - Salinas de Cabo de Gata Almeria Part of Cabo de Gata Natural Park Coastal ecosystems, birdwatching Traditional salt extraction Hiking, birdwatching, nature recreation - Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, 2025, 25(01), 036-042 39 5. Discussion The saltworks of Spain represent multifaceted ecosystems that combine cultural heritage, natural biodiversity, and tourism potential. A comparative analysis of Salinas de Villena, Mar Menor, Salinas de La Mancha, Salinas de Santa Pola, and Salinas de Cabo de Gata highlights both common features and unique characteristics of each site (Perez-Ruzafa, Marcos and Gonzalez, 1987). The preservation of traditional salt extraction techniques across all saltworks constitutes a core element of their cultural value. Visitors can observe traditional salt production and connect with the historical and social significance of the activity, enhancing experiential learning and cultural tourism (Cirillo et al., 1994). At the same time, the saltworks serve as critical ecosystems for biodiversity conservation. Mar Menor and Cabo de Gata host rich flora and fauna (Calvo, Mariani and Rossi, 2009), while Santa Pola exhibits significant microbial diversity and coral habitats (Martin, 2024; Ventosa, Sánchez-Porro and Klenk, 2014). The coexistence of traditional production and protected natural areas makes these saltworks models of sustainable management and ecotourism, where human activity aligns with environmental protection. The tourism dimension is expressed through multidimensional experiences, including birdwatching, participation in salt extraction techniques, and engagement in educational and cultural programs (Sei Saline, 2025; Guias Viajar, 2025). Saltworks such as Mar Menor attract thousands of visitors annually, linking local economic development with the promotion of both cultural and natural heritage. However, environmental challenges arise. Overexploitation of groundwater, pollution from agricultural activities, and the impacts of climate change require systematic management and sustainable approaches (Williams, 1996; Daniele et al., 2011). The involvement of local communities, authorities, and the European Union in the preservation and protection of saltworks is crucial for the long-term sustainability of these areas. In conclusion, Spanish saltworks are exemplary cases of how traditional knowledge, natural biodiversity, and cultural heritage can coexist and reinforce one another through tourism and education. Their integrated management promotes sustainability, strengthens the local economy, and provides valuable experiences for visitors, highlighting their significance for the future of the Mediterranean (Santulli, 2014; Martín, 2024). The positive and useful contributions that digital technologies provide to the field of education and cultural development should be highlighted as a final point. Mobile devices (30-32), a range of ICT apps (33-37), AI and STEM ROBOTICS (38-39), and games (40-41) are some examples of the technologies that enable and improve educational and cultural processes including evaluation, intervention, and learning. Additionally, the use of ICTs in conjunction with theories and models of metacognition, mindfulness, meditation, and the development of emotional intelligence [42-55], accelerates and improves educational practices and outcomes, especially for cultural development. 6. Conclusion The study of Spanish saltworks emphasizes their dual significance: they are both cultural and historical monuments and critical ecosystems with considerable economic and tourism value. Saltworks are not merely sites of salt production but living carriers of cultural heritage, where traditional techniques are combined with contemporary sustainable management practices (Florín and Montes, 1999). Visitor participation in experiential activities—such as salt harvesting, flora and fauna observation, and engagement in educational and cultural programs—adds a multidimensional tourism aspect. This approach enhances environmental and cultural awareness, promotes ecotourism, and links local economic development with the protection and promotion of natural and cultural heritage (Turismo Villena, 2025; Ventosa et al., 2014). At the same time, environmental challenges, such as pollution, overexploitation of water resources, and climate change impacts, underscore the need for systematic and sustainable management. The integrated inclusion of cultural, ecological, and tourism activities provides a model of sustainable development for Spanish coastal areas, where ecosystem protection is directly associated with the economic and cultural strengthening of local communities. Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, 2025, 25(01), 036-042 40 In summary, the saltworks of Spain are prime examples of how traditional knowledge, natural biodiversity, and cultural heritage can coexist and mutually enhance one another through tourism and education, promoting the conservation of natural and cultural resources and supporting sustainability for future generations (Calvo et al., 2009; Jones et al., 2018). Compliance with ethical standards Acknowledgments The Authors would like to thank the SPECIALIZATION IN ICTs AND SPECIAL EDUCATION: PSYCHOPEDAGOGY OF INCLUSION Postgraduate studies Team, for their support. Disclosure of conflict of interest The Authors proclaim no conflict of interest. References [1] Calvo, S., Di Maida, G., Orestano, C., Pirrotta, M. and Tomasello, A. (2009) The Stagnone of Marsala Lagoon, in Cecere, E., Petrocelli, A., Izzo, G. and Sfriso, A. (eds.) The Stagnone of Marsala Lagoon. Venezia: pp. 247–265. 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