Deliverable D5.5 - Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector

Project ID N°: 101036449 Call: H2020-LC-GD-2020-3 Topic: LC-GD-8-1-2020 - Innovative, systemic zero-pollution solutions to protect health, environment, and natural resources from persistent and mobile chemicals Preventing Recalcitrant Organic Mobile Industrial chemicalS for Circular Economy in the soil-sediment-water System Start date of the project: 1st November 2021 Duration: 42 months Main authors: Pierre Boucard (Ineris), Adriana E. Sardi (Ineris) Lead Beneficiary: Ineris Type of delivery: R Dissemination Level: PU Filename and version: PROMISCES_D5.5_Map-potential-PMT-substitution (version 1) Website: www.promisces.eu Due date: October 31st 2024 (M36) D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 2 © European Union, 2025 No third-party textual or artistic material included on the publication without the copyright holder’s prior consent to further dissemination by other third parties. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged Disclaimer The information and views set out in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Neither the European Union institutions and bodies nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 3 Document History This document has been through the following revisions: Authorisation Distribution This document has been distributed to: Version date Author/Reviewer Description 0.1 11.04.2025 Pierre Boucard, Adriana E. Sardi First draft for review 0.2 28.04.2025 Pierre Boucard, Adriana E. Sardi First draft with all comments merged 0.3 28.04.2025 Pierre Boucard, Adriana E. Sardi Second version for validation, after review from RIVM, Ineris and BRGM and integration of comments 0.4 29.04.2025 Pierre Boucard, Adriana E. Sardi Final Version for distribution 0.5 29.04.2025 Floriane Sermondadaz Quality control Authorisation Name Status Date Review Julia Hartmann, Matthias Hof Work package 5 partners 28.04.2025 Review Jean-Marc Brignon External reviewer 28.04.2025 Validation Julia Hartmann Work package 5 Leader 29.04.2025 Quality Control Floriane Sermondadaz Admin. manager 29.04.2025 Approval Julie Lions Project coordinator 30.04.2025 Name Title Version issued Date of issue All partners Consortium Version 1 30.04.2025 D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 4 Executive Summary Substitution of hazardous chemicals is a central objective of the European Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability and the Zero Pollution Ambition of the Green Deal. In this context, substances that are Persistent, Mobile, and Toxic (PMT), or very Persistent and very Mobile (vPvM), are recognised as posing long-term and widespread environmental and human health risks. The effective identification and substitution of such substances remain, however, a significant regulatory and technical challenge. This report, produced under the H2020 PROMISCES project, explores the potential for substitution of PMT and vPvM substances. Leveraging a dataset covering more than 120 000 substances and drawing on multiple sources of information—including REACH registration dossiers, the NORMAN SusDat database, and dedicated substance-level studies—the report applies three distinct analytical approaches: 1. A sectoral analysis based on REACH use data to assess the distribution of PMT/vPvM substances across product categories and sectors of use; 2. A functional use analysis focused on surfactants from the NORMAN database, using classifications derived from the results of the project; 3. A substance-specific case study on benzotriazoles, a family of compounds with high production volumes and confirmed PMT properties. Across all approaches, the study applies a tiered scoring system to assess persistence, mobility and toxicity, accounting for the level of confidence associated with different types of data (experimental, predicted, or absent). Key Findings: • Sectoral Insights: Analysis of REACH data showed that PMT substances are broadly distributed across sectors, but no sector emerged as uniquely or disproportionately affected. However, sectors such as fine chemicals manufacturing, food production, water treatment, and construction may be of interest for future targeted assessments. • Data Gaps and Limitations: The scarcity of experimental data severely constrains the robust classification of substances, especially for persistence and mobility. As a result, the identification of PMT/vPvM substances often relies on predicted data, with varying degrees of confidence. • High Proportion of Potentially Concerning Substances: Conservative modelling scenarios suggest that at least 37% of surfactants assessed (over 30,000 substances) may be classified as PMT or vPvM. However, none could be classified as such based solely on experimental data. • Limited Identification of Safer Alternatives: Despite a large initial dataset, no surfactants could be confidently identified as non-persistent, non-mobile and non-toxic based on available data. The same type of results was obtained in the case study on Benzotriazoles. This unexpected result underlines the complexity of avoiding "regrettable substitution" and the limitations of current data sources in enabling the identification of truly safer alternatives. This also highlights the importance that should be given to the study of non-chemical alternatives for the substitution of substances of concern. • Priority Substances Identified: The study highlights 455 surfactants as priority candidates for further investigation, based on robust data for two hazard properties and reliable modelled data for the third. An additional 8 substances may warrant particular scrutiny due to their potential classification as vPvM. D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 5 • Benzotriazoles Case Study: The detailed analysis of benzotriazoles confirms their widespread use and significant hazard potential. Some benzotriazoles are already listed or under assessment for regulatory action due to their PMT or PBT properties. For uses as UVabsorbers or UV-filters, the analysis illustrates the difficulty to identify better alternatives. For uses as corrosion inhibitor, the case study underscores the value of combining high-level screening with substance-specific evaluations to support substitution efforts. Conclusions and Recommendations: • The study highlights the potential of systematic, large-scale assessments for prioritising substances for substitution. However, it also reveals the urgent need for more comprehensive and reliable data, particularly on persistence and mobility, to support regulatory and industrial decision-making. • Predictive modelling tools are useful but must be applied with caution. In the absence of sufficient experimental data, reliance on conservative assumptions may lead to overly broad lists of substances flagged for concern, potentially limiting the practical value of prioritisation. • There is no evidence, based on current data, that surfactants exist which can be confidently classified as both effective and safer alternatives (i.e., non-PMT/vPvM). This calls for enhanced research efforts, including targeted experimental studies and sector-specific engagement, to identify and validate truly sustainable substitution pathways. • The PROMISCES Decision Support Framework, including its PMT Assessment and Diagnosis Modules, offers a promising basis for operationalising the Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD) framework and supporting future substitution strategies (See also recommendation #8 in Deliverable D5.8). Overall, this report underscores the complexity of chemical substitution in the case of PMT/vPvM substances and points to critical data and methodological needs that must be addressed to achieve more effective, evidence-based substitution policies. D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 6 Table of contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 11 1.1 Substitution is an essential part of chemical risk management policies ............................. 11 1.2 Substituting Persistent and Mobile Chemicals: What is at stake? ...................................... 11 1.3 Complementing Substitution with the Safe and Sustainable by Design Framework (SSbD) 12 1.4 Objective and outline of the report ..................................................................................... 13 2 Methodology and followed approach ......................................................................................... 13 2.1 Scores and substances’ classification .................................................................................. 13 2.2 Data treatment and visualisation ........................................................................................ 15 2.3 Information and data on chemical uses .............................................................................. 15 3 Analysis of substitution challenges based on use data provided by the REACH regulation ....... 15 3.1 Uses data registered in REACH registration dossiers .......................................................... 15 3.2 Classification of substances per SU and PC ......................................................................... 17 3.3 Tonnages, classification per SU and PC ............................................................................... 20 3.4 Average scores per PC and SU ............................................................................................. 21 3.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 24 4 Analysis of substitution challenges based on use data derived from the NORMAN database – Surfactants as a case study .................................................................................................................. 25 4.1 Uses data extracted from NORMAN sources lists ............................................................... 25 4.2 Identifying the surfactants of concern................................................................................. 25 4.2.1 Surfactants classified as T according to the robust scenario ........................................... 26 4.2.2 Surfactants not classified as T according to the robust scenario .................................... 28 4.2.3 Synthesis .......................................................................................................................... 30 4.3 Identifying the safest surfactants ........................................................................................ 32 4.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 33 5 Substance studies - Benzotriazoles .............................................................................................. 34 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 34 5.2 General aspects .................................................................................................................... 34 5.2.1 Definition and chemical properties ................................................................................. 34 5.2.2 Regulation ........................................................................................................................ 40 5.2.3 REACH regulation ............................................................................................................. 40 5.2.3.1 Sectoral regulations ..................................................................................................... 41 5.2.4 Classification, Labelling, and Packaging ........................................................................... 41 D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 7 5.3 Synthesis on rationale for substitution of benzotriazoles ................................................... 43 5.4 Production and uses ............................................................................................................ 47 5.4.1 General economic data .................................................................................................... 47 5.4.2 Uses .................................................................................................................................. 48 5.4.3 UV absorbers .................................................................................................................... 48 5.4.4 Corrosion inhibitors ......................................................................................................... 51 5.4.5 Other uses ........................................................................................................................ 52 5.5 Alternatives .......................................................................................................................... 53 5.5.1 Alternatives as UV absorbers in construction, transport, plastics and rubbers .............. 53 5.5.2 Alternatives as UV filters in cosmetic products ............................................................... 57 5.5.3 Alternatives as corrosion inhibitors ................................................................................. 60 5.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 62 6 General conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 63 7 References ................................................................................................................................... 64 8 Annexes ........................................................................................................................................ 67 D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 8 List of Abbreviations CE Circular Economy SSbD Safe and Sustainable by Design CEC(s) Contaminant(s) of emerging concern CSs Case studies DSF Decision Support Framework EC European Commission ECHA European Chemicals Agency EQS Environmental Quality Standards EU European Union iPM(T) Industrial Persistent, Mobile and potentially Toxic KEMI Swedish Chemicals Agency Koc Organic carbon-water partition co-efficient. N/A Not available/not applicable NORMAN Network of reference laboratories, research centres and related organisations for monitoring of emerging environmental substances OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PM(T) Persistent, Mobile and potentially Toxic PMT Persistent, Mobile and Toxic POPs Persistent organic pollutants REACH Registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemicals RIVM Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu SSbD Safe and Sustainable by Design US EPA CPDat United States Environmental Protection Agency Chemical and Products Database vPvM very Persistent very Mobile WWTPs Wastewater treatment plants D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 9 List of Tables Table 1: Number of surfactants classified as PMT and weight of evidence ........................................ 31 Table 2: Number of surfactants classified as non-toxic or without data on toxicity classified as vPvM and weight of evidence ........................................................................................................................ 32 Table 3: General description of some benzotriazoles (updated from Ineris 2021, data: ECHA, PubChem, OECD (2017), Merck (FDS)) ................................................................................................ 35 Table 4: Benzotriazoles on the Candidate List ..................................................................................... 40 Table 5: Overview of benzotriazoles on the PBT assessment list or on the CoRAP update for 20252027 (Source: ECHA) ............................................................................................................................ 40 Table 6: Benzotriazoles mentioned in sectoral regulations ................................................................ 41 Table 7: Harmonised classification of benzotriazoles (Source: ECHA) ................................................ 42 Table 8: Overview of benzotriazoles with tonnage data and rationales for substitution ................... 45 Table 9: Overview of the remaining benzotriazoles, PROMISCES results, use data in REACH and results from the PRIO tool ............................................................................................................................... 46 Table 10: Results from the PRIO tool for the 5 benzotriazoles without tonnage data, identified in the tool ....................................................................................................................................................... 46 Table 11: Non-exhaustive inventory of benzotriazoles used as UV absorbers in different sectors.... 50 Table 12: Non-exhaustive inventory of benzotriazoles used as corrosion inhibitors in different sectors .............................................................................................................................................................. 52 Table 13: Number of products (and corresponding substances with their chemical classes) identified as UV stabilizers ................................................................................................................................... 54 Table 14: Analysis of alternatives of UV absorbers according to PROMISCES results ........................ 55 Table 15: Analysis of alternatives of UV filters according to PROMISCES results ............................... 59 Table 16: Analysis of alternatives of UV filters according to PROMISCES results ............................... 60 Table 17 : List of Sources within the SusDat database and associated uses ....................................... 68 Table 18 : Description for the different Sectors of Use as defined by the REACH regulation ............. 73 Table 19 : Description for the different Product Categories as defined by the REACH regulation ..... 74 D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 16 Assessment Chapter R.12 (European Chemicals Agency, 2015), the SU describes the market and the sector of economy where the use takes places, while the PC describes in which types of chemical products (i.e., substances as such or in mixtures) the substance is finally contained when it is supplied to, and used by, end-users e.g. detergents, paints. After revising ECHA registration dossiers, the proportion of substances within the SusDat database with Sector of Use and Product category data was ~4,5%: within the dataset, 5453 substances had SU information, each assigned to one or more sectoral use categories, while 5372 had PC information. As presented in Figure 2, The product category and sector of use with the highest number of substances are respectively PC 19: Intermediates and SU 9: Manufacture of fine chemicals 4 . 4 PC and SU nomenclatures are available in Table 188 and Table 199 in section 8. Annexes Figure 2 : Number of substances per product category (top) and per Sector of use (down) D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 17 3.2 Classification of substances per SU and PC Based on substance classification and available data on their sectors of use and product categories, we attempted to develop a general mapping. The objective is to assess whether certain sectors appear to be more specifically affected by issues related to persistence, mobility, and toxicity. Under the three proposed scenarios, we explored the distribution of substances according to their classification (e.g., vPMT, PT, vP, nP) across different PCs and SUs (se Annexes, Table 17 to 19). The substance repartition among classification categories is summarized using heatmaps presented in Figure 3 and Figure 4. The figures illustrate the number of substances per PC and SU, allowing a comparative view of how different PMT categories are distributed across industrial and commercial sectors. The x-axis represents the uses, the y-axis displays the classification categories, and the colour scale indicates the number of substances. We opted to use the number of substances as a metric rather than the percentage of PM(T) or vPvM substances within a sector of use. This approach provides an indication of the amount of work and substance evaluation required if a full high-stake sector is selected for substitution. The figure shows the three scenarios from top to bottom: conservative, average, and robust. D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 18 Figure 3 : Heatmap representing the number of substances per product category (PC) group under three classification scenarios: conservative, average, and robust. The colour intensity represents the count of substances within each category. Each heatmap is accompanied by its legend, ensuring a clear interpretation of data across scenarios. Data are ordered by product category for consistency and comparability. D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 19 Figure 4: Heatmap representing the number of PM(T) substances per sector of use (SU) group under three classification scenarios: conservative, average, and robust. The colour intensity represents the count of substances within each category. Each heatmap is accompanied by its legend, ensuring a clear interpretation of data across scenarios. Data are ordered by sector of use for consistency and comparability. The first observation is that only limited experimental data exist for P and M. Without experimental data for persistence and mobility, the robust scenario allows classification only concerning toxicity. Under this scenario, the SU9 (Manufacture of fine chemicals) sector and product category PC19 (Intermediates) contain the highest number of toxic substances. At a lower order of magnitude, SU8 (Manufacture of bulk, large scale chemicals) and SU12 (Manufacture of plastic products), as well as PC0 (Other), PC15 (Non-metal surface treatment products), PC21 (Laboratory chemicals), PC32 D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 20 (Polymer preparations), and PC39 (Cosmetic and personal care products) are the most affected sectors. The average scenario leads to similar results in terms of identifying priority sectors. For this scenario, the fact that the PROMISCES results on predicted mobility are in most cases based on a single model 5 results in a low level of information regarding mobility. However, this scenario highlights that a large number of substances are classified as very persistent. For instance, 1877 substances are classified as vPT in PC19, and 3071 in SU9. In the case of the conservative scenario, classification based on mobility is possible, and the categories vPvMT, vPMT, and vPnMT are the most frequently represented. There is a certain degree of homogeneity of classifications among sectors, with the exception of SU9 and SU8. Homogeneity is also observed across classifications within a given sector: SU9 is the sector with the highest number of substances in all classification categories. This analysis therefore does not support the identification of a classification that is more specifically associated with a particular sector. The conclusions are generally similar regarding product categories. 3.3 Tonnages, classification per SU and PC REACH registration dossiers may include quantitative use data, referred to as tonnage bands. These represent orders of magnitude of the quantities of substances manufactured or imported in Europe, following a logarithmic scale: from 1 to 10 tonnes, 10 to 100 tonnes, 100 to 1000 tonnes, etc. Various analyses of these data were conducted as part of this study. We sought to examine sectors of use and product categories with the highest tonnages, those with the highest tonnage per registered substance, and to compare these data with PMT classifications. However, the decision was made not to present these results in this report, as they did not allow for the identification of sectors or product categories specifically associated with issues of persistence, mobility, and toxicity. This is due to the high level of uncertainty inherent in the available data. In addition to the wide intervals of the tonnage bands, which are sometimes incomplete (e.g., only the minimum tonnage is reported), it is not possible to distribute the tonnages across the various sectors and product categories. For example, a substance registered with a tonnage band of 1000 to 10 000 tonnes may be associated with 12 different product categories, without any indication as to which category accounts for the largest share. Various working assumptions were tested: distributing the average tonnage evenly across all 12 categories, assigning the maximum tonnage to each, etc. These assumptions had a significant impact on the results, but their validity could not be reliably assessed. 5 By definition, the average scenario relies on at least two data sources D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 21 Verifying them would require a substantial effort, analysing each substance and each use individually, based on information not consolidated in databases (e.g., grey literature, scientific publications) or through interviews with producers or users. This lies outside the scope of the present work. Nonetheless, the remainder of the report will show that tonnage band data can be useful when the focus is placed on a specific substance or group of substances. 3.4 Average scores per PC and SU This last section aims to refine the previous analyses by identifying which sectors of use and product categories have the highest averaged persistency, mobility, toxicity and emission scores. P and M scores were averaged for each sector of use and product category and represented in scatter plots (Fig. 5Figure 5). These score aggregations were done using conservative scores, which, according to D.5.1, are the higher scores available for each substance. Please note that these are not the average scenario scores, but the average per PC or SU of the conservative scenario. The Kemi-score is also included. The Kemi score, developed by Stellan Fisher (Swedish Chemicals Agency, KEMI), indicates an exposure index and is based on three different components (independent datasets): 1. The annual tonnage (AT index) is calculated using tonnage data available in the REACH database. 2. Measure for release during use (use index, UI), derived from the SPIN database; and 3. Measure for range of use (range of use index, RI), considering, e.g., a wide dispersive use, derived from the SPIN database. The value of each of the three scores should be between 0 and 1. The final exposure index, according to KEMI is calculated as the sum of each sub-score divided by 3 (Dulio et al., 2017). Although the KEMI index is available in the Norman database, Dr. Stellan Fischer kindly provided the data used within the mapping, which is the most updated dataset available. The scatter plot displays average P and M scores across different product categories (Figure 5, top) and sectors of use groups (Figure 5, down). The colours represent the Kemi score, which shows the level of emissions for each substance. The size of the bubbles indicates the number of different substances in each group. This chart identifies the level of PM total hazard in SusDat substances grouped by either PC or SU categories. Following this analysis, certain sectors exhibited higher average scores, indicating their persistence or mobility associated with their emission potential (Kemi score). Notably, these sectors include SU4 (Manufacture of food products) with 227 substances, SU23 (Electricity, steam, gas, water supply and sewage treatment) with 271 substances, and SU 6a (Manufacture of wood and wood products). All the previous sectors of use have elevated average M scores and a significantly high average Kemi score (~ 0,7). Note that, as shown in section 3.1, this figure represents the P and M characteristics of only 4.5% (n=5453) of the total number of substances included within the SusDat NORMAN database. SU 14 (Manufacture of basic metals, including alloys), SU 2a (Mining), and SU 2b (Offshore industries) also ranked among the groups with the highest averaged Kemi and P scores. Their average mobility scores were comparatively among the lowest from another sector of use but were still over the threshold for classifying them as very mobile. D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 22 With regard to product categories, aside from PC42 (Electrolytes for batteries) which shows a particularly high average mobility score, it is difficult to distinguish categories with specific profiles. All are characterized by average mobility scores around 0,55 and very similar persistence scores ranging between 0,67 and 0,72. D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 23 Figure 5: Scatter plot of the average mobility and persistence score of all substances (average scenario) in a Product Category (top) or Sector of Use (bottom). Colours indicate the Kemi score, a proxy of emission for each substance, while the size of bubbles corresponds to the number of substances considered within each group. D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 24 3.5 Conclusion The main conclusion of this work is that classifying substances based on the robust scenario is challenging due to the very limited availability of experimental data on persistence and mobility. As a result, identifying high-risk sectors based on experimental data is also difficult. Predicted databased classification (average and conservative scenarios) results show that many substances are classed as very persistent substances and that these are used across all sectors. Unsurprisingly, the upstream chemical sectors (e.g., SU9, SU8, PC19) have the highest number of substances, and as predictive methods often classify most of these as persistent, mobile, and toxic. The assessment can be refined slightly by analysing the sector of use and product category average scores. Certain sectors and product categories, such as the manufacture of food products, manufacture of wood and wood products, and electrolytes for batteries, stand out for their association with substances showing particularly high average scores. It would be worthwhile to conduct targeted studies on these uses to identify the substances or substance classes involved, to evaluate substitution opportunities. Nevertheless, the available data primarily highlight the generally high levels of these conservative average scores across all sectors. The absence of quantitative data on uses remains a major barrier to precisely identifying the applications for which substitution efforts should be prioritised. D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 25 4 Analysis of substitution challenges based on use data derived from the NORMAN database – Surfactants as a case study This section presents an alternative approach to determine the sectors and products of use of substances. By analysing the lists in which substances are included within the NORMAN database, it is possible to associate them with certain use categories. The value of this approach lies in significantly broadening the scope of substances under study, from those registered under REACH to the more than 120 000 substances contained in the NORMAN database. The work presented here aims to assess to what extent, and with what level of confidence, it is possible to identify substances to be prioritised or the safest substitutes. 4.1 Uses data extracted from NORMAN sources lists The SusDat database 6 is constructed by aggregating diverse substance lists which group substances according to their chemical classes (such as PFAS), their similar impact (e.g., endocrine-disrupting chemicals, EDCs), or to their applications (e.g. plastic additives). Labels of the lists were analysed and grouped when they referred to similar uses. Table 17 in Annexes provides the complete list of sources (as of June 2024) and the proposed categorisation of use groups. Eight types of lists were linked to a particular sector: pharmaceuticals, food-contact materials, children’s products, personal care products, plant protection products, biocides, plastic additives, and surfactants. For this deliverable, it was decided to focus on surfactants and assess the distribution of P and M scores for these substances. We aim to highlight those with the highest PMT potential and investigate if the available data allows to identify potential safer alternatives for them. We specifically chose surfactants over other groups because this category qualified as a technical function group which is considered as a key entry with regards to substitution (for further developments, see Tickner et al., 2015). Surfactants, the term is based on “surface-active agents”, are chemical compounds that decrease the surface tension between two liquids, a liquid and a gas, or a liquid and a solid. The uses of surfactants are numerous, both in household products and in industrial processes. They are used in large quantities as detergents, but also as emulsifiers, foaming agents, antistatic additives or dispersants. 4.2 Identifying the surfactants of concern Among the 120 416 substances in the PROMISCES database, 82 160 are in at least one list associated with a use as surfactant. 6 https://www.norman-network.com/nds/susdat/ D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 32 Table 2: Number of surfactants classified as non-toxic or without data on toxicity classified as vPvM and weight of evidence Number of substances classified as vPvM according to robust data 0 0 Number of substances classified as vPvM according to 1 robust and 1 modelled data Modelled data corresponding to the average scenario 8 8+ Modelled data corresponding to the conservative scenario n.d. Number of substances classified as vPvM according to 2 modelled data Both modelled data are based on the average scenario 13 >1298 <3944 1 modelled data is based on the average scenario, 1 on the conservative scenario 1285 Both modelled data correspond to conservative scenarios < 2646 4.3 Identifying the safest surfactants We undertook a similar approach to identify the safest surfactants based on the data compiled in PROMISCES. In the previous section, it was considered that the substances to prioritise for substitution were those for which we had the most robust evidence demonstrating their hazardous properties. Identifying the safest alternatives requires minimising uncertainty regarding potential hazardous characteristics. In this context, the conservative scenario plays an important role. Among the 82 160 identified surfactants, 22 491 – 195 = 22 296 substances are not classified as toxic. Among these, none have experimental data indicating that they are neither mobile nor persistent. In fact, none have experimental data on persistence in general. Only 11 substances have experimental data on mobility. Based on the conservative scenario, 1 027 substances are classified as non-persistent (substances for which no modelled data are available are, of course, not included). However, none of these have modelling data on mobility. Even when expanding the pool of candidate substances to include those considered non-persistent under the average scenario, the outcome remains the same: none of these have available data on mobility. A total of 8545 substances are classified as non-toxic and non-mobile under the conservative scenario. However, all of these are considered persistent under both the conservative and average scenarios. Furthermore, under the average scenario, when multiple model results are available, 8529 of the 8545 substances are still classified as persistent. In conclusion, based on the information compiled within the framework of the PROMISCES project, it is not possible to identify any surfactant for which modelled or experimental data support classification as non-persistent, non-mobile, and non-toxic. D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 33 4.4 Conclusion The work presented in this section represents an original approach aimed at assessing a large number of substances simultaneously and quantifying those that may serve the same technical function: i) substances for which substitution should be considered, and ii) substances that could be explored as potentially safer alternatives. Starting from several tens of thousands of substances, it is possible to draw up lists of a few hundred priority substances. However, the study does not allow for the identification of safer alternatives in terms of persistence, mobility, and toxicity. While the lack of experimental and modelled data inevitably limits the study, this impossibility to identify safe candidates for the substitution of surfactants of concern was unexpected. Further work will be needed to assess the reasons behind this outcome. 5 Substance studies - Benzotriazoles 5.1 Introduction This section presents a third approach. Certain substances (e.g. Melamine) or substance families have been identified as persistent, mobile, and toxic in different studies (Vetter & Lorenz, 2013; Arp et al., 2023). This is the case for 1H-Benzotriazole, which belongs to a class of compounds with several known commercial or industrial uses. Ineris has recently worked on Benzotriazoles (Ineris, 2021), and, as part of this work, produced a synthesis covering around ten substances. The research carried out within the PROMISCES project has led to the identification of more than 100 benzotriazoles. It therefore seemed relevant to examine how the results of the PROMISCES project could enrich this initial work, not only for the substances already identified but also for the others, with the aim of addressing large groups of substances. This is why this case study was selected. 5.2 General aspects 5.2.1 Definition and chemical properties Benzotriazoles are heterocyclic organic compounds belonging to the azole family. Benzotriazoles are synthetic substances and do not occur naturally in the environment. The first benzotriazole derivative was synthesised at the end of the 19th century. This synthesis remains the same today, with certain improvements made to the reaction conditions: The basic structure of benzotriazoles is a benzene ring fused to a 5-atom aromatic ring containing two double bonds and 3 nitrogen atoms. Benzotriazole can exist in two tautomeric forms: 1Hand 2H-benzotriazole (left and right respectively). The 1H-tautomer predominates in solution and is the only stable isomer found in the solid state. 1H-benzotriazole is a versatile synthetic intermediate with a unique set of physicochemical properties. Attached to other chemical radicals, 1H-benzotriazole transfers its electronic, steric and stereoelectronic properties to the molecule as a whole (Ineris, 2021). There are many benzotriazole compounds but those that are produced by industry to a significant extent and have been reported to be present in the environment have the following configurations: - Benzotriazoles used as corrosion inhibitors have a hydrogen in the 1Hposition: these are methyl-, hydroxyand chloroderivatives. D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 35 - Benzotriazoles used as UV stabilisers generally have a phenol group in the 2Hposition. Their molecular weights and structures are more complex. The representative chemical structure of phenolic benzotriazoles is shown below. R1 and R2 represent an ester, a chlorine atom or an additional functional group (e.g. phenol, methyl). A text search in the Susdat database 8 combined with a litterature review allowed to identify 125 benzotriazole substances. Only those for which tonnage data are available in the ECHA database are presented in Table 3 below. Table 3: General description of some benzotriazoles (updated from Ineris 2021, data: ECHA, PubChem, OECD (2017), Merck (FDS)) Substance CAS Susdat ID Synonyms Benzotriazole C6H5N3 95-14-7 NS00010261 1H-Benzotriazole; 1,2-Aminozophenylene; 1,2,3 Benzotriazole; 1,2,3-Triazaindene; 1H-benzotrizole; 2H-Benzotriazole 5-methyl-1Hbenzotriazole C7H7N3 136-85-6 NS00008943 5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-benzotriazole 5-Methylbenzotriazole 5-Methyl-2H-benzotriazole 5-Tolyltriazole 6-methylbenzotriazole Methyl-1H-Benzotriazole C7H7N3 29385-43-1 NS00073843 Tolyltriazole 1H-Benzotriazole, 4(or 5)-methyl5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-benzotriazole 1-methyl-1H-benzotriazole 4(ou 5)-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole 8 “benzotriazol” was searched in the substance names D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 36 Substance CAS Susdat ID Synonyms 1-hydroxybenzotriazole C6H5N3O 2592-95-2 NS00007863 1-Hydroxy-1H-benzotriazole Benzazimidol hydrate N-Hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate 1H-Benzotriazole, 1-hydroxy1-Hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotirazole 1H-benzotriazol-1-ol 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)- 4-(1,1,3,3tetramethylbutyl)phenol C20H25N3O 3147-75-9 NS00008577 Octrizole; UV-329 2-(benzotriazol-2-yl)-4- (2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2yl)phenol ; Phenol, 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3tetramethylbutyl)-; 2-(2-Hydroxy-5-t-octylphenyl) benzotriazole ; 2-(2-Hydroxy-5-tert-octylphenyl)benzotriazole ; 2-(2H-1,2,3-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(2,4,4trimethylpentan-2-yl)phenol; 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl) -4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) phenol ; 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3teramethylbutyl)phenol ; 2-(5-tert-octyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole ; 2-(benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2yl)phenol ; UV absorber-1 Bumetrizole C17H18ClN3O 3896-11-5 NS00004466 Bumetrizole; UV-326 2-tert-butyl-6-(5chlorobenzotriazol-2-yl)-4methylphenol; 2-(2'-Hydroxy-3'-t-butyl-5'-methylphenyl)-5chlorobenzotriazole ; 2-(2'-Hydroxy-3'-tert-butyl-5'-methylphenyl)-5chlorobenzotriazole; 2-(5-Chloro-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-6-(1,1dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-phenol; Bumetrizolum; 2-tert-Butyl-6-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-pcresol; Phenol, 2-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-6-(1,1dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-; UV Absorber-6 ; Tinuvin ; 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-t-octylphenyl)-benzotriazole ; 2-(3’-tert-butyl-2’hydroxy-5’-methylphenyl)-5chlorobenzotriazole; 2-(5-Chloro-2-benzotriazolyl)-6-tert-butyl-p-cresol 3-(2H-Benzotriazolyl)-5- (1,1-di-methylethyl)-4hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid octyl esters 127519-17-9 NS00114722 UV-384; Tinuvin 384 octyl 3-[3-(benzotriazol-2yl)-5-tert-butyl-4hydroxyphenyl]propanoate; 3-(2H-Benzotriazolyl)-5-(1,1-di-methylethyl)-4hydroxy-benzenepropanoic acid octyl esters; 4-methylhexyl 3-[3-(benzotriazol-2-yl)-5-tert-butyl-4hydroxyphenyl] propanoate; D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 37 Substance CAS Susdat ID Synonyms C81H111N9O9 Benzenepropanoic acid,3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-5- (1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, C7-9-branched and linear alkyl esters; reaction mass of branched and linear C7-C9 alkyl 3- [3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4hydroxyphenyl]propionates; Benzenepropanoic acid, 3-(2H-benzotriazol-2yl)-5- (1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, C7-9-branched and linear alkyl esters; A mixture of branched and linear C7-C9 alkyl 3-[3-(2Hbenzotriazol-2-yl)-5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4hydroxyphenyl]propionates 2,2′-Methylenebis[6-(2Hbenzotriazol-2-yl)-4- (1,1,3,3tetramethylbutyl)phenol] C41H50N6O2 103597-45-1 NS00004911 Tinuvin 360, UV-360 Bisoctrizole 2,2′-Methylenebis[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-6benzotriazolylphenol] 2,2′-Methylenebis[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-6- (2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)phenol] 2,2′-Methylenebis[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-6benzotriazol-2-ylphenol] 2,2′-Methylenebis[6-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-tertoctylphenol] 2-Propenoic acid, 2methyl-, 2-[3-(2Hbenzotriazol-2-yl)-4hydroxyphenyl]ethyl ester 96478-09-0 NS00003213 2-(2-hydroxy-5-(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)phenyl)- 2H-benzotriazole Eversorb R03 2-[3-(2H-1,2,3-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4hydroxyphenyl]ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate 2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)- 4,6-bis(1-methyl-1phenylethyl)phenol 70321-86-7 NS00004642 2-(2H-1,2,3-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(2phenylpropan-2-yl)phenol Phenol, 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(1-methyl-1phenylethyl)- UV-234 Eversorb 76 D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 38 Substance CAS Susdat ID Synonyms Phenol, 2-(2Hbenzotriazol-2-yl)-6-(1methyl-1-phenylethyl)-4- (1,1,3,3tetramethylbutyl)- 73936-91-1 NS00005141 2-(1-Methyl-1-phenylethyl)-4-(1,1,3,3tetramethylbutyl)-6-(benzotriazol-2-yl)phenol;2-(2Hydroxy-3-a-cumyl-5-tert-octylphenyl)-2Hbenzotriazol 2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-6-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)- 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol UV-928 Eversorb 89 Chiguard 5228 CGL 120 2-(2-Hydroxy-3,5-di-tertpentylphenyl)benzotriazol e 25973-55-1 NS00010624 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-ditertpentylphenol 2-(3,5-Di-tert-amyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole 2-(4,7-dihydro-2H-1,2,3-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(2methylbutan-2-yl)phenol UV-328 Eversorb 74 2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)- 4-methylphenol 2440-22-4 NS00010695 2- (2’-hydroxy-5’-methylphenyl) benzotriazole 2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-p-cresol 2-(2´-Hydroxy-5´-methylphenyl) benzotriazole; 2-(2HBenzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methylphenol Benazol P Eversorb 71 Benzenepropanoic acid, 3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)- 5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4hydroxy-, methyl ester 84268-33-7 NS00019540 3-[3-tert-butyl-5-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4hydroxyphenyl]propionate Benzenepropanoic acid, 3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-5- (1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, methyl ester methyl 3-[3-(2H-1,2,3-benzotriazol-2-yl)-5-tert-butyl4-hydroxyphenyl]propanoate THASORB UV-1130 BHE D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 39 Substance CAS Susdat ID Synonyms sodium 3-(2Hbenzotriazol-2-yl)-5-secbutyl-4hydroxybenzenesulfonate 92484-48-5 NS00114722 Benzenesulfonic acid, 3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4hydroxy-5-(1methylpropyl)-, monosodium salt Benzotriazolyl Butylphenol Sulfonate-Na Sodium Benzotriazolyl Butylphenol Sulfonate UV ABSORBER BUK 4499 D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 40 5.2.2 Regulation The following paragraphs set out the main legislation in force at the end of 2024 governing the manufacture, uses and emissions of benzotriazoles. This list is not exhaustive. 5.2.3 REACH regulation Between 2014 and 2024, six benzotriazoles were included on the list of substances of very high concern, candidate for authorisation (SHVC list). They all meet the criteria of Annex XIII for identification as persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) or very persistent, very bioaccumulative (vPvB) substances. They are listed in Table 4. Table 4: Benzotriazoles on the Candidate List CAS Name Year of inclusion 3864-99-1 Phenol, 2-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)- 2015 3896-11-5 Bumetrizole 2024 3846-71-7 2-Benzotriazol-2-yl-4,6-di-tert-butylphenol 2014 3147-75-9 Octrizole 2024 36437-37-3 2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-6-(butan-2-yl)-4-tert-butylphenol 2015 25973-55-1 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-ditertpentylphenol (UV-328) 2014 Other benzotriazoles are on ECHA's PBT assessment list and/or are currently being assessed. Four of those substances are evaluated with regards to their PMT/vPvM properties. Table 5 lists them. Table 5: Overview of benzotriazoles on the PBT assessment list or on the CoRAP update for 2025-2027 (Source: ECHA) CAS Name PBT Assessment list Outcome 70321-86-7 2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(1-methyl-1phenylethyl)phenol Under development PBT 73936-91-1 Phenol, 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-6-(1-methyl-1phenylethyl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)- Under development PBT 84268-36-0 Benzenepropanoic acid, 3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-5-(1,1dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyConcluded PBT 95-14-7 1,2,3-Benzotriazole Concluded PMT/vPvM 2440-22-4 2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methylphenol Under development PBT 84268-33-7 Benzenepropanoic acid, 3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-5-(1,1dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, methyl ester Concluded PBT 29385-43-1 Tolyltriazole Concluded PMT/vPvM 92484-48-5 sodium 3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-5-sec-butyl-4hydroxybenzenesulfonate Under development PMT/vPvM 127519-17-9* / Not started Suspected PMT/vPvM D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 41 The substance marked with a * (CAS No. 127519-17-9) is on the CoRAP list for assessment in 2026 9 5.2.3.1 Sectoral regulations Among the 124 benzotriazoles identified in this study, 6 are mentioned and authorised in sectoral regulations on cosmetic products 10 , detergents 11 , food contact materials 12 , etc. (see Table 6). As such, no other benzotriazole can be used as a UV filter in cosmetics. Table 6: Benzotriazoles mentioned in sectoral regulations CAS Name Mentioned in 3864-99-1 Phenol, 2-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazol2-yl)-4,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)- List of Authorized Substances: Annex I, Plastics Food Contact Regulation 3896-11-5 Bumetrizole List of Authorized Substances: Annex I, Plastics Food Contact Regulation 70321-86-7 2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(1methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol List of Authorized Substances: Annex I, Plastics Food Contact Regulation 103597-45-1 Bisoctrizole Allowed UV Filters: Annex VI, Regulation 1223/2009/EC on Cosmetic Products (< 10%) 2440-22-4 2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4methylphenol List of Authorized Substances: Annex I, Plastics Food Contact Regulation 155633-54-8 Drometrizole Trisiloxane Allowed UV Filters: Annex VI, Regulation 1223/2009/EC on Cosmetic Products (< 15%) 5.2.4 Classification, Labelling, and Packaging Eight benzotriazoles (listed in Table 7) have an harmonised classification according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on the classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP Regulation). 9 https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/879660/corap_update_2025-2027_en.pdf/2a2c35da-f341-d0b16802-9aab4685e576?t=1742369760682 The Community rolling action plan (CoRAP) lists the substances for which a Member State has provided or will provide an evaluation over the coming years. 10 Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products 11 Regulation (EC) No 648/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 on detergents 12 Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 of 14 January 2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 48 5.4.2 Uses Benzotriazoles serve two main functions: absorbing UV radiation and inhibiting corrosion in the materials and products in which they are incorporated. 5.4.3 UV absorbers UV absorbers prevent the degradation of the products in which they are used by converting UV radiation into harmless thermal energy. Benzotriazoles UV absorbers (BUV) are generally added in low concentrations: 0.1-0.5% of product weight (Danish Ministry of Environment and Food & The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2015; Crawford, 1999). Benzotriazole derivatives such as UV-326, -327, -328, -329, -360, -P, contain a phenol group that can absorb the full spectrum of UV light: UV-A (320-400 nm) and UV-B (280-320 nm) (Montesdeoca-Esponda et al., 2021). According to information collected by Germany and presented in the Annex XV report of the proposal for identification of 2-(2h-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(tert-butyl)-6-(sec-butyl)phenol (uv350, CAS No. 36437-37-3) as a substance of very high concern, approximately 50% of BUV are used in paints, 40% in plastics, rubbers and polyurethanes and 10% in cosmetics (Germany, 2015). The various uses of benzotriazoles as UV absorbers are listed in the following paragraphs. Table 11 provides a non-exhaustive list of benzotriazoles known to be used as UV absorbers in the following sectors. Construction materials BUV are used in the construction sector to protect materials from discolouration, brittleness, loss of gloss and chemical degradation. Among other applications, BUV are mainly used in: • Coatings in architectural coatings (e.g., for walls, façades), industrial coatings (e.g., for surfaces exposed to high temperatures, UV radiation, or harsh weather) or paints used on wood, metals, or plastics • Sealants, especially in polymer-based materials used outdoors • Adhesives designed for outdoor use or exposure to UV radiation • Plastic films used in construction like UV-protective films for windows, greenhouses, or temporary roofing materials • Polymers to produce fibres, construction membranes and insulation for buildings, profiles for windows, doors, terraces and fences, pipes and fittings and road signs (SpecialChem, 2025). D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 49 Transport BUV (Hydroxyphenylbenzotriazoles, i.e. benzotriazoles containing 2(2-hydroxyphenyl)2Hbenzotriazole) in their formula, such as UV-234, -328, -384, -928 and -1130) are widely used in the transport sector to prevent discolouration of surfaces (paints, plastics used externally and internally), loss of gloss, cracking or hardening of plastics and elastomers and premature ageing of materials exposed to light and heat. Typical applications include: • Exterior coatings like paints and varnishes on cars, aeroplanes, trains, and boats, or transparent or coloured coatings on metal or plastic surfaces • Plastics and Composite Materials on dashboards, door panels, centre consoles; bumpers, headlamp housings, exterior mirrors; or more generally plastic components exposed to light inside aircraft or train cabins • UV-protective films for tinted windows or technical glazing, or films used for panoramic roofs or sunroofs in vehicles • Sealants used for instance in window seals and other exposed joints • Adhesives used for instance in car body assembly or interior fittings (Danish Ministry of Environment and Food & The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2015; Crawford, 1999) Plastic and rubber In addition to applications in construction and transport, BUVs are used in various polymers to produce plastics. Many plastic articles are intended for outdoor use and are therefore highly exposed to UV. BUVs are therefore widely included in these products. They are also present in indoor products (toys, packaging, electronics, etc.) to prevent their yellowing They are commonly used in many polymers: polyesters, polyacetals, styrenes, polycarbonates, polyolefins, polyamides, polyalkylenes and PVC (Danish Ministry of Environment and Food & The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2015). Cosmetic products Benzotriazoles are mainly used in cosmetics as UV absorbers to protect both the product and the skin from ultraviolet radiation, stabilise light-sensitive ingredients, and extend the shelf life of formulations. As mentioned in section 5.2.3.1, only two benzotriazoles (CAS No. 10359745-1 and CAS No. 155633-54-8) are authorised in Europe as UV filters in cosmetics. Others UV absorbers are also used in other applications, particularly in the textile industry, to enhance product resistance and durability. Some studies have specifically identified the presence of benzotriazoles in clothing prints and in elastane, which is used for example in the manufacture of socks (Liu et al., 2017). D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 50 Table 11: Non-exhaustive inventory of benzotriazoles used as UV absorbers in different sectors CAS No. Name or Synonym(a) Construction Transport Cosmetics Other Source 3896-11-5 UV-326 x x x x (Danish Ministry of Environment and Food & The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2015; Inci Beauty, 2025; Montesdeoca-Esponda et al., 2013; ECHA, 2025) 103597-45-1 UV-360 x x x (Danish Ministry of Environment and Food & The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2015; Inci Beauty, 2025; ECHA, 2025) 125304-04-3 UV-571 x x x (Danish Ministry of Environment and Food & The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2015; Inci Beauty, 2025; BV MPI Chemie, 2025) 127519-17-9 UV-384 x x (Danish Ministry of Environment and Food & The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2015; ECHA, 2025) 136-85-6 5-Methyl-1Hbenzotriazole x (Chung et al., 2018) 155633-54-8 Drometrizole Trisiloxane x (Danish Ministry of Environment and Food & The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2015; National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2025) 2440-22-4 UV-P x x x (Danish Ministry of Environment and Food & The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2015; ECHA, 2025) 25973-55-1 UV-328 x x (Danish Ministry of Environment and Food & The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2015; ECHA, 2025; Germany, 2014) 29385-43-1 Tolyltriazole x (ECHA, 2025) 3147-75-9 UV-329 x x x (Danish Ministry of Environment and Food & The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2015; ECHA, 2025) 3147-76-0 UV-PS x (ECHA, 2025) 36437-37-3 UV-350 x x (Germany, 2015) 3846-71-7 UV-320 x (Danish Ministry of Environment and Food & The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2015) 3864-99-1 UV-327 x x (Danish Ministry of Environment and Food & The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2015) 70321-86-7 UV-234 x x x (Danish Ministry of Environment and Food & The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2015; BV MPI Chemie, 2025; ECHA, 2025) 73936-91-1 UV-928 x x (Danish Ministry of Environment and Food & The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2015; ECHA, 2025) 84268-33-7 UV-1130 x (Danish Ministry of Environment and Food & The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2015) 95-14-7 1,2,3-Benzotriazole x x x (Chung et al. 2018; ECHA, 2025) (a)For the sake of simplicity, when available, the name of the substance used as a UV absorber is preferred over the chemical name. D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 51 5.4.4 Corrosion inhibitors Benzotriazoles are commonly used as corrosion inhibitors in many industrial processes and in household products. Substances like 1H-benzotriazole and tolyltriazole form a thin complex on metal surfaces like copper-based alloys, steel, cadmium and nickel that protects the underlying metal from corrosion over long periods. (Weiss et al., 2006; Parook et al. 2015). Some uses of benzotriazoles as corrosion inhibitors are listed in the following paragraphs. Table 12 provides a non-exhaustive list of benzotriazoles used in those sectors. Mechanical applications Benzotriazoles are commonly used as corrosion inhibitors in mechanical applications, particularly for the protection of metal parts exposed to harsh conditions such as humidity, high temperatures, or technical fluids. Their specific affinity for copper and its alloys (such as brass and bronze) makes them valuable additives in a range of mechanical systems to preserve the integrity of metal components, reduce corrosion-related wear, and extend the lifespan of equipment. Typical applications include: • Coolants and cutting fluids: In metalworking processes, cutting fluids may contain benzotriazoles to protect copper-based components and internal metallic circuits from corrosion. • Lubricants and engine oils: Benzotriazoles are added to industrial oils and greases to prevent surface degradation of critical metal components like bearings, gears, and pistons, by forming a protective passivation layer. • Braking and steering systems: They are sometimes found in technical fluids used in hydraulic or brake systems, especially when copper or copper alloy components are present. • Closed-loop cooling systems (e.g. in combustion engines): These substances are included in antifreeze or coolant formulations (at concentrations of up to 10%) to prolong the lifespan of metallic parts. • The combination of corrosion-inhibiting and UV-absorbing properties makes benzotriazoles valuable additives in paints and coatings used in the mechanical sector Household cleaning Benzotriazoles are used in certain cleaning products, for their anticorrosive properties. • Metal surface cleaners: Benzotriazoles are included in formulations designed to protect metal surfaces (such as copper, brass, or aluminium) from corrosion during or after cleaning. They also protect silver products and act as a polishing agent (Janna et al., 2011). • Dishwasher and laundry products: Benzotriazoles are found in some dishwasher tablets and industrial laundry detergents to prevent corrosion of metal components inside machines (such as heating elements and pipes). In Germany, 80 tonnes of benzotriazoles were for instance used in dishwashers in 2010 (Vetter & Lorenz, 2013). • Automotive cleaning products: Benzotriazoles can be present in products used in garages for the interior and exterior cleaning of vehicles, particularly those designed D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 52 to clean or protect exposed metal parts. and cleaners for mechanical parts used in garages or workshops. Other uses Benzotriazoles are also used in inks to protect the metal parts of printers and photocopiers (Shi et al., 2019). Table 12: Non-exhaustive inventory of benzotriazoles used as corrosion inhibitors in different sectors CAS No. Name Mechanics Cleaning Source 136-85-6 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole x x (Janna et al., 2011; Shi et al., 2019) 2592-95-2 1-hydroxybenzotriazole x (ECHA, 2025) 25973-55-1 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6ditertpentylphenol x (ECHA, 2025) 29385-43-1 Methyl-1H-Benzotriazole x x (ECHA, 2025; Hart et al., 2004) 29878-31-7 4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole x x (Janna et al., 2011; Shi et al., 2019) 3147-75-9 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4- (1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol x (ECHA, 2025) 4184-79-6 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzotriazole x x (Janna et al., 2011; Shi et al., 2019) 94-97-3 5-chlorobenzotriazole x x (Janna et al., 2011; Shi et al., 2019) 95-14-7 Benzotriazole x x (ECHA, 2025; Hart et al., 2004; Janna et al., 2011; Shi et al., 2019) 3896-11-5 Bumetrizole x (ECHA, 2025) 5.4.5 Other uses Benzotriazoles are widely used in organic synthesis and pharmaceutical chemistry. They are important intermediates for the synthesis of organic products such as β-amido ketones, aldehydes, β-ketoesters, which are themselves used as intermediates to produce numerous bioactive molecules. They can also be used as reagents for acylation and thioacylation reactions, and act as ionic liquids (Pereira et al., 2007). Lastly, they can act as protective groups, making it possible during reactions to deliberately block the reactivity of functional groups in a molecule (Muvvala et al., 2013). Derivatives of 1,2,3-benzotriazole are the subject of much research in the pharmaceutical industry as they have many applications in particular thanks to their biological activities as analgesic, antifungal, antibacterial, antiparasitic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-seizure, and protein kinase inhibitor (Muvvala S. Sudhir et al., 2013). The benzotriazole functional group has been frequently used to develop innovative drugs, particularly in the fight against cancer. Vorozole is a benzotriazole derivative that has been clinically tested as an anti-cancer agent. 4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzotriazole, meanwhile, is a commercially available cancer treatment compound (Yu Ren, 201 D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 53 5.5 Alternatives As detailed in Section 5.3, a number of benzotriazoles exhibit hazardous properties to human health and/or the environment. Furthermore, although not addressed extensively in this report, the presence of benzotriazoles has been documented in multiple environmental compartments, including ambient air, surface waters, sediments, soils, and biota (Ineris, 2021). These substances demonstrate a high resistance to degradation processes and are notably persistent in aquatic environments. Current evidence indicates that conventional wastewater treatment technologies achieve only limited removal of benzotriazoles, and the development of more effective treatment solutions remains a significant technical challenge. These considerations, both individually and collectively, underscore the need to explore preventive approaches to benzotriazole pollution and to evaluate opportunities for their substitution (Chung et al., 2018; Ineris, 2021). 5.5.1 Alternatives as UV absorbers in construction, transport, plastics and rubbers In this section, the identification of possible substitutes for benzotriazoles was carried out based on a large literature review, initiated in previous work by Ineris (2021) and updated. In construction materials, transports and many applications in plastics and rubbers, the alternatives must exhibit long-term stability, withstand weathering, and have low migration potential. Benzotriazoles absorb between 390 and 280 nm and offer good colour stability. Potential alternatives to benzotriazoles in coatings, polymers, adhesive and sealants include: • Triazines (e.g., Cyasorb UV-1577 and Tinuvin 400): they are high-performance UV absorbers with thermal stability, particularly suited for engineering plastics and architectural coatings (SpecialChem, 2025). • Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers (HALS): they are not UV absorbers 22 but are particularly effective and have already been used as an additive in silane-modified polymer seals. Their performance compared with benzotriazoles is widely recognised. These alternative seals can be used in applications requiring high performance, for example in the automotive industry coatings or outdoor polymer applications (Germany, 2015; Omya, 2020). • Benzophenones such as 2,2'-Dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone. Although structurally similar to benzotriazoles, some are considered safer and remain in use in construction applications. They offer moderate absorption between 390 and 230 nm and can be subjected to high temperatures (Ineris, 2021). • Oxalic anilides are more recent UV absorbers showing low volatility and excellent UV resistance for high-end coatings. They absorb between 320 and 280nm and are suitable for high-temperature processing (Ineris, 2021; SpecialChem, 2025). • Benzylidene malonates, particularly for industrial coatings (SpecialChem, 2025). 22 They act by inhibiting propagation by donating protons during photodegradation rather than initiating it (Germany, 2015). D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 54 • Formamidine, which offers a wide absorption range (SpecialChem, 2025). • Some cyanoacrylates (e.g. Uvinul 3039 and Uvinul 3030) are used as UV absorber. suitable for light stability of a variety of polymers, like PVC, PUR, polyesters and PET. In order to compare the different alternatives based on the work carried out in the PROMISCES project, a comprehensive inventory of these substances was compiled. The SpecialChem 23 website was particularly useful as it references a very large number of products available on the market and allows searching by classes of compounds. For most of the classes, the entire inventory of products was compiled, but for benzotriazoles and HALS, the catalogue is too large to perform this task without automated queries (e.g., 613 products where the chemical substance belongs to the HALS class are listed as UV stabilizers). In this case, we examined the composition of the catalogue products in the order in which they appeared (see link in the Table below). The search was stopped when 10 substances corresponding to 10 different CAS numbers were identified. Approximately 300 products were analysed to identify those 10 different substances. Table 13 provides an overview of the number of products sold as UV stabilizers for polymers, coatings, adhesives or sealants as referenced on the SpecialChem website according to the chemical class of the substances used. The number of different substances further analysed in this report is also presented. For benzotriazoles and HALS the inventory is probably not exhaustive. Table 13: Number of products (and corresponding substances with their chemical classes) identified as UV stabilizers Chemical class Number of products(a) Number of different CAS No. Source Benzotriazoles 311 15 Link Triazines 83 9 Link HALS 613 10 Link Benzophenones 19 8 Link Benzylidene malonates / 1 Link Formamidine / 2 Link, Link Cyanocrilates 13 3 Link Oxalic anilides 5 2 Link (a)Number of products listed on specialchem.com for each chemical class. Classes without numbers were identified on producers’ websites. Table 14 presents an analysis of the hazards of identified potential alternatives based on the data collected during the project and the selected criteria. In the absence of experimental data on persistence and mobility that would allow classification according to the "robust" scenario as outlined in deliverable D5.1, the table presents modelled results 23 https://www.specialchem.com/ D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 55 based on the "average" scenario. Conversely, for toxicity, the classification according to the robust scenario is the one for which the most information is available. Table 14: Analysis of alternatives of UV absorbers according to PROMISCES results CAS No. Susdat ID P score(a) P class(b) M score(a) M class(b) T class(c) Benzotriazoles 729335 NS00004466 0,82 vP 0,31 nM T 70321-86-7 NS00004642 0,85 vP 0,12 nM T 3147-75-9 NS00008577 0,85 vP 0,35 M T 103597-45-1 NS00004911 0,83 vP 0,12 nM T 25973-55-1 NS00010624 0,85 vP 0,17 nM T 125304-04-3 NS00113144 n.d. - n.d. - 0 3846-71-7 NS00005766 0,85 vP 0,32 nM T 2440-22-4 NS00010695 0,82 vP 0,31 nM T 3864-99-1 NS00002300 0,85 vP 0,19 nM T 127519-17-9 NS00076107 n.d. - n.d. - 0 3147-76-0 NS00015577 0,82 vP 0,27 nM T 36437-37-3 NS00009103 0,85 vP 0,33 M T 73936-91-1 NS00005141 0,85 vP 0,12 nM T 84268-33-7 NS00019540 0,83 vP 0,40 M T Triazines 2725-22-6 NS00020178 0,83 vP 0,10 nM T 147315-50-2 NS00009561 0,83 vP 0,12 nM T 137658-79-8 NS00003154 0,83 vP 0,10 nM T 82451-48-7* NS00112572 n.d. - n.d. - 0 193098-40-7 NS00113136 n.d. - n.d. - 0 71878-19-8* NS00112573 n.d. - n.d. - 0 106990-43-6* NS00002443 0,77 vP n.d. - T HALS 192268-64-7 NS00112486 n.d. - n.d. - 0 65447-77-0 NS00008636 0,21 nP n.d. - T 52829-07-9 NS00014950 0,60 vP 0,14 nM T 136504-96-6 NS00074345 n.d. - n.d. - 0 41556-26-7 NS00008249 0,60 vP 0,11 nM T 167078-06-0 NS00112485 n.d. - n.d. - 0 70624-18-9 NS00112574 n.d. - n.d. - 0 91788-83-9 NS00112627 0,612 vP 0,15 nM T 68548-08-3 NS00015575 0,622 vP 0,44 M T Benzophenones D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 56 CAS No. Susdat ID P score(a) P class(b) M score(a) M class(b) T class(c) 117-99-7 NS00006163 0,81 vP 0,40 M T 131-57-7 NS00000222 0,82 vP 0,39 M T 1843-05-6 NS00005821 0,84 vP 0,18 nM T 131-56-6 NS00001568 0,82 vP 0,39 M T 131-55-5 NS00002972 0,62 vP 0,38 M T 131-54-4 NS00008303 0,82 vP 0,38 M T 131-53-3 NS00005730 0,82 vP 0,40 M T 119-61-9 NS00010632 0,62 vP 0,39 M T Formamidine 57834-33-0 NS00019908 0,81949 vP 0,31 nM T Cyanoacrylates 178671-58-4 NS00003527 0,82 vP 0,10 nM T 5232-99-5 NS00002771 0,82 vP 0,36 M T 6197-30-4 NS00010308 0,85 vP 0,14 nM T Oxalic anilides 23949-66-8 NS00009918 0,63 vP 0,28 nM T 82493-14-9 NS00128160 n.d. - n.d. - 0 Benzylidene malonates 7443-25-6 NS00006878 0,65750 vP 0,49 M T Note: (a) P Score and M Score correspond to the average scenario, as presented in D5.1; (b) P Class. and M Class. correspond to the classification according to the average scenario, as presented in D5.1; (c) T class. corresponds to the robust scenario. The first outcome of this analysis is the observation of a high degree of similarity in the hazard properties of the identified alternatives. All substances for which modelled persistence data are available, except one (CAS 65447-77-0, from the HALS class), have scores greater than 0,5 and are therefore classified as very persistent (vP). However, if the actual score is considered instead of the binary classification, HALS appear to be less persistent than the other substance classes studied. This non-binary approach may be justified in the context of more refined multicriteria analyses, especially if one seeks to account for the fact that the environmental implications differ between substances with half-lives of several dozen days and those with half-lives of several years. Nevertheless, this is not the approach currently adopted in the regulatory framework. Benzophenones emerge as the least suitable class of compounds, with all substances being classified as toxic and all but one as mobile. Their global scores are also the highest. In this respect, they do not appear to be a viable option for substituting benzotriazoles, which generally exhibit similar characteristics. HALS substances for which data are available also appear to be less mobile overall. It remains difficult to draw conclusions for the other classes due to the limited number of substances identified. D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 57 5.5.2 Alternatives as UV filters in cosmetic products UV filters are defined in Cosmetic Regulation (EC) n◦ 1223/2009 as “substances which are exclusively or mainly intended to protect the skin against certain UV radiation by absorbing, reflecting, or scattering UV radiation”. Annex VI of this regulation mentions the list of approved UV filters for cosmetic use, with a total of 33 references corresponding to 29 compounds and 35 CAS numbers 24 . 2 compounds are inorganics (zinc oxide and titanium oxide) and 27 are organic UV filters. Some can be present in non-nano or nano forms. Alternatives to benzotriazoles for UV filtration in cosmetics include different chemical classes like salicylates (ethylhexyl salicylate, homosalate…), which are inexpensive but less effective compared to other filters and filtering only UV-B rays. Cinnamates (octocrylene…) are highly effective at filtering UV-B rays but, for some of them, have low photostability. Benzophenones which can absorb both UV-A and UV-B rays, present relatively low effectiveness, but help increase the sun protection factor when combined with other filters. Some of these alternatives may exhibit hazardous properties that warrant their own substitution. For example, octocrylene is currently under evaluation for its PBT properties and is toxic to the aquatic environment (ECHA, 2025). In Table 15 below, the alternatives listed in Annex VI of the Cosmetic Regulation are compared based on the results obtained from the PROMISCES project. The work of Jesus et al. (2022) shows that the following substances are the most frequently used in sunscreens available on the market in 2021: avobenzone (BMDBM, CAS No. 70356-09-1), octocrylene (OC, CAS No. 6197-30-4), and bisethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (Tinosorb S, CAS No. 187393-00-6). Their usage frequencies were in 2021 between approximately 45% and 75%. DTS (CAS No. 155633-54-8) and Tinosorb M (CAS No. 103597-45-1) are the two authorized benzotriazoles. Their use declined between 2015 and 2021, with usage frequency dropping from around 20% to 15% and 10% respectively, “probably related to human and environmental safety issues” as stated in Jesus et al. (2022). In the absence of experimental data on persistence and mobility that would allow classification according to the "robust" scenario as outlined in deliverable D5.1, the table presents modelled results based on the "average" scenario. Conversely, for toxicity, the classification according to the robust scenario is the one for which the most information is available. The "Global score" is also indicated. The results lead to an unexpected result. Excluding the 5 substances for which no data are available (4 of which are actually used in sunscreens, and 1 that appears to be either not used or used only marginally), all substances but one are classified as very persistent. Only Iscotrizinol (CAS No. 15470215-5) is classified as non-persistent; however, it is toxic. Seven substances are classified as mobile, and nine substances, including the two benzotriazoles, are classified as non-mobile. 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Environmental Science & Technology, 40(23), 7193-7199. doi:10.1021/es061434i D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 67 8 Annexes D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 68 Table 17 : List of Sources within the SusDat database and associated uses Source number Source name Details Name in NORMAN Use acronym Retained as use category S1 MASSBANK NORMAN Compounds in MassBank Unknown UN S2 STOFFIDENT HSWT/LfU STOFF-IDENT Database of Water-Relevant Substances Drinking water chemicals DW S3 NORMANCT15 NORMAN Collaborative Trial Targets and Suspects Unknown UN S4 UJIBADE University of Jaume I Unknown UN S5 KWRSJERPS KWR Drinking Water Suspect List Drinking water chemicals DW S6 ITNANTIBIOTIC Antibiotic List: ITN MSCA ANSWER Pharma PHARMA yes S7 EAWAGSURF Eawag Surfactants Suspect List Surfactants SURF yes S8 ATHENSSUS University of Athens Surfactants and Suspects List Surfactants SURF yes S9 PFASTRIER PFAS Suspect List: fluorinated substances PFAS PFAS S10 SWISSPHARMA Pharmaceutical List with Consumption Data Pharmaceuticals PHARMA yes S11 SWISSPEST Swiss Insecticides, Fungicides and TPs Agrochemicals PPP yes S12 NORMANEWS NormaNEWS for Retrospective Screening of New Emerging Contaminants Unknown UN S13 EUCOSMETICS Combined Inventory of Ingredients Employed in Cosmetic Products (2000/2006) Personal care products PCP yes S14 SFISHFLUORO PFAS Highly Fluorinated Substances List: KEMI PFAS PFAS S15 NORMANPRI NORMAN Priority List Unknown UN S16 FRENCHLIST French Monitoring List Unknown UN S17 KEMIMARKET KEMI Market List Unknown UN S18 TSCASURF TSCA Surfactants Surfactants SURF yes S19 MZCLOUDDB mzCloud Compounds Unknown UN S20 BISPHENOLS Bisphenols Plastic additives PLAST yes S21 UATHTARGETS University of Athens Target List Unknown UN S22 EPACONS US EPA Consumer Product Suspect List Unknown UN S23 EIUBASURF Surfactant Suspect List from EI and UBA Surfactants SURF yes S24 HUMANNEUROTOX List of Human Neurotoxins Human neurotoxins HUTOX S25 OECDPFAS List of PFAS from the OECD PFAS PFAS S26 MYCOTOXINS List of Mycotoxins from AAFC Natural toxins NATOX D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 69 S27 KWRSJERPS2 Extended Suspect List from Sjerps et al (KWRSJERPS) Unknown UN S28 EUBIOCIDES Biocides from the NORMAN Priority List Biocides BIOCID yes S29 PHYTOTOXINS Toxic Plant Phytotoxin (TPPT) Database Natural toxins NATOX S30 PHENANTIOX A list of Phenolic Antioxidants from KEMI and NILU Personal care products PCP yes S31 WRTMSD Wiley Registry of Tandem Mass Spectral Data, MSforID Unknown UN S32 REACH2017 >68,600 REACH Chemicals REACH chemicals REACH S33 SOLUTIONSMLOS Chemicals used for Modelling in SOLUTIONS Unknown UN S34 EXPOSOMEXPL Biomarkers from Exposome Explorer Unknown UN S35 INDOORCT16 Indoor Environment Substances from 2016 Collaborative Trial Indoor environment substances INDOOR S36 UBAPMT Potential Persistent, Mobile and Toxic (PMT) substances Persistent, mobile and toxic PMT S37 LITMINEDNEURO Neurotoxicants from literature mining PubMed Human neurotoxins HUTOX S38 SOLNSLMCTPS SOLUTIONS Predicted Transformation Products by LMC Unknown UN S39 KEMIWWSUS Wastewater Suspect List based on Swedish Product Data Unknown UN S40 ALGALTOX Algal toxins list from CompTox Natural toxins NATOX S41 CCL4 CCL 4 Chemical Candidate List Unknown UN S42 HDXNOEX Hydrogen Deuterium Exchange (HDX) Standard Set Unknown UN S43 NEUROTOXINS Neurotoxicants Collection from Public Resources Human neurotoxins HUTOX S44 STATINS Statins Collection from Public Resources Pharmaceuticals PHARMA yes S45 SYNTHCANNAB Synthetic Cannabinoids Unknown UN S46 PFASNTREV19 List of PFAS reported in Non-Target HRMS Studies (Liu et al 2019) PFAS PFAS S47 ECHAPLASTICS A list from the Plastic Additives Initiative Mapping Exercise by ECHA Plastic additives PLAST yes S48 CCPDBLISTA Database of Chemicals associated with Plastic Packaging (CPPdb) Plastic additives PLAST yes S49 CCPDBLISTB Database of Chemicals associated with Plastic Packaging (CPPdb) Plastic additives PLAST yes S50 CCSCOMPEND The Unified Collision Cross Section (CCS) Compendium Unknown UN S51 WRIGCHRMS GC-HRMS target list of WRI Unknown UN S52 THSMOKE Thirdhand Smoke (THS) Compounds Smoke compounds SMOKE S53 UFZWANATARG Target Compounds from UFZ WANA Unknown UN S54 EFSAPRI European Food Safety Authority Priority Substances Food contact chemicals FOODC yes D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 70 S55 ZINC15PHARMA >8600 Pharmaceuticals from ZINC15 Pharmaceuticals PHARMA yes S56 UOATARGPHARMA Target Pharmaceutical/Drug List from University of Athens Pharmaceuticals PHARMA yes S57 GREEKPHARMA Suspect Pharmaceuticals from the National Organization of Medicine, Greece Pharmaceuticals PHARMA yes S58 PSYCHOCANNAB Synthetic Cannabinoids and Psychoactive Compounds Drugs of abuse DOA S59 NPINESCT Natural Product Insecticides Biocides BIOCID yes S60 SWISSPEST19 Swiss Pesticides and Metabolites from Kiefer et al 2019 Plant protection products PPP yes S61 UJICCSLIB Collision Cross Section (CCS) Library from UJI Unknown UN S62 NORMANEWS2 NormaNEWS2: Retrospective Screening of New Emerging Contaminants Unknown UN S63 UBADWGW Substances Detected in Drinking (DW) or Groundwater (GW) Drinking water chemicals DW S64 NATOXAQ NaToxAq: Natural Toxins and Drinking Water Quality - From Source to Tap Drinking water chemicals; Natural toxins DW; NATOX S65 UATHTARGETSGC University of Athens GC-APCI-HRMS Target List Unknown UN S66 EAWAGTPS Parent-Transformation Product Pairs from Eawag Unknown UN S67 TBUTYLPHENOLS List of tert-butyl phenols from KEMI Industrial chemicals IND S68 HSDBTPS Transformation Products Extracted from HSDB Content in PubChem Unknown UN S69 LUXPEST Pesticide Screening List for Luxembourg Plant protection products PPP yes S70 EISUSGCEIMS Environmental Institute GC-EI-MS suspect list Unknown UN S71 CECSCREEN HBM4EU CECscreen: Screening List for Chemicals of Emerging Concern Unknown UN S72 NTUPHTW Pharmaceutically Active Substances Suspect List from National Taiwan University Pharmaceuticals PHARMA yes S73 METXBIODB Metabolite Reaction Database from BioTransformer Unknown UN S74 REFTPS Transformation Products and Reactions from Literature Unknown UN S75 CYANOMETDB Comprehensive database of secondary metabolites from cyanobacteria Natural toxins NATOX S76 LUXPHARMA Pharmaceuticals Marketed in Luxembourg Pharmaceuticals PHARMA yes S77 FCCDB Food Contact Chemicals Database v5.0 Food contact chemicals FOODC yes S78 SLUPESTTPS Pesticides and TPs from SLU, Sweden Plant protection products PPP S79 UACCSCEC Collision Cross Section (CCS) Library from UAntwerp Unknown UN S80 PFASGLUEGE Overview of PFAS Uses PFAS PFAS S81 THSTPS Thirdhand Smoke Specific Metabolites Smoke compounds SMOKE D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 71 S82 EAWAGPMT PMT Suspect List from Eawag Persistent, mobile and toxic PMT S83 CCL5 Contaminant Candidate List CCL 5 (Draft) Unknown UN S84 UFZHSFPMT PMT Suspect List from UFZ and HSF Persistent, mobile and toxic PMT S85 MICROCYSTINS MICROCYSTINS from CyanoMetDB Natural toxins NATOX S86 TATTOOINK TATTOOINK as per EU regulation 2020/2081 Personal care products PCP yes S87 CHLORINETPS List of chlorination byproducts of 137 CECs and small disinfection byproducts Unknown UN S88 UBABIOCIDES List of Prioritized Biocides from UBA Biocides BIOCID yes S89 PRORISKPFAS List of PFAS Compiled from NORMAN SusDat PFAS PFAS S90 ZEROPMBOX1 ZeroPM Box 1 Substances Persistent, mobile and toxic PMT S91 CECTOYS Chemicals of Emerging Concern (CECs) in plastic toys Children's products CHILD yes S92 FLUOROPHARMA List of 340 ATC classified fluoro-pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals PHARMA yes S93 CECMOUTHING Chemicals of Emerging Concern (CECs) in children's mouthing exposure Children's products CHILD yes S94 FLUOROPEST List of 423 FRAC/HRAC/IRAC classified fluoro-agrochemicals Agrochemicals BIOCID yes S95 PFASANEXCH PFAS List from the NORMAN PFAS Analytical Exchange Activity PFAS PFAS S96 ECIPFAS Updatable List to add PFAS Structures to Public Resources from ECI (UniLu) PFAS PFAS S97 UBABPAALT List of Bisphenol A Alternatives from UBA Unknown UN S98 TIRECHEM Tire-Related Chemicals in Environment from Literature Unknown UN S99 ANSESEDC List of potential endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) from ANSES Endocrine disruptors EDCs S100 PFASREACH List of PFAS identified in REACH 2019 PFAS PFAS S101 MTMDUST List of chemicals characterized in indoor dust samples Indoor environment substances INDOOR S102 PARCPFAS List of PFAS from PARC WP4 PFAS PFAS S103 NORMANUVCB NORMAN Dataset of Curated UVCB Mappings Unknown UN S104 UKVETMED UK Veterinary Medicines Directorate's List Pharmaceuticals PHARMA yes S105 P65CHEM Californian Proposition 65 warning list of chemicals Unknown UN S106 AQUAlity19 EU AQUAlity's water analysis list 2019 Unknown UN S107 AQUAlity20 EU AQUAlity's water analysis list 2020 Unknown UN S108 SINLIST SIN (Substitute It Now) list of hazardous chemicals by ChemSec Unknown UN S109 PARCEDC List of 7074 potential endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) by PARC T4.2 Endocrine disruptors EDCs D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 72 S110 DUTCHUSE Dutch Prioritized Chemical Use Categories Unknown UN S111 PMTPFAS Fluorine-containing Compounds in PMT Suspect Lists PFAS PFAS S112 FCCMIGEX List of Migrating & Extractable Food Contact Chemicals (FCCmigex) by FPF Food contact chemicals FOODC yes S113 SWISSPHARMA24 2024 Swiss Pharmaceutical List with Metabolites Pharmaceuticals PHARMA yes S114 SLUAMTPS Antimicrobial Transformation Products from SLU Personal care products PCP yes S115 EIEQSDWLGC EQS Directive and Watch List for GC from Environmental Institute Drinking water chemicals DW S116 REFCCS Collision Cross Section (CCS) Values from Literature Unknown UN S117 PFASFCCDB 140 PFAS from FCCdb PFAS PFAS S118 PFASFCCMIGEX 68 PFAS in Migrating & Extractable Food Contact Chemicals (FCCmigex) PFAS PFAS S119 PLASTCHEM List of Plastchem database chemicals Plastic additives PLAST yes S120 DUSTCT2024 Substances from Second NORMAN Collaborative Dust Trial Indoor environment substances INDOOR D5.5 – Map of potential for PM(T) substitution in one high-stake sector 73 Table 18 : Description for the different Sectors of Use as defined by the REACH regulation Sector of Use Description SU 1 Agriculture, forestry and fishing SU 2a Mining (without offshore industries) SU 2b Offshore industries SU 4 Manufacture of food products SU 5 Manufacture of textiles, leather, fur SU 6a Manufacture of wood and wood products SU 6b Manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products SU 7 Printing and reproduction of recorded media SU 8 Manufacture of bulk, large scale chemicals (including petroleum products) SU 9 Manufacture of fine chemicals SU 10 Formulation [mixing] of preparations and/or re-packaging (excluding alloys) SU 11 Manufacture of rubber products SU 12 Manufacture of plastics products, including compounding and conversion SU 13 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products, e.g. plasters, cement SU 14 Manufacture of basic metals, including alloys SU 15 Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment SU 16 Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products, electrical equipment SU 17 General manufacturing, e.g. machinery, equipment, vehicles, other transport equipment SU 18 Manufacture of furniture SU 19 Building and construction work SU 20 Health services SU 23 Electricity, steam, gas water supply and sewage treatment SU 24 Scientific research and development