A COMPREHENSIVE LINGUISTIC STUDY OF THE VERB IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “INTEGRATION OF MODERN LINGUISTICS WITH SCIENCE, EDUCATION, AND PRACTICE IN THE PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION: NEW APPROACHES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES”, DECEMBER 4, 2025 286 A COMPREHENSIVE LINGUISTIC STUDY OF THE VERB IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK Sanaqulova Mohigul, Ziyodova Marjona NSU https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17810177 Abstract: This article provides a focused comparative analysis of the verb systems of English and Uzbek. It studies morphological aspects such as tense, aspect, mood, person, and number, contrasting Uzbek's synthetic structure with English's analytical nature. The study also looks at syntactic behavior, verb valency, and the arrangement of simple and complicated predicates. Semantic categories, TAM expression, and voice forms like as passive and causal are all discussed in detail. The roles of auxiliary verbs, participles, and gerunds are discussed, along with essential derivational patterns. The investigation highlights significant typological differences as well as functional similarities. Keywords: English verbs; Uzbek verbs; morphology; tense–aspect–mood (TAM); verb valency; voice categories; auxiliary verbs; participles; gerunds; derivation; comparative linguistics; typology. Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqola ingliz va o‘zbek tillaridagi fe’l tizimlarining qiyosiy tahliliga bag‘ishlangan. Unda fe’llarning zamon, aspekt, mayl, shaxs va son kabi morfologik xususiyatlari o‘rganilib, o‘zbek tilining sintetik xususiyatlari ingliz tilining analitik tuzilishi bilan taqqoslanadi. Shuningdek, fe’lning sintaktik xulqi, valentligi va sodda hamda murakkab kesimlarda tutgan o‘rni ko‘rib chiqiladi. Maqolada semantik kategoriyalar, TAM ifodalanishi, nisbat shakllari, yordamchi fe’llar, sifatdoshlari, harakat nomlari hamda derivatsiya jarayonlari tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot ikki til o‘rtasidagi asosiy tipologik farqlar va umumiyliklarni yoritadi. Kalit so‘zlar: ingliz tilidagi fe’llar; o‘zbek tilidagi fe’llar; morfologiya; zamon–aspekt– mayl (TAM); fe’l valentligi; nisbat kategoriyalari; yordamchi fe’llar; sifatdosh; harakat nomi; derivatsiya; qiyosiy tilshunoslik; tipologiya. It is widely acknowledged that verbs serve as the clause’s structural and semantic core. The verb is a complex, multilayered linguistic category that encodes grammatical, semantic, pragmatic, and functional information in both Uzbek and English linguistics. The verb, a fundamental part of the predicate, establishes the sentence's syntactic structure, chooses its arguments, distinguishes between tense, aspect, and mood, communicates modality, and carries a significant amount of semantic load. The grammatical qualities, morphological patterns, syntactic behavior, lexical semantics, valency, typological traits, and discourse functions of English and Uzbek verbs are all thoroughly compared in this article. Traditional grammar, structural linguistics, generative grammar, functional grammar, valency theory, and cognitive linguistics are all incorporated into the analysis. English Linguistics Definition The verb is a lexical category that expresses an action, process, state, or event according to English linguistic tradition. By highlighting the formal and semantic characteristics of the verb, modern linguistic theories expand on this definition. English verbs are categorized according to several factors: INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “INTEGRATION OF MODERN LINGUISTICS WITH SCIENCE, EDUCATION, AND PRACTICE IN THE PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION: NEW APPROACHES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES”, DECEMBER 4, 2025 287 Morphosyntactic features, including tense, aspect, agreement, and voice 1 . Distributional properties, primarily their obligatory position within the clause (typically between subject and object) 2 Semantic roles, where verbs assign roles such as agent, patient, and experiencer 3 . Argument structure, determining transitivity, valency, and the number of required complements 4 . Definition in Uzbek Linguistics In Uzbek linguistics, the verb (fe’l) is traditionally defined as the category expressing action (harakat), state (holat), process (jarayon), or existence (mavjudlik) 5 . Uzbek verbs possess a highly productive agglutinative morphology, allowing numerous grammatical suffixes to attach sequentially. These suffixes encode: person and number, tense and aspect, mood and modality, evidentiality, negation, and politeness distinctions. Morphological Characteristics of Verbs English Verb Morphology English exhibits a fusional morphological structure with relatively limited inflection. Verbal morphology expresses: Tense: past and present (future formed analytically with will/shall) 6 Aspect: progressive and perfect Voice: active and passive Mood: indicative, imperative, subjunctive Agreement: 3rd-person singular –s in the present tense English relies heavily on auxiliary verbs (be, do, have, and modals) to express aspect, voice, negation, and interrogative forms 7 . The language also contains numerous irregular verbs, which preserve older Germanic conjugation patterns (go–went–gone; be–was/were–been). Non-finite forms include: the infinitive, -ing participle, -ed participle, and the gerund. Uzbek Verb Morphology Uzbek verbal morphology is characteristically agglutinative, with suffixes added in predictable sequences. Core categories include: Tense–Aspect: –di (past), –yapti (present progressive), –ar (habitual) Mood: –sin (imperative), –sa (conditional), –dir (probability/inference) Voice: passive (–il / –in), causative (–tir / –dir / –qiz), reflexive (–in) Person–Number: suffixes attached clause-finally Evidentiality: –mish Negation: –ma / –mas⁸ 1 Crystal, D. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 2 Huddleston, R., & Pullum, G. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. 3 Jackendoff, R. Semantic Structures. 4 Levin, B. English Verb Classes and Alternations. 5 Qo‘shqarov, A. Hozirgi O‘zbek adabiy tili. 6 Quirk, R. et al. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. 7 Biber, D. et al. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “INTEGRATION OF MODERN LINGUISTICS WITH SCIENCE, EDUCATION, AND PRACTICE IN THE PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION: NEW APPROACHES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES”, DECEMBER 4, 2025 288 Uzbek also uses analytical constructions involving auxiliaries such as yurmoq, yubormoq, qo‘ymoq, olmoq, bermoq to convey complex aspectual meanings (e.g., continuity, completion, suddenness)⁹. Verb Syntax in English The verb determines the overall structure of a clause in English, which has a rigid SVO (Subject–Verb–Object) word order. Among the main syntactic functions are: regulating the sorts of finite and non-finite clauses “Engaging in do-support negation, creating inquiries by inversion, facilitating passive, perfect, and progressive constructions using auxiliaries.” The subcategorization frames of English verbs also differ: Intransitive: get up, sleep Transitive: peruse a book Ditransitive: offer something to someone Uzbek Verb Syntax Uzbek follows SOV word order. The verb appears at the final position of the clause and functions as the central grammatical pivot. Key syntactic features: Word order is flexible due to case marking, but the verb-final position is maintained. Complex predicates are frequent: Lexical verb + auxiliary Noun/adjective + qilmoq/bo‘lmoq Subordination often expressed via participles (-gan, -adigan, -yotgan). Voice (Diathesis) English Voice System English primarily distinguishes active and passive, with passives formed analytically using be + past participle. 8 Voice System Uzbek Uzbek has a richer voice morphology: active, passive, causative, reciprocal, and reflexive. 9 Causatives can increase valency (e.g., o‘qitmoq, yurgizmoq), while reflexive and reciprocal forms reduce or modify argument roles. 10 English TAM English has a binary tense system (past vs. present) and expresses future time analytically. 11 Aspectual distinctions (progressive, perfect) and modal meanings (can, must, may) are realized through auxiliaries. Uzbek TAM Uzbek TAM is morphologically rich, with suffixes expressing tense, aspect, mood, evidentiality, and modality. 12 8 Huddleston, R. & Pullum, G. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. CUP, 2002. 9 Jo‘raboev, A. Fe’lning Tuslanishi. Fan, 2011. 10 Comrie, B. Language Universals and Linguistic Typology. University of Chicago Press, 1989. 11 Quirk, R. et al. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Longman, 1985. 12 Karimov, B. O‘zbek Tilida Zamonaviy TAM Tizimi. Toshkent, 2015. INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “INTEGRATION OF MODERN LINGUISTICS WITH SCIENCE, EDUCATION, AND PRACTICE IN THE PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION: NEW APPROACHES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES”, DECEMBER 4, 2025 289 Both languages have intricate, multi-layered verbal systems that combine pragmatic, morphological, semantic, and syntactic information. These systems interact dynamically with more general grammar and discourse structures rather than operating independently. Uzbek makes considerable use of evidential-aspectual markers and agglutinative morphology, whereas English mainly relies on analytical forms and auxiliary verbs. Because of this, temporality, modality, valency, and speaker posture are all encoded differently but consistently in each language. Comprehending these differences is essential for practical fields like translation studies, language pedagogy, cross-linguistic comparison, and typological study, in addition to linguistic analysis. More precise meaning interpretation, more successful teaching methods, and a better comprehension of how languages shape human cognition and communication are all made possible by a deeper knowledge of these differences. REFERENCES 1. Huddleston, R., & Pullum, G. K. (2002). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge University Press. 2. Levin, B. (1993). English Verb Classes and Alternations. University of Chicago Press. 3. Comrie, B. (1976). Aspect. Cambridge University Press. 4. Saeed, J. I. (2016). Semantics (4th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. 5. Qo‘shqarov, A. (2010). Hozirgi o‘zbek adabiy tili. O‘qituvchi. 6. Mirtojiyev, M. (2015). O‘zbek tili sintaksisi. Fan va texnologiya.