Petrographic and geochemical characterization of the Parawi bauxitic deposit, Republic of Guinea

 Corresponding author: Mohamed Samuel Moriah Conte Copyright © 2025 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0. Petrographic and geochemical characterization of the Parawi bauxitic deposit, Republic of Guinea Mohamed Samuel Moriah Conte *, Abdoulaye Kadiatou Diallo, Aly Soumah, Mohamed Lamine Timite, Mohamed Fofana and Djibril M'Mamy Camara Applied Research Laboratory in Geosciences and Environment, Fundamental Geology and Prospecting Research Unit (URGFP), Department of Geological Services, Higher Institute of Mines and Geology of Boké (ISMGB), Baralande-Prefecture Boke, BP: 84 Boké. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(01), 1181-1197 Publication history: Received on 02 September 2025; revised on 12 October 2025; accepted on 14 October 2025 Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2025.28.1.3491 Abstract Global population growth leads to a high demand for quality minerals, particularly for industrial production. Guinea, rich in mineral resources, has more than 23 billion tonnes of bauxite in the Boké region, of which the sub-prefecture of Sangarédi, operated by the Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinée (CBG), is a major site. In this context, a geological characterization study of the Parawi bauxitic deposit was carried out to better understand its petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical composition. The methodology adopted is based on a geological prospecting campaign, with samples collected in the field using an Estwing-type hammer, as well as in boreholes thanks to an ATLAS COPCO drilling rig. Petrographic analysis reveals that the deposit developed on Devonian aleurolites and argillites, intruded by Mesozoic dolerites, then topped with Cenozoic bauxites. The semi-quantitative mineralogical study indicates a predominance of gibbsite (43–84%), followed by boehmite (1– 20%). The contents of hematite and goethite-alumogoethite vary between 1 and 21%, while kaolinite and quartz remain marginal (0–1%). On the classification diagrams, the samples are divided between bauxite, ferritic bauxite and kaolinitic bauxite. The high Al2O3 contents reflect a strong lateritization, while the SiO2 contents reflect a weak weathering. Observed bauxitisation processes include kaolinite preservation or destruction, deferruginisation and dehydration. This geological characterization is an essential step to ensure the profitability, safety and sustainability of the exploitation of the Parawi deposit, and guides decision-making at each phase of the mining project. Keywords: Bauxite; Petrography; Mineralogy; Geochemistry 1. Introduction The exploitation of mineral resources remains limited in many developing countries, due to the lack of scientific data on exploitable deposits. Among these resources, bauxites occupy a prominent place due to their aluminum wealth and their strategic importance in the industry. From a geological point of view, they appear in different forms (karst, sedimentary or lateritic) resulting from intense continental weathering processes [1]. Their genesis and facies are varied and subject to classifications based on mineralogy, chemical composition, geomorphology and the nature of the bedrock [2], [3]. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(01), 1181-1197 1182 Global bauxite production, estimated at 348 million tonnes in 2019, is growing by more than 5% per year, driven by strong Chinese demand. The main producers are Australia, Guinea, China, Brazil and India [4]. Guinea occupies a central place, with more than 40 billion tonnes of reserves, including 23 billion located in the Boké region [5]. The discovery of bauxite in Guinea dates back to 1819 by G. Mollien, but its industrial exploitation only really began in 1920 with the interest of the Société des Bauxites du Midi [6]. Since then, numerous studies have identified significant deposits, notably at Parawi [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12]. However, these studies mainly focus on general geology and resource assessment, without detailed analysis of petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry with modern methods. at this time, the issue arises as follows: how an integrated study of the petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry of bauxite and their source rocks from the Parawi deposit can allow a better understanding of their genesis, to evaluate their potential and contribute to rational and sustainable exploitation in the CBG concession? It is in this perspective that the present study, entitled "Geological characterization of the Parawi bauxitic deposit, Republic of Guinea". The general objective is to analyze in an integrated way the petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of bauxites and their source rocks, in order to better understand their genesis and evolution. More specifically, it is about • characterize the different bauxitic facies present on the Parawi plateau; • analyze the mineralogical composition in order to identify the dominant and accessory phases; • determine the chemical composition of the samples to evaluate the degree of lateritisation and the associated processes. To achieve this, we will implement a methodological approach articulated in several steps. Initially, a geological prospecting campaign will be carried out to identify the bauxitic facies and to carry out representative sampling, both in outcrop and in drilling. In a second step, these samples will be subjected to petrographic and mineralogical analyses, allowing the description of the textures, structures and mineral composition of the bauxites. Finally, geochemical analyses will be conducted to determine the major oxide contents and evaluate the bauxitisation and lateritization processes that led to the development of the deposit. This integrated approach should not only characterize the nature and quality of bauxite from the Parawi plateau, but also provide useful information for the valorization, planning and sustainability of mining in the CBG concession. 2. Geological setting 2.1. Geological context of the study region The Prefecture of Boké is located in the northwest of Guinea, between latitudes 10°30' and 11°45' north, and longitudes 13°45' and 15° West (figure 1). It covers an area of 11,453 km 2. Administratively, it is bordered to the east and northeast by the prefectures of Télimélé and Gaoual, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the prefecture of Boffa [13]. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(01), 1181-1197 1183 Figure 1 Map of the study region in Guinea The studied region (Figure 2) presents a complex geological cover, consisting mainly of paleozoic sedimentary formations, intersected by mesozoic magmatic intrusions and surmounted by Cenozoic and quaternary formations. The Paleozoic series successively include the quartzose sandstones of the Ordovician (following Pita), the argillites and aleurolites of the Silurian (following Telimele), then the alternation of argillites and aleurolites of the Devonian (following Faro). The Cenozoic formations include, in the Palaeogene, marine deposits and lateritic crusts resulting from the alteration of sedimentary and intrusive rocks, and in the Neogene, pisolitic, clay, and gibbsic deposits locally reaching 30 m. The quaternary formations, as for them, are represented by marine, fluvial and continental deposits of variable thickness (2 to 5 m), extending into river valleys and coastal areas [7], [8], [9]. The magmatic history of the region is marked by intense activity during the Mesozoic, responsible for the intrusion of dolerites, gabbro-dolerites and Kongo-diabases. These magmatic bodies, dated from the Jurassic (147–167 Ma), appear as subhorizontal sills and more rarely as dykes. Their implementation was favored by the contact zones between argillites and Ordovician sandstones. The thickness of these intrusions is generally between 50 and 70 m, but may locally exceed 100 m, thus constituting important structural levels in the geological evolution of the zone [7], [8], [9]. Structurally, the region belongs to the Bowé Shield, located in the northwest of the Guinean-Liberian shield, in the southwest sector of the North African platform. This platform is represented by a sedimentary cover subdivided into two structural sub-stages. The whole reflects a geodynamic evolution marked by the alternation of sedimentary deposits, magmatic events and tectonic processes, which conditioned the establishment of current formations and the structuring of the regional basement [7], [8], [9]. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(01), 1181-1197 1184 Figure 2 Geological map of the study region (Mamedov [7]; modify after) 1-Non-differentiated deposits: sandy and sandy rubbing lime with gravel, galets deleuvio-proluvionnaires ; 2-Nondifferentiated deposits: clay sands and clay limon, sands, gra vels, aluvionnairs ; 3-Laterized rocks: sands, sandy limons, conglomerates ; 4-Mesozoic Dolerites ; 5-Devonian Faro Suite ; 6-Silurian Telemile suite ; 7-Ordovician Pita Suite ; 8Granites and grand orates to biotitles ; 9-Bankruptcy Fails ; 10-Assorted Fails ; 11-Streams ; 12-Geological Limits Established ; 13-Cities ; 14-Deputy Prefecture ; 15-Roads. 2.2. Geology of the bauxitic deposit of Parawi The results of the geological survey carried out from 1974 to 1976 on the Gaoual sheet at 1/200,000, with the assistance of Soviet geologists [8], made it possible to highlight the geological formations of the Parawi bauxitic plateau (Figure 3). According to Mamedov [8], these formations include the lower limb of the Faro suite (Dfr1), consisting of fine sandstones, aleuro-sandstones and lentils of aleurolites, associated with pseudomorphic bauxites and ferruginous laterites, as well as the upper limb of the Faro suite (Dfr2), composed of banded massive argilites, aleuro-argilites and bound aleurolites, with intercalations of fine sandstone. To these groups are added the quaternary deposits (QI and QIII-IV), located on the slopes of the Kéwéwol valley and in the valleys surrounding the bowes of the deposit, whose widths range from 50 to 400 meters, but with no alteration sequences at the bottom of the valleys [8], [9]. Structurally, the Parawi deposit has been affected by tectonic movements, resulting in fault bundles that intersect the multi-block deposit in all directions [13]. The magmatic history is marked by the intrusion of a basic trappic magma during the Mesozoic, forming dolerites in sills from a geomorphological point of view, the HALCO concession is located on the western slope of the Fouta-Djalon plateau. It is part of a series of plateaux bordered to the east by pre-Michaocene stratigraphic units and to the west by the Atlantic coastal plain, thus grouping several bauxitic plateaux [8], [9]. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(01), 1181-1197 1185 Figure 3 Geological map of the Parawi deposit [8] 1-Proluvio-Deluvial deposit of the high terraces; 2Neogene system. Middle Miocene. Sangaredi series. Gravel, pebbles and sand, alluvial and alluvial-lacustrine, transformed into sedimentary lateritic bauxites (bgravelly); 3Neogene system. Middle Miocene. Sangaredi series. Gravels, pebbles and sand, alluvial and alluvial-lacustrine, transformed into sedimentary lateritic bauxites (a-conglomeratic); 4Devonian System Faro Suite (upper limb) Argillite, aleulorite with rare sandstone interbeds; 5Devonian System Faro Suite (lower limb) Argillite, aleulorite with rare sandstone interbeds; 6Mesozoic intrusive rock (Dolerites); 7Fissuring zones; 8Bed shape of the deposits of the Sangaredi series; 9Cut line A-B. 3. Materials and Methods For the realization of this geological characterization study of the bauxitic deposit of Parawi, several materials were mobilized. In the field, the geologist’s hammer of the Estwing type was used for the sampling of flush samples, while a GPS GARMIN MAP 64s made it possible to georeference the sampling points. The mine compass was used to measure the direction of the dips, and the ATLAS COPCO drill rig was used for drilling from a depth of 8 to 12 m. In the laboratory, the petrographic study was conducted under a polarizing microscope using thin sections, and the geochemical composition was determined using ICP-OES spectrometry. The software Canvas (digitization of maps) and Triplot (creation of ternary diagrams) completed the analysis. The methodology adopted combined several approaches. The literature search gathered previous scientific data on the geology of the area. A field campaign conducted from August 11 to September 11, 2023, as part of an internship at the Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinée (CBG), made it possible to collect samples at outcrop and in a drill hole, as well as to describe lithologically the cores to establish stratigraphic logs. In the laboratory, the samples were prepared, some for thin slides and others for mechanical and geochemical analyses. Finally, the processing and interpretation of geochemical results were carried out using binary and ternary diagrams, allowing a better understanding of the composition and evolution of the bauxites studied. a b World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(01), 1181-1197 1186 4. Results and discussion 4.1. Stratigraphic result According to the data from exploratory drilling, the geological formations of the Parawi plateau (Figure 4) present a generally similar stratigraphic organization, characterized by four major groups: at the base, the bedrock, covered by a clay-ferruginous more or less thick, then a bauxitic horizon with varied facies, and finally the vegetable soil. However, the thickness and composition of these levels vary from one log to another. Thus, some drilling reveals a transition dominated by kaolinitic clays and ferruginous laterites, while others highlight the presence of red and yellow ferruplantites or gravelly conglomeratic bauxites deriving from the formations of the Sangaredi series. Similarly, the bauxitic horizons are distinguished by pseudomorphic, geomorphic or even strongly ferruginous facies, reflecting the diversity of lateritization and alteration processes that affected the area. This heterogeneity highlights the complexity of the geological evolution of the deposit and constitutes a key element for its characterization [2], [3]. Figure 4 Stratigraphic logs of holes A, B, C and D [8] 1-Vegetable soil ; 2-Ferruginous laterites (cuirasses) ; 3-Gravelly and gravelly-sandstone bauxites ; 4-Gravellyconglomeratic bauxites ; 5-Massive gelomorphic bauxites ; 6-Strongly gelled pseudomorphic bauxites derived from aleuro-argillites ; 7-Pseudomorphic gelled bauxites ; 8-Pseudomorphic classic lateritic bauxites ; 9-Low-quality pseudomorphic classic lateritic bauxites; 10-Red and tobacco-yellow ferriplantites ;11-Ferruginous laterites of the transition zone ; 12Ferruginous laterites of the transition zone with clayey nests ; 13Ferruginous laterites of the transition zone with clayey nests ; 14-White, grayish-white and pink kaolinitic clays ; 15-Versicolor kaolinitic clays ; 16Polymineral kaolinite-montmorillonite clays derived from dolerites. 4.2. Petrographic result The petrographic analysis of samples from the Parawi deposit highlights three main types of bauxite according to their formation mode (Figure 5). Lateritic in situ or residual bauxites, which represent about 75% of the CBG reserves, are formed directly by the alteration of Palaeozoic mother rocks (argillites and Devonian aleuro-argillites) and Mesozoic dolerites. They present themselves under various facies (structural, fragmentary, brecciated, skeletal) and are distinguished by their ribboned or massive textures. Then come the sedimentary lateritic bauxites, resulting from the accumulation of debris within the Sangarédi series, representing about 22% of the reserves. They are declined in gravelo-conglomeratic, conglomeratic, gravelly and gravelo-grésoid facies, generally poorly classified and characterized World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(01), 1181-1197 1187 by embedded pebbles or lenses. Finally, the chemogenic bauxites, which result from recrystallization and alumina enrichment of pre-existing bauxite, represent only 3% of total reserves but include specific varieties such as the geomorphic bauxite (aphanitic and oolithic) and the gelated bauxites. The latter, recognizable by their light hues and micro-oolitic texture, are widespread in Parawi where they form nearly 63% of the resources of the deposit [8]. Figure 5 Lateritic classical bauxites in situ and chemogenic from Parawi A -Ferruginous bauxite derived from aleuro-argillites; b -Ferruginous bauxite derived from argillites; c -Aluminous bauxite derived from aleurolites; dClassical lateritic in situ bauxites derived from dolerites; eSedimentary bauxites (gravelly); bGelified bauxite derived from aleuro-argillites Under the microscope, the bauxites from the Parawi deposit reveal a great diversity of structures and compositions according to their origin (Figure 6). Those deriving from the aleuro-argillites are weakly ferruginous, with fragments in various hues ranging from colorless to cherry red or red brown, and present a microcrystalline structure sometimes gelomorphic. Apodoleritic bauxites retain in places the ophitic design of the dolerites, the gibbsite forming aggregates surrounded by plagioclase, while the dark minerals are replaced by a gibbsite-goethitic matrix enriched with iron. Sedimentary bauxites have a very fine basal cement, often pink and highly porous (30–50%), sometimes replaced by a gelomorphic or microoolitic substance, with well-marked concentric structures in the ooliths, intersected with gibbsite veinlets. In oolitic varieties, the cement is rather amorphous or cryptocrystalline. Finally, in apodoleritic and structural gelled bauxites, gelation results in the formation of gibbsic and boehmitic nests or veinules, giving the rocks a microto finely crystalline texture while disrupting inherited structures [8]. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(01), 1181-1197 1188 A-Aleuro-argillite bauxite; bApodoleritic lateritic bauxite; cGravelly bauxite; dOolithic bauxite; eGelled bauxite; fGemolmorphic bauxite. Figure 6 Miscrocopic observation of bauxite samples from Parawi LPNA 4.3. Mineralogical result The semi-quantitative mineralogical analysis reveals that the bauxites from the Parawi deposit are mainly composed of gibbsite [Al (OH)], with proportions varying from 43 to 84%. Boehmite [AlO (OH)] is also present but in smaller quantities, ranging from 1 to 20%. The ferruginous minerals, represented by hematite and goethite-alumogoethite, total between 1 and 21% of the composition. Finally, kaolinite [Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄] and quartz [SiO₂] appear in very low proportions, generally less than 1% (Table 1). a b c d e f World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(01), 1181-1197 1189 Table 1 Estimated mineral abundance of the Parawi bauxite deposits Mineralogical composition in percentage % Chemical Formula Residual bauxite Sedimentary bauxite Chimogene bauxite Gibbsite Al (OH)3 43 60 59 84 52 53 84 Boehmite Al (OH) 0 2 4 20 1 5 10 Goethite-alumogoethite (Fe3+Al) O(OH) 2 13 1 6 5 16 2 Hématite Fe2O3 8 21 1 5 8 5 1 kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)4 0 1 0 1 0 1 - Quartz SiO2 0 1 0 1 0 1 - Phase amorphe aux rayon X 8 41 0 27 0 5 25 4.4. Géochimical results The geochemical analysis of major elements carried out on fifty (50) samples from 16 boreholes in the Parawi bauxitic plateau (Table 2) highlights a notable variability in composition. The alumina content (Al₂O₃) varies between 45.1% (sample PrwBF070 from borehole PrwBF07) and 53.92% (sample PrwBF090 from borehole PrwBF09). Silicon dioxide (SiO₂)) ranges from 1.43% (sample PrwBF090 from borehole PrwBF09) to 2.8% (sample PrwBF011 from borehole PrwBF01). Iron oxide (Fe₂O₃)) exhibits values ranging from 12.39% (sample PrwBF161 from borehole PrwBF16) to 26.6% (sample PrwBF010 from borehole PrwBF01). Titanium oxide (TiO₂), on the other hand, fluctuates between 0.77% (sample PrwBF052 from borehole PrwBF05) and 3.95% (sample PrwBF145 from borehole PrwBF14). Finally, the loss on ignition (LOI), indicative of bound water and volatile matter content, ranges from 23.22% (sample PrwBF100 from borehole PrwBF10) to 29.07% (sample PrwBF161 from borehole PrwBF16). Table 2 Results of geochemical analyses Forage Echantillons From to Al2O3 SiO2 Fe2O3 TiO2 LOI PrwBF01 Prw BF010 1 2 45,4 2,2 26,6 0,9 23,99 Prw BF011 2 3 49,2 2,8 19,3 0,95 27,05 Prw BF012 3 4 48,1 2,57 21,6 1,16 25,86 Prw BF013 4 5 49,2 2,5 19,8 0,89 26,87 Prw BF014 5 6 46,5 2,2 24,1 1,11 25,33 PrwBF02 PrwBF020 1 2 45,3 2,02 24,6 2,13 25,13 PrwBF021 2 3 45,7 2,09 24,2 1,66 25,55 PrwBF03 PrwBF030 0 1 46,3 2,37 21,8 2,34 26,46 PrwBF031 1 2 45,7 2,6 22,4 2,36 26,22 PrwBF032 2 3 45,8 2,45 23,1 2,2 25,7 PrwBF033 3 4 47,5 2,29 20,8 2,08 26,71 PrwBF034 4 5 47,7 2,34 20,4 1,83 27,14 PrwBF035 5 6 49,9 2,05 18,1 1,48 27,79 PrwBF04 PrwBF040 2 3 47,3 1,92 22,4 1,03 26,64 PrwBF041 3 4 50,6 2,25 17,6 1,06 27,78 PrwBF042 4 5 49,4 2,19 19 1,56 27,16 PrwBF043 5 6 47,6 1,95 22 1,89 25,86 World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(01), 1181-1197 1196 even if some samples still show a lower degree of laterization. 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