The European Parenting Leave Policies (EPLP) Dataset

Authors: Sonja Spitzer, Adèle Lemoine, Zhanxiong Song, Claudia Reiter, Angela Greulich, Agneta Herlitz, Alžběta Bártová, Elisa Brini, Zuzana Dančíková, Dovilė Galdauskaitė, Libertad González, Evi Hatzivarnava-Kazassi, Helena Honkaniemi, Sol P. Juárez, Rannveig Kaldager Hart, Ida Lykke Kristiansen, Anna Kurowska, Katre Pall, Barbara Pertold-Gebicka, Tatjana Rakar, Tapio Räsänen, Konstantina Rentzou, Pedro Romero Balsas, Eva-Maria Schmidt, Laurène Thil, Dora Tuda, Lili Vargha, Daniele Vignoli, Sander Wagner, Katharina Wrohlich. European Parenting Leave Policies Dataset Documentation Version 2025 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to Willem Adema, Takuyo Ozaki, Ann-Zofie Duvander, and Alix Sponton for their valuable feedback, which helped improve the quality and consistency of the dataset. This project has received funding from the Austrian Academy of Sciences (Data:Research:Austria Grant for the Skill-PAL project). A substantial part of this project was carried out at the Department of Demography, University of Vienna. HOW TO CITE THE EPLP DATASET Spitzer, S., Lemoine, A., Song, Z., Reiter, C., Greulich, A., Herlitz, A., Bártová, A., Brini, E., Dančíková, Z., Galdauskaitė, D., González, L., Hatzivarnava-Kazassi, E., Honkaniemi, H., Juárez, SP, Kaldager Hart, R., Kristiansen, I. L., Kurowska, A., Pall, K., Pertold-Gebicka, B., Rakar, T., Räsänen, T., Rentzou, K., Romero Balsas, P., Schmidt, E., Thil, L., Tuda, D., Vargha, L., Vignoli, D., Wagner, S. & Wrohlich, K. (2025). The European Parenting Leave Policies (EPLP) Dataset. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16564540 2 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Data collection guidelines .................................................................................... 3 1.2. Definitions ............................................................................................................ 5 2. TECHNICAL DETAILS ................................................................................................. 8 2.1. Workbook structure ............................................................................................. 8 2.2. Codebook.............................................................................................................. 9 3. COUNTRY-SPECIFIC REFORM TIMELINES ............................................................... 20 3.1. Austria ................................................................................................................ 21 3.2. Belgium .............................................................................................................. 24 3.3. Czechia ............................................................................................................... 27 3.4. Denmark ............................................................................................................ 30 3.5. Estonia................................................................................................................ 33 3.6. Finland ............................................................................................................... 36 3.7. France ................................................................................................................ 40 3.8. Germany ............................................................................................................. 43 3.9. Greece ................................................................................................................ 46 3.10. Hungary ............................................................................................................. 49 3.11. Ireland ................................................................................................................ 53 3.12. Italy .................................................................................................................... 56 3.13. Lithuania ............................................................................................................ 59 3.14. The Netherlands ................................................................................................. 62 3.15. Norway ............................................................................................................... 65 3.16. Poland ................................................................................................................ 70 3.17. Slovakia .............................................................................................................. 73 3.18. Slovenia .............................................................................................................. 75 3.19. Spain .................................................................................................................. 78 3.20. Sweden ............................................................................................................... 81 3.21. United Kingdom ................................................................................................. 84 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 87 1 1. INTRODUCTION The European Parenting Leave Policies (EPLP) Dataset covers maternity, co-parent, paid parental, and job-protected leave regulations across 21 European countries for 55 years, spanning the period from 1970 to 2024. The dataset has a primary focus on policies that shape the length of leave of mothers and their co-parents. It provides harmonised data that enables comparisons of policies both across countries and over time. This documentation serves as a guide to understanding and working with the European Parenting Leave Policies Dataset by explaining its scope, data collection guidelines, definitions, and assumptions underpinning the dataset. It also provides the dataset’s codebook, an overview of country-specific reforms that affected statutory leave duration, and the main reference sources, which consist of legal documents, official government websites, and secondary literature. The accompanying workbook contains the actual dataset, additional notes to support its accurate interpretation, and the full list of reference sources. Together, the documentation and workbook provide a complete toolkit for researchers, policymakers, and others interested in exploring parenting leave duration policies in Europe using quantitative approaches. By providing quantitative data on policies that shape the individual leave duration of both mothers and their co-parents since the 1970s, the dataset complements established sources such as the OECD Family Database (OECD, 2024), the Comparative Family Policy Database (Gauthier, 2011), the PROSPERED Policy datasets (Nandi et al., 2018, 2019a, 2019b), and the International Network on Leave Policies and Research (2024), which provides a comprehensive overview of qualitative aspects of leave policies. The European Parenting Leave Policies Dataset was developed through a collaborative process led by the project team at the Vienna Institute of Demography of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the Department of Demography of the University of Vienna, both of which are part of the Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital. Initial data collection began in 2024 and was followed by a comprehensive validation phase in 2025. During this stage, 24 national experts reviewed the data for their respective countries, offering feedback, clarifications, and supplementary sources (see Table 1 for an overview). 2 Table 1: Country experts for the European Parenting Leave Policies (EPLP) Dataset Austria Eva-Maria Schmidt University of Vienna, Austria Belgium Laurène Thil HIVA - KU Leuven, Belgium Czechia Barbara PertoldGebicka Charles University, Czechia Denmark Ida Lykke Kristiansen Center for Economic Behavior and Inequality (CEBI), University of Copenhagen, Denmark Estonia Katre Pall Praxis Think Tank, Estonia Finland Tapio Räsänen Social Insurance Institution of Finland, Finland France Angela Greulich Sciences Po Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, France Germany Katharina Wrohlich German Institute for Economic Research (DIW), Germany Greece Evi Hatzivarnava-Kazassi Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Greece Greece Konstantina Rentzou University of Ioannina, Greece Hungary Lili Vargha University of Vienna, Austria Ireland Dora Tuda Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), Ireland Italy Daniele Vignoli University of Florence, Italy Italy Elisa Brini University of Florence, Italy Lithuania Dovilė Galdauskaitė Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania Netherlands Alžběta Bártová Leiden University, Netherlands Norway Rannveig Kaldager Hart Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway Poland Anna Kurowska University of Warsaw, Poland Slovakia Zuzana Dančíková The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), United Kingdom Slovenia Tatjana Rakar University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Spain Libertad González Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain; Barcelona School of Economics, Spain Sweden Sol P. Juárez Stockholm University, Sweden Sweden Helena Honkaniemi Stockholm University, Sweden United Kingdom Sander Wagner Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science, University of Oxford, United Kingdom 3 The dataset has been developed with great care. However, as with any large-scale data collection effort, some missing information or inadvertent errors may still be present. This documentation refers to the first public version of the dataset. Any inconsistencies, inaccuracies, or areas for improvement that are identified are highly appreciated. Feedback and corrections are welcome and will contribute to enhancing the quality and reliability of potential future updates. 1 Section 1 of this documentation introduces the data collection guidelines and defines maternity, co-parent, paid parental, and job-protected leave. Section 2 provides the technical details by explaining the workbook structure, listing all variables in the codebook, and describing underlying assumptions. Section 3 provides country-specific reform timelines that affected statutory leave duration. The main reference materials are listed at the end of this documentation. The full set of references is provided in the workbook. 1.1. Data collection guidelines The design and scope of parenting leave policies differ significantly across countries and over time, making clear data selection guidelines indispensable. To maintain consistency, comparability, and a clear scope, the data collection for the European Parenting Leave Policies Dataset follows the key principles outlined below. As this dataset is intended for quantitative analyses, simplifications were necessary to ensure coherence and usability across diverse policy landscapes.  Leave duration: The primary focus of the dataset is on policies that impact how long parents temporarily stop working around the birth of their child. As such, only policies that affect individual leave duration are included in the dataset – most importantly, information on the statutory duration of maternity leave, co-parent leave, paid parental leave, and job-protected leave. Policy components that are not directly linked to leavetaking decisions – such as child allowances that are paid irrespective of whether parents are on leave, or paid while parents are working – are excluded. Benefits are only provided for parental leave. Maternity and co-parent leave benefits are excluded, because coverage is high in most countries, offering little cross-national variation, and because parental 1 The project team can be contacted at [email protected] 4 leave, on average across countries and years, accounts for the largest share of total leave duration.  Employed parents: The dataset focuses exclusively on employed parents, as (i) its emphasis is on leave duration and thus the time parents are absent from work and (ii) employment status is key in determining parenting leave eligibility in many countries and years. This means polices directed at self-employed parents, unemployed parents, inactive parents, or parents in education are not considered.  Country-level information: The dataset only includes country-level legislations to ensure comparability across countries. Regional variations within countries, as well as sectorspecific differences, are not considered.  Individual perspective: The dataset distinguishes between the leave available for each parent rather than providing leave available for one child. It thus provides information at the individual level rather than the family level. This enables analysing how leave duration is or can be shared between mothers and their co-parents. Users who would like to take a family perspective can do so by adding up variables (for more details, see the codebook and footnote in Section 2.2).  Widely applicable policies: To ensure comparability across countries, the dataset focuses on legislation that affects the majority of parents. Special provisions for specific circumstances – such as the death of a parent, caesarean sections, multiple births, premature births, child disability, adoptive births, surrogate births, or foster children – are not considered. As a result, most regulations in the dataset do not apply to male samesex couples.  First birth only: In some countries, parenting leave policies differ by birth order. For comparability reasons, the European Parenting Leave Policies Dataset focuses on policies applicable to the first birth only.  Legislative enactment and retrospective considerations: Since laws may be enacted or amended at any point during the calendar year, this can result in multiple policies being in effect within the same year. To address this, the dataset uses the policy in force on December 31st of a given year as the reference point for that year. Retrospective application is excluded: even if a law affects prior cases or births, it is only considered from the year of its formal enactment onwards. 5  Statutory independent rights only: The dataset includes only leave durations that parents can take independently as a legal entitlement. Consequently, leave provisions that depend on the other parent to waive their right, or the other parent being unable to take their leave, are excluded. For example, if a parent is entitled to a specific type of leave, and the second parent can only access this leave if the first parent waives their entitlement or is unable to use it (e.g. due to death or incarceration), such leave is not considered a statutory right for the second parent in the dataset. Also, leave that requires a doctor's certificate is not considered, nor are other types of leave, such as sick leave, even if parents commonly use them to complement or substitute maternity or parental leave.  Policy provisions, not actual take-up: The dataset captures statutory leave rights as defined in legislation, irrespective of how these rights are used in practice. Differences between formal entitlements and actual leave-taking behaviour are not reflected. This approach ensures comparability across countries and over time, even if it does not fully capture how policies are enforced or the complexity of how policies play out on the ground.  Currencies and benefit adjustments: Benefits amounts are reported in the original currency of each country and year. No adjustments for inflation or purchasing power parity are made. The dataset does not distinguish between taxable and non-taxable benefits. 1.2. Definitions Following the criteria described above, the European Parenting Leave Policies Dataset includes information on maternity leave, co-parent leave, and paid parental leave, including job-protected leave. Childcare leave is not included. Definitions are, if available and applicable, based on those provided by the International Network on Leave Policies and Research.  Maternity leave refers to leave granted in connection with childbirth, typically available exclusively to mothers who give birth. “It is usually understood to be a health and welfare measure, intended to protect the health of the mother and newborn child, and to be taken just before, during and immediately after childbirth” (International Network on Leave Policies and Research, 2024). The European Parenting Leave Policies Dataset differentiates between mandatory and voluntary maternity leave, and distinguishes maternity leave 6 available before and after birth, irrespective of whether the mother receives benefits during maternity leave. Parental leave specifically reserved for mothers is classified as maternity leave, even if this leave does not have to be strictly taken in connection with birth. This rule is important to make the legislation in some Nordic countries comparable with the remaining countries in the sample. For example, parental leave that is earmarked for mothers and cannot be transferred to the co-parent is treated as maternity leave if the co-parent is not entitled to the same earmarked leave duration. 2 This allows users to differentiate between (i) parenting leave duration reserved for a specific parent (birth mothers or co-parents), and (ii) non-transferrable parental leave that remains available to the second parent (can be birth mothers and co-parents) once the first parent (can also be birth mothers and coparents) takes the maximum parental leave duration available to one parent (more details on the first and second parent are provided in the codebook in Section 2.2).  Co-parent leave is often effectively “paternity leave”, because historically, most legislations grant this right to fathers only. It is “usually to be taken soon after the birth of a child and intended to enable the father to spend time with his co-parent, new child and older children” (International Network on Leave Policies and Research, 2024). More recently, countries have introduced “birth leave” or “co-parent leave”, which is available to the birth mother’s co-parent regardless of gender. Analogously to maternity leave, coparent-specific paid parental leave that cannot be transferred to the birth mother is treated as co-parent leave if birth mothers are not entitled to the same earmarked leave duration (see Footnote 2 for examples).  Paid parental leave can be available to birth mothers and their co-parents, usually after maternity or co-parent leave, and is accompanied by financial benefits. It may be granted either as an individual entitlement – where each parent has a designated amount of leave – or as a family right, allowing parents to allocate the leave between themselves as they 2 First example: If both parents are entitled to 10 weeks of paid parental leave that can be shared between them, plus 2 additional weeks of paid parental leave that are earmarked to birth mothers, and 1 week that is earmarked to co-parents, and those earmarked durations cannot be transferred from one parent to another, then 10 weeks are considered as paid parental leave duration, 2 weeks are considered as maternity leave duration, and one week is considered as co-parent leave duration. Second example: If, however, in addition to the 10 weeks that can be shared between parents, each parent (birth mother and co-parent) is entitled to 2 weeks of non-transferrable paid parental leave, then 12 (10+2) weeks are considered as the maximum paid parental leave duration that one parent can take, and the additional 2 weeks are considered as the additional paid parental leave duration available to the second parent if the maximum paid parental leave duration has already been taken by the first parent. Further details on these variables are provided in Section 2.2. 13 Category Variable name Label Category description and assumptions Type Unit Values Maternity leave (mat) mat_m_ld_bb Mandatory maternity leave duration before birth The dataset includes both mandatory and maximum voluntary maternity leave durations, reporting leave available before and after birth. When added together, the mandatory and (additional) voluntary maternity leave durations (before and after birth) represent the total maternity leave duration available to birth mothers. This variable also includes any non-transferable leave specifically reserved for birth mothers (see Section 1.2 for details). Maternity leave is recorded irrespective of benefits reception and job protection. If legislation allows birth mothers to flexibly allocate their leave around childbirth – whether taken entirely before, entirely after, or split between both periods – the total duration is classified as post-birth maternity leave. Continuous Weeks -98: not applicable -99: missing information mat_m _ld_ab Mandatory maternity leave duration after birth Continuous Weeks -98: not applicable -99: missing information mat_v_ld_bb Voluntary maternity leave duration before birth (maximum duration) Continuous Weeks -98: not applicable -99: missing information mat_v_ld_ab Voluntary maternity leave duration after birth (maximum duration) Continuous Weeks -98: not applicable -99: missing information Co-parent leave (co) co_ld Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration) The dataset reports the maximum co-parent leave duration available, irrespective of benefits reception and job protection. The entire leave duration is recorded as post-birth leave. This variable also includes any non-transferable leave specifically reserved for co-parents (see Section 1.2 for details). The variable includes leave granted to the birth mother’s co-parent, regardless of gender. However, historically – and still in many countries today – this leave is effectively available only to fathers and is commonly referred to as “paternity leave”. Continuous Weeks -98: not applicable -99: missing information 14 Job-protected leave after birth (jp) jp_ld_m Job-protected leave duration available to birth mothers (maximum duration) For job-protected leave, the dataset reports the maximum duration during which a parent has the legal right to return to their job (or an equivalent position) after birth. In most cases, the legislation defines the job protection duration as starting from the day of birth until the child reaches a certain age, applying to both birth mothers and co-parents. As a result, only postbirth leave is included in job protected leave duration. Hence, all types of leave that provide job protection are combined under job-protected leave duration, irrespective of whether benefits are received or not, except for pre-birth maternity leave, which is excluded. When the legislation does not specify a single jobprotected period from birth to a given age, but instead indicates whether maternity, co-parent, and paid parental leave are job-protected, all post-birth leave types that are job-protected are added up separately for birth mothers and their co-parents. In cases where unpaid, job-protected parenting leave exists, job-protected leave duration can exceed the combined duration of post-birth maternity leave, coparent leave, and paid parental leave, as it also includes the unpaid parental leave duration. Job-protected leave available to each parent overlaps: If one parent were to fully use the gender-neutral paid parental leave that can be shared between parents, less (or no) leave would remain for the other parent. In the dataset, job-protected leave thus captures the maximum potential duration of job-protected leave for each parent individually, assuming that each parent takes all leave available to them. Continuous Weeks -98: not applicable -99: missing information jp_ld_co Job-protected leave duration available to coparents (maximum duration) Continuous Weeks -98: not applicable -99: missing information jp_part_time Job-protected leave is longer if taken parttime Binary “no” “yes” -98: not applicable -99: missing information jp_later Possibility to take (parts of) the jobprotected leave at a later point in time Binary “no” “yes” -98: not applicable -99: missing information 15 Paid parental leave (maximum duration) - Dimension 1 (par1) par1_ld Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration) Given the variety of parental leave schemes across countries, the dataset considers three different dimensions of parental leave duration for each country, if applicable. Dimension 1 (par1) identifies the paid parental leave scheme with the longest possible duration, regardless of the benefit type provided during this period. Unpaid parental leave is not considered. The complementary variables provide either the maximum flat rate or maximum replacement rate and caps that come with this scheme. The cap represents the maximum benefit amount a parent can receive per month in the case of a replacement rate. If the flat rate or replacement rate changes over the course of parental leave, the dataset provides weighted averages over the full leave duration. If replacement rates differ for different segments of the population, the highest replacement rate is reported. All benefits and the cap are reported monthly. The variable par1_second_co-parent captures the additional paid parental leave available to the second parent, provided that the first parent takes the maximum leave duration (par1_ld). Hence, this variable indicates how flexibly paid parental leave can be shared between parents and can also be used to compute paid parental leave at the family level. In most cases, the additional leave reserved for the second parent is not specific to one parent (e.g., birth mother vs. co-parent) but applies to the parent who does not take the maximum leave (a user note is provided, if otherwise). Continuous Weeks -98: not applicable -99: missing information par1_fr Flat rate (amount of benefits per month, with maximum duration) Continuous Country currency -98: not applicable -99: missing information par1_rr Replacement rate (percentage of income, with maximum duration) Continuous Percent -98: not applicable -99: missing information par1_cap Monthly cap (with maximum duration) Continuous Country currency -98: not applicable -99: missing information par1_for_whom Mothers only, co-parents only, or both Categorical “mothers” “co-parents” “either” -98: not applicable -99: missing information par1_second_parent Additional time for second coparent if first parent takes the maximum leave duration Continuous Weeks -98: not applicable -99: missing information 16 par1_work Possibility to work / earn money during parts of the leave Paid parental leave that is specifically reserved for birth mothers is included in maternity leave (prefix mat), while paid parental leave that is specifically reserved for co-parents is included in co-parent leave (prefix co). Binary “no” “yes” -98: not applicable -99: missing information par1_later Possibility to take (parts of) the leave at a later point in time Binary “no” “yes” -98: not applicable -99: missing information Paid parental leave (highest monthly flat rate) - Dimension 2 (par2) par2_ld Paid parental leave duration (with highest flat rate) Given the variety of parental leave schemes across countries, the dataset considers three different dimensions of parental leave duration for each country, if applicable. Dimension 2 (par2) identifies the paid parental leave duration with the highest monthly flat rate payment. The complementary variable provides the maximum flat rate that comes with this scheme. If the flat rate changes over the course of parental leave, the dataset provides weighted averages over the full leave duration. All benefits are reported monthly. The variable par2_second_co-parent captures the additional paid parental leave available to the second parent, provided that the first parent takes the paid parental leave duration with the highest flat rate (par2_ld). Hence, this variable indicates how flexibly paid parental leave can be shared between parents and can also be used to compute paid parental leave at the family level. In most cases, the additional leave reserved for the second parent is not specific to one parent (e.g., birth mother vs. co-parent) but applies to the parent Continuous Weeks -98: not applicable -99: missing information par2_fr Highest flat rate (amount of benefits per month) Continuous Country currency -98: not applicable -99: missing information par2_for_whom Mothers only, co-parents only, or both Categorical “mothers” “co-parents” “either” -98: not applicable -99: missing information par2_second_parent Additional time for second parent if first parent takes the maximum leave duration Continuous Weeks -98: not applicable -99: missing information 17 par2_work Possibility to work / earn money during parts of the leave who does not take the leave duration with the highest flat rate (a user note is provided, if otherwise). Paid parental leave that is specifically reserved for birth mothers is included in maternity leave (prefix mat), while paid parental leave that is specifically reserved for co-parents is included in co-parent leave (prefix co). Binary “no” “yes” -98: not applicable -99: missing information par2_later Possibility to take (parts of) the leave at a later point in time Binary “no” “yes” -98: not applicable -99: missing information Paid parental leave (highest replacement rate) - Dimension 3 (par3) par3_ld Paid parental leave duration (with highest replacement rate) Given the variety of parental leave schemes across countries, the dataset considers three different dimensions of parental leave duration for each country, if applicable. Dimension 3 (par3) identifies the duration with the highest replacement rate. The complementary variables provide the maximum replacement rate and cap that come with this scheme. The cap represents the maximum benefit amount a parent can receive per month. If the replacement rate changes over the course of parental leave, the dataset provides weighted averages over the full leave duration. If replacement rates differ for different segments of the population, the highest replacement rate is reported and a note is provided in the user notes. All benefits and the cap are reported monthly. The variable par3_second_co-parent captures the additional paid parental leave available to the second parent, provided that the first parent takes the paid parental leave duration with the highest replacement Continuous Weeks -98: not applicable -99: missing information par3_rr Highest replacement rate (percentage of income) Continuous Percent -98: not applicable -99: missing information par3_cap Monthly cap (with highest replacement rate) Continuous Country currency -98: not applicable -99: missing information par3_for_whom Mothers only, co-parents only, or both Categorical “mothers” “co-parents” “either” -98: not applicable -99: missing information 18 par3_second_parent Additional time for second parent if first parent takes the maximum leave duration rate (par3_ld). Hence, this variable indicates how flexibly paid parental leave can be shared between parents and can also be used to compute paid parental leave at the family level. In most cases, the additional leave reserved for the second parent is not specific to one parent (e.g., birth mother vs. co-parent) but applies to the parent who does not take the paid parental leave duration with the highest replacement rate (a user note is provided, if otherwise). Paid parental leave that is specifically reserved for birth mothers is included in maternity leave (prefix mat), while paid parental leave that is specifically reserved for co-parents is included in co-parent leave (prefix co). Continuous Weeks -98: not applicable -99: missing information par3_work Possibility to work / earn money during parts of the leave Binary “no” “yes” -98: not applicable -99: missing information par3_later Possibility to take (parts of) the leave at a later point in time Binary “no” “yes” -98: not applicable -99: missing information 19 Additional variables par_incentives Incentives for parents to share parental leave This variable captures whether the legal framework includes incentives for parents to share parental leave. Incentives can take different forms. Monetary incentives provide financial benefits to parents if leave is shared between parents in a defined proportion. Duration incentives extend the total leave period when both parents take leave in a defined proportion, meaning families receive more time overall if leave is shared. This variable does not consider non-transferrable leave as a duration incentive, as this leave follows a “use it or lose it” principle and does not increase the total leave available. Instead, this variable only considers cases where additional leave duration is granted when leave is shared in a defined proportion between parents. In most cases, incentives are designed to encourage mothers to reduce their leave duration and fathers to extend theirs. However, these policies do not necessarily aim for an equal 50:50 division of leave between parents. Categorical “none” “monetary incentive” “duration incentive” “duration and monetary incentive” -98: not applicable -99: missing information user_note User note This variable indicates whether a note is available in the "User notes and references" sheet of the workbook, providing additional context or clarification on specific policies. Binary “no” “yes” currency Country currency This variable specifies the currency in use for each country and year of observation. No adjustments for inflation or purchasing power parity are made. Categorical Country currency 20 3. COUNTRY-SPECIFIC REFORM TIMELINES This section provides a brief overview of the key policies in each of the 21 countries included in the European Parenting Leave Policies Dataset. It outlines the initial legal framework in 1970, which is the first year covered in the dataset, and tracks all reforms leading to the legislation in effect in 2024, the final year of coverage. The dataset focuses on policies that shape the leave duration of birth mothers and their coparents. Hence, this section lists and briefly describes reforms that mark changes in maternity, co-parent, job-protected, and paid parental leave duration, as recorded in the “main variables”. 4 It does not detail reforms related to the complementary variables; hence, it does not list reforms related to changes in benefits or other dimensions of parental leave not directly tied to duration. Further details on these variables are provided in the accompanying workbook. The primary sources of information for the dataset are national legislation and official government websites. Where primary sources are unavailable, secondary sources such as academic literature or policy reports are used. References to all source materials related to changes in leave duration are listed at the end of Section 3. A full list of references that also includes reference sources for other policies affecting “complementary variables” is provided in the accompanying workbook (sheet “User notes and references”). The wording used in the reform timelines reflects the interpretation of the dataset and follows harmonised terminology to ensure comparability across countries. This terminology may differ from the language and concepts used in national legislation. For example, some countries may not explicitly use terms such as “parental leave” or “coparent leave”, but the dataset applies these categories in a standardised way to align different systems. Users interested in the original terms and structure can consult the source references or user notes provided in the workbook. While all leave durations in the dataset are standardised in weeks for consistency (see Section 2.2 for conversion details), this section presents duration in their original units as stated in the reference sources. Before reading the country-specific reforms, it is recommended to first refer to the data collection guidelines and to take note of missing and non-applicable values in the dataset, which are coded as -98 or -99 (see Codebook in Section 2.2). 4 This includes changes in the following variables only: mat_m_ld_bb, mat_m_ld_ab, mat_v_ld_bb, mat_v_ld_ab, pat_ld, jp_ld_m, jp_ld_p, par1_ld, par2_ld and par3_ld. Sources for changes in “complementary variables” can be found in the workbook (sheet “User notes and references”). 21 3.1. Austria  Legislation in 1970 Maternity leave (BGBl. Nr. 76/1957, 1957) • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 6 weeks • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 6 weeks • Voluntary maternity leave duration before birth (maximum duration): 0 • Voluntary maternity leave duration after birth (maximum duration): 0 Co-parent leave (Blum, 2010) • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 0 Job-protected leave after birth (BGBl. Nr. 240/1960, 1960) • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 12 months • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 0 Paid parental leave (BGBl 242/1960, 1960; BGBl. Nr. 240/1960, 1960) • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 10.5 months – for mothers only • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest flat rate): 10.5 months – for mothers only • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest replacement rate): Not applicable  Reforms 1974: Extension of mandatory maternity leave duration to 16 weeks – 8 weeks before and 8 weeks after birth; reduction of paid parental leave duration with a flat rate to 10 months – for mothers only (BGBl. Nr. 178/1974, 1974) 1990: Extension of paid parental leave duration with a flat rate to 22 months – for mothers only; extension of job-protected leave duration to 24 months for mothers (BGBl. Nr. 408/1990, 1990) 22 2002: Extension of paid parental leave duration with a flat rate to 28 months and at least 6 months for the second parent; entitlement of co-parents to 24 months of job-protected leave (Kleven et al., 2024) 2008: Change in paid parental leave scheme – maximum duration of 28 months with a flat rate (incl. maternity leave and only if one parent applies) or of 36 months with a flat rate (incl. maternity leave and only if both parents apply for the payment, each for at least 6 months); highest-flat rate for 15 months (incl. maternity leave and only if one parent applies) or for 18 months (incl. maternity leave and only if both parents apply for the payment, each for at least 3 months) (Blum, 2010; Rille-Pfeiffer, 2008) 2010: Change in paid parental leave scheme – maximum duration of 28 months with a flat rate to be shared between parents (with additional 6 months only if the second parent applies for at least 6 months), 12 months (excl. maternity leave) with highest flat rate only if shared between parents with a minimum duration of 2 months for each parent, or 12 months (excl. maternity leave) with highest replacement rate only if shared between parents with a minimum duration of 2 months for each parent (BGBl. I Nr. 116/2009, 2009) 2017: Introduction of a 1-month co-parent leave; change in paid parental leave scheme – maximum duration of 26 months with a flat rate to be shared between parents and 7 months for second parent only, 10 months with highest flat rate to be shared between parents and 3 months for second parent only, or 10 months with highest replacement rate to be shared between parents and 2 months for second parent only (BGBl. I Nr. 53/2016, 2016) 2023: Change in job-protected leave scheme – 22 months to be shared between parents, including 2 non-transferrable months., can be extended to 24 months only if the other parent takes at least 2 months (BGBl. I Nr. 115/2023, 2023)  Legislation in 2024 Maternity leave (Oesterreich.gv.at, 2024a, 2024b; Borchorst, 2003) • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 8 weeks • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 8 weeks 29 • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 3 years Paid parental leave (Kocourková, 2024) • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 0 • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest flat rate): Not applicable • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest replacement rate): Not applicable 30 3.4. Denmark  Legislation in 1970 Maternity leave (Borchorst, 2003) • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 0 • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 4 weeks • Voluntary maternity leave duration before birth (maximum duration): 0 • Voluntary maternity leave duration after birth (maximum duration): 10 weeks Co-parent leave (Borchorst, 2003) • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 0 Job-protected leave after birth (Borchorst, 2003) • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 0 • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 0 Paid parental leave (Borchorst, 2003) • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 0 • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest flat rate): Not applicable • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest replacement rate): Not applicable  Reforms 1977: Change in maternity leave distribution – 14 voluntary weeks after birth (Borchorst, 2003) 1980: Extension of voluntary maternity leave duration to 18 weeks – 4 weeks before birth and 14 weeks after birth; introduction of job protection for maternity leave (Borchorst, 2003; Rasmussen, 2010) 31 1984: Introduction of a 2-week co-parent leave; introduction of 6-week paid parental leave with a replacement rate – to be shared between parents; extension of job-protected leave duration to 20 weeks for mothers and 8 weeks for co-parents (LBK Nr 63 af 21/02/1984, 1984) 1985: Extension of paid parental leave duration to 10 weeks with a replacement rate – to be shared between parents; extension of job-protected leave duration after birth to 24 weeks for mothers and 12 weeks for co-parents (LBK Nr 63 af 21/02/1984, 1984) 1994: Introduction of a 2-week mandatory maternity leave after birth; reduction of postbirth voluntary maternity leave duration to 12 weeks (LOV Nr 412 af 01/06/1994, 1994) 1998: Extension of co-parent leave duration to 4 weeks (LOV Nr 1111 af 29/12/1997, 1997) 2002: Change in paid parental leave scheme and extension of paid parental leave duration – maximum duration of 46 weeks with a replacement rate to be shared between or 32 weeks with the highest replacement rate to be shared between parents; extension of jobprotected leave duration to 60 weeks for mothers and to 46 weeks for co-parents (LBK Nr 711 af 20/08/2002, 2002; Andersen, 2018) 2022: Change in paid parental leave scheme such that each parent has 13 transferrable and 9 non-transferrable weeks with a replacement rate (the duration with the highest replacement rate is the same); reduction of job-protected leave duration to 56 weeks for mothers and 48 for co-parents (Beskæftigelsesministeriet, 2024)  Legislation in 2024 Maternity leave (LBK Nr 184 af 27/02/2024, 2024) • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 0 • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 2 weeks • Voluntary maternity leave duration before birth (maximum duration): 4 weeks • Voluntary maternity leave duration after birth (maximum duration): 0 Co-parent leave (LBK Nr 184 af 27/02/2024, 2024) • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 2 weeks 32 Job-protected leave after birth (Beskæftigelsesministeriet, 2024) • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 56 weeks • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 48 weeks Paid parental leave (Beskæftigelsesministeriet, 2024) • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 26 weeks to be shared between parents and 9 for each parent • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest flat rate): Not applicable • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest replacement rate): 26 weeks to be shared between parents and 9 for each parent 33 3.5. Estonia  Legislation in 1970 Maternity leave (NSV Liidu Ja Liiduvabariikide Tööseadusandluse Alused, 1970) • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 0 • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 0 • Voluntary maternity leave duration before birth (maximum duration): 56 days • Voluntary maternity leave duration after birth (maximum duration): 56 days Co-parent leave • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 0 Job-protected leave after birth (NSV Liidu Ja Liiduvabariikide Tööseadusandluse Alused, 1970) • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 12 months • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 0 Paid parental leave • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 0 • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest flat rate): Not applicable • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest replacement rate): Not applicable  Reforms 1982: Introduction of a 1-year paid parental leave with a flat rate – for mothers only; extension of job-protected leave duration to 18 months for mothers (Eesti NSV Ministrite Nõukogu Ja Eesti NSV Ametiühingute Nõukogu 29. Septembri 1981. a. Määrus Nr. 597, 1981) 1989: Extension of paid parental leave duration to 18 months with a flat rate – for mothers only; extension of job-protected leave duration to 3 years for mothers (Eesti NSV Ministrite Nõukogu Ja Eesti NSV Ametiühingute Nõukogu 31. Märtsi 1989. a. Määrus Nr. 128., 1989) 34 1991: Extension of pre-birth voluntary maternity leave duration to 70 days; entitlement of co-parents to paid parental leave and extension of paid parental leave duration – 3 years with a flat rate to be shared between parents; extension of job-protected leave duration to 3 years for mothers and co-parents (Karu & Pall, 2009) 2002: Extension of post-birth voluntary maternity leave duration to 70 days; introduction of a 14-day co-parent leave (Puhkuseseadus–Riigi Teataja, 2001) 2004: Change in paid parental leave scheme – 225 days with a replacement rate to be shared between parents (Karu & Pall, 2009; Abdullayev & Puur, 2024; Vanemahüvitise Seadus– Riigi Teataja, 2003) 2006: Extension of paid parental leave duration to 315 days with a replacement rate – to be shared between parents (Riiklike Peretoetuste Seaduse, Sotsiaalhoolekande Seaduse, Puuetega Inimeste Sotsiaaltoetuste Seaduse Ja Vanemahüvitise Seaduse Muutmise Seadus–Riigi Teataja, 2006) 2008: Extension of paid parental leave duration to 435 days with a replacement rate – to be shared between parents (Vanemahüvitise Seaduse Muutmise Seadus–Riigi Teataja, 2007) 2020: Extension of co-parent leave duration to 30 days (Töölepingu Seadus, 2020) 2022: Reduction of total maternity leave duration to 100 days and change in distribution – 70 voluntary days before birth and 30 voluntary days after birth; extension of paid parental leave duration to 475 days with a replacement rate – to be shared between parents (Pall, 2022; Perehüvitiste Seadus–Riigi Teataja, 2022)  Legislation in 2024 Maternity leave (Sotsiaalkindlustusamet, 2024a; Töölepingu Seadus–Riigi Teataja, 2024) • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 0 • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 0 • Voluntary maternity leave duration before birth (maximum duration): 70 days • Voluntary maternity leave duration after birth (maximum duration): 30 days 35 Co-parent leave (Sotsiaalkindlustusamet, 2024b; Töölepingu Seadus–Riigi Teataja, 2024) • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 30 days Job-protected leave after birth (Pall, 2024; Töölepingu Seadus–Riigi Teataja, 2024) • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 3 years • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 3 years Paid parental leave (Sotsiaalkindlustusamet, 2024c; Töölepingu Seadus–Riigi Teataja, 2024) • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 475 days to be shared between parents • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest flat rate): Not applicable • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest replacement rate): 475 days to be shared between parents 36 3.6. Finland  Legislation in 1970 Maternity leave (Sairausvakuutuslaki 364/1963, 1963) • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 0 • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 0 • Voluntary maternity leave duration before birth (maximum duration): 3 weeks (18 working days) • Voluntary maternity leave duration after birth (maximum duration): 6 weeks (36 working days) Co-parent leave • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 0 Job-protected leave after birth (Sairausvakuutuslaki 364/1963, 1963) • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 6 weeks • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 0 Paid parental leave • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 0 • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest flat rate): Not applicable • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest replacement rate): Not applicable  Reforms 1971: Extension of voluntary maternity leave duration to 72 working days – 24 working days before and 48 working days after birth; extension of job-protected leave duration to 48 working days for mothers (OECD, 2024) 1974: Extension of voluntary maternity leave duration to 174 working days – 24 working days before and 150 working days after birth; extension of job-protected leave duration to 150 working days for mothers (Rønsen & Sundström, 2002) 37 1978: Extension of voluntary maternity leave duration to 186 working days – 24 working days before and 162 working days after birth; extension of job-protected leave duration to 162 working days for mothers (Laki sairausvakuutuslain muuttamisesta 1086/1977, 1977) 1980: Extension of voluntary maternity leave duration to 198 working days – 24 working days before and 174 working days after birth; extension of job-protected leave duration to 174 working days for mothers (OECD, 2024) 1982: Extension of voluntary maternity leave duration to 258 working days – 25 working days before and 233 working days after birth; extension of job-protected leave duration to 233 working days for mothers (Laki sairausvakuutuslain muuttamisesta 471/1981, 1981) 1985: Reduction of voluntary maternity leave duration to 100 working days – 25 working days before and 75 working days after birth; introduction of a 158-working day paid parental leave with a replacement rate – to be shared between parents; extension of jobprotected leave duration to 233 working days for mothers and 158 working days for coparents (Laki sairausvakuutuslain muuttamisesta 32/1985, 1985) 1987: Extension of voluntary maternity leave duration to 105 working days – 30 working days before and 75 working days after birth (Laki sairausvakuutuslain 23 §:N muuttamisesta 981/1986, 1986) 1991: Introduction of a 6-working day co-parent leave; extension of paid parental leave duration to 170 working days with a replacement rate – to be shared between parents; extension of job-protected leave duration to 245 working days for mothers and to 176 working days for co-parents (Laki sairausvakuutuslain muuttamisesta 1324/1990, 1990) 1993: Extension of co-parent leave duration to 18 working days; extension of job-protected leave duration to 188 working days for co-parents; reduction of paid parental leave duration to 158 days (Laki sairausvakuutuslain muuttamisesta 1653/1992, 1992) 1998: Change in maternity leave distribution – 2 mandatory weeks before birth, 2 mandatory weeks after birth, 3 voluntary weeks before birth and 10.5 voluntary weeks after birth. (Säädöskokoelma 357/1998, 1998) 38 2013: Extension of co-parent leave duration to 54 working days; extension of job-protected leave duration to 224 working days for co-parents (Laki sairausvakuutuslain muuttamisesta 903/2012, 2012) 2022: Reduction of maternity leave duration to 40 working days – 14 working days before and 26 working days after birth, among which 2 weeks before birth and 2 weeks after birth are mandatory; change in paid parental leave scheme and extension of paid parental leave duration to 320 working days with a replacement rate – 126 working days to be shared between parents and 97 working days for each parent; repeal of co-parent leave; extension of job-protected leave duration to 249 working days for mothers and reduction of jobprotected leave duration to 233 working days for co-parents (Laki sairausvakuutuslain muuttamisesta 28/2022, 2022)  Legislation in 2024 Maternity leave (Työja elinkeinoministeriö Arbetsoch näringsministeriet, 2024) • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 2 weeks • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 2 weeks • Voluntary maternity leave duration before birth (maximum duration): 2 working days • Voluntary maternity leave duration after birth (maximum duration): 14 working days Co-parent leave (Työja elinkeinoministeriö Arbetsoch näringsministeriet, 2024) • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 0 Job-protected leave after birth (Miettinen et al., 2024) • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 249 working days • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 223 working days Paid parental leave (Työja elinkeinoministeriö Arbetsoch näringsministeriet, 2024) • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 126 working days to be shared between parents and 97 for each parent, 320 working days in total 45 replacement rate to be shared between parents and 2 months with the highest flat rate for the second parent (Gesetz zur Einführung des Elterngeld Plus mit Partnerschaftsbonus und einer flexibleren Elternzeit im Bundeselterngeld und Elternzeitgesetz, 2014; Senatsverwaltung für Bildung, Jugend und Familie, 2024)  Legislation in 2024 Maternity leave (Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend, 2024b) • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 6 weeks • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 8 weeks • Voluntary maternity leave duration before birth (maximum duration): 0 • Voluntary maternity leave duration after birth (maximum duration): 0 Co-parent leave (Reimer et al., 2024) • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 0 Job protected leave after birth (Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend, 2024a; Reimer et al., 2024) • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 36 months • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 36 months Paid parental leave (Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend, 2024a) • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 24 months to be shared between parents and 4 months for the second parent • Paid parental leave duration (with highest monthly flat rate): Not applicable • Paid parental leave duration (with highest replacement rate): 12 months to be shared between parents and 2 months for the second parent 46 3.9. Greece  Legislation in 1970 Maternity leave (Wikander et al., 1995; OECD, 2024) • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 0 • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 6 weeks • Voluntary maternity leave duration before birth (maximum duration): 6 weeks • Voluntary maternity leave duration after birth (maximum duration): 0 Co-parent leave • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 0 Job-protected leave after birth (Wikander et al., 1995) • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 6 weeks • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 0 Paid parental leave • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 0 • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest flat rate): Not applicable • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest replacement rate): Not applicable  Reforms 1982: Change in maternity leave distribution – 12 mandatory weeks after birth; extension of job-protected leave duration to 12 weeks (Law 1302/1982, Government Gazette 133/A/1982, 1982) 1984: Change in maternity leave distribution – 7 mandatory weeks before birth and 7 mandatory weeks after birth; extension of job-protected leave duration to 3 months and 7 weeks for mothers and to 3 months for co-parents (Ε.Γ.Σ.Σ.Ε. 1984, 1984) 47 1989: Extension of pre-birth mandatory maternity leave duration to 52 days; extension of post-birth mandatory maternity leave duration to 53 days; extension of job-protected leave duration to 3 months and 53 days for mothers (Ε.Γ.Σ.Σ.Ε. 1989, 1989) 1993: Extension of pre-birth mandatory maternity leave and post-birth mandatory maternity leave durations to 8 weeks each; introduction of a 1-day co-parent leave; extension of job-protected leave duration to 5.5 months for mothers and 3.5 months for coparents (Ε.Γ.Σ.Σ.Ε. 1993, 1993) 2000: Extension of post-birth mandatory maternity leave duration to 9 weeks; extension of co-parent leave duration to 2 days; extension of job-protected leave duration to 5.5 months and 1 week for mothers (ΝΟΜΟΣ ΥΠ’ ΑΡΙΘ. 2874, 2000) 2012: Extension of job-protected leave duration to 6 months and 1 week for mothers and to 4 months for co-parents (ΝΟΜΟΣ ΥΠ’ ΑΡΙΘ.4075, 2012) 2021: Extension of co-parent leave duration to 14 days; introduction of a 2-month paid parental leave with a flat rate – for each parent (ΝΟΜΟΣ ΥΠ’ ΑΡΙΘΜ. 4808, 2021)  Legislation in 2024 Maternity leave (Υπουργείο Εργασίας και Κοινωνικής Ασφάλισης, 2024) • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 8 weeks • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 9 weeks • Voluntary maternity leave duration before birth (maximum duration): 0 • Voluntary maternity leave duration after birth (maximum duration): 0 Co-parent leave (Hatzivarnava-Kazassi & Karamessini, 2024) • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 14 days Job-protected leave after birth (Hatzivarnava-Kazassi & Karamessini, 2024) • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 6 months and 1 week • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 4 months 48 Paid parental leave (Hatzivarnava-Kazassi & Karamessini, 2024) • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 2 months for each parent • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest flat rate): 2 months for each parent • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest replacement rate): Not applicable 49 3.10. Hungary  Legislation in 1970 Maternity leave (OECD, 2022a) • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 0 • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 0 • Voluntary maternity leave duration before birth (maximum duration): 6 weeks • Voluntary maternity leave duration after birth (maximum duration): 6 weeks Co-parent leave • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 0 Job-protected leave after birth (OECD, 2022b) • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 3 years • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 0 Paid parental leave (5/1969. (I. 28.) Korm. Rendelet a Gyermekgondozási Segélyről Szóló 3/1967. (I. 29.) Korm. Rendelet Módosításáról, 1969; Korintus & Stropnik, 2009; OECD, 2022b) • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 2 years and 10.5 months – for mothers only • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest flat rate): 2 years and 10.5 months – for mothers only • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest replacement rate): Not applicable  Reforms 1982: Entitlement of co-parents to paid parental leave after the child’s 1st birthday – 1 year for mothers only and 2 years to be shared between parents; extension of job-protected leave duration to 2 years for co-parents (10/1982. (IV. 16.) MT Rendelet a Gyermekgondozási Segélyről, 1982) 50 1985: Change in paid parental leave scheme – 10.5 months with a replacement rate for mothers only and 2 years with a flat rate to be shared between parents (1/1985. (I. 17.) ME Rendelet Egyes Társadalombiztosítási Rendelkezések Módosításáról, 1985; 3/1985. (I. 17.) MT Rendelet a Társadalombiztosításról Szóló 1975. Évi II. Törvény Végrehajtása Tárgyában Kiadott 17/1975. (VI. 14.) MT Rendelet Módosításáról, Valamint a Nyugellátások És Egyéb Ellátások Kiegészítéséről, Illetőleg Emeléséről, 1985) 1986: Change in paid parental leave scheme – 16.5 months with a replacement rate for mothers only and 1.5 years with a flat rate to be shared between parents (5/1986. (II. 27.) MT Rendelet a Társadalombiztosításról Szóló 1975. Évi II. Törvény Végrehajtása Tárgyában Kiadott 17/1975. (VI. 14.) MT Rendelet Módosításáról, 1986) 1988: Change in paid parental leave scheme – 22.5 months with a replacement rate for mothers only and 1 year with a flat rate to be shared between parents (56/1987. (XI. 6.) MT Rendelet a Társadalombiztosításról Szóló 1975. Évi II. Törvény Végrehajtása Tárgyában Kiadott 17/1975. (VI. 14.) MT Rendelet Módosításáról, 1987; Korintus & Stropnik, 2009) 1992: Change in maternity leave distribution – 24 voluntary weeks after birth (1992. Évi XXII. Törvény a Munka Törvénykönyvéről, 1992) 1996: Reduction in paid parental leave duration and change in paid parental leave scheme – 2.5 years with a flat rate to be shared between parents (1995. Évi XLVIII. Törvény a Gazdasági Stabilizációt Szolgáló Egyes Törvénymódosításokról - Törvények És Országgyűlési Határozatok, 1995) 2000: Change in paid parental leave scheme – 18 months with a replacement rate and 1 year with a flat rate to be shared between parents (1998. Évi LXXXIV. Törvény a Családok Támogatásáról - Hatályos Jogszabályok Gyűjteménye, 1998; OECD, 2024) 2002: Introduction of a 5-day co-parent leave (OECD, 2024; Orosz, 2024) 2006: Reduction in paid parental leave duration and change in paid parental leave scheme – 18 months with a replacement rate to be shared between parents (Korintus, 2006) 51 2014: Introduction of a 2-week mandatory maternity leave after birth; reduction of postbirth voluntary maternity leave to 22 weeks (2012. Évi I. Törvény a Munka Törvénykönyvéről, 2012; Korintus, 2014); reduction in paid parental leave duration to about 6 months with a replacement rate – to be shared between parents (1997. Évi LXXXIII. Törvény - Nemzeti Jogszabálytár, 1997) 2016: Reduction of paid parental leave duration to 2 weeks with a replacement rate – to be shared between parents (1997. Évi LXXXIII. Törvény - Nemzeti Jogszabálytár, 1997; 1998. Évi LXXXIV. Törvény a Családok Támogatásáról - Hatályos Jogszabályok Gyűjteménye, 1998; Korintus & Gábos, 2016) 2023: Introduction of a 44-working day paid parental leave with a replacement rate as an individual entitlement for each parent (2012. Évi I. Törvény a Munka Törvénykönyvéről, 2012); extension of co-parent leave duration to 10 days (2012. Évi I. Törvény, 2023)  Legislation in 2024 Maternity leave (Magyar Államkincstár, 2024b) • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 0 • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 2 weeks • Voluntary leave duration before birth (maximum duration): 0 • Voluntary leave duration after birth (maximum duration): 22 weeks Co-parent leave (Magyar Államkincstár, 2024a) • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 10 days Job protected leave after birth • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 3 years • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 3 years Paid parental leave (Magyar Államkincstár, 2024c; OECD, 2022b) • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 2 weeks to be shared between parents and 44 days for each parent • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest flat rate): 0 52 • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest replacement rate): 2 weeks to be shared between parents and 44 days for each parent 53 3.11. Ireland  Legislation in 1970 Maternity leave (OECD, 2024) • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 0 • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 0 • Voluntary maternity leave duration before birth (maximum duration): 0 • Voluntary maternity leave duration after birth (maximum duration): 12 weeks Co-parent leave (OECD, 2024) • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 0 Job-protected leave after birth (OECD, 2024) • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 0 • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 0 Paid parental leave (OECD, 2024; Ryan, 2020) • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 0 • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest flat rate): Not applicable • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest replacement rate): Not applicable  Reforms 1981: Introduction of mandatory maternity leave – 4 weeks before and 4 weeks after birth; reduction of post-birth voluntary maternity leave duration to 10 weeks; introduction of a 14-week job-protected leave – for mothers only (Maternity Protection of Employees Act, 1981) 1998: Entitlement of co-parents to job-protected leave; extension of job-protected leave duration to 28 weeks for mothers and to 14 weeks for co-parents (Parental Leave Act, 1998) 54 2001: Extension of post-birth voluntary maternity leave duration to 18 weeks; extension of job-protected leave duration to 36 weeks for mothers (S.I. No. 29/2001, 2001) 2004: Change in maternity leave distribution – 2 mandatory weeks before birth, 4 mandatory weeks after birth and 20 voluntary weeks after birth; extension of job-protected leave duration to 38 weeks for mothers (Maternity Protection (Amendment) Act, 2004) 2006: Extension of post-birth voluntary maternity leave duration to 28 weeks; extension of job-protected leave duration to 46 weeks for mothers (S.I. No. 51/2006, 2006) 2007: Extension of post-birth voluntary maternity leave duraiton to 36 weeks; extension of job-protected leave duration to 54 weeks for mothers (S.I. No. 51/2006, 2006) 2013: Extension of job-protected leave duration to 58 weeks for mothers and to 18 weeks for co-parents (S.I. No. 81/2013, 2013) 2016: Introduction of a 2-week co-parent leave (Paternity Leave and Benefit Act, 2016) 2019: Introduction of a 2-week paid parental leave with a flat rate – for each parent (Parent’s Leave and Benefit Act, 2019); extension of job-protected leave duration to 64 weeks for mothers and to 26 weeks for co-parents (Parental Leave (Amendment) Act, 2019) 2020: Extension of job-protected leave duration to 68 weeks for mothers and to 30 weeks for co-parents (Parental Leave (Amendment) Act, 2019) 2021: Extension of paid parental leave duration to 5 weeks with a flat rate – for each parent; extension of job-protected leave duration to 71 weeks for mothers and 33 weeks for coparents (Family Leave and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 2021) 2022: Extension of paid parental leave duration to 7 weeks with a flat rate – for each parent; extension of job-protected leave duration to 73 weeks for mothers and to 35 weeks for coparents (S.I. No. 333/2022, 2022) 61 • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 30 days Job-protected leave after birth (Braziene & Vysniauskiene, 2024) • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 3 years • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 3 years Paid parental leave (Braziene & Vysniauskiene, 2024; Lietuvos Respublikos socialinės apsaugos ir darbo ministerija, 2024b) • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 18 months to be shared between parents and 2 months for each parent, 24 months in total • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest flat rate): Not applicable • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest replacement rate): 12 months to be shared between parents and 2 months for each parent, 18 months in total 62 3.14. The Netherlands  Legislation in 1970 Maternity leave (Begall & Grunow, 2015; OECD, 2024; Zaken, 2017) • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 0 • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 0 • Voluntary maternity leave duration before birth (maximum duration): 0 • Voluntary maternity leave duration after birth (maximum duration): 12 weeks Co-parent leave • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 0 Job-protected leave after birth • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 0 • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 0 Paid parental leave • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration) - Dimension 1: 0 • Paid parental leave duration (with highest monthly flat rate) - Dimension 2: Not applicable • Paid parental leave duration (with highest replacement rate) - Dimension 3: Not applicable  Reforms 1976: Introduction of a 12-week job-protected leave – for mothers only (OECD, 2024; Tot wijziging van het Burgerlijk Wetboek in verband met een ontslagverbod bij huwelijk, zwangerschap en bevalling, 1976) 1990: Introduction of a 4-week mandatory maternity leave before birth (Wet van 22 februari 1990 tot wijziging van de Ziektewet, 1990) 63 1991 Entitlement of co-parents to job-protected leave and extension of job-protected leave duration to 25 weeks for mothers and to 13 weeks for co-parents (Bruning & Plantenga, 1999) 2001: Introduction of a 2-day co-parent leave; extension of job-protected leave duration to 13 weeks and 2 days for co-parents (Wet arbeid en zorg, 2001) 2009: Extension of job-protected leave duration to 38 weeks for mothers and to 26 weeks and 2 days for co-parents (Wet arbeid en zorg, 2009; Begall & Grunow, 2015) 2010: Change in maternity leave distribution – 4 mandatory weeks before, 6 mandatory after and 6 voluntary after birth (Groenendijk & Keuzenkamp, 2010) 2019: Extension of co-parent leave duration to 1 week; extension of job-protected leave duration to 27 weeks for co-parents (Wet van 14 november 2018 tot wijziging van de Wet arbeid en zorg, 2018) 2020: Extension of partner leave duration to 6 weeks; extension of job-protected leave duration to 32 weeks for co-parents (Wet Invoering Extra Geboorteverlof, 2020) 2022: Introduction of a 9-week paid parental leave with a replacement rate – for each parent (Besluit van 26 april 2022, houdende wijziging van de percentages, bedoeld in artikel 6 van de Wet betaald ouderschapsverlof, 2022)  Legislation in 2024 Maternity leave (Rijksoverheid, 2024c) • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 4 weeks • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 6 weeks • Voluntary maternity leave duration before birth (maximum duration): 0 • Voluntary maternity leave duration after birth (maximum duration): 6 weeks Co-parent leave (Rijksoverheid, 2024a) • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 6 weeks 64 Job protected leave after birth • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 38 weeks • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 32 weeks Paid parental leave (Rijksoverheid, 2024b) • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 9 weeks for each parent • Paid parental leave duration (with highest monthly flat rate): Not applicable • Paid parental leave duration (with highest replacement rate): 9 weeks for each parent 65 3.15. Norway  Legislation in 1970 Maternity leave (Skevik and Hatland, 2008; Carneiro et al., 2015; Brandth & Kvande, 2020, Lillebø et al., 2024) • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 0 • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 12 weeks • Voluntary maternity leave duration before birth (maximum duration): 0 • Voluntary maternity leave duration after birth (maximum duration): 0 Co-parent leave (Brandth & Kvande, 2020) • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 0 Job-protected leave after birth (Ostner & Schmitt, 2008) • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 12 weeks • Job-protected leave duration (maximum duration): 0 Paid parental leave (Brandth & Kvande, 2020; Lillebø et al., 2024) • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 0 • Paid parental leave duration (with highest monthly flat rate): Not applicable • Paid parental leave duration (with highest replacement rate): Not applicable  Reforms 1977: Reduction of post-birth mandatory maternity leave to 6 weeks; introduction of a 12week paid parental leave with a replacement rate – can be shared between parents; entitlement of co-parents to job-protected leave and extension of job-protected leave duration to 1 year for mothers and co-parents (Lillebø et al., 2024) 1978: Introduction of a 2-week co-parent leave (Brandth & Kvande, 2020; Lillebø et al., 2024) 66 1987: Extension of paid parental leave duration to 14 weeks with a replacement rate – can be shared between parents; extension of job-protected leave duration to 1 year and 20 weeks for mothers and to 1 year and 16 weeks for co-parents (Brandth & Kvande, 2020; Corekcioglu et al., 2024) 1988: Extension of paid parental leave duration to 16 weeks with a replacement rate – can be shared between parents; extension of job-protected leave duration to 1 year and 22 weeks for mothers and to 1 year and 18 weeks for co-parents (Brandth & Kvande, 2020; Corekcioglu et al., 2024) 1989: Extension of paid parental leave duration to 24 weeks with a replacement rate – can be shared between parents; change in paid parental leave scheme – maximum duration of 24 weeks with a replacement rate that can be shared between parents or 18 weeks with the highest replacement rate that can be shared between parents; extension of job-protected leave duration to 1 year and 30 weeks for mothers and to 1 year and 26 weeks for co-parents (Brandth & Kvande, 2020; Corekcioglu et al., 2024) 1990: Extension of paid parental leave duration to 29 weeks with a replacement rate – can be shared between parents; change in paid parental leave scheme – maximum duration of 29 weeks with a replacement rate that can be shared between parents or 22 weeks with the highest replacement that can be shared between parents; extension of job-protected leave duration to 1 year and 35 weeks for mothers and 1 year and 31 weeks for co-parents (Brandth & Kvande, 2020; Corekcioglu et al., 2024) 1991: Introduction of a 2-week mandatory maternity leave before birth; extension of paid parental leave duration to 32 weeks with a replacement rate – can be shared between parents; change in paid parental leave scheme – maximum duration is 32 weeks with a replacement that can be shared between parents or 24 weeks with the highest replacement rate that can be shared between parents; extension of job-protected leave duration to 1 year and 38 weeks for mothers and to 1 year and 34 weeks for co-parents (Brandth & Kvande, 2020; Corekcioglu et al., 2024) 1992: Extension of paid parental leave duration to 36.4 weeks with a replacement rate – can be shared between parents; change in paid parental leave scheme – maximum duration of 36.4 weeks with a replacement rate that can be shared between parents or 27 weeks with 67 the highest replacement rate that can be shared between parents; extension of jobprotected leave duration to 1 year and 42 weeks for mothers and to 1 year and 38 weeks for co-parents (Corekcioglu et al., 2024) 1993: Extension of pre-birth mandatory maternity leave duration to 3 weeks; extension of co-parent leave duration to 6 weeks; extension of paid parental leave duration to 39 weeks with a replacement rate – can be shared between parents; change in paid parental leave scheme – maximum duration of 39 weeks with a replacement rate that can be shared between parents or 29 weeks with the highest replacement rate that can be shared between parents; extension of job-protected leave duration to 1 year and 45 weeks for mothers and for co-parents (Brandth & Kvande, 2020; Corekcioglu et al., 2024) 2005: Extension of co-parent leave duration to 7 weeks; extension of job-protected leave duration to 1 year and 46 weeks for co-parents (LOV-2005-06-17-66, 2005; Brandth & Kvande, 2020; Corekcioglu et al., 2024) 2006: Extension of co-parent leave duration to 8 weeks; extension of job-protected leave duration to 1 year and 47 weeks for co-parents (LOV-2006-06-16-21, 2006; Brandth & Kvande, 2020) 2009: Extension of co-parent leave duration to 12 weeks; reduction of paid parental leave duration to 37 weeks with a replacement rate – can be shared between parents; change in paid parental leave scheme – maximum duration of 37 weeks with a replacement rate that can be shared between parents or 27 weeks with the highest replacement rate that can be shared between parents; reduction in job-protected leave duration to 1 year for each parent and 43 weeks for mothers and extension of job-protected leave duration to 1 year and 49 weeks for co-parents (Brandth & Kvande, 2020) 2011: Extension of co-parent leave duration to 14 weeks; reduction of paid parental leave duration to 36 weeks with a replacement rate – can be shared between parents; change in paid parental leave scheme – maximum duration of 36 weeks with a replacement rate that can be shared between parents or 26 weeks with the highest replacement rate that can be shared between parents; reduction in job-protected leave duration to 1 year and 42 weeks and extension of job-protected leave duration to 1 year and 50 weeks for co-parents (Brandth & Kvande, 2020) 68 2013: Introduction of a 8-week voluntary maternity leave after birth (maternity quota); extension of co-parent leave duration to 16 weeks; reduction of paid parental leave duration to 28 weeks with a replacement rate – can be shared between parents; change in paid parental leave scheme – maximum duration of 28 weeks with a replacement rate that can be shared between parents or 18 weeks with the highest replacement rate that can be shared between parents; extension of job-protected leave duration to 1 year and 48 weeks for mothers and reduction of job-protected leave duration to 1 year and 44 weeks for coparents (LOV-2013-05-31-22, 2013; Brandth & Kvande, 2020) 2014: Reduction of co-parent leave duration to 12 weeks; reduction of post-birth voluntary maternity leave duration (maternity quota) to 4 weeks; extension of paid parental leave duration to 36 weeks with a replacement rate – can be shared between parents; change in paid parental leave scheme – maximum duration of 36 weeks with a replacement rate that can be shared between parents or 26 weeks with the highest replacement rate that can be shared between parents; extension of job-protected leave duration to 2 years for mothers and to 1 year and 48 weeks for co-parents (LOV-2014-06-06-20, 2014; Brandth & Kvande, 2020) 2018: Extension of post-birth voluntary maternity leave duration to 9 weeks (maternity quota); extension of co-parent leave duration to 17 weeks; reduction of paid parental leave duration to 28 weeks with a replacement rate – can be shared between parents; change in paid parental leave scheme – maximum duration of 28 weeks with a replacement rate that can be shared between parents or 18 weeks with the highest replacement rate that can be shared between parents; reduction of job-protected leave duration to 1 year and 49 weeks for mothers and to 1 year and 45 weeks for co-parents (LOV-2018-06-15-33, 2018; Brandth & Kvande, 2020) 2019: Extension of co-parent leave duration to 21 weeks; extension of post-birth voluntary maternity leave duration (maternity quota) to 13 weeks; reduction of paid parental leave duration to 18 weeks with a replacement rate – can be shared between parents; change in paid parental leave scheme – maximum duration of 18 weeks with a replacement rate that can be shared between parents or 16 weeks with the highest replacement rate that can be shared between parents; reduction of job-protected leave duration to 1 year and 43 weeks 69 for mothers and to 1 year and 39 weeks for co-parents (LOV-2018-12-07-90, 2018; Brandth & Kvande, 2020) 2022: Reduction of co-parent leave duration to 19 weeks; reduction of job-protected leave duration to 1 year and 37 weeks for co-parents (LOV-2022-03-18-11, 2022) 2024: Extension of paid parental leave duration to 20 weeks with a replacement rate – can be shared between parents; extension of job-protected leave duration to 1 year and 45 weeks for mothers and to 1 year and 39 weeks for co-parents (LOV-2024-05-14-21, 2024)  Legislation in 2024 Maternity leave (Arbeidsog velferdsetaten, 2024a, 2024b) • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 3 weeks • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 6 weeks • Voluntary maternity leave duration before birth (maximum duration): 0 • Voluntary maternity leave duration after birth (maximum duration): 13 weeks Co-parent leave (Arbeidsog velferdsetaten, 2024a) • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 19 weeks Job protected leave after birth • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 1 year and 45 weeks • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 1 year and 39 weeks Paid parental leave (Arbeidsog velferdsetaten, 2024a) • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 20 weeks that can be shared between parents • Paid parental leave duration (with highest monthly flat rate): Not applicable • Paid parental leave duration (with highest replacement rate): 16 weeks that can be shared between parents 70 3.16. Poland  Legislation in 1970 Maternity leave (Heinen, 2006; Inglot et al., 2022) • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 0 • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 12 weeks • Voluntary maternity leave duration before birth (maximum duration): 0 • Voluntary maternity leave duration after birth (maximum duration): 0 Co-parent leave • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 0 Job-protected leave after birth (Heinen, 2006; Inglot et al., 2022) • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 12 weeks • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 0 Paid parental leave • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 0 • Paid parental leave duration (with highest monthly flat rate): Not applicable • Paid parental leave duration (with highest replacement rate): Not applicable  Reforms 1972: Introduction of a 2-week mandatory maternity leave before birth; introduction of a 2-week voluntary maternity leave after birth; extension of job-protected leave duration to 14 weeks for mothers (Czarnecki, 1989; Ustawa z Dnia 6 Lipca 1972, 1972) 2000: Change in maternity leave distribution – 16 mandatory weeks after birth and 4 voluntary weeks after birth; extension of job-protected leave duration to 20 weeks for mothers (Ustawa z 19 listopada 1999 r. o zmianie ustawy Kodeks pracy, 1999; Kurowska, 2019; Ustawa z 25 czerwca 1999 r. o świadczeniach pieniężnych z ubezpieczenia społecznego w razie choroby i macierzyństwa, 1999) 77  Legislation in 2024 Maternity leave (Republika Slovenija, 2024) • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 15 days • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 0 • Voluntary maternity leave duration before birth (maximum duration): 13 days • Voluntary maternity leave duration after birth (maximum duration): 77 days Co-parent leave (Republika Slovenija, 2024) • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 15 days Job-protected leave after birth • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 337 days • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 275 days Paid parental leave (Republika Slovenija, 2024) • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 200 days to be shared between parents and 60 for each parent • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest flat rate): Not applicable Paid parental leave duration (with the highest replacement rate): 200 days to be shared between parents and 60 for each parent 78 3.19. Spain  Legislation in 1970 Maternity leave (OECD, 2024) • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 0 • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 6 weeks • Voluntary maternity leave duration before birth (maximum duration): 0 • Voluntary maternity leave duration after birth (maximum duration): 6 weeks Co-parent leave (OECD, 2024) • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 1 day Job-protected leave after birth • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 0 • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 0 Paid parental leave • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 0 • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest flat rate): Not applicable • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest replacement rate): Not applicable  Reforms 1976: Extension of post-birth mandatory maternity leave duration to 8 weeks; extension of co-parent leave duration to 2 days (BOE-A-1976-8373, 1976) 1980: Change in maternity leave distribution – 14 voluntary weeks after birth (BOE-A-19805683, 1980; Meil et al., 2019) 1989: Introduction of a 6-week mandatory maternity leave after birth; reduction of postbirth voluntary maternity leave duration to 10 weeks; introduction of a 1-year job- 79 protected leave to be shared between parents – extension of job-protected leave duration to 1 year for mothers and for co-parents (BOE-A-1989-5272, 1989) 1999: Extension of job-protected leave duration to 3 years for mothers and for co-parents (BOE-A-1999-21568, 1999) 2007: Extension of co-parent leave duration to 15 days (BOE-A-2007-6115, 2007) 2017: Extension of co-parent leave duration to 4 weeks (BOE-A-2015-11430, 2015) 2018: Extension of co-parent leave duration to 5 weeks (BOE-A-2015-11430, 2018) 2019: Extension of co-parent leave duration to 8 weeks (BOE-A-2019-3244, 2019; BOE-A2015-11430, 2019; Farré & González, 2019) 2020: Extension of co-parent leave duration to 12 weeks (BOE-A-2019-3244, 2019) 2021: Extension of co-parent leave duration to 16 weeks (BOE-A-2019-3244, 2019)  Legislation in 2024 Maternity leave (Seguridad Social, 2024) • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 0 • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 6 weeks • Voluntary maternity leave duration before birth (maximum duration): 0 • Voluntary maternity leave duration after birth (maximum duration): 10 weeks Co-parent leave (Seguridad Social, 2024) • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 16 weeks Job-protected leave after birth (Meil et al., 2024) • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 3 years • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 3 years 80 Paid parental leave (Meil et al., 2024) • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 0 • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest flat rate): Not applicable • Paid parental leave duration (with the highest replacement rate): Not applicable 81 3.20. Sweden  Legislation in 1970 Maternity leave (Haas, 1992) • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 0 • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 0 • Voluntary maternity leave duration before birth (maximum duration): 6 weeks • Voluntary maternity leave duration after birth (maximum duration): 0 Co-parent leave • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 0 Job-protected leave after birth (Haas, 1992) • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 180 days • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 0 Paid parental leave (Haas, 1992) • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 180 days – for mothers only • Paid parental leave duration (with highest monthly flat rate): Not applicable • Paid parental leave duration (with highest replacement rate): 180 days – for mothers only  Reforms 1974: Entitlement of co-parents to paid parental leave – 180 days with a replacement rate to be used by either parent; extension of job-protected leave duration to 180 days for coparents (SFS 1973:473, 1973; Försäkringskassan, 2024) 1975: Extension of paid parental leave duration to 210 days with a replacement rate – to be used by either parent; extension of job-protected leave duration to 210 days for mothers and for co-parents (Försäkringskassan, 2024) 82 1978: Extension of paid parental leave duration to 240 days with a replacement rate – to be used by either parent; introduction of 30 days of paid parental leave with a flat rate; extension of job-protected leave duration to 270 days for mothers and for co-parents (Försäkringskassan, 2024) 1979: Extension of job-protected leave duration to 1.5 years for mothers and for co-parents (Lag Om Rätt till Ledighet För Vård Av Barn, 1978) 1980: Introduction of a 10-day co-parent leave (Ellingsæter & Leira, 2006); extension of paid parental leave duration to 360 days – 90 days with a flat rate and 270 days with a replacement rate to be used by either parent (Försäkringskassan, 2024b) 1986: Extension of paid parental leave duration to 360 days – 90 days with a flat rate and 270 days with a replacement rate to be used by either parent (Försäkringskassan, 2024) 1989: Extension of paid parental leave duration to 450 days – 90 days with a flat rate and 360 days with a replacement rate to be used by either parent (Försäkringskassan, 2024) 1994: Repeal of the 90 days of paid parental leave with a flat rate (Försäkringskassan, 2024) 1995: Increase of pre-birth voluntary maternity leave duration to 7 weeks and post-birth voluntary maternity leave duration to 7 weeks; introduction of a 2-week mandatory maternity after birth; change in paid parental leave scheme and increase in paid parental leave duration to 420 days – 390 days to be used by either parent, including 90 days with a flat rate and 300 days with a replacement rate, and 30 days for each parent with a replacement rate (Föräldraledighetslag, 1995; Försäkringskassan, 2024) 2002: Change in paid parental leave scheme – 360 days to be used by either parent and 60 days for each parent (Försäkringskassan, 2024) 2016: Change in paid parental leave scheme and reduction in paid parental leave duration to 390 days – 300 days to be used by either parent, including 90 days with a flat rate and 210 days with a replacement rate, and 90 days for each parent with a replacement rate (Försäkringskassan, 2024) 83  Legislation in 2024 Maternity leave • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 0 weeks • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 2 weeks • Voluntary maternity leave duration before birth (maximum duration): 7 weeks • Voluntary maternity leave duration after birth (maximum duration): 5 weeks Co-parent leave (Försäkringskassan, 2024a) • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 10 days Job-protected leave after birth • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 1.5 years • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 1.5 years Paid parental leave (Försäkringskassan, 2024c) • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 300 days to be used by either parent and 90 for each parent • Paid parental leave duration (with highest monthly flat rate): 90 days to be used by either parent • Paid parental leave duration (with highest replacement rate): 390 days, of which 210 days to be used by either parent, and 90 for each parent 84 3.21. United Kingdom  Legislation in 1970 Maternity leave (Sargeant & Lewis, 2018) • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 0 • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 0 • Voluntary maternity leave duration before birth (maximum duration): 0 • Voluntary maternity leave duration after birth (maximum duration): 18 weeks Co-parent leave • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 0 Job-protected leave after birth • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 0 • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 0 Paid parental leave • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 0 • Paid parental leave duration (with highest monthly flat rate): Not applicable • Paid parental leave duration (with highest replacement rate): Not applicable  Reforms 1976: Change in maternity leave distribution – 6 voluntary weeks before birth; introduction of a 29-week job-protected leave – for mothers only (Employment Protection Act, 1975) 1986: Introduction of a 12-week voluntary maternity leave after birth (Social Security Act, 1986) 1994: Introduction of a 2-week mandatory maternity leave after birth (The Maternity (Compulsory Leave) Regulations, 1994); change in maternity leave distribution – 18 weeks 85 after birth, 2 mandatory and 16 voluntary weeks (The Maternity Allowance and Statutory Maternity Pay Regulations, 1994) 1999: Extension of post-birth voluntary maternity leave duration to 27 weeks; extension of job-protected leave duration to 42 weeks for mothers and to 13 weeks for co-parents (The Maternity and Parental Leave Etc. Regulations, 1999) 2003: Introduction of a 2-week co-parent leave (The Paternity and Adoption Leave Regulations, 2002); extension of post-birth voluntary maternity leave duration to 50 weeks; extension of job-protected leave duration to 65 weeks for mothers and to 15 weeks for coparents (The Maternity and Parental Leave (Amendment) Regulations, 2002; The Social Security, Statutory Maternity Pay and Statutory Sick Pay (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations, 2002) 2013: Extension of job-protected leave duration to 70 weeks for mothers and to 20 weeks for co-parents (The Parental Leave (EU Directive) Regulations, 2013) 2015:; Replacement of the 50 weeks of post-birth voluntary maternity leave by paid parental leave for mothers only – 33 weeks with a flat rate and 4 weeks with a replacement rate; extension of job-protected leave duration to 70 weeks for co-parents (The Shared Parental Leave Regulations, 2014)  Legislation in 2024 Maternity leave (Gov.uk, 2024a) • Mandatory leave duration before birth: 0 • Mandatory leave duration after birth: 2 weeks • Voluntary maternity leave duration before birth (maximum duration): 0 • Voluntary maternity leave duration after birth (maximum duration): 0 Co-parent leave (Gov.uk, 2024b) • Co-parent leave duration (maximum duration): 2 weeks Job-protected leave after birth 86 • Job-protected leave duration for mothers (maximum duration): 70 weeks • Job-protected leave duration for co-parents (maximum duration): 70 weeks Paid parental leave (Gov.uk, 2024c) • Paid parental leave duration (maximum duration): 37 weeks for mothers only • Paid parental leave duration (with highest monthly flat rate): 33 weeks for mothers only • Paid parental leave duration (with highest replacement rate): 4 weeks for mothers only 93 https://www.leavenetwork.org/fileadmin/user_upload/k_leavenetwork/annual_reviews/2010_annua l_review.pdf Kurowska, A. (2019). Poland: Leave policy and the process and goals of a major reform. In P. Moss, A.-Z. Duvander, & A. Koslowski (Eds.), Parental Leave and Beyond (pp. 39–56). Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.51952/9781447338796.ch003 Kurowska, A., Godlewska-Bujok, B., & Michoń, P. (2024). Poland country note. In Dobrotić, I., Blum, S., Kaufman, G., Koslowski, A., Moss, P. and Valentova, M. (eds.) International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2024. https://www.leavenetwork.org/fileadmin/user_upload/k_leavenetwork/annual_reviews/2024/Poland .pdf Lag Om Ändring i Lagen (1962:381) Om Allmän Försäkring (1973). https://www.lagboken.se/Lagboken/start/arbetsratt-och-arbetsmiljoratt/lag-19911047-omsjuklon//d_2577511-sfs-1973_473 Lag Om Rätt till Ledighet För Vård Av Barn (1978). https://beta.rkrattsbaser.gov.se/sfs/item?bet=1978%3A410&tab=forfattningstext Laki Sairausvakuutuslain 23 §:N Muuttamisesta 981/1986 (1986). https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/1986/19860981 Laki Sairausvakuutuslain Muuttamisesta 28/2022 (2022). https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2022/20220028 Laki Sairausvakuutuslain Muuttamisesta 32/1985 (1985). https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/1985/19850032 Laki Sairausvakuutuslain Muuttamisesta 471/1981 (1981). https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/1981/19810471#Pidm46111191592064 Laki Sairausvakuutuslain Muuttamisesta 903/2012 (2012). https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2012/20120903 Laki Sairausvakuutuslain Muuttamisesta 1086/1977 (1977). https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/1977/19771086 Laki Sairausvakuutuslain Muuttamisesta 1324/1990 (1990). https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/1990/19901324 Laki Sairausvakuutuslain Muuttamisesta 1653/1992 (1992). https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/1992/19921653#Pidm46111192003760 LBK nr 63 af 21/02/1984 / Bekendtgørelse Af Lov Om Barselsorlov (1984). https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/1984/63 LBK nr 711 af 20/08/2002 / Bekendtgørelse Af Lov Om Ligebehandling Af Mænd Og Kvinder Med Hensyn Til Beskæftigelse Og Barselorlov m.v. (2002). https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2002/711 LBK nr 184 af 27/02/2024 / Bekendtgørelse Af Lov Om Ret Til Orlov Og Dagpenge Ved Barsel, Barselsloven (2024). https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2024/184 Legge 8 Marzo 2000, n. 53 (2000). https://www.normattiva.it/atto/caricaDettaglioAtto?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=2000-0313&atto.codiceRedazionale=000G0092&tipoDettaglio=originario&qId= Legge 11 Dicembre 2016, n. 232 (2016). https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:2016-1211;232@originale Legge 26 Agosto 1950, n. 860 (1950). www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/1950/11/03/050U0860/sg Legge 27 Dicembre 2019, n. 160 (2019). https://www.normattiva.it/atto/caricaDettaglioAtto?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=2019-1230&atto.codiceRedazionale=19G00165&tipoDettaglio=originario&qId= Legge 28 Dicembre 2015 , n. 208 (2015). https://www.normattiva.it/esporta/attoCompleto?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=2015-1230&atto.codiceRedazionale=15G00222 Legge 28 Giugno 2012, n. 92 (2012). https://www.normattiva.it/atto/caricaDettaglioAtto?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=2012-0703&atto.codiceRedazionale=012G0115&tipoDettaglio=originario&qId= Legge 30 Dicembre 1971, n. 1204 (1971). https://www.normattiva.it/atto/caricaDettaglioAtto?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=1972-0118&atto.codiceRedazionale=071U1204&tipoDettaglio=originario&qId=434a6538-e307-41d6-951ca68e2fc7b892 94 Legge 30 Dicembre 2018, n. 145 (2018). https://www.normattiva.it/atto/caricaDettaglioAtto?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=2018-1231&atto.codiceRedazionale=18G00172&tipoDettaglio=originario&qId= Legge 30 Dicembre 2020, n. 178 (2020). https://www.normattiva.it/atto/caricaDettaglioAtto?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=2020-1230&atto.codiceRedazionale=20G00202&tipoDettaglio=originario&qId= Ley 3/1989, de 3 de Marzo, Por La Que Se Amplía a Dieciséis Semanas El Permiso Por Maternidad y Se Establecen Medidas Para Favorecer La Igualdad de Trato de La Mujer En El Trabajo (1989). https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1989-5272&b=2&tn=1&p=19890308#ap Ley 8/1980, de 10 de Marzo, Del Estatuto de Los Trabajadores (1980). https://www.boe.es/eli/es/l/1980/03/10/8 Ley 16/1976, de 8 de Abril, de Relaciones Laborales (1976). https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-19768373 Ley 39/1999, de 5 de Noviembre, Para Promover La Conciliación de La Vida Familiar y Laboral de Las Personas Trabajadoras (1999). https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1999-21568 Ley Orgánica 3/2007, de 22 de Marzo, Para La Igualdad Efectiva de Mujeres y Hombres (2007). https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2007-6115 Lietuvos Respublikos Darbo Kodekso 1, 2, 25, 26, 30, 36, 40, 44, 46, 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 59, 72-1, 75, 79, 107, 113, 117, 126, 133, 134, 137, 138, 169, 171 Straipsnių Ir Priedo Pakeitimo Įstatymas (2022). https://www.etar.lt/portal/lt/legalAct/f253c38000e511ed8fa7d02a65c371ad Lietuvos Respublikos Darbo Kodekso 170 Ir 178 Straipsnių Pakeitimo Ir Kodekso Papildymo 179 Straipsniu Įstatymas (2006). https://www.e-tar.lt/portal/en/legalAct/TAR.28D33022D8FF Lietuvos Respublikos socialinės apsaugos ir darbo ministerija. (2024a). Motinystės išmoka. https://socmin.lrv.lt/lt/veiklos-sritys/socialinis-draudimas/socialinio-draudimo-ismokos/ligosmotinystes-tevystes-vaiko-prieziuros-profesines-reabilitacijos-socialinio-draudimo-ismokos-beisavanoriskas-ligos-draudimas/motinystes-ismoka/ Lietuvos Respublikos socialinės apsaugos ir darbo ministerija. (2024b). Vaiko priežiūros išmoka. https://socmin.lrv.lt/lt/veiklos-sritys/socialinis-draudimas/socialinio-draudimo-ismokos/ligosmotinystes-tevystes-vaiko-prieziuros-profesines-reabilitacijos-socialinio-draudimo-ismokos-beisavanoriskas-ligos-draudimas/vaiko-prieziuros-ismoka/ Lietuvos Tarybų Socialistnės Respublikos Darbo Įstatymų Kodeksas (1972). https://www.etar.lt/portal/lt/legalAct/TAR.30F1FD3C8FF0 Lillebø, O. S., Markussen, S., Røed, K., & Zhao, Y. (2024). Not a Flying Start after All? A Comment. Journal of Political Economy, 132(12), 4205–4212. https://doi.org/10.1086/732218 Loi Du 29 Décembre 1990 Portant Des Dispositions Sociales, § F.91-57 (1990). Loi N° 2001-1246 Du 21 Décembre 2001 de Financement de La Sécurité Sociale Pour 2002 (2001). https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000396224 Loi N°77-766 Du 12 Juillet 1977 Congé Parental d’éducation, Congé Post-Natal (1977). https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000704672 Loi N°78-730 Du 12 Juillet 1978 Portant Diverses Mesures En Faveur de La Maternité (1978). https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000339238 Loi N°84-9 Du 4 Janvier 1984 Portant Modification Du Code Du Travail et Relatif Au Congé Parental d’éducation et Au Travail à Mi-Temps Des Parents d’un Jeune Enfant (1984). https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000320889 LOV-2005-06-17-66 (2005). Lov om endringer i folketrygdloven og kontantstøtteloven (utvidelse av fedrekvoten, utvidet rett til kontantstøtte for adopterte barn). https://lovdata.no/dokument/LTI/lov/2005-06-17-66 LOV-2006-06-16-21 (2006). Lov om endringer i folketrygdloven (utvidelse av fedrekvoten). https://lovdata.no/dokument/LTI/lov/2006-06-16-21 LOV-2013-05-31-22 (2013). Lov om endringar i folketrygdlova (utviding av stønadsperioden for foreldrepengar mv.). https://lovdata.no/dokument/LTI/lov/2013-05-31-22 LOV-2014-06-06-20 (2014). Lov om endringer i folketrygdloven (reduksjon av mødrekvoten og fedrekvoten). https://lovdata.no/dokument/LTI/lov/2014-06-06-20 95 LOV-2018-12-07-90 (2018). Lov om endringar i folketrygdloven (tredeling av foreldrepengeperioden ved 80 prosent uttak). https://lovdata.no/dokument/LTI/lov/2018-12-07-90 LOV-2018-06-15-33 (2018). Lov om endringer i folketrygdloven og kontantstøtteloven (innfasing av tredeling av foreldrepenger mv.). https://lovdata.no/dokument/LTI/lov/2018-06-15-33 LOV-2022-03-18-11 (2022). Lov om endringer i folketrygdloven mv. (styrking av fedres rett til foreldrepenger mv.). https://lovdata.no/dokument/LTI/lov/2022-03-18-11 LOV-2024-05-14-21 (2024). Lov om endringer i kontantstøtteloven og folketrygdloven (justering av kontantstøtteperioden og forlengelse av foreldrepengeperioden ved 80 prosent dekning). https://lovdata.no/dokument/LTI/lov/2024-05-14-21 Magyar Államkincstár. (2024a). A gyermek születése esetén az apát megillető pótszabadság. https://www.allamkincstar.gov.hu/csaladok-tamogatasa/gyermekvallalas-tamogatasa/a-gyermekszuletese-eseten-az-apat-megilleto-potszabadsag Magyar Államkincstár. (2024b). Csecsemőgondozási díj. https://www.allamkincstar.gov.hu/csaladoktamogatasa/gyermekvallalas-tamogatasa/csecsemogondozasi-dij-csedMagyar Államkincstár. (2024c). Gyermekgondozási díj. https://www.allamkincstar.gov.hu/csaladoktamogatasa/Csalad_gyermek/gyermekgondozasi-dij-gyed Marcinkevičienė, D. (2008). Teisiniai socialinės paramos šeimai pagrindai sovietinėje Lietuvoje 1945–1970 m. Istorija. Lietuvos aukštųjų mokyklų mokslo darbai, 72(4), 53–61. Marynissen, L., Wood, J., & Neels, K. (2021). Mothers and Parental Leave in Belgium: Social Inequalities in Eligibility and Uptake. Social Inclusion, 9(2), 325–337. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v9i2.3834 Maternity Protection Act 1994 (Extension of Periods of Leave) Order 2001 (2001). https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2001/si/29/made/en/print?q=maternity Maternity Protection Act 1994 (Extension of Periods of Leave) Order 2006 (2006). https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2006/si/51/made/en/print?q=maternity Maternity Protection (Amendment) Act (2004). https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2004/act/28/enacted/en/print Maternity Protection of Employees Act (1981). https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1981/act/2/enacted/en/print#partii Meil, G., Escobedo, A., & Lapuerta, I. (2024). Spain country note. In Dobrotić, I., Blum, S., Kaufman, G., Koslowski, A., Moss, P. and Valentova, M. (eds.) International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2024. https://www.leavenetwork.org/fileadmin/user_upload/k_leavenetwork/annual_reviews/2024/LP_R_ 2024_l.pdf Meil, G., Romero-Balsas, P., & Rogero-García, J. (2019). Spain: Leave policy in times of economic crisis. In P. Moss, A.-Z. Duvander, & A. Koslowski (Eds.), Parental Leave and Beyond (1st ed., pp. 21–38). Bristol University Press. https://doi.org/10.46692/9781447338796.002 Miettinen, A., Närvi, J., & Lammi-Taskula, J. (2024). Finland country note. In In Dobrotić, I., Blum, S., Kaufman, G., Koslowski, A., Moss, P. and Valentova, M. (eds.) International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2024. https://www.leavenetwork.org/fileadmin/user_upload/k_leavenetwork/annual_reviews/2024/LP_R_ 2024_12.pdf Ministerstwo Rodziny, Pracy i Polityki Społecznej. (2023). Urlop macierzyński. https://www.gov.pl/web/rodzina/urlop-macierzynski Ministerstwo Rodziny, Pracy i Polityki Społecznej. (2024). Urlop ojcowski. https://www.gov.pl/web/rodzina/urlop-ojcowski Mortelmans, D., & Fusulier, B. (2024). Belgium country note. In Dobrotić, I., Blum, S., Kaufman, G., Koslowski, A., Moss, P. and Valentova, M. (eds.) International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2024. https://www.leavenetwork.org/fileadmin/user_upload/k_leavenetwork/annual_reviews/2024/LP_R_ 2024_12.pdf Nandi, A., Atabay, E., & Vincent, I. (2019a). PROSPERED Dataset: Parental leave (Version 5.2, pp. 427481, 196177, 152227, 168721, 129140, 154234, 170696) [Text/tab-separated-values,application/pdf,text/tab-separated- 96 values,text/tab-separated-values,application/pdf,text/tab-separated-values,text/tab-separatedvalues]. Harvard Dataverse. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/0V85E9 Nandi, A., Atabay, E., & Vincent, I. (2019b). PROSPERED Dataset: Paternity Leave (Version 5.2, pp. 321867, 191522, 98400, 112878, 118566, 100514, 115026) [Text/tab-separated-values,application/pdf,text/tab-separatedvalues,text/tab-separated-values,application/pdf,text/tab-separated-values,text/tab-separatedvalues]. Harvard Dataverse. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/DB11YD Nandi, A., Vincent, I., & Atabay, E. (2018). PROSPERED Dataset: Maternity leave policy (Version 5.3, pp. 28493, 293777, 142676, 180754, 138177, 144819, 182897) [Text/tab-separated-values,text/tab-separatedvalues,text/tab-separated-values,text/tab-separated-values,application/pdf,text/tab-separatedvalues,text/tab-separated-values]. Harvard Dataverse. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/SCZU92 Neufassung Des Bundeserziehungsgeldgesetzes, 68 (1992). http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl192s0068.pdf Neufassung Des Mutterschutzgesetzes (1968). http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl168s0315.pdf Nr. I-623 (1994). https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/TAIS.5983?jfwid=17s1b2b2bz Nr. X-1338 (2007). https://www.e-tar.lt/portal/en/legalAct/TAR.543FFF7E3A7D NSV Liidu Ja Liiduvabariikide Tööseadusandluse Alused (1970). Obwieszczenie Marszałka Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z Dnia 16 Czerwca 2023 r. w Sprawie Ogłoszenia Jednolitego Tekstu Ustawy – Kodeks Pracy (2023). https://dziennikustaw.gov.pl/DU/rok/2023/pozycja/1465 OECD. (2022a). Detail of change in parental leave by country. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/data/datasets/familydatabase/pf2_5_trends_in_leave_entitlements_around_childbirth_annex.pdf OECD. (2022b). Reducing the Gender Employment Gap in Hungary. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/fe5bc945-en OECD. (2024). OECD Family Database. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/oecd-family-database.html Oesterreich.gv.at. (2024a). Beschäftigungsverbote nach Entbindung. oesterreich.gv.at - Österreichs digitales Amt. https://www.oesterreich.gv.at/themen/arbeit_beruf_und_pension/Karenz-undMutterschutz/3/Seite.0803401.html Oesterreich.gv.at. (2024b). Beschäftigungsverbote vor Entbindung. oesterreich.gv.at - Österreichs digitales Amt. https://www.oesterreich.gv.at/themen/arbeit_beruf_und_pension/Karenz-undMutterschutz/3/Seite.0803405.html Orosz A. (2024). Amikor az apa megy GYES-re – Az apasági szabadság igénybevételének szabályozása és hatása. Gyermeknevelés Tudományos Folyóirat, 12(3), 244–256. https://doi.org/10.31074/gyntf.2024.3.244.256 Ostner, I., & Schmitt, C. (2008). Family policies in the context of family change: The Nordic countries in comparative perspective. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. Padaryti Pakeitimus Ir Papildymus Lietuvos Respublikos Darbo Įstatymų Kodekse (1990). https://www.etar.lt/portal/lt/legalAct/TAR.713976CB9BD6 Pall, K. (2022). Estonia country note. In Koslowski, A., Blum, S., Dobrotić, I., Kaufman, G., and Moss, P. (eds.) International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2022. https://www.leavenetwork.org/fileadmin/user_upload/k_leavenetwork/annual_reviews/2022/Koslo wski_et_al_Leave_Policies_2022.pdf Pall, K. (2024). Estonia country note. In Dobrotić, I., Blum, S., Kaufman, G., Koslowski, A., Moss, P. and Valentova, M. (eds.) International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2024. https://www.leavenetwork.org/fileadmin/user_upload/k_leavenetwork/annual_reviews/2024/LP_R_ 2024_12.pdf Parental Leave Act (1998). https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1998/act/30/enacted/en/print#sec6 Parental Leave (Amendment) Act (2019). https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2019/act/11/enacted/en/print Parent’s Leave and Benefit Act (2019). https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2019/act/35/enacted/en/print Parent’s Leave and Benefit Act 2019 (Extension of Periods of Leave) Order 2022 (2022). https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2022/si/333/made/en/print?q=parent%27s+leave 97 Parent’s Leave and Benefit Act 2019 (Extension of Periods of Leave) Order 2024 (2024). https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2024/si/300/made/en/print?q=parent%27s+leave Paternity Leave and Benefit Act (2016). https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2016/act/11/enacted/en/print#sec6 Perehüvitiste Seadus–Riigi Teataja (2022). https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/107062022003 Périvier, H., & Verdugo, G. (2024). Where Are the Fathers? Effects of Earmarking Parental Leave for Fathers in France. ILR Review, 77(1), 88–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/00197939231201570 Programmawet (2004). https://etaamb.openjustice.be/nl/programmawet-van-09-juli-2004_n2004021091 Programmawet (2020). https://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/article.pl?language=nl&lg_txt=n&type=&sort=&numac_sear ch=&cn_search=2020122009&caller=SUM&&view_numac=2020122009f Puhkuseseadus–Riigi Teataja (2001). https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/27008 Rasmussen, A. W. (2010). Increasing the length of parents’ birth-related leave: The effect on children’s longterm educational outcomes. Labour Economics, 17(1), 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2009.07.007 Real Decreto Legislativo 2/2015, de 23 de Octubre, Por El Que Se Aprueba El Texto Refundido de La Ley Del Estatuto de Los Trabajadores (2015). https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-201511430&b=71&tn=1&p=20151024#a48 Real Decreto Legislativo 2/2015, de 23 de Octubre, Por El Que Se Aprueba El Texto Refundido de La Ley Del Estatuto de Los Trabajadores (2018). https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-201511430&b=71&tn=1&p=20180704#a48 Real Decreto Legislativo 2/2015, de 23 de Octubre, Por El Que Se Aprueba El Texto Refundido de La Ley Del Estatuto de Los Trabajadores (2019). https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-201511430&b=71&tn=1&p=20190307#a48 Reimer, T., Blum, S., Schober, P., Son, K., & Stertz, A. M. (2024). Germany country note. In Dobrotić, I., Blum, S., Kaufman, G., Koslowski, A., Moss, P., and Valentova, M. (eds.) International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2024. https://www.leavenetwork.org/fileadmin/user_upload/k_leavenetwork/annual_reviews/2024/LP_R_ 2024_l.pdf Republika Slovenija. (2024). Pravice ob rojstvu otroka. Portal GOV.SI. https://www.gov.si/teme/pravice-obrojstvu-otroka/ Riiklike Peretoetuste Seaduse, Sotsiaalhoolekande Seaduse, Puuetega Inimeste Sotsiaaltoetuste Seaduse Ja Vanemahüvitise Seaduse Muutmise Seadus–Riigi Teataja (2006). https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/12758732 Rijksoverheid. (2024a). Geboorteverlof (partnerverlof). https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/geboorteverlof-en-partnerverlof Rijksoverheid. (2024b). Ouderschapsverlof. https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/ouderschapsverlof Rijksoverheid. (2024c). Zwangerschapsverlof en bevallingsverlof. https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/zwangerschapsverlof-en-bevallingsverlof Rille-Pfeiffer. (2008). Austrian country note. In In Deven F. and Moss P. (eds.) International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2008. https://www.leavenetwork.org/fileadmin/user_upload/k_leavenetwork/annual_reviews/2008_annua l_report.pdf Rønsen, M., & Sundström, M. (2002). Family policy and after-birth employment among new mothers–A comparison of Finland, Norway and Sweden. European Journal of Population/ Revue Europenne de Démographie, 18(2), 121–152. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015532305179 Ryan, C. (2020). Focused Policy Assessment: Paid Parent’s Leave Scheme. Säädöskokoelma 357/1998 (1998). https://www.finlex.fi/fi/lainsaadanto/saadoskokoelma/1998/357 Sairausvakuutuslaki 364/1963 (1963). https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/1963/19630364 Sargeant, M., & Lewis, D. (2018). Employment Law: Eighth Edition (8th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315203263 98 Seguridad Social. (2024). Nacimiento y cuidado de menor. https://www.segsocial.es/wps/portal/wss/internet/Trabajadores/PrestacionesPensionesTrabajadores/6b96a085-4dc047af-b2cb-97e00716791e/enlaceaduracion#EnlaceADuracion Senatsverwaltung für Bildung, Jugend und Familie. (2024). Elterngeld und Elternzeit. https://www.berlin.de/sen/jugend/familie-und-kinder/finanzielle-leistungen/elterngeld-undelternzeit/ Service Public. (2024a). Congé de maternité d’une salariée du secteur privé. https://www.servicepublic.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F2265 Service Public. (2024b). Congé de paternité et d’accueil de l’enfant d’un salarié du secteur privé. https://www.servicepublic.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F3156 Service Public. (2024c). Congé parental d’éducation à temps plein pour un salarié du secteur privé. https://www.servicepublic.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F2280/personnalisation/resultat Service Public. (2024d). Prestation partagée d’éducation de l’enfant (PreParE). https://www.servicepublic.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F32485/personnalisation/resultat Skevik, Anne, and Aksel Hatland. "Family policies in Norway." Family policies in the context of family change: The Nordic countries in comparative perspective. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2008. 89-107. Social Security Act (1986). https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1986/50/enacted Sociálna poisťovňa. (2024a). Ďalšie informácie – materské. http://socpoist.sk/socialne-poistenie/nemocenskepoistenie/materske/dalsie-informacie-materske Sociálna poisťovňa. (2024b). Otcovské. http://www.socpoist.sk/zivotne-situacie/tehotenstvo-materstvo/otcovske Sotsiaalkindlustusamet. (2024a). Ema vanemahüvitis ja emapuhkus. https://sotsiaalkindlustusamet.ee/perehuvitised-ja-muud-toetused/perehuvitiste-ulevaade/emavanemahuvitis-ja-emapuhkus Sotsiaalkindlustusamet. (2024b). Isa vanemahüvitis ja isapuhkus. https://sotsiaalkindlustusamet.ee/perehuvitised-ja-muud-toetused/perehuvitiste-ulevaade/isavanemahuvitis-ja-isapuhkus Sotsiaalkindlustusamet. (2024c). Jagatav vanemahüvitis ja vanemapuhkus. https://sotsiaalkindlustusamet.ee/perehuvitised-ja-muud-toetused/perehuvitiste-ulevaade/jagatavvanemahuvitis-ja-vanemapuhkus Stankūnienė, V., Maslauskaitė, A., & Baublytė, M. (2013). Ar Lietuvos šeimos bus gausesnės? Lietuvos socialinių tyrimų centras. Stropnik, N. (2016). Slovenia country note. In In: Koslowski A., Blum S. and Moss P. (eds.) International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2016. The Maternity Allowance and Statutory Maternity Pay Regulations (1994). https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1994/1230/made The Maternity and Parental Leave (Amendment) Regulations (2002). https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2002/2789/made The Maternity and Parental Leave Etc. Regulations (1999). https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1999/3312 The Maternity (Compulsory Leave) Regulations (1994). https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1994/2479/made The Parental Leave (EU Directive) Regulations (2013). https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/283/made The Paternity and Adoption Leave Regulations (2002). https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2002/2788/contents The Shared Parental Leave Regulations (2014). https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2014/3050/made The Social Security, Statutory Maternity Pay and Statutory Sick Pay (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations (2002). https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2002/2690/made Töölepingu Seadus (2020). https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/102052024028 Töölepingu Seadus–Riigi Teataja (2024). https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/102052024028 Tot wijziging van het Burgerlijk Wetboek in verband met een ontslagverbod bij huwelijk, zwangerschap en bevalling (1976). https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stb-1976-388 Työja elinkeinoministeriö Arbetsoch näringsministeriet. (2024). Raskausvapaa, vanhempainvapaa ja hoitovapaa. https://tem.fi/hoitovapaa 99 Ustawa z 19 Listopada 1999 r. o Zmianie Ustawy Kodeks Pracy (1999). https://dziennikustaw.gov.pl/DU/1999/s/99/1151 Ustawa z 25 Czerwca 1999 r. o Świadczeniach Pieniężnych z Ubezpieczenia Społecznego w Razie Choroby i Macierzyństwa (1999). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=wdu19990600636 Ustawa z Dnia 6 Grudnia 2008 r. o Zmianie Ustawy - Kodeks Pracy Oraz Niektórych Innych Ustaw, 237 § 1654 (2008). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20082371654 Ustawa z Dnia 6 Grudnia 2008 r. o Zmianie Ustawy - Kodeks Pracy Oraz Niektórych Innych Ustaw (2008). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20082371654 Ustawa z Dnia 6 Lipca 1972 (1972). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU19720270190/O/D19720190.pdf Ustawa z Dnia 16 Listopada 2006 r. o Zmianie Ustawy - Kodeks Pracy Oraz Ustawy o Świadczeniach Pieniężnych z Ubezpieczenia Społecznego w Razie Choroby i Macierzyństwa (2006). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20062211615 Ustawa z Dnia 21 Grudnia 2001 o Zmianie Ustawy Kodeks Pracy (2001). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20011541805/T/D20011805L.pdf Ustawa z Dnia 24 Lipca 2015 r. o Zmianie Ustawy - Kodeks Pracy Oraz Niektórych Innych Ustaw, Kodeks Pracy § 1268 (2015). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20150001268 Ustawa z Dnia 25 Kwietnia 2001 o Zmianie Ustawy – Kodeks Pracy (2001). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20010520538/T/D20010538L.pdf Ustawa z Dnia 26 Czerwca 1974 (1974). https://dziennikustaw.gov.pl/DU/1974/s/24/141 Ustawa z Dnia 28 Maja 2013 r. o Zmianie Ustawy – Kodeks Pracy Oraz Niektórych Innych Ustaw (2013). https://www.dziennikustaw.gov.pl/DU/rok/2013/pozycja/675 Vanemahüvitise Seaduse Muutmise Seadus–Riigi Teataja (2007). https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/12846063 Vanemahüvitise Seadus–Riigi Teataja (2003). https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/688483 Wet arbeid en zorg (2009). https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0013008/2024-0101/0?VergelijkMet=BWBR0013008%3fg%3d2009-01-01%26v%3d0#Hoofdstuk6_Paragraaf1_Subparagraaf_2_Artikel6:2 Wet houdende sociale bepalingen (1999). https://etaamb.openjustice.be/nl/wet-van-25-januari1999_n1999021025 Wet Invoering Extra Geboorteverlof (2020). https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0041646/2020-07-01 Wet van 14 november 2018 tot wijziging van de Wet arbeid en zorg en enige andere wetten in verband met het geboorteverlof en het aanvullend geboorteverlof teneinde bij te dragen aan de ontwikkeling van de band tussen de partner van de moeder en het kind en tevens de positie van vrouwen op de arbeidsmarkt te vergroten alsmede uitbreiding van het adoptieen pleegzorgverlof (Wet invoering extra geboorteverlof) (2018). https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stb-2018-451.html Wet van 16 november 2001 tot vaststelling van regels voor het tot stand brengen van een nieuw evenwicht tussen arbeid en zorg in de ruimste zin (Wet arbeid en zorg) (2001). https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stb-2001-567.html Wet van 22 februari 1990 tot wijziging van de Ziektewet (mogelijkheid tot flexibele opneming en verlenging van de periode van het recht op ziekengeld in verband met bevalling alsmede invoering van dit recht voor vrijwillig verzekerden) en daarmee samenhangend wijziging van het Burgerlijk Wetboek (1990). https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stb-1990-98 Wikander, U., Kessler-Harris, A., & Lewis, J. E. (1995). Protecting women: Labor legislation in Europe, the United States, and Australia, 1880-1920. University of Illinois Press. https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=EIP41an6psMC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=+Protecting+wome n+:+labor+legislation+in+Europe,+the+United+States,+and+Australia+%3B+1880+- +1920&ots=eRJb1CTDoA&sig=wKTgLfikBINjoQTDby27QHqxWwQ Zaken, M. van A. (2017, February 7). Voor de zekerheid. De toekomst van flexibel werkenden en de moderne organisatie van arbeid—Verkenning—WRR [Regeling]. Ministerie van Algemene Zaken. https://www.wrr.nl/publicaties/verkenningen/2017/02/07/voor-de-zekerheid Zákon č. 65/1965 Sb. (1965). https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1965-65/zneni-0 100 Zákon č. 153/1969 Zb. Zákon Ktorým Sa Mení a Dopĺňa Zákonník Práce (1969). https://www.slovlex.sk/ezbierky/pravne-predpisy/SK/ZZ/1969/153/19700101.html Zákon, kterým se mění zákon č. 65/1965 Sb., zákoník práce, ve znění pozdějších předpisů, a některé další zákony (2000). https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2000-155/zneni-0 Zákon, kterým se mění zákon č. 117/1995 Sb., o státní sociální podpoře, ve znění pozdějších předpisů, a některé další zákony (2003). https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2003-453 Zákon, kterým se mění zákon č. 187/2006 Sb., o nemocenském pojištění, ve znění pozdějších předpisů, a další související zákony (2017). https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2017-148 Zákon, kterým se mění zákon č. 187/2006 Sb., o nemocenském pojištění, ve znění pozdějších předpisů, a některé další zákony (2021). https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2021-330 Zákon, Ktorým Sa Mení a Dopĺňa Zákon č. 311/2001 Z. z. Zákonník Práce v Znení Neskorších Predpisov a Ktorým Sa Menia a Dopĺňajú Niektoré Zákony (2022). https://www.slov-lex.sk/ezbierky/pravnepredpisy/SK/ZZ/2022/350/20221101.html Zákon, Ktorým Sa Mení a Dopĺňa Zákon č. 461/2003 Z. z. o Sociálnom Poistení v Znení Neskorších Predpisov a o Zmene a Doplnení Niektorých Zákonov (2010). https://www.slov-lex.sk/ezbierky/pravnepredpisy/SK/ZZ/2010/543/20110101.html Zákon, Ktorým Sa Mení a Dopĺňa Zákonník Práce (1988). https://www.slov-lex.sk/ezbierky/pravnepredpisy/SK/ZZ/1988/188/19890101.html Zákon, Ktorým Sa Mení a Dopĺňa Zákonník Práce (1988). https://www.slov-lex.sk/ezbierky/pravnepredpisy/SK/ZZ/1988/188/19890101.html Zákon Ktorým Sa Menia a Dopĺňajú Niektoré Ustanovenia Zákonníka Práce (1987). https://www.slovlex.sk/ezbierky/pravne-predpisy/SK/ZZ/1987/52/19870701.html Zákon o prodloužení mateřské dovolené, o dávkách v mateřství a o přídavcích na děti z nemocenského pojištění (1968). https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1968-88/zneni-0 Zákon o rodičovském příspěvku (1990). https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1990-382/zneni-0 Zákon o Rodičovskom Príspevku (1990). https://www.slov-lex.sk/ezbierky/pravnepredpisy/SK/ZZ/1990/382/vyhlasene_znenie.html Zákon o Rodičovskom Príspevku (2002). https://www.slov-lex.sk/ezbierky/pravnepredpisy/SK/ZZ/2002/280/vyhlasene_znenie.html Zakon o Starševskem Varstvu in Družinskih Prejemkih (2001). https://pisrs.si/pregledNpb?idPredpisa=ZAKO1430&idPredpisaChng=ZAKO1430 Zakon o Starševskem Varstvu in Družinskih Prejemkih (2014). https://www.uradni-list.si/glasilo-uradni-listrs/vsebina/2014-01-1068 Zákon o státní sociální podpoře (1995). https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1995-117/zneni-0 Zákon o změnách v nemocenském zabezpečení (1987). https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1987-51 Zákon o změnách zákona o mateřském příspěvku (1984). https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1984-110 Zákon o Zmenách Zákona o Materskom Príspevku (1984). https://www.slov-lex.sk/ezbierky/pravnepredpisy/SK/ZZ/1984/110/vyhlasene_znenie.html Zákon ze dne 18. prosince 1969, kterým se mění a doplňuje zákoník práce (1969). https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1969-153/zneni-0 Zákonník Práce (1965). https://www.slov-lex.sk/ezbierky/pravnepredpisy/SK/ZZ/1965/65/19700101.html#predpis.cast-druha.hlava-tretia Zoch, G. (2024). Does the provision of childcare reduce motherhood penalties in job-related training participation? Longitudinal evidence from Germany. Journal of European Social Policy, 34(1), 69–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/09589287231217199 Α 133/1982 (1982). https://search.et.gr/el/fek/?fekId=701215 Δηµοσίευση Στην Εφηµερίδα Της Κυβερνήσεως Της Από 14.2.1984 ΕΓΣΣΕ Για Τον Καθορισµό Συνολικών Γενικών Κατωτάτων Ορίων Μισθών Και Ηµεροµισθίων Των Μισθωτών Όλης Της Χώρας Και Ρύθµιση Άλλων Θεµάτων. (1984). https://www.taxheaven.gr/circulars/9379/e-g-s-s-e-1984 Δηµοσίευση Στην Εφηµερίδα Της Κυβέρνησης Της Από 10.3.89 Εθνικής Γενικής Συλλογικής Σύµβασης Εργασίας (Ε.Γ.Σ.Σ.Ε.) Έτους 1989. (1989). https://www.taxheaven.gr/circulars/9384/e-g-s-s-e-1989 101 ΕΘΝΙΚΗ ΓΕΝΙΚΗ ΣΥΛΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΣΥΜΒΑΣΗ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΣ ΕΤΟΥΣ 1993 (1993). https://www.taxheaven.gr/circulars/9387/e-g-s-s-e-1993 ΝΟΜΟΣ ΥΠ’ ΑΡΙΘ.4075, Pub. L. No. 4075/2012 (2012). https://search.et.gr/el/fek/?fekId=471701 ΝΟΜΟΣ ΥΠ’ ΑΡΙΘΜ. 4808 (2021). https://ypergasias.gov.gr/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/%CE%BD.-4808-2021- %CE%A6%CE%95%CE%9A-%CE%91-101.pdf Προώθηση Της Απασχόλησης Και Άλλες Διατάξεις (2000). https://ypergasias.gov.gr/wpcontent/uploads/2021/09/%CE%BD.-2874-2000-%CE%A6%CE%95%CE%9A-%CE%91-286.pdf Υπουργείο Εργασίας και Κοινωνικής Ασφάλισης. (2024). Παροχές για Ασφαλισμένους. https://ypergasias.gov.gr/koinoniki-asfalisi/asfalismenoi-eisfores-kai-paroches/paroches/