A participative methodology for prioritising intervention logic in the design of the Italian CAP Strategic Plan

Caglie o, Robe o e al. A icle A pa icipa i e me hodology o p io i ising in e en ion logic in he design o he I alian CAP S a egic Plan I alian Re iew o Ag icul u al Economics (REA) P o ided in Coope a ion wi h: Fi enze Uni e si y P ess Sugges ed Ci a ion: Caglie o, Robe o e al. (2022) : A pa icipa i e me hodology o p io i ising in e en ion logic in he design o he I alian CAP S a egic Plan, I alian Re iew o Ag icul u al Economics (REA), ISSN 2281-1559, Fi enze Uni e si y P ess, Flo ence, Vol. 77, Iss. 3, pp. 25-40, h ps://doi.o g/10.36253/ ea-13717 This Ve sion is a ailable a : h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/325645 S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen: Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den. Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen. 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I he documen s ha e been made a ailable unde an Open Con en Licence (especially C ea i e Commons Licences), you may exe cise u he usage igh s as speci ied in he indica ed licence. h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/ I alian Re iew o Ag icul u al Economics Vol. 77, n. 3: 25-40, 2022 Fi enze Uni e si y P ess www. up ess.com/ ea ISSN 0035-6190 (p in ) | ISSN 2281-1559 (online) | DOI: 10.36253/ ea-13717 REA ITALIAN REVIEW OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ITALIAN REVIEW OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS Ci a ion: Robe o Caglie o, Giampie o Mazzocchi, Alessand o Mon eleone, Fabio Pie angeli, Pie o Manzoni di Chiosca, Elio Romano (2022) A pa icipa- i e me hodology o p io i ising in e - en ion logic in he design o he I al- ian CAP S a egic Plan. I alian Re iew o Ag icul u al Economics 77(3): 25-40. DOI: 10.36253/ ea-13717 Recei ed: June 13, 2022 Re ised: Oc obe 11, 2022 Accep ed: Oc obe 11, 2022 Copy igh : © 2022 Robe o Caglie o, Giampie o Mazzocchi, Alessand o Mon eleone, Fabio Pie angeli, Pie o Manzoni di Chiosca, Elio Romano. This is an open access, pee - e iewed a icle published by Fi enze Uni e - si y P ess (h p://www. up ess.com/ ea) and dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis i- bu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medi- um, p o ided he o iginal au ho and sou ce a e c edi ed. Da a A ailabili y S a emen : All el- e an da a a e wi hin he pape and i s Suppo ing In o ma ion iles. Compe ing In e es s: The Au ho (s) decla e(s) no con lic o in e es . Resea ch a icle A pa icipa i e me hodology o p io i ising in e en ion logic in he design o he I alian CAP S a egic Plan Robe o Caglie o1,*, Giampie o Mazzocchi1, Alessand o Mon eleone, Fabio Pie angeli, Pie o Manzoni di Chiosca, Elio Romano CREA - Resea ch Cen e o Ag icul u al Policies and Bioeconomy, I aly *Co esponding au ho . E-mail: obe o.caglie o@c ea.go .i 1The au ho s con ibu ed equally as co- i s au ho s. Abs ac . The new CAP implemen a ion model equi es each Membe S a e o design a CAP S a egic Plan (CSP) o deli e ope a ional ac ions unde he wo CAP pilla s. Each CSP mus be buil om an e idence-based needs assessmen ha unde goes ig- o ous p io i isa ion o plan comp ehensi e and achie able in e en ions. In I aly, he ins i u ional con ex equi es all he Regions and Au onomous P o inces o exp ess hei p e e ences and o discuss he CSP collec i ely, bo h as ega ds iden i ying e - i o ial needs and hei p io i isa ion. In his amewo k, i became pe inen o in o- duce a speci ic ins umen o acili a e pa icipa ion in his p ocess. The I alian Minis- y, in collabo a ion wi h he Na ional Ru al Ne wo k, de eloped a pa icipa o y ou e o assess he p io i isa ion o he iden i ied needs, o suppo he decision-making p ocess in CSP d a ing p ocess. The p ocess is p ima ily based on a o ing agg ega- ion echnique called he Cons ained Cumula i e Vo ing me hod. The p ocess iden i- ied makes i possible, on he one hand, o o mula e a sha ed consensus on he le el o impo ance o each need; on he o he one, ia he de ini ion o na u al b eaks, o de e mine homogeneous g oups o needs by impo ance o in e en ion. This p ocess is in line wi h he Eu opean Commission’s legisla i e p oposals equi ing a sound and well- ounded logic o in e en ion. Keywo ds: CAP, CSP, needs, p io i isa ion, go e nance a angemen s. JEL codes: Q18, O21, D7. HIGHLIGHTS • The p ocess o de ine he CAP S a egic Plans o 2023-2027 equi es Membe S a es o iden i y e i o ial needs in a e y pa icipa o y way. • The Na ional Ru al Ne wo k p oposed a well-s uc u ed, comp ehensi e and highly pa icipa o y p io i isa ion ou e, based on he Cons ained Cumula i e Vo ing me hod. • The esul s o he p io i isa ion p ocess we e collec i ely discussed, e al- ua ed and emended, and a inal lis o he p io i y le els was de ined wi h a clea le el o pola isa ion. 26 Robe o Caglie o, Giampie o Mazzocchi, Alessand o Mon eleone, Fabio Pie angeli, Pie o Manzoni di Chiosca, Elio Romano 1. INTRODUCTION The implemen a ion o he Common Ag icul u al Policy (CAP) is s uc u ed a ound a New Deli e y Model based on he CAP S a egic Plans (CSP), de eloped by EU Membe S a es (MS). As s a ed in he new egula ions, each MS mus design a single plan ollowing 9 speci ied objec i es (Fai Income; Compe i i eness; Food Value Chain; Clima e Change; En i onmen al Ca e; Land- scapes; Gene a ional Renewal; Ru al A eas; Food Heal h), om h ee Gene al Objec i es (economic, en i onmen- al, and social) (GO), plus one c oss-cu ing objec i e on knowledge and inno a ion (AKIS) ( eg. (EU) 2021/2115, a . 6). The CSP is in ended o o e MSs g ea e manoeu- abili y o espond o hei speci ic e i o ial needs and con ex s; some expe s (Ca ey 2019, Ma hews, 2021, Caglie o e al., 2021) sugges ha his is he mos c ucial elemen con ained in he new CAP egula ions adop ed in Decembe 2021. The ans e o ele an esponsibil- i y o MSs allows hem o design hei own s a egies o add ess speci ic na ional challenges, while s ill complying wi h objec i es de ined on an EU le el. This challenge equi es he es ablishmen o a con- sis en in e en ion logic, de ined in he Eu opean Com- mission’s Be e Regula ion Guidelines as « he logical link be ween he p oblem ha needs o be ackled (o he objec i e ha needs o be pu sued), he unde lying d i e s o he p oblem, and he a ailable policy op ions (o he EU ac ions ac ually aken) o add ess he p oblem o achie e he objec i e». I in ol es implemen ing a e y obus p ocess when i comes o designing he CSP: (i) diagnos ic and con ex analysis, (ii) SWOT analysis and e i o ial needs assessmen , (iii) p io i isa ion o needs, and (i ) he es ablishmen o a s a egy o in eg a e in e - en ions and he se o a ge s (Ca ey, 2019). All he s eps mus be adequa ely de ined using clea and anspa en me hods and he use o pa icipa o y app oaches is ec- ommended (Ma hews, 2021; E ja ec e al., 2018). The in oduc ion o a single plan ep esen s a pa - icula ly signi ican challenge in coun ies whe e ag i- cul u al issues a e decen alised o egional au ho i ies. Indeed, se e al Membe S a es cons i u ionally delega e hei compe encies o e ag icul u e and u al de el- opmen o subna ional en i ies; in I aly, o example, he Regions and Au onomous P o inces (RAPs) hold se e al, undamen al compe encies in ag icul u e and u al de elopmen . In he 2014-2022 planning pe iod, he implemen a ion o u al de elopmen s a egies, i.e. he second pilla o he CAP, was s uc u ed as ollows: 22 Ru al De elopmen Plans (RDPs) – one co e ing he na ional le el and 21 egional o p o incial – and a Ru al Ne wo k Plan. The I alian ou e o de ine an in e en ion s a egy began in 2019, when he Minis y o Ag icul u e, Food and Fo es y Policies (MIPAAF) launched a join p ocess wi h he RAPs. The aim was o assess con ex analysis as a diagnos ic phase, wi h he echnical suppo o he Na ional Ru al Ne wo k (NRN). Ten Policy B ie s ela - ed o he 9 EU-speci ic objec i es and he AKIS objec- i e we e d a ed and discussed in a ious echnical mee ings wi h he RAPs.1 Consul a ion wi h economic and social pa ne s and ci il socie y s akeholde s was also ini ia ed in his phase. The consequen elabo a ion o SWOT ma ices aimed o p o ide na a i e syn he- sis o he Policy B ie s, bu also o be consis en wi h he expe ience gained du ing he 2014-2022 planning pe iod. Use ul indica ions o he imp o emen o he Policy B ie s and SWOT ma ices we e p o ided du ing he echnical mee ing wi h he Commission’s GeoHub (Pie angeli, 2020). The iden i ica ion o he i s lis o 50 needs was conduc ed by NRN expe s and discussed, in se e al ounds, wi h he RAPs (Angeli e al., 2020).2 Based on hese s eps, I aly de eloped a speci ic, high- ly pa icipa i e p ocess o assigning di e en le els o p io i y o he iden i ied e i o ial needs, s a ing om a Cumula i e Vo ing (CV) app oach. Cumula i e Vo - ing is a simple and anspa en me hod o p io i ising a lis o i ems and, acco ding o he li e a u e, o e s se e al ad an ages. I allows o a high a e o pa icipa ion among s akeholde s and he possibili y o clus e ing esul s, a h- e han me ely p o iding a lis o p io i y alues. Using he li e a u e a ailable, NRN expe s de eloped a speci ic ield- es ed model o he echnique, known as Cons ained Cumula i e Vo ing (CVV), o add ess he common weak- nesses o he CV echniques and o cope wi h cons ain s a ising om he COVID-19 pandemic. In addi ion, o make he esul s o he o ing p ocess mo e manageable and e ec i e, hey we e agg ega ed in o p io i y bands, h ough a clus e ing p ocedu e (Jenks op imisa ion). The esul s o he applica ion o CCV we e e y posi i e and i was able o pola ise he p io i y o needs as expec ed. These esul s we e compa ed wi h he ou - comes o a consul a ion phase wi h he s akeholde s (Pa ne ship). This compa ison p ocedu e suppo ed and con i med he ou comes o he applica ion o CVV and made i possible o de ine he inal amewo k o he p io i y bands o e i o ial needs ha could subsequen - ly be applied o he u u e CSP in I aly. This pa icipa i e app oach is pa icula ly unique because i also in ol ed he RAPs and he Pa ne ship 1 h ps://www. e e u ale.i /PAC_2023_27/PolicyB ie 2 h ps://www. e e u ale.i / lex/cm/pages/Se eA achmen . php/L/IT/D/a%252F1%252F9%252FD.6c3376 87c 067a519 9/P/ BLOB%3AID%3D23075/E/pd 27 A pa icipa i e me hodology o p io i ising in e en ion logic in he design o he I alian CAP S a egic Plan in he p io i isa ion p ocess, while o he egionalised Membe S a es ha e p edominan ly used desk esea ch echniques, applying mul i-c i e ia me hodologies. Fo his eason, he aim o he a icle is o desc ibe he p o- cess and discuss he ou comes o he needs p io i isa ion phase in I aly. 2. THE PARTICIPATORY ROUTE TO PRIORITISING CSP NEEDS IN ITALY Since 2019, he I alian Minis y has been de eloping an app oach ha would cohe en ly combine CSP in e - en ion logic wi h EU indica ions, in line wi h he ou s eps men ioned abo e: (i) con ex analysis, (ii) SWOT analysis and e i o ial needs assessmen , (iii) p io i i- sa ion o needs, and (i ) he es ablishmen o he CSP s a egy. O he egionalised Membe S a es, such as Spain, Po ugal and F ance, ollowed a simila pa h: hey used a pa icipa i e app oach up o he needs assess- men s ep, while o needs p io i isa ion, hey used desk esea ch app oaches, o en buil on mul ic i e ia analy- ses, o de ine p io i y bands.3 In compliance wi h he Eu opean Code o Conduc o Pa ne ships (Commis- sion Delega ed Regula ion (EU) 240/2014), I aly op ed o main ain a highly pa icipa i e app oach in he p io i i- sa ion s ep. The Minis y ini ia ed a pa icula ly unique app oach, made up o a ious phases o c ea e wha is called he needs p io i isa ion ou e. A hema ic wo king g oup, comp ised o NRN analys s, iden i ied he i e a- i e p ocess suppo ing he MIPAAF, he RAPs and he s akeholde s in exp essing a sha ed assessmen o he p io i isa ion o he a ious i ems iden i ied in he diag- nos ic p ocess. The p ocess is in ended o in ol e and allow o eedback om s akeholde s h ough a ious mechanisms, ensu ing he in ol emen o a b oad pa - ne ship and he ac i e pa icipa ion o ac o s wi h man- da es on ag icul u e. The p io i isa ion ou e was composed o h ee phases (Fig. 1): he i s (Phase A), in ol ed he I al- ian RAPs o de ine needs and p io i y le els based on a pa icipa o y cumula i e o ing app oach; he second 3 In Spain and Po ugal, e i o ial needs a e classi ied using a code sys- em (+++; ++; +), while in F ance, hey use “PSN indispensable; PSN u ile; PSN pas indispensable”. Fig. 1. The Rou e o Valida e he Needs and P io i ies Assessed in I aly, by he Main Phases. 28 Robe o Caglie o, Giampie o Mazzocchi, Alessand o Mon eleone, Fabio Pie angeli, Pie o Manzoni di Chiosca, Elio Romano (Phase B), in ol ed he Pa ne ship o CAP 2023-2027, wi h he aim o consul ing pa ne s and e ining he pic u e eme ged om Phase A; he hi d (Phase C), p o- ided he inal de ini ion o he p io i y le els o each o he needs iden i ied, by compa ing and me ging he esul s ob ained om phases A and B. Phase A: The Technical Feedback om he RAPs The i s phase o he p io i isa ion p ocess was ocused on he echnical exe cise ca ied ou wi h he RAPs, s imula ing a collec i e discussion o de ine and sha e he di e en le els o impo ance o he 50 needs iden i ied om he con ex analysis, speci ied o each al ime ic a ea (plain, hill and moun ain). In a wo-s age selec ion p ocess wi h eedback adjus men (Tang e al., 2020), RAPs we e called o exp ess he deg ee o p io i y o he common needs in a cons ained o ing amewo k ha led o he i s lis o p io i ised needs. The o ing mechanism allowed sim- plici y o applica ion, lexibili y and emo e manageabil- i y. This aspec was pa icula ly impo an , as he CAP planning phase ook place du ing he pe iod in which he es ic ions on a el and in-pe son mee ings due o he COVID-19 pandemic we e pa icula ly s ic (Caglie o e al., 2021). The esul o his s ep was he collec ion o p i- o i y indica ions in ca dinal e ms by he pa icipan s. Nex , we p oceeded o agg ega e he indi idual indica ions ga he ed. To a oid igid, ine ec i e ca - dinal anking, while a ou ing a usable indica ion o p io i ies, we p o ided a p io i y bands scheme es i- u ion o he o e all agg ega ed ma ix. Since i is c u- cial o ob ain «clea b eak poin s ha show which a e he ob ious high-p io i y i ems» (Dennison, 2000), we ans o med he nume ical indica ions o each need in o quali a i e le els o bands, ia he Jenks na u al b eaks classi ica ion me hod. The Jenks op imisa ion is a common classi ica ion echnique based on a K-means app oach o de ine he minimum dis ance be ween da a and he cen e o a class, as well as he maximum dis- ance be ween class cen es (Mac Ca on e al., 2016; Khan, 2012). This means educing he a iance wi hin e e y band and i maximises he a iance be ween he bands. By ex ension, in his s udy, we se a p io i ou bands o subdi ide he e i o ial needs and we applied he Jenks op imisa ion wi h an R® so wa e ou ine by al ime y. The quali ica ions o he di e en p io i y bands ha e been se as ollows (Mazzocchi e al, 2021): • S a egic: hese p io i ies lie a he hea o he s a - egy and should in ol e bo h speci ic ac ions and comp ehensi e app oaches ha also syne gis ically add ess o he needs; • Quali ying: hese p io i ies e e o enabling a eas o in e en ion o make e ec i e esponses o o he needs, in pa icula , s a egic needs; • Complemen a y: heses p io i ies e e o sphe es o in e en ion ha syne gis ically complemen s a- egic needs; hey a e no echnically less ele an , me ely mo e speci ic, o an enabling na u e; • Speci ic: o inc ease he e ec i eness o he p ocess, bu wi h speci ic ele ance o he S a egic Plan. Once he i s d a o he na ional ma ix was de ined, he eedback s age was conduc ed o educe o elimina e inconsis ency o dissa is ac ion o indi idual pa icipan s wi h he o e all g ade. The measu emen o consensus can be ead as he de ia ion be ween he indi idual and he collec i e p e e ence ma ix and, despi e he ac ha decision-make s do no o en eas- ily accep a eedback mechanism, any con en ious issues mus be clea ly iden i ied and add essed (Wu e al., 2018; Gu e al., 2021). The RAPs we e hen called o discuss he o e all es ima ed pic u e and hey could con i m o p opose a change in he p io i y le els alloca ed in he agg ega i e p ocess conduc ed by NRN expe s. This eedback mechanism is based on a colou - coded o ing sys em (Gibbons, 2019; Dennison, 2000), simila o a a ic ligh . The RAPs we e asked o e iew each need and gi en he op ion o indica e i hey ag eed wi h i s alloca ed p io i y band o belie ed i should be e ised, using a sys em o colou ed do s: GREEN = inc ease o he nex p io i y le el; WHITE = he le el is co ec ; RED = educe p io i y by one le el. This s ep was conduc ed by applying a c i e ion o consis ency in he obse a ions and p oposals. A change in p io i y le els was accep ed when he p oposed change was su - icien ly ep esen ed in he o e all ally o o es bo h in e ms o numbe o o es and he di ec ion (up o down by one le el) o he change. In p ac ice, his mean ha a leas one- hi d o he pa icipan s had eques ed an amendmen o he p io i y assigned o a pa icula need and wi h a simila indica ion in he change o p io i y band (ei he inc easing o dec easing). Phase B: The Consul a i e Phase wi h he Pa ne ship F om he ou se , he MIPAAF ini ia ed an open and collabo a i e discussion wi h he ep esen a i es o he compe en ins i u ions and en i onmen al and socio- economic sec o s, in line wi h eg. (EU) 240/2014. The Minis y has se up a speci ic Pa ne ship, composed o ep esen a i es o he s akeholde s (public au ho i ies, economic, en i onmen al, and social ac o s). The Pa - ne ship was asked o exp ess i s assessmen o he p io - 29 A pa icipa i e me hodology o p io i ising in e en ion logic in he design o he I alian CAP S a egic Plan i y le els o he needs by al i ude (plain, hill, moun ain).4 The pa icipan s we e asked o ill ou an online ques- ionnai e h ough which hey could assign he possible p io i y le els o he 50 p io i ies. They we e gi en he op ion o include quali a i e commen s in a sepa a e sec- ion; his quali a i e in o ma ion mainly conce ned spe- ci ic e i o ial aspec s and was o ganised by heme. All eedback was p ocessed by he NRN expe s, o iden i y he le el o p io i isa ion as exp essed by he Pa ne ship o each need by al ime ic a ea, unde he ou labels used by he RAPs (S a egic; Quali ying; Complemen- a y; Speci ic). The mos c i ical issue was he de e mi- na ion o an unambiguous le el o p io i ies, while he indica ions ga he ed we e in se e al cases disco dan o no su icien ly pola ised. The agg ega ion mechanism s a ed om he modal alue o he o es. The a ibu- ion in a p io i y band was se as ollows: (i) a leas 3/4 o he o es indica es he same p io i y le el, (ii) i wo o es ep esen oge he a leas 2/3 o he ally o es, we a ibu ed he p io i y le el mos o ed be ween hem. Phase C: Recomposi ion o he P io i isa ion Indica ions The inal phase was o colla e he indica ions de i - ing om he wo s ages desc ibed abo e. NRN esea ch- e s c osschecked and compa ed he le els a ibu ed by he RAPs, de i ing om he CVV applica ion, and hose ha eme ged om he Pa ne ship’s indica ions, o ali- da e he RAPs p io i y bands and compile an o e all assessmen . As al eady desc ibed, he app oach was p ima ily o main ain he a ibu ion esul ing om he echni- cal pa h in Phase A. In his ligh , he RAPs’ indica ions we e con i med in wo di e en cases: (i) whe e he s akeholde s’ consul a ion led o a mino di e ence in o es, i.e., a di e ence o only one p io i y band le el, (ii) whe e s akeholde consul a ion did no indica e a uni o- cal assessmen . On he o he hand, whe e he e was e i- den disco dance, a e ision o he p io i y band – limi - ed o one le el – was p oposed and discussed again wi h he RAPs; e.g., i a S a egic band was indica ed by he RAPs, bu he Pa ne ship assigned he Complemen a y band, we p oposed he inal Quali ying le el. Du ing he discussion in Phase C, modi ying he desc ip ion and he labelling o ce ain needs was aken in o conside a ion, bu only in a e y limi ed way, less han i e needs. Following his, based on he discussion held and he elemen s collec ed, NRN expe s we e able o d aw up a conclusi e lis o inal needs and he ela- i e p io i y le els by GO and al i ude. 4 h ps://www. e e u ale.i /PAC_2023_27/Ta olodiPa ena ia o 3. THE CONSTRAINED CUMULATIVE VOTING TECHNIQUE: A THEORETICAL BACKGROUND P io i isa ion P ocesses h ough Pa icipa o y App oaches: he Cumula i e Vo ing Technique The key challenge o using pa icipa o y app oach- es in p io i isa ion p ocesses is o ind a sui able way o de i ing a collec i e p e e ence ec o om indi- idual choices and o eaching a consensus (Tang e al., 2020). Consensus-building p ocesses among di e en s akeholde s ep esen ing di e en economic, social, en i onmen al in e es s and cul u al alues ypically in ol e o ing p ocedu es by which o in e collec i e choice om indi idual p e e ences (Ma ca o, 2021). App oaches based on p io i ised decision-making do no esul in a single chosen al e na i e, since hey p o- duce a lis o op ions anked om mos o leas impo - an , whe e he anking ep esen s he p e e ences o an indi idual ela i e o o he a ailable op ions. Mo e o mal p io i isa ion p ocesses a e ypically associa ed wi h wo king g oups (“g oup p io i isa ion”), whe e mul iple p io i ies om a ious indi iduals mus be combined in o a single p io i y lis , as is equi ed o he CSP. Caglie o e al. (2021) explo ed he main p i- o i isa ion axonomies, as shown in Table 1, and high- ligh ed he ad an ages and weaknesses o adop ing a Cumula i e Vo ing echnique (Tab. 2). CV is a simple and anspa en me hod o p io i ise a lis o i ems. Each pa icipan is gi en he same num- be o o es/poin s/do s o be alloca ed among a gi en numbe o op ions unde going p io i isa ion (Ves ola, 2010): he mo e poin s you gi e an op ion, he mo e i s ele ance in e ms o p io i y inc eases. CV is gene ally conside ed an app op ia e me hod o conduc ing p i- o i isa ion sessions, including hose in ol ing mul iple s akeholde s (Tu ail e al., 2019). I is easy o use and i allows o ing wi h ine-g ained in o ma ion on o e p e e ence in ensi y. The main bene i is CV’s abili y o handle many i ems wi h many pa icipan s. Howe e , he e a e some ca ea s wo h men ion- ing. Used in a e y basic o m, CV p esen s some limi s linked o ac ical o ing and is suscep ible o “sh ewd ac ics” (Ves ola, 2010), as indica ed in Table 2. Fo example, i a s akeholde expec s o he s o sp ead hei poin s among many i ems, hen s/he may assign all he /his poin s o one speci ic i em in o de o ele a e i s ele ance on he agg ega e p io i y lis (called plump- ing). Al hough mee ing ace- o- ace is use ul o s imu- la ing discussion, he p ac ice o in-pe son CV en ails ce ain isks, such as au ho i y bias o HiPPO e ec s (i.e. pa icipan s assign a highe p io i y ollowing he mos in luen ial g oup membe ), o bandwagon e ec s, 30 Robe o Caglie o, Giampie o Mazzocchi, Alessand o Mon eleone, Fabio Pie angeli, Pie o Manzoni di Chiosca, Elio Romano whe e pa icipan s o ing la e a e mo e inclined o o e o an al e na i e ha had been p e iously o ed o by o he s (Asch, 1951; Koha i, e al., 2007; Nadeau e al., 1993) In addi ion, CV equi es some cogni i e e o when used o lis s wi h many op ions. Howe e , acco ding o some au ho s (Skow on e al., 2021; Maz- zocchi e al., 2021), he gains in exp essi eness ou - weigh he cogni i e bu den and he well-known and a o emen ioned disad an ages. Tab. 1. The Main Taxonomies o P io i isa ion Me hods wi h a Pa icipa o y App oach. Scale Examples Complexi y Ease o use Accu acy S a is ics Nominal scale Top 10 Ve y easy Yes Yes Mode and chi-squa e MoSCoW Easy Yes No O dinal scale Nume ical assignmen Easy Yes Yes Median and pe cen ile Ranking Easy N/A N/A Game Planning Easy Yes Yes Wiege ’s Me hod (WM) Complex Yes Yes In e al scale Requi emen Unce ain y P io i isa ion App oach (RUPA) Complex N/A N/A Mean, s . de ., co ela ion, eg ession, a iance Ra io scale Value-o ien ed p io i isa ion Complex Yes Yes All o ms Analy ic Hie a chy P ocess (AHP) Ve y Complex Yes Yes Cos - alue anking Easy Yes No Cumula i e Vo ing (CV; 100$) Complex Yes Yes Sou ce: Caglie o e al., 2021. Tab. 2. The Main Aspec s o he Cumula i e Vo ing Technique. S eng hs Weaknesses/ h ea s I is a quick and easy way o p io i ise a long lis o op ions. Too many op ions can be o e whelming (o e choice) and unde mine he pola isa ion o indica ions. I equi es a clea choice o be made and does no in ol e ague o unin o med beha iou . I is no possible o add new op ions once he p ocess has s a ed. I allows pa icipan s o exp ess a p e e ence o mo e han one op ion a he same ime. Simila o ela ed op ions a e penalised ( o e spli ing). I c ea es a sense o commi men and allows pa icipan s o be ac i e in he decision-making p ocess. Pa icipan s may adop oppo unis ic a i udes (sh ewd ac ics). I allows o a cumula i e and simple sys em o analysis o esul s. The e is a isk o bandwagon and HiPPO e ec s (leade s can in luence he opinions o he g oup) I has se e al possibili ies o adap a ion (sub-g oups, di e en ounds, use o mone a y alues, ...). I may no be possible o highligh whe he an ou come ep esen s a b oad consensus o no ; because o excessi e dispe sion o oo much ocus on o es. Main Applica ion Fields A en ion Poin s/Cus omisa ions I is pa icula ly use ul o eaching a collec i e consensus wi h a la ge g oup o pa icipan s and a high isk o disag eemen . I is sui able o ocusing he discussion on a subse o al e na i es wi hin a e y b oad se . I is pa icula ly use ul o choosing be ween se e al po en ial op ions. I is necessa y in o de o each a g oup decision wi hin an accep able ime ame (po en ially as sho as possible). I is pa icula ly use ul o na owing down a policy design. I is necessa y in o de o a ou he anonymisa ion o o es and non- sha ing o pa ial esul s. I is pa icula ly use ul o classi ying a gumen s o be discussed. I is use ul o andomising he o ing p ocedu e. I is pa icula ly use ul o ga he ing in o ma ion o c ea e a p io i y ma ix. I is use ul o applying so wa e ools o emo e o ing, ins ead o ace- o- ace mee ings (in pa icula , as ega ds he COVID-19 pandemic). Sou ce: Mazzocchi e al., 2021 31 A pa icipa i e me hodology o p io i ising in e en ion logic in he design o he I alian CAP S a egic Plan Th e P oposal o he Cons ained Cumula i e Vo ing Technique To o e come he c i ical issues epo ed, Caglie o e al. (2021) es ed and p oposed a s eng hened e sion, as compa ed o he basic applica ion o he me hod, called Cons ained Cumula i e Vo ing. Based on he CSP egu- la ion equi emen s ( eg. (EU) 2021/2115), he p ocess aims o be: • anspa en , bo h in he exp ession o indi idual p e e ences and he compu a ion o he i nal agg e- ga ion; • easy o unde s and and execu e, hus, a oiding being a bu den; • so wa e-based, so ha a ious pa icipan s can ake pa emo ely as/when equi ed; • lexible enough o be used wi h small, medium and la ge se s o i ems o be p io i ised and by he equi ed numbe o pa icipan s; • able o un i e a i ely, in he case o using mul i- ple ounds o e i ne e alua ions, as well as limi ing ime-was ing in he p ocess. Th e i nal de e mina ion o he o ing model ook place a e wo ounds o es ing on di e en o mu- la ions, bo h in e ms o he numbe o o es and he weigh ed alues o o es, wi h he collabo a ion o NRN egional expe s. Th e imp o ed model con ains some upg ades o he s anda d CV echnique: i is so wa e- based, i coun s non- i xed o es and i enhances he abil- i y o explain p io i isa ion a iabili y. F om an ope a- ional poin o iew, he CCV uns on a Mic oso ® Excel® applica ion and includes i e sp eadshee s, con aining he needs ela ed o each Gene al Objec i e, plus he AKIS ans e sal objec i e and a summa y shee con aining an o e iew o he alues alloca ed o each need. We p oposed a speci i c o ing o ma , including di - e en weigh s o o es o compile indi idual p e e ence ec o s o hen be agg ega ed in o a collec i e p e e ence ec o (Tang e al., 2020). Th is o ing shape is cha ac- e ised by a e y limi ed quan i y o high- alue o es, o simpli y he p ocess and nudge o e s owa ds he clea pola isa ion o op ions (Achimugu e al., 2014). Following Am hein (Am hein, 2019), he de i ni ion o he numbe o o es was assigned based on he ollowing ela ionship: 𝑁𝑁 = [(𝑇𝑇/2)∗ 𝑇𝑇] 𝑃𝑃 (1) whe e T is he numbe o issues o opics, in he p esen analysis he numbe o e i o ial needs, P is he num- be o pa icipan s and N is he numbe o do s equi ed o each pe son. Fo he es ing phase, we conside ed 50 needs o be p io i ised and 23 o e s (one pe each o he 22 RPDs and he NRN Plan), hus he numbe o do s was es ima ed as 50-55 o es o each pa icipan . Th e o m o he o ing po olio was: 5 do s o alue 10, 7 o alue 5, 35 o alue 1. Each pa icipan had o dis ibu e he ull amoun o 50 o es by geog aphical le el, i.e.: 120 poin s o he plains, 120 o he hills, 120 o he moun ains (Fig. 2). Once he indi idual le els o p io i isa ion om pa - icipan s we e ga he ed, i was possible o compose he o e all na ional pic u e. Th is agg ega ion was ca ied ou by NRN expe s, a e he single RAPs exp essed hei indica ions indi idually and sepa a ely, wi hou po en- ially knowing each o he ’s in en ions as ega ds o ing. Th e esul ing ma ix comp ises h ee e i o ial agg ega es (plain, hill and moun ain) and is ela ed o CAP objec i es. 4. MAIN RESULTS FROM THE PRIORITISATION PHASES In his sec ion, he esul s om he phase led wi h RAPs and consul a ion o s akeholde s a e p esen ed. Fig. 2. Th e i nal shape o he o ing pa e n by numbe and alue (Cons ained Cumula i e Vo ing, CCV). 32 Robe o Caglie o, Giampie o Mazzocchi, Alessand o Mon eleone, Fabio Pie angeli, Pie o Manzoni di Chiosca, Elio Romano Fu he mo e, he inal de ini ion o needs p io i isa ion de i ing om he me ging o he wo ounds is shown. Phase A: The Indica ions o he RAPs In Figu e 3, he esul s o he p io i isa ion p ocess conduc ed wi h RAPs, ia CCV and he Jenks op imi- sa ion me hod, a e p esen ed. S age 1 and S age 2 ep- esen he wo momen s be o e and a e he discussion and e iew phase wi h he RAPs in he wo-s age selec- ion p ocess. The esul s o S age 1 show he consis en pola isa- ion o alloca ions, as in ended o be achie ed wi h he applica ion o he CVV. Ou o he 150 op ions o be o ed on (50 needs o 3 al ime ic a eas), jus o e one- en h we e judged o be a he S a egic le el, less han a i h a he Quali ying le el, almos 40 pe cen a he Complemen a y le el and he emainde a he Speci ic 12 28 61 49 14 40 59 37 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 S a egic Quali ying Complemen a y Speci ic S age 1 S age 2 534633 710 11 11 710 20 23 18 15 24 715 18 14 17 10 14 22 3 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Plain Hill Moun ain GO1 GO2 GO3 AKIS S age 1 S a egic Quali ying Complemen a y Speci ic 545635 11 14 15 15 13 9 3 18 21 20 14 22 8 15 16 11 10 710 20 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Plain Hill Moun ain GO1 GO2 GO3 AKIS S age 2 S a egic Quali ying Complemen a y Speci ic Fig. 3. The Ou comes o he Technical Phase wi h RAPs – Phase A ( equency). 39 A pa icipa i e me hodology o p io i ising in e en ion logic in he design o he I alian CAP S a egic Plan Gene al Objec i e 3: o s eng hen he socio-economic ab ic o u al a eas. 3.1 P omo e en ep eneu ship in u al a eas Plain S a egic Hill S a egic Moun ain S a egic 3.2 Implemen and/o s eng hen he elema ics and digi al in as uc u e Plain Speci ic Hill S a egic Moun ain S a egic 3.3 C ea e and suppo occupa ion and social inclusion in u al a eas Plain Complemen a y Hill Quali ying Moun ain Quali ying 3.4 P omo e inno a ion o sus ainable and ci cula bio-economics Plain Complemen a y Hill Complemen a y Moun ain Complemen a y 3.5 Inc ease he a ac i eness o he e i o ies Plain Speci ic Hill Quali ying Moun ain Quali ying 3.6 Raise he le el o he quali y o li e in u al a eas Plain Speci ic Hill Complemen a y Moun ain Quali ying 3.7 Suppo in eg a ed planning in u al a eas Plain Complemen a y Hill Quali ying Moun ain Quali ying 3.8 Imp o e he planning capaci y and he pa icipa ion o local ac o s Plain Speci ic Hill Speci ic Moun ain Complemen a y 3.9 P omo e ele a ion o he quali y and heal hiness o ag i- ood and o es p oduc ions Plain Complemen a y Hill Complemen a y Moun ain Complemen a y 3.10 P omo e consume knowledge Plain Complemen a y Hill Complemen a y Moun ain Complemen a y 3.11 Rein o ce he links o he sec o wi h he e i o y and he ypes o di ec ela ionship Plain Speci ic Hill Speci ic Moun ain Speci ic 3.12 Fa ou he e olu ion o li es ock ea ing owa ds a mo e sus ainable and e hical model Plain Quali ying Hill Quali ying Moun ain Complemen a y 3.13 Rein o ce he p oduc ion o heal hy and nu i ious oods. Plain Complemen a y Hill Complemen a y Moun ain Complemen a y 3.14 Rein o ce managemen echniques and me hods o ien a ed owa ds he euse o by-p oduc s Plain Complemen a y Hill Speci ic Moun ain Speci ic 40 Robe o Caglie o, Giampie o Mazzocchi, Alessand o Mon eleone, Fabio Pie angeli, Pie o Manzoni di Chiosca, Elio Romano Ho izon al Objec i e: AKIS A.1 P omo e coope a ion and in eg a ion be ween he di e en AKIS componen s Plain Complemen a y Hill Complemen a y Moun ain Complemen a y A.2 P omo e he ga he ing and di usion o in o ma ion adequa e o he companies’ needs Plain Complemen a y Hill Complemen a y Moun ain Complemen a y A.3 Imp o e he in o ma ion and aining o e Plain Complemen a y Hill Complemen a y Moun ain Complemen a y A.4 P omo e aining and he consul a ion sys em (public and p i a e) Plain Complemen a y Hill Complemen a y Moun ain Complemen a y A.5 P omo e he use o digi al ins umen s Plain Complemen a y Hill Complemen a y Moun ain Complemen a y A.6 S imula e he pa icipa ion o companies in he se ing-up o inno a ions Plain Complemen a y Hill Complemen a y Moun ain Complemen a y