Well-being and mental health in the gig economy: Policy perspectives on precarity

G oss, Sally-Anne; Musg a e, Geo ge; Janciu e, Laima Book — Published Ve sion Well-being and men al heal h in he gig economy: Policy pe spec i es on p eca i y CAMRI Policy B ie s, No. 4 P o ided in Coope a ion wi h: Uni e si y o Wes mins e P ess Sugges ed Ci a ion: G oss, Sally-Anne; Musg a e, Geo ge; Janciu e, Laima (2018) : Well-being and men al heal h in he gig economy: Policy pe spec i es on p eca i y, CAMRI Policy B ie s, No. 4, ISBN 978-1-911534-90-7, Uni e si y o Wes mins e P ess, London, h ps://doi.o g/10.16997%2Fbook32 This Ve sion is a ailable a : h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/191563 S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen: Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den. Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen. So e n die Ve asse die Dokumen e un e Open-Con en -Lizenzen (insbesonde e CC-Lizenzen) zu Ve ügung ges ell haben soll en, gel en abweichend on diesen Nu zungsbedingungen die in de do genann en Lizenz gewäh en Nu zungs ech e. Te ms o use: Documen s in EconS o may be sa ed and copied o you pe sonal and schola ly pu poses. You a e no o copy documen s o public o comme cial pu poses, o exhibi he documen s publicly, o make hem publicly a ailable on he in e ne , o o dis ibu e o o he wise use he documen s in public. I he documen s ha e been made a ailable unde an Open Con en Licence (especially C ea i e Commons Licences), you may exe cise u he usage igh s as speci ied in he indica ed licence. h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ WELL-BEING AND MENTAL HEALTH IN THE GIG ECONOMY Policy Pe spec i es on P eca i y CAMRI Policy B ie s 4 SALLY-ANNE GROSS GEORGE MUSGRAVE and LAIMA JANCIUTE THE AUTHORS SALLY-ANNE GROSS is P incipal Lec u e in Music Business Managemen , School o Media, A s and Design, Uni e si y o Wes mins e and a music manage . Wi h Geo ge Musg a e she au ho ed he wo-pa s udy na ionwide s udy ‘Can Music Make You Sick?’. D GEORGE MUSGRAVE is Senio Lec u e in Music Business Managemen , School o Media, A s and Design, Uni e si y o Wes mins e and a musician. Wi h Sally-Anne G oss he au ho ed he wo-pa s udy na ionwide s udy ‘Can Music Make You Sick?’. DR LAIMA JANCIUTE was Resea ch Fellow o he Policy Obse a o y a he Communica ion and Media Resea ch Ins i u e (CAMRI), Uni e si y o Wes mins e . ABOUT CAMRI CAMRI ( he Communica ion and Media Resea ch Ins i u e) a he Uni e si y o Wes mins e is a wo ld-leading cen e o media and communica ion esea ch. I is enowned o c i ical and in e na ional esea ch ha in es iga es he ole o media, cul u e and communica ion(s) in socie y. CAMRI’s esea ch is based on a b oade pu pose and ision o socie y: i s wo k examines how he media and socie y in e ac and aims o con ibu e o p og essi e social change, equali y, eedom, jus ice, and democ acy. CAMRI akes a public in e es and humanis ic app oach ha seeks o p omo e pa icipa ion, acili a e in o med deba e, and s eng hen capabili ies o c i ical hinking, complex p oblem sol ing and c ea i i y. cam i.ac.uk SERIES DESCRIPTION The CAMRI Policy B ie se ies p o ides igo ous and e idence-based policy ad ice and policy analysis on a a ie y o media and communica ion- ela ed opics. In an age whe e he accele a ed de elopmen o media and communica ions c ea es p o ound oppo uni ies and challenges o socie y, poli ics and he economy, his se ies cu s h ough he noise and o e s up- o-da e knowledge and e idence g ounded in o iginal esea ch in o de o espond o hese changes in all hei complexi y. By using Open Access and a concise, easy- o- ead o ma , his pee - e iewed se ies aims o make new esea ch om he Uni e si y o Wes mins e a ailable o he public, o policymake s, p ac i ione s, jou nalis s, ac i is s and schola s bo h na ionally and in e na ionally. cam i.ac.uk/policy-obse a o y CAMRI Policy B ie s (2018) Se ies Edi o s: P o esso S e e Ba ne P o esso Ch is ian Fuchs D Anas asia Ka ada No a K oege D Ma ia Michalis THE ONLINE ADVERTISING TAX: A Digi al Policy Inno a ion Ch is ian Fuchs ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE INTERNET OF THINGS Me cedes Bunz and Laima Janciu e APPEARANCE, DISCRIMINATION AND THE MEDIA Diana Ga isi, Laima Janciu e, and Jacob Johanssen WELL–BEING AND MENTAL HEALTH IN THE GIG ECONOMY Sally-Anne G oss, Geo ge Musg a e and Laima Janciu e CAMRI ex ended policy epo (2018) THE ONLINE ADVERTISING TAX AS THE FOUNDATION OF A PUBLIC SERVICE INTERNET Ch is ian Fuchs WELL-BEING AND MENTAL HEALTH IN THE GIG ECONOMY POLICY PERSPECTIVES ON PRECARITY Sally-Anne G oss, Geo ge Musg a e and Laima Janciu e A CAMRI POLICY BRIEF Published by Uni e si y o Wes mins e P ess 115 New Ca endish S ee London W1W 6UW www.uwes mins e p ess.co.uk Tex © Sally-Anne G oss, Geo ge Musg a e and Laima Janciu e Fi s published 2018 Co e : ke chup-p oduc ions.co.uk Digi al e sions ypese by Siliconchips Se ices L d. ISBN (Pape back): 978-1-911534-89-1 (no a ailable o sale) ISBN (PDF): 978-1-911534-90-7 ISBN (EPUB): 978-1-911534-91-4 ISBN (Kindle): 978-1-911534-92-1 DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.16997/book32 Se ies: CAMRI Policy B ie s ISSN 2516-5712 (P in ) ISSN 2516-5720 (Online) This wo k is licensed unde he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-NonComme cial- NoDe i a i es 4.0 In e na ional License. To iew a copy o his license, isi h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ o send a le e o C ea- i e Commons, 444 Cas o S ee , Sui e 900, Moun ain View, Cali o nia, 94041, USA. This license allows o copying and dis ibu ing he wo k, p o iding au ho a ibu ion is clea ly s a ed, ha you a e no using he ma e ial o comme cial pu poses and ha modi ied e sions a e no dis ibu ed. The ull ex o his book has been pee - e iewed o ensu e high academic s and- a ds. Fo ull e iew policies, see: h p://www.uwes mins e p ess.co.uk/si e/publish/ Compe ing In e es s This esea ch on which his Policy B ie is ounded was commissioned by Help Musicians UK (Regis e ed cha i y numbe 228089). The commissione s had a collabo a i e ole in he design o he s udy, howe e , had no ole in: he con- duc o he s udy; he collec ion, analysis and in e p e a ion o da a; he decision o he submission o he manusc ip ; o in he p epa a ion, e iew o app o al o he manusc ip . The iews exp essed he e a e hose o he au ho s and no hose o he commissione s Sugges ed ci a ion: G oss, Sally-Anne, Musg a e, Geo ge and Janciu e, Laima. 2018 Well-Being and Men al Heal h in he Gig Economy: Policy Pe spec i es on P eca i y. London: Uni e si y o Wes mins e P ess. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.16997/book32. License: CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 To ead he ee, open access e sion o his book online, isi h ps://doi.o g/10.16997/book32 o scan his QR code wi h you mobile de ice: CONTENTS Key Messages 4 Wha ’s he Issue? 7 Resea ch E idence 12 Financial Ins abili y 15 The Feedback Economy 16 Rela ionships 17 Re iew o Policy Op ions 20 Inc easing Tax o he Sel -Employed 20 Policy Recommenda ions 22 A Uni e sal Basic Income 22 Educa ion is Key 24 Access o Men al Heal h Suppo 25 No es 26 Sou ces and Fu he Reading 31 L Key Messages This policy b ie p o ides esea ch e idence in o he wo k- ing condi ions o he UK music indus y ha indica es he necessi y o conside he u u e o wo k no only om an economic o employmen law pe spec i e, bu also in e ms o wide socie al implica ions ha include he heal h and well-being o wo ke s. In he las decade o so, casual, sho - e m o ms o employ- men ha e inc eased signi ican ly. This de elopmen has been linked o deindus ialisa ion and, mo e gene ally o he expansion o neolibe al economics globally1. These changes ha e had a signi ican impac on labou ela ions as employ- e s ha e mo ed away om o e ing long- e m employmen con ac s a ou ing ins ead ‘ lexible’ and eelance wo k, o en based on ze o-hou s/on-demand con ac s. This mode o employmen is now commonly e e ed o as he gig economy. These wo king condi ions a e o en desc ibed as being pa icula o he so-called digi al economy and i s unde lying business models. Howe e , long be o e he a i al o he in e ne he e ce ainly ha e been many indus ies ha elied on his ‘wo k o hi e’ model such as he building ade, ag icul u al wo k and many o he skilled ades including a eas o cul u al labou . Howe e , he c ea- i e indus ies a e indeed cha ac e ised by hese wo king condi ions, whe e sel -employmen and sho - e m p ojec based wo k ha e been he no m o decades2. WELL-BEING AND MENTAL HEALTH IN THE GIG ECONOMY WELL-BEING AND MENTAL HEALTH IN THE GIG ECONOMY 5 The esea ch which in o ms his policy b ie sugges s ha gi en he expansion o his ype o sho - e m employmen , i is impo an o unde s and how hese wo king condi ions impac on sel -employed wo ke s, hei amilies and wide socie y. This esea ch sugges s ha : >Wo king wi hin hese p eca ious condi ions o employ- men may ha e psychologically ha m ul e ec s. >Key issues aised by musicians a e: inancial ins abil- i y, he equi emen o main ain an online p esence and ne wo k which exposes indi iduals o elen less opinion and c i icism, and he ambigui y o ela ionships in he music economy wi h blu y bounda ies be ween iend- ships and wo k ela ionships. Based on he esea ch e idence o he po en ial ha m ul e ec s ha p eca ious employmen condi ions may ha e on he indi iduals wo king in i , his policy b ie makes he ol- lowing ecommenda ions: >The sec o o eelance and/o c ea i e sel -employmen needs o es ablish heal h and sa e y egula ions like hose ha exis in o he ins i u ionalised wo kplaces. >In o de o coun e he issues caused by he gig economy, he go e nmen should ac agains he sp ead o p e- ca ious wo king condi ions and p omo e ai business models. M RESEARCH EVIDENCE A de ailed insigh in o he po en ial links be ween p eca ious wo king condi ions such as hose seen in he gig economy, and men al heal h is p o ided by he esea ch indings om he s udy ‘Can Music Make You Sick? Wo king Condi ions in he UK Music Indus y’, commissioned in 2016 by he cha i y Help Musicians UK* and ca ied ou by Sally-Anne G oss and D Geo ge Musg a e. ‘Can Music Make You Sick?’22 was he la ges na ionwide s udy o i s kind explo ing he psychological impac on musicians o seek- ing o o ge ca ee s wi hin he UK music indus y. A su ey o o e 2200 music indus y s akeholde s alongside hi y de ailed quali a i e in e iews wi h a is s and indus y p o essionals, demons a ed ha he e a e c ipplingly high le els o sel - epo ed dep ession (68.5%) and anxie y (71%) amongs music make s. C ucially, i also explo es he sou ce o hei men al ill heal h. The esea ch sugges s ha he condi ions o hei sel -employmen a e o en he cause o hei psychological dis ess. This esea ch can help o shed ligh on he condi ions o sel -employmen in he digi al age. The music indus y’s me apho o he ‘cana y in a coal mine’ was o en used o desc ibe he expe ience o he music WELL-BEING AND MENTAL HEALTH IN THE GIG ECONOMY 13 indus ies as hey aced he echnological challenges o he digi al e a be o e o he pa s o he c ea i e indus ies and in o eshadow- ing he u u e o wo king condi ions in he wide economy mo e gene ally23. The e o e, he way hese musicians psychologically expe ience hei sel -employmen has lessons o o he and la e wo ke s in he gig economy. ‘ he e a e c ipplingly high le els o sel - epo ed dep ession (68.5%) and anxie y (71%) amongs music make s’. The ocus o he esea ch was o hea di ec ly om musicians abou hei wo king condi ions and how hey el hese a ec ed hei men al well-being. In his i s phase, Music Tank, which is pa o he Uni e si y o Wes mins e , launched an indus y-wide su ey o asce ain he scale o he po en ial p oblem wi hin his 14 CAMRI POLICY BRIEFS wo k o ce. Comp ised p ima ily o musicians, 2,211 esponden s comple ed he ini ial su ey. Nex , he esea che s in e iewed hi y musicians om ac oss he Uni ed Kingdom wi h he ollowing cha ac e is ics: >An e en gende spli . >A wide a ie y o musical gen es (including Pop, Soul, Jazz, U ban, Reggae, Classical, Rock, Dance, Folk, Ope a, Dubs ep and Musical Thea e). >P opo iona e geog aphical sp ead: (London [50%], Manches e [10%], Newcas le [8%], B is ol [8%], Bi mingham [8%], Edinbu gh [4%], Glasgow [4%], Bel as [4%], and Ca di [4%]). >B oad age anges, and s ages in hei ca ee s ( om a is s jus s a ing ou o long es ablished p o essionals). Alongside his, i e supplemen a y in e iews we e ca ied ou wi h eco d label execu i es, music manage s, and men al heal h se ice p o ide s. O he su ey esponden s, 68.5% epo ed su e ing om dep ession and 71% om anxie y. These s a is ics sugges ha hese esponden s we e h ee imes mo e likely han he gene al public o su e om hese condi ions24. Ce ainly, he e is a popu- la concep ion o a musician as a ‘ o u ed a is ’ and, anecdo ally, his leads many o pe haps suspec numbe s like his because, ‘o cou se all a is s a e mad’. Howe e , a c ucial inding om his esea ch sugges s ha many musicians and music p o essionals WELL-BEING AND MENTAL HEALTH IN THE GIG ECONOMY 15 loca e he sou ce o hei men al ill heal h in he condi ions o hei ca ee . Whils some o ou indings ela ed o he speci ic s uggles and s ains o a musical ca ee , a numbe a e equally applicable o o he o ms o insecu e employmen . Key poin s sugges ed by esponden s included: Financial Ins abili y Fo many, he inancial p eca iousness ha cha ac e ises a ca ee in he music indus y – based on a ying le els o income, inconsis en con ac s, and equen ly wo king o ee, is p o- oundly psychologically des abilising. The inabili y o u n wha appea ed o be easonable le els o pe cei ed success in o any inancial peace o mind deeply wo ies hese wo ke s. These kinds o conce ns s em a leas in pa om he inabili y o plan one’s u u e: as one explained ‘no qui e being able o se goals ha a e conc e e means i ’s ha d o plan’ (Folk singe , Ca di ). Fo many, his means p olonged pe iods o ime li ing in uns able en al accommoda ion o ha ing o li e a a pa en al home. I also means wo ying mon h o mon h abou being paid on ime as paymen o in oices was la e, o e en no inding any paid wo k a all. ‘The inabili y o u n wha appea ed o be easonable le els o pe cei ed success in o any inancial peace o mind deeply wo ies hese wo ke s.’ This c ea es wha is, o many, seen as a kind o ex ended adolescence whe e hey s uggle o achie e c ucial ma ke s o adul hood, which in u n ha ms hei sel -es eem, leading o p o ound eelings o bo h anxie y and dep ession. Musicians spoke 16 CAMRI POLICY BRIEFS o seeing hei pee s achie ing c ucial ‘li e goals’ such as buying houses, ge ing ma ied, and going on holidays, and hei c eeping sense o sel -doub leading o eelings o dep ession. In e iewees o en desc ibed a ‘ elen less’ p essu e ha hey el o s ay a loa , which mani es s i sel in exhaus ion, bu also simul aneously, eelings o ‘guil ’ and anxie y abou aking any ime o . ‘Wha migh be hough o as libe a ion, is expe ienced as de achmen ; lexibili y as agili y; geog aphical mobili y as placelessness o oo lessness; and he eedom o eelancing as anxie y.’ To sugges ha musicians s uggle inancially is o cou se no new o no el. Howe e , wha he esea ch indings o ‘Can Music Make You Sick’ poin owa ds, is a g ea e acknowledgemen o he ela ionship be ween inancial p eca i y and emo ional ins abili y. Indeed, he au ho whose wo k inspi es a g ea deal o con empo a y hinking su ounding he impac o p eca i y – Guy S anding – spoke in his wo k o ‘ he p eca ia ised mind’25. I is impo an o conside how a loss o inancial ce ain y has wide- eaching psychological ami ica ions o wo ke s. Wha migh be hough o as libe a ion is expe ienced as de achmen ; lexibili y as agili y; geog aphical mobili y as placelessness o oo lessness; and he eedom o eelancing as anxie y. The Feedback Economy Fo hese ypes o wo ke s, ha ing a p esence and a ne wo k online is undamen al. The en ep eneu ial c ea ion o a b and, seeking new wo k con ac s, and s aying connec ed wi h o he s WELL-BEING AND MENTAL HEALTH IN THE GIG ECONOMY 17 gi en he lack o any ixed place o wo k, is cen al. Howe e , a g ea numbe o ou in e iewees sugges ed ha hei anxie y conce ned he ac hei wo king li es ook place wi hin a eed- back economy o elen less opinion and c i icism. These wo ke s c i icise hei own wo k, o he s c i icise hei wo k, hey c i icise hemsel es when compa ing hemsel es o he successes o o h- e s, and in doing so, compa e hemsel es o a e sion o hem- sel es which hey imagined hey migh be. In a hype -media ed wo ld o he in e ne , his eedback loop is in ini e. Musicians alked abou he di icul ies o managing he o en o eedback (bo h good and bad) – some hing which has ecei ed a en ion o i s ha m ul impac on young people and pa icula ly young gi ls26 and women. Rela ed o his, social media was o en he ehicle h ough which hey would obse e he achie emen s o o he s, and would come o compa e hei own o unes o ha o hei pee s and compe i o s. This could d as ically ha m he sel -es eem o hese wo ke s who, as sugges ed, had o en spen yea s o e en decades s uggling in an en i onmen o insecu e housing and negligible/non-exis en wages, and who could, a imes, concep ualise hese disc epancies as p o ound ailu es. Rela ionships The music indus y is a highly ne wo ked indus y and one’s social and physical geog aphical loca ion wi hin his ne wo k plays a signi ican pa in wo ke s’ abili y o secu e wo k o e en o com- pe e o wo k, and many o he musicians we in e iewed alked abou he p oblem o he London-cen ic cha ac e o he music indus y despi e he new digi al p ac ices. I was s ill e y much exp essed ha you needed o be embedded wi hin a ne wo k o ge 18 CAMRI POLICY BRIEFS no iced and his was e y us a ing o hose who li ed ou side o he capi al. London was el by many o be jus oo expensi e o hem o exis in, ye wi hou being he e hey el hei chances diminished. On he o he hand, he elaxed and in o mal wo king cul u e in he c ea i e indus ies, and eelance wo k mo e gene ally, is wha many ind a ac i e abou i . Howe e , many in e iewees spoke o he blu ing o ela ionship bounda ies and he di icul y in dis inguishing ‘ iends’ om ‘colleagues’. This inabili y o ell when one was in a wo k en i onmen o a social en i onmen leads hem, a imes, o ques ion he au hen ici y o hei iendships and also made se e al eel ha hey we e being emo ionally manipula ed in o wo king o ee on occasion because i was a ‘ iends hing’. These ambiguous ela ionships seemed o add o he musicians’ us a ions and eelings o inadequacy, and added o hei anxie y. This esea ch sugges s ha eelance and/o c ea i e sel - employmen , ypical o ha ound in he wide gig economy, has a numbe o psychologically ha m ul componen s ha should be acknowledged. Whe e he ‘c ea i e’ sel -employed may ind com o and also sa is ac ion in hei c ea i e capaci y ha se es o o se some o he issues su ounding hei p eca ious condi ions, inc easingly he new membe s o he gig economy who lack he po en ial cushion o c ea i e capaci y and ul il- men a e aced only wi h he cons ain s and p essu es o hese condi ions. Cen al o hese indings is he impac o p eca ious wo k on he well-being o wo ke s. This ype o wo k he e o e su e s no only om a p eca i y o inances, bu also a p eca i y o s a us, a p eca i y o ce ain y, and a p eca i y o sociali y. As sugges ed, a WELL-BEING AND MENTAL HEALTH IN THE GIG ECONOMY 19 numbe o he indings in ‘Can Music Make You Sick’ a e ela i ely unique o he icissi udes and challenges o a musical ca ee . How- e e , a numbe o hese ea u es o eelance, independen , and en ep eneu ial musical wo k, a e expe ienced by o he eelance wo ke s bo h in he digi al economy and in he gig economy oo. ‘This ype o wo k he e o e su e s no only om a p eca i y o inances, bu also a p eca i y o s a us, a p eca i y o ce ain y, and a p eca i y o sociali y.’ I is i al o acknowledge he emo ional dimension o p eca i y. Jus as o he ins i u ionalised wo kplaces ha e heal h and sa e y egula ions, so oo mus his o m o employmen . Wo ke s engaged in sel -employmen o his kind can be economically p e- ca ious, emo ionally ulne able, and su e in e pe sonally. Genu- ine conside a ion mus be gi en o he psychological dimen- sions o his s yle o wo k, as highligh ed by his esea ch. Y REVIEW OF POLICY OPTIONS Inc easing Tax o Sel -Employed Recen ly, he UK Go e nmen conside ed a ax inc ease o he sel -employed ha , a e a ema kable public ou c y, was la e abandoned. As a o emen ioned, he p eca ious condi ions o employmen and he unde lying unce ain y o he likely le els o income and social secu i y bene i s gene a e a se ies o ensions wi h which a ‘ lexible wo ke ’ is le o cope. Tax a es a e pa o he ecosys em o sel -employmen ha should be designed in he way ha suppo s he well-being o he sel -employed a he han c ea ing new challenges. The abo e esea ch indica es ha he condi ions o sel -employmen a e o en he cause o psycho- logical dis ess. Based on ha , hea ie ax du ies, as a sou ce o addi ional challenges, would no wo k owa ds imp o ing he men al heal h issues equen ly inhe en o lexible pa e ns o wo k, which in u n migh ha e a ious socie al implica ions due o hei impac on p oduc i i y and he s abili y o amily li es, and in o he espec s. I is also wo h men ioning ha he c ea i e indus ies – he ca ego y unde which he sample o he s udy ‘Can Music Make You Sick?’ alls – whe e eelancing o o he pa e ns o lexible wo k a e widesp ead, ha e been so a disad an aged WELL-BEING AND MENTAL HEALTH IN THE GIG ECONOMY 21 as compa ed wi h o he sec o s in e ms o he o e all suppo and a en ion assigned in public policy, as a icula ed in he cu en deba es a ound he Go e nmen ’s Indus ial S a egy G een Pape (2017)27. Indeed, he modal ea nings o he sel -employed mo e gene ally is-à- is employees a e ypically a lowe ; a ound £240 pe week as opposed o £400 pe week28. Fu he mo e whils some in wha he O ice o Na ional S a is ics calls ‘ ull- ime sel employmen ’ do indeed ea n high sala ies, i is impo an o no e ha hey do so wi hou he bene i s o o malised employmen and he associa ed p o ec ions a o ded by i . The e o e, we p opose ha he Go e nmen should a oid ac ions ha will place mo e inancial and/o adminis a i e bu dens on he sel -employed. The Go e nmen should di ec i s e o s in designing policies ha suppo his ca ego y o he wo k o ce, which ope a es in con inuous unce ain y wi h ega ds o income and wo k employmen . 28 CAMRI POLICY BRIEFS 13 BBC Gig economy chie s de end business model. 2017: h p:// www. es .bbc.co.uk/news/business-39051721 (accessed May 2017). 14 SSAC Occasional Pape 13: Social secu i y and he sel - employed. 2014: h ps://www.go .uk/go e nmen /uploads/ sys em/uploads/a achmen _da a/ ile/358334/Social_ secu i y_p o ision_and_ he_sel -employed__FINAL_24_ SEPT__.pd (accessed Ap il 2017); EP B ie ing: The u u e o wo k in he EU (2017): h p://www.eu opa l.eu opa.eu/ RegDa a/e udes/BRIE/2017/599426/EPRS_ BRI(2017)599426_EN.pd (accessed May 2017). 15 ET Case 2202550/2015 & O he s. 2016: h ps://www. judicia y.go .uk/wp-con en /uploads/2016/10/aslam-and- a a - -ube - easons-20161028.pd (accessed Ap il 2017). 16 BBC Bike cou ie wins ‘gig’ economy employmen igh s case. 2017: h p://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-38534524 (accessed Ap il 2017); RCJ Case No: A2/2015/0196 Pimlico Plumbe s (2017): h ps://www.judicia y.go .uk/wp-con en / uploads/2017/02/pimlico-plumbe s- -smi h.pd (accessed Ap il 2017). The Sup eme Cou (UK) (2018) Pimlico Plumbe s L d and ano he (Appellan s) Smi h (Responden ), Case ID UKSC 2017/0053: h ps://www.sup emecou .uk/cases/uksc- 2017-0053.h ml (accessed June 2018) 17 EP Employmen : MEPs o discuss plans o ein o ce wo ke s’ igh s. 2017: h p://www.eu opa l.eu opa.eu/news/en/news- oom/20170407STO70803/employmen -meps- o-discuss- plans- o- ein o ce-wo ke s’- igh s (accessed 2017). 18 EC The Eu opean Pilla o Social Righ s in 20 p inciples. 2017: h ps://ec.eu opa.eu/commission/p io i ies/deepe - and- ai e -economic-and-mone a y-union/eu opean-pilla - social- igh s/eu opean-pilla -social- igh s-20-p inciples_en (accessed May 2017). 19 EP Employmen : MEPs o discuss plans o ein o ce wo ke s’ igh s. 2017: h p://www.eu opa l.eu opa.eu/news/en/news- WELL-BEING AND MENTAL HEALTH IN THE GIG ECONOMY 29 oom/20170407STO70803/employmen -meps- o-discuss- plans- o- ein o ce-wo ke s’- igh s (accessed 2017). 20 WPC ‘Gig economy’ companies ee- iding on he wel a e s a e. 2017: h p://www.pa liamen .uk/business/commi ees/ commi ees-a-z/commons-selec /wo k-and-pensions- commi ee/news-pa liamen -2015/gig-economy- epo - published-16-17/ (accessed May 2017); Hu on, W., The gig economy is he e o s ay. So making i ai e mus be a p io i y. 2016: h ps://www. hegua dian.com/commen is ee/2016/sep/ 03/gig-economy-ze o-hou s-con ac s-e hics (accessed Ap il 2017). 21 Among which EP B ie ing: The u u e o wo k in he EU. 2017: h p://www.eu opa l.eu opa.eu/RegDa a/e udes/ BRIE/2017/599426/EPRS_BRI(2017)599426_EN.pd (accessed May 2017); Hu on, W., The gig economy is he e o s ay. So making i ai e mus be a p io i y, The Gua dian 2016: h ps:// www. hegua dian.com/commen is ee/2016/sep/03/gig- economy-ze o-hou s-con ac s-e hics (accessed Ap il 2017); Tolen o, J., The gig economy celeb a es wo king you sel o dea h, The New Yo ke 2017: h p://www.newyo ke .com/ cul u e/jia- olen ino/ he-gig-economy-celeb a es-wo king- you sel - o-dea h (accessed May 2017); De Gallie , T. F eelanc- ing made my dep ession wo se, The Gua dian 2017: h ps://www. hegua dian.com/ca ee s/2017/may/09/ eelancing-made-my- dep ession-wo se-he es-how-i-lea n - o-cope (accessed May 2017); Moscone, F., Tose i, E., Vi adini, G. 2016. The Impac o P eca ious Employmen on Men al Heal h: The Case o I aly, Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 158, pp. 86–95, e c. 22 G oss, S & Musg a e, G. 2016. Can Music Make You Sick? Music and Dep ession. A S udy in o he Incidence o Musicians’ Men al Heal h. Pa 1 – Pilo Su ey Repo , Ha ow: MusicTank; G oss, S & Musg a e, G. 2017. Can Music Make You Sick? A S udy in o he Incidence o Musicians’ Men al Heal h Pa 2: Quali a i e S udy and Recommenda ions. Ha ow: MusicTank. 23 A ali, J. 1977. B ui s: Essai Su L’Economie Poli ique de la Musique: Pa is: P esses Uni e si ai es de F ance. 30 CAMRI POLICY BRIEFS 24 Acco ding o he ONS (2013), nea ly 1 in 5 (19%) o people in he UK aged 16 yea s o o e expe ienced anxie y o dep ession (using he GHQ me hod which asked i hey had expe ienced hese hings ‘ ecen ly’) in 2010–11. This was consis en ac oss he wo subsequen yea s o which ONS da a is a ailable (ONS, 2015), wi h 18.3% o people (nea ly 1 in 5) simila ly esponding in bo h 2011–12, and again in 2012–13. Sou ce: ONS Measu ing Na ional Well-being: Heal h, 2013 (2013): h p://weba chi e. na ionala chi es.go .uk/20160105160709/h p://www.ons.go . uk/ons/dcp171766_310300.pd (accessed Sep 2016); ONS Measu ing Na ional Well-being: Li e in he UK, 2015 (2015): h p://weba chi e.na ionala chi es.go .uk/20160105160709/ h p://www.ons.go .uk/ons/dcp171766_398059.pd (accessed Sep 2016). 25 S anding, G. 2016. The P eca ia : The New Dange ous Class. London: Bloomsbu y Publishing. 26 Valkenbu g, P.M., Pe e , J., Schou en, A.P. 2006. Social Ne - wo king Si es and Thei Rela ionship o Adolescen s Well- Being and Social Sel -Es eem, Cybe Psychology and Beha io , Vol. 9(5), pp. 584–590. 27 BBC Indus ial s a egy ‘mus help’ UK c ea i e indus ies. 2017: h p://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-39604320 (accessed May 2017). 28 ONS. 2018. T ends in sel -employmen in he UK: Analysing he cha ac e is ics, income and weal h o he sel employed: h ps://www.ons.go .uk/employmen andlabou ma ke /people inwo k/employmen andemployee ypes/a icles/ endsin sel employmen in heuk/2018-02-07 (accessed June 2018) 29 G een Pa y. 2017. Mani es o: The G een Pa y o a Con iden and Ca ing B i ain: h ps://www.g eenpa y.o g.uk/asse s/ iles/gp2017/g eengua an eepd .pd (accessed June 2018). 30 Van Pa jis, P & Vande bo gh , Y. 2017. Basic Income: A Radical P oposal o a F ee Socie y and a Sane Economy. Camb idge, MA: Ha a d Uni e si y P ess. J SOURCES AND FURTHER READINGS A ali, J. 1977 B ui s: Essai Su L’Economie Poli ique de la Musique. Pa is: P esses Uni e si ai es de F ance. Banks, M. 2017 C ea i e Jus ice: Cul u al Indus ies, Wo k and Inequali y. London: Rowman and Li le ield In e na ional. BBC. 2017 Bike cou ie wins ‘gig’ economy employmen igh s case: h p://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-38534524 (accessed Ap il 2017) BBC. 2017. Indus ial s a egy ‘mus help’ UK c ea i e indus ies: h p://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-39604320 (accessed May 2017 BBC. 2017. Gig economy chie s de end business model: h p:// www. es .bbc.co.uk/news/business-39051721 (accessed May 2017) Cloonan, M & Williamson, J. 2016. Playe s’ Wo k Time: A His o y o he B i ish Musicians’ Union, 1893–2013. Ox o d: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess. De Gallie , T. 2017 F eelancing made my dep ession wo se, The Gua dian: h ps://www. hegua dian.com/ca ee s/2017/ may/09/ eelancing-made-my-dep ession-wo se-he es-how-i- lea n - o-cope (accessed May 2017). Dizik, A. 2017. 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Measu ing na ional well-being: Li e in he UK, 2015: h p://weba chi e.na ionala chi es.go .uk/20160105160709/ h p://www.ons.go .uk/ons/dcp171766_398059.pd (accessed Sep 2016). ONS. 2016. T ends in sel -employmen in he UK: 2001 o 2015: h ps://www.ons.go .uk/employmen andlabou ma ke / peopleinwo k/employmen andemployee ypes/a icles/ endsi nsel employmen in heuk/2001 o2015 (accessed May 2017). ONS. 2017. Con ac s ha do no gua an ee a minimum numbe o hou s: May 2017: h ps://www.ons.go .uk/employmen and labou ma ke /peopleinwo k/ea ningsandwo kinghou s/ 34 CAMRI POLICY BRIEFS a icles/con ac s ha dono gua an eeaminimumnumbe o hou s/may2017 (accessed May 2017). ONS. 2018. T ends in sel -employmen in he UK: Analysing he cha ac e is ics, income and weal h o he sel employed: h ps:// www.ons.go .uk/employmen andlabou ma ke /peopleinwo k/ employmen andemployee ypes/a icles/ endsinsel employ men in heuk/2018-02-07 (Accessed June 2018) RCJ. 2017. 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The gig economy celeb a es wo king you sel o dea h, The New Yo ke : h p://www.newyo ke .com/cul u e/ jia- olen ino/ he-gig-economy-celeb a es-wo king-you sel - o-dea h (accessed May 2017). Valkenbu g, P.M., Pe e , J. & Schou en, A.P. 2006. Social Ne wo king Si es and Thei Rela ionship o Adolescen s Well-Being and WELL-BEING AND MENTAL HEALTH IN THE GIG ECONOMY 35 Social Sel -Es eem, Cybe Psychology and Beha io , Vol. 9(5), pp. 584–590. Van Pa jis, P & Vande bo gh , Y. 2017 Basic Income: A Radical P oposal o a F ee Socie y and a Sane Economy. Camb idge, MA: Ha a d Uni e si y P ess WPC. 2017. ‘Gig economy’ companies ee- iding on he wel a e s a e: h p://www.pa liamen .uk/business/commi ees/ commi ees-a-z/commons-selec /wo k-and-pensions- commi ee/news-pa liamen -2015/gig-economy- epo - published-16-17/ (accessed May 2017). WELL-BEING AND MENTAL HEALTH IN THE GIG ECONOMY Policy Pe spec i es on P eca i y A esponse is needed o he nume ous issues spu ed by he expansion o he gig economy, whe e lexible pa e ns o employmen p e ail in con as o pe manen jobs. In his con ex o he exponen ial g ow h o he digi al economy and unde lying business models he la ges na ionwide s udy o i s kind in o he impac o he wo king condi ions in he UK music indus y ‘Can Music Make You Sick?’ has been conduc ed by MusicTank/Uni e si y o Wes mins e . This esea ch sugges s he need o conside he u u e o wo k no only om an economic o employmen law pe spec i e bu om a men al heal h one oo. Wha a e he psychological implica ions o p eca ious wo k and how a e ac o s such as inancial ins abili y, he eedback economy and pe sonal ela ionships e lec ed in men al heal h ou comes o connec ed o he business ela ionships mos musicians and o he gig economy pa icipan s wo k unde ? Au ho s Sally-Anne G oss, Geo ge Musg a e and Laima Janciu e conside which policy measu es may help o ha m gig economy wo ke s including he axa ion o sel -employed wo ke s, a uni e sal basic income, educa ion a ound men al heal h issues and access o men al heal h suppo . www.uwes mins e p ess.co.uk