The impact of metropolises' characteristics on provincial economic structure transformation: Evidence from Vietnam

Bac T uong Cong A icle The impac o me opolises' cha ac e is ics on p o incial economic s uc u e ans o ma ion: E idence om Vie nam Cogen Economics & Finance P o ided in Coope a ion wi h: Taylo & F ancis G oup Sugges ed Ci a ion: Bac T uong Cong (2021) : The impac o me opolises' cha ac e is ics on p o incial economic s uc u e ans o ma ion: E idence om Vie nam, Cogen Economics & Finance, ISSN 2332-2039, Taylo & F ancis, Abingdon, Vol. 9, Iss. 1, pp. 1-16, h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2021.1937849 This Ve sion is a ailable a : h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/270110 S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen: Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den. Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen. 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I he documen s ha e been made a ailable unde an Open Con en Licence (especially C ea i e Commons Licences), you may exe cise u he usage igh s as speci ied in he indica ed licence. h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/ Full Te ms & Condi ions o access and use can be ound a h ps://www. and online.com/ac ion/jou nalIn o ma ion?jou nalCode=oae 20 Cogen Economics & Finance ISSN: (P in ) (Online) Jou nal homepage: h ps://www. and online.com/loi/oae 20 The impac o me opolises’ cha ac e is ics on p o incial economic s uc u e ans o ma ion: e idence om Vie nam Bac T uong Cong | To ci e his a icle: Bac T uong Cong | (2021) The impac o me opolises’ cha ac e is ics on p o incial economic s uc u e ans o ma ion: e idence om Vie nam, Cogen Economics & Finance, 9:1, 1937849, DOI: 10.1080/23322039.2021.1937849 To link o his a icle: h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2021.1937849 © 2021 The Au ho (s). This open access a icle is dis ibu ed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion (CC-BY) 4.0 license. Published online: 21 Jun 2021. Submi you a icle o his jou nal A icle iews: 1418 View ela ed a icles View C ossma k da a Ci ing a icles: 2 View ci ing a icles FINANCIAL ECONOMICS | RESEARCH ARTICLE The impac o me opolises’ cha ac e is ics on p o incial economic s uc u e ans o ma ion: e idence om Vie nam Bac T uong Cong 1 * Abs ac : Economic s uc u e ans o ma ion is widely ecognized as a c ucial ole in sus ainable de elopmen . Howe e , he exis ing li e a u e almos ocused on he change inside ce ain economic a eas and igno ed he ex e nal ela ionship. This aises he ques ion abou he ole o ac o s ou side in economic s uc u e ans o - ma ion a he p e ec u e-le el. This pape akes Vie nam as he s udy a ea o ill his gap and examines he impac o me opolis’s cha ac e is ics on he p o inces’ eco- nomic s uc u al ans o ma ion. Using da a o p o incial economic s uc u e om 2015 o 2018 collec ed om he Gene al S a is ics O ice o Vie nam, he econome ic analysis wi h ins umen a iables o panel da a is pe o med. The esul s show ha me opolises play an impo an ole in he economic s uc u e change o p o inces h ough ce ain oles: des ina ion o mig a ion and s a -poin o emi ances, he ma ke o goods and se ices, hubs o in o ma ion and knowledge. Subjec s: De elopmen S udies; Regional De elopmen ; Economics and De elopmen ; Economics; De elopmen Economics Keywo ds: Economic s uc u e ans o ma ion; p e ec u e-le el; egional linkages; ins umen a iables; me opolis; Vie nam 1. In oduc ion Economic s uc u al ans o ma ion o s uc u al ans o ma ion o s uc u al change is usually de ined as he ealloca ion o economic ac i i y ac oss he b oad sec o s o ag icul u e, man- u ac u ing, and se ices (Diao, McMillan e al., 2019; He endo e al., 2014; Kuzne s, 1973) plays an impo an ole in de elopmen . In his o y, along wi h each coun y’s economic de el- opmen is he economic s uc u al change (Rod ik, 2016). The change in s uc u es accompanies mode n economic g ow h, enabling a sus ained inc ease in p oduc i i y and li ing s anda ds Bac T uong Cong ABOUT THE AUTHOR T uong Cong Bac I am Ph.D. Candida e in Economics a Uni e si y o Economics and Law, Vie nam Na ional Uni e si y Ho Chi Minh Ci y/ VNU-HCM. I hold a Mas e o Economics om Toulouse School o Economics, F ance. My esea ch in e es s a e in he a eas o economics, de elopmen economics, egional linkages, eco- nomic policy. PUBLIC INTEREST STATEMENT Economic s uc u e ans o ma ion plays a c ucial ole in sus ainable de elopmen ; he e- o e, i has a ac ed he massi e a en ion o esea che s. Taking Vie nam as he case s udy, his pape indica es ha he economic s uc u e ans o ma ion in p o inces is a ec ed by me opolises’ cha ac e is ics. Mo e speci ically, o p omo e he p o incial ans o ma ion, inc eas- ing sala y o imp o ing he sys em o heal hca e and educa ion in me opolises a e sugges ed. In addi ion, policies o enhancing he in o ma ion linkages and de eloping he ma ke a e also b illian solu ions. T uong Cong, Cogen Economics & Finance (2021), 9: 1937849 h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2021.1937849 Page 1 o 16 Recei ed: 30 Ma ch 2021 Accep ed: 30 May 2021 *Co esponding au ho : T uong Cong Bac, Uni e si y o Economics and Law, Vie nam Na ional Uni e si y, Ho Chi Minh Ci y, Vie nam E-mail: [email p o ec ed]: [email p o ec ed] Re iewing edi o : Wai Ching Poon, Economics, Monash Uni e si y - Malaysia Campus, MALAYSIA Addi ional in o ma ion is a ailable a he end o he a icle © 2021 The Au ho (s). This open access a icle is dis ibu ed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion (CC-BY) 4.0 license. (Loayza & Radda z, 2010; McMillan & Headey, 2014), e en os e ing u baniza ion, c ea ing new social ca ego y habi s (Rod ik, 2016). The economic s uc u e is also conside ed o p o ide oppo uni ies o make new combina ions ha e ol e in o new g ow h pa hs (Boschma, 2015). Besides ha , he economic s uc u e also has a closed ela ionship o esilience and he abili y o deal wi h unique challenges (Da ies, 2011; G oo e al., 2011). F om he policy’s iewpoin , i can be seen as a policy ins umen owa ds esilience o e u n o he p e ious equilib ium a e a shock o dis u bance ac oss a ious disciplines (Van Aswegen & Re ie , 2020). Fo hese easons, he la ge su ge o in e es in economic s uc u al change has indeed ed a la ge discussion and in es iga ion (McMillan & Headey, 2014). Howe e , hese s udies almos men ion s uc u al ans o ma ion a he coun y-le el while he p e ec u e-le el s udies a e minimal. The exis ing li e a u e also ocuses on he o ces o ans o ma ion, which a e changes inside ce ain economic a eas and igno ed he ex e nal ela ionship. Clea ly, any a eas a e co e ed by he egional linkages and di ided in o unequal de elopmen known as ei he u ban/co e o u al/pe iphe y. As E ans (1990) has a gued, any discussions on de elopmen need o conside u al-u ban linkages wi h ega d o bo h economic de elopmen and s uc u al ans o ma ion. This aises he ques ion abou he impac o egional linkages in p o inces’ economic s uc u al ans o ma ion in heo e ical and empi ical esea ch. To ill his gap, his s udy’s main objec i e is o connec he exis ing li e a u e and p o ide an ex ended pic u e o p o incial economic s uc u al ans o ma ion om egional linkages. E idence is sough om expe imen s wi h all p o inces in Vie nam, a de eloping coun y, which has unde gone a d as ic change in he economic s uc u e. A e 30 yea s o economic and poli ical e o m in 1986, Vie nam expe ienced ans o ming om one o he wo ld’s poo es na ions in o a lowe middle- income coun y and became one o he as es -g owing coun ies in he wo ld. The impo an pa o his accele a ed economic pace is labo shi ing om ag icul u e o manu ac u ing and se ices. In 2019, Vie Nam’s GDP g ow h go 7.02%, nea ly o 7.08% in 2018, which was one o he as es g ow h a es in he egion. F om 1989 o 2019, GDP pe capi a inc eased by 4.9 imes, eaching o e US$ 2700 in 2019 1 and his p ocess also con inues a he p e ec u e-le el. Vie Nam’s con empo a y simila i ies o a la ge numbe o de eloping coun ies make i s expe iences highly ele an o many egional and ex a- egional s akeholde s; he e o e, he in es iga ion o hese p o inces can be seen as he well- ep esen ed case s udy in he in es iga ion o p o incial economic s uc u al ans o ma- ion. Conside ing he p o inces as he pe iphe ies and me opolises as he co e, he s udy employs egional linkages’ heo ies o se up he hypo heses abou me opolises’ cha ac e is ics ha impac p o incial s uc u e change. The econome ic analyses a e hen pe o med be o e in e p e ing key esul s and making a ew concluding ema ks ha also poin owa d u u e esea ch. The indings help cla i y wha ole me opolises can play in he p o incial s uc u e change and wha kind o incen i es should be de eloped o p omo e his ans o ma ion. The es o his s udy is o ganized as ollows: The second sec ion e isi s p e ious ela ed s udies’ esul s and de elops he hypo heses. In he hi d sec ion, he me hodology and da a a e in o- duced. The ou h sec ion con ains he main indings. The discussion is p o ided in he i h sec ion. The six h sec ion concludes he s udy and p o ides he di ec ion o u u e esea ch. 2. Theo e ical backg ounds and hypo hesis de elopmen s 2.1. S uc u al ans o ma ion The economic s uc u al ans o ma ion has been in es iga ed o a long ime, and he wo main mechanisms h ough which he p ocess o s uc u al change can occu ha e been p oposed: Demand and Supply-side explana ions. F om he iewpoin o demand-side explana ion, he ole o non-homo he ici ies whe eby goods di e in income elas ici y is he main issue (Foellmi & Zweimülle , 2008; Kongsamu e al., 2001). F om he iewpoin o supply-side explana ion, sec o al p oduc i i y di e ence is ocused (Bus os e al., 2019; Dua e & Res uccia, 2010; Gollin e al., 2002; Ngai & Pissa ides, 2007). These gi e he message om hei analysis ha imp o e- men s in ag icul u al p oduc i i y can has en indus ializa ion. Combining bo h mechanisms, T uong Cong, Cogen Economics & Finance (2021), 9: 1937849 h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2021.1937849 Page 2 o 16 some models o explain he s uc u al ans o ma ion a e cons uc ed by schola s like Caselli and Coleman (2001), Bue a and Kaboski (2009), Boppa (2014), He endo e al. (2014), and Comin e al. (2015). These s udies a emp o in es iga e he de e minan s o economy-wide s uc u al ans o ma ion by using c oss-coun y da a. As o he egional le el, he s uc u al change in a eas also bases on he imp o emen in ag icul u al p oduc i i y (Balisacan e al., 2011; Gollin, 2018; Hazell e al., 2007) o inc ease in income (Ba e e al., 2001; Haggblade e al., 2010; Hossain, 2004). Howe e , he e a e exis ences o unequal de elopmen in di e en a eas wi h any coun y, which a e known as ei he u ban/co e o u al/pe iphe y. I combines popula ion size and popula ion densi y h esholds o cap u e he ull se lemen hie a chy. The e o e, he de e minan s o s uc u al change o each a ea could ha e di e en o igins o cha ac e is ics. 2.2. Regional linkages F om he egional linkage pe spec i es, in his amous esea ch, he F ench economis F ancois Pe oux in oduced he g ow h pole heo y o heo y o pola ized de elopmen (Pe oux, 1955). He a gues ha de elopmen is unbalanced; i does no appea e e ywhe e all a once bu appea s in poin s o de elopmen poles wi h a iable in ensi ies and sp eads along di e se channels and wi h a ying e minal e ec s o he whole o he economy. Also, in he same way, F iedman (1966) c ea es so-called heo ies o une en de elopmen in he co e-pe iphe y ela ionship in which he co e domina es, whils he pe iphe y is dependen . He ies o ep esen he egional space economy ha expe iences ou s ages, om disc e e equilib ium, agg ega ed non-equilib ium, o a di used s age, and ne wo k equilib ium, which co esponds o p e-indus ial, ansi ional, indus ial, and pos - indus ial s ages, espec i ely. Along wi h egional de elopmen desc ip ion, he nea ly simul aneous publica ions o wo schola s: Hi schman (1958) and My dal (1957), a gued ha he cen e a ec s he su ounding a eas nega i ely and posi i ely. Hi schman’s “ ickling down” e ec s (concep ually analogous o My dal’s sp ead e ec s) a e posi i e e ec s, which a e he inc ease o cen e ’s pu - chases and in es men s in he nea by a eas and he abso p ion o he unde employed in some o he nea by a eas by he cen e , he eby inc easing pe capi a incomes in he su ounding a eas. In con as , Hi schman’s pola iza ion e ec s (o backwash e ec s espec i ely in My dal’s e ms) a e he nega i e e ec s ha include mig a ion om he neighbo ing a eas o he cen e , especially o he mo e skilled and ained wo ke s, and weak p oduc ion in he ou lying a ea, caused by supe io cen e compe i ion. In de eloped coun ies, i is well es ablished ha u ban cen e s a e engines o egional g ow h (Be degué e al., 2015; Pa idge e al., 2007; Wu & Gopina h, 2008). Speci ically, Douglass (1998) and Tacoli (2003) sugges ed ha u al de elopmen is linked o u ban unc ions and oles h ough a se o lows: people, p oduc ion, commodi ies, money, and in o ma ion be ween u al and u ban a eas. Also, a la ge numbe o s udies indica e ha s onge u al–u ban linkages could also play a c ucial ole in po e y educ ion in de eloping coun ies (Akkoyunlu, 2015; Cali & Menon, 2013; Ch is iaensen & Todo, 2014). Acco ding o hese au ho s, he egional linkages play a c ucial ole in he de elopmen bo h in he u ban co e and in he u al su oundings. Especially, he u ban is conside ed as he o igins o change mo i a ion, and i a ec s u al a eas in some di e en ways. 2.3. Hypo hesis de elopmen s As men ioned, he in es iga ion o economy-wide s uc u al change can igno e he ela ionship be ween dicho omy a eas because di e en a eas also belong o he coun y’s e i o y. Howe e , as o sepa a ed a eas, i he analyses igno e he egional linkages, hey may lead o misunde - s anding abou o igins and he ole o de e minan s. Wi h dicho omy a eas wi hin he coun y, me opolises can be conside ed as co es, and p o inces a e pe iphe ies. In his sec ion, some hypo heses o p o incial s uc u al change based on egional linkages a e de eloped. Following p e ious s udies, he main mechanisms o s uc u al change a e inc easing p oduc i i y o income; he e o e, any sou ce a ec ing p oduc i i y o income will lead o s uc u al ans o ma ion. The hypo hesis de elopmen s below will be p oposed based on he egional linkages which conside he ole o u ban a eas in he u al s uc u al ans o ma ion. T uong Cong, Cogen Economics & Finance (2021), 9: 1937849 h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2021.1937849 Page 3 o 16 2.3.1. Des ina ion o mig a ion and s a -poin o emi ances The low o labo and money exis s hand in hand, and hey a e usually known as mig a ion and emi ances. The di ec ions o hem a e opposi e; he ou -mig a ion om u al o u ban will lead he emi ances o mo e om u ban o u al in whe e mig an s’ household li e (G ay, 2009; Y. Lu, 2013; McCa hy e al., 2006; Mob and, 2012). Labo mig a ion be ween u al and u ban a eas has become he co e impe us o u al change especially, ag icul u al ans o ma ion in adi ional a ming a eas (Caul ield e al., 2019; Food and Ag icul u e O ganiza ion o he Uni ed Na ions, 2017; Ge e al., 2020; Milbou ne & Ki chen, 2014). Di ec ly, mig a ion a ec s u al s uc u al change in he o m o losing labo in ag icul u al ac i i ies, leading o ag icul u al p oduc i i y declines (Hussain e al., 2016, 2018; Shi, 2018; Taylo & Cas elhano, 2016). Indi ec ly, mig a ion con ibu es signi ican ly o u al s uc u al change h ough emi ances, which is he main e ec (Ajae o & Onokala, 2013; G ay & Bilsbo ow, 2014). Remi ances o mig an s inc ease he u al household’s income (D. L. Nguyen e al., 2017; Sama a unge e al., 2020), complemen he de iciency o money in he u al household, which is used o in es in inc easing he ag icul u al p oduc i i y by using mo e o pes icides, chemical e ilize s, applying new echnologies (Caul ield e al., 2019); ha educes he alue o labo , hus emo ing labo om ag icul u e (Bhanda i & Ghimi e, 2016) o inc ease he consump ion. Almos emi ance’s expendi u e is used o ood, clo hing, heal h ca e, educa ion bu he hie a chy o expendi u e depend on he household’s cha ac e is ics (Sama a unge e al., 2020; D. L. Nguyen e al., 2017; Thapa & Acha ya, 2017; Ga ip, 2014; Sikde & Ballis, 2013; Adams & Cuecuecha, 2013). The inc ease o non- ag icul u al p oduc demand b ings a good oppo uni y o u al indus ies and se ices (D. L. Nguyen e al., 2017). While lows o labo and money ha e bo h posi i e and nega i e e ec s on u al a eas and u al households, he p e ious s udies show ha loss in labo in ag icul u e is compensa ed by inc eased access o money (McCa hy e al., 2006; Taylo & Cas elhano, 2016) hus any ac o s which p omo e he mig a ion is p oposed as posi i e e ec o u al ans o ma ion. As o he cause o u al- u ban mig a ion, he mo i a ion o u al-u ban mig an s has o en been analyzed unde he push- pull heo y (Cho e al., 2019; L. D. Nguyen e al., 2015; Ge e al., 2020; Ho mann e al., 2019). He e, pull ac o s a e social, economic, poli ical, o en i onmen al incen i es in he u ban a ea, while push ac o s a e incen i es in he u al a ea ha o ce people o ou -mig a e. Howe e , in his pape ’s scope, which analyses he ole o u ban a ea in u al s uc u al change, he pull ac o s a e ocused. F om he pull ac o s iewpoin , social and economic oppo uni ies a e he p incipal. Job oppo uni ies wi h high income, be e educa ion, and li ing condi ions (Cho e al., 2019; L. D. Nguyen e al., 2015; Ho mann e al., 2019; Mamgain & Reddy, 2017). Some p e ious esea ches y o sepa a e he impac s om mig a ion and emi ances; howe e , in eal li e, he ac o s shaping mig a ion also shape emi ances’ dis ibu ion and po en ial impac s. This is also wha makes s udying sepa a ed emi ance o mig a ion impac s so complica ed (Taylo & Cas elhano, 2016). To a oid he endo- genei y phenomena in models and es ima e he o e all e ec s o mig a ion and emi ance, his pape does no sepa a e each e ec and uses he hypo heses based on mig a ion easons because he e can be no mig an emi ances wi hou mig a ion. Syn hesizing he abo e a gumen s, I p opose he ollowing hypo hesizes: H1: Mon hly a e age income pe capi a in me opolises ha e a posi i e and signi ican in luence on he p o incial ans o ma ion H2: The a io o a quali ied eache and high deg ee o o al eache s o gene al educa ion in me opolises has a posi i e and signi ican in luence on p o incial ans o ma ion. H3: The a io o pos g adua e heal h s a o o al heal h s a s in hospi als in me opolises has a posi i e and signi ican in luence on he p o incial ans o ma ion. 2.3.2. Expansion o land usage A la ge popula ion cha ac e izes u ban a eas, and apid u ban popula ion g ow h has led o inc eas- ing demand o u ban land, pa icula ly o housing and o o he a ious u ban uses (Aguila e al., T uong Cong, Cogen Economics & Finance (2021), 9: 1937849 h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2021.1937849 Page 4 o 16 2003). U ban expansion enc oaches on ex ensi e a mland a eas and nega i ely impac s ag icul u al landscape pa e ns, a decline in ag icul u al land-use in ensi y (Jiang e al., 2013; Su e al., 2014; Yu e al., 2019). Combining wi h emi ance e ec s, u al-u ban mig a ion p omo es hei c opland abandonmen (C. Lu, 2020; Lo enzen e al., 2020). The con e sion o ag icul u al land o u ban uses leads o apid ans o ma ions in u al a eas’ ag icul u al p oduc ion (Thuo, 2013). As an u ban expansion, hei demand o su ounding u al land g ows, gi ing ise o specula ion and pu ing upwa d p essu e on land p ices (Diao, Magalhaes e al., 2019). This could inc ease he oppo uni y cos s o engaging in ag icul u e in hese a eas ela i e o non- a m ac i i ies (Cali & Menon, 2013) and lead households o en e he u al non- a m sec o (Cobbinah e al., 2015). Howe e , he p ima y o which is popula ion inc ease h ough na u al g ow h and immig a ion (Thuo, 2013), and some s udies ha e shown sh eds o e idence o u al-u ban mig a ion on a mland usage in u al (Caul ield e al., 2019; Ge e al., 2020; Qin & Liao, 2016). The e o e, o es ima e he ole o u ban in u al ans o ma ion h ough expansion and emo e he endogenei y o mig a ion, he ins umen a iable is u ban special land. Hence, he ou h hypo hesis is p oposed as he ollowing: H4: The a io o land used in manu ac u ed pu pose o o al a eas o land in me opolises has a posi i e and signi ican in luence on he p o incial ans o ma ion. 2.3.3. Ma ke o goods and se ices U ban a eas ha e h ee ca ego ies o unc ions: ma ke ing, p oduc ion, and se ice unc ions (O suka, 2007). Th ough inc easing u ban demand along wi h ag icul u al g ow h ha aises incomes o u al households, ag icul u al consump ion linkages lead o he de elopmen o he u al non- a m econ- omy, pa icula ly h ough inc eases in in o mal ade and local ood p ocessing (Ch is iaensen, 2007; Haggblade e al., 1989; O suka, 2007). Also, u ban consume s ela e he demand change o di e si ied die , including ui s, ege ables, dai y, and mea , which c ea es oppo uni ies along wi h he p o- cessed oods (Rod ik, 2016). To analyze he independen e ec s o me opolises’ cha ac e is ics, which a e ma ke oles o p o inces, his s udy emo es he e ec s o mig a ion by using he da a o he me opolises’ popula ion wi hou mig a ion as he explana o y a iable. Thus, he i h hypo hesis is p oposed as he ollowing: H5: The popula ion wi hou mig a ion in me opolises has a posi i e and signi ican in luence on he p o incial ans o ma ion. 2.3.4. Hubs o in o ma ion and knowledge Flows o in o ma ion be ween u al and u ban a eas include in o ma ion on ma ke s, om p ice luc ua ions o consume p e e ences, in o ma ion on employmen oppo uni ies o po en ial mig an s in bo h u ban and u al a eas (Habi a , 2017; Ha che , 2017; Sie chiping e al., 2014), and he sha ing o knowledge and echnology be ween he wo a eas (S i as a a & Shaw, 2016). These lows p o ide da a ha a e ied o helping a me s imp o e hei p oduc i i y, yields, and p o i abili y du ing he cou se o hei no mal business o g owing ag icul u al p oduce, such as wea he upda es, c isis and isk managemen in o ma ion (Ajani & Agwu, 2012; Mille e al., 2013) ha a e acqui ed h ough adio and ele ision b oadcas s and in o ma ion cen e s a e u ban a eas (Wa enbach e al., 2005). Wi h lows o in o ma ion abou he demand in u ban a eas, households in u al a eas can access imely and necessa y in o ma ion ha es ic s selling hei ha es s below ai alue and p edic s he ime o sell p oduc s a a high p ice (Mille e al., 2013). Any ele an ag icul u al in o ma ion ha a me s can apply o hei a ms o help hem make in o med decisions abou hei a ming en e p ises could inc ease ag icul u al p oduc i i y and income (Ajani, 2014; Chapman & T uong Cong, Cogen Economics & Finance (2021), 9: 1937849 h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2021.1937849 Page 5 o 16 Slaymake , 2002). Besides, u ban a eas as “ he engines o g ow h and hubs o c ea i i y and inno a- ion” (Li e al., 2019), and hey p o ide a a o able en i onmen o knowledge di usion (Glaese e al., 1992). When echnology change in ag icul u e is s ongly labo -sa ing, like he case, gene ically enginee ed plan s c ea e mo e c op yields, i can os e indus ializa ion (Bus os e al., 2016). In o ma ion and communica ion echnologies (ICT) a e powe ul ools, especially he In e ne , which people use o sha e, dis ibu e, ga he in o ma ion, and communica e h ough compu e s and compu e ne wo ks (Biggs, 2003). The e o e, he le el o using he in e ne in me opolises is chosen as he explana o y a iable ha indica es he ole o me opolises as hubs o in o ma ion and knowledge. And, he six h hypo hesis is p oposed as he ollowing: H6: The a io o in e ne subsc ibe s o e he o al popula ion in me opolises has a posi i e and signi ican in luence on p o incial ans o ma ion. Building on exis ing li e a u e and empi ical e idence, my esea ch amewo k assumes ha he economic s uc u al ans o ma ion is de e mined by a a ie y o ac o s ela ed o me opolises (Figu e 1). 3. Me hodologies and da a 3.1. Me hodology This pape applies desc ip i e s a is ics o da a o me opolises and p o inces o p o ide insigh in o me opolises’ cha ac e is ics and changes in p o incial s uc u e. Fu he mo e, panel da a ha p o ide in o ma ion on indi idual beha io , bo h ac oss indi iduals and o e ime, a e used o analyze he ela ionship be ween he me opolises’ cha ac e is ics and p o incial ans o ma ion. The panel da a include he in o ma ion o all 63 p o inces in Vie nam in he pe iod om 2015 o 2018. Because me opolises a ec p o incial ans o ma ion h ough many ac o s ha ha e complex ela ionships, his pape uses some ins umen a iables ha emo e he models’ endo- genei y phenomena. The simples ype o panel da a models is a pooled OLS model, which has been gi en he o m in Equa ion (1): NAsi ¼β0þXi βþμi ð1Þ Whe e: NAsi is he non-ag icul u al sha e o p o ince i 2(1, 2,.,63) in yea 2(2015,.,2018). β0 is he in e cep . X is a ma ix o p edic o a iables which a e desc ibed in Table 1.β is a ec o o eg ession coe icien s o be es ima ed.μ is a andom dis u bance e m wi h a mean o 0. In his model, he coe icien s a e es ima ed by OLS wi h a sample o 252 (i* ) obse a ions, no ecognizing he panel s uc u e o da a. This model assumes homoskedas ici y and no co ela ion be ween p o ince i’s obse a ions in di e en pe iods (o be ween di e en p o inces in he same pe iod). Howe e , his is he mos es ic i e panel da a model and is no used much in he li e a u e because each p o ince has speci ic cha ac e is ics ha may o may no in luence he p edic o a iables. The e o e, wo o he ypes o panel da a models wi h a ea men o he indi idual e ec a e also employed: Fixed e ec s model and Random e ec s model (C oissan & Millo, 2008; Hausman, 1978). These models will help o cap u e p o ince-speci ic he e ogenei y i he e is e idence o signi ican di e ences ac oss p o inces. Equa ion (2) desc ibes he Fixed e ec s model: NAsi ¼αiþXi βþμi ð2Þ whe e: αi(i = 1,2, . . ., 63) is he unknown in e cep o each p o ince (63 p o ince-speci ic in e cep s). Fixed e ec model con ols he impac o he p o incial cha ac e is ics on p edic o a iables by cap u ing hese cha ac e is ics in in e cep . On he o he hand, unlike he ixed e ec s model, he T uong Cong, Cogen Economics & Finance (2021), 9: 1937849 h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2021.1937849 Page 6 o 16 a ia ion ac oss p o inces in andom e ec s model is assumed o be andom and unco ela ed wi h he p edic o a iables included in he model. Equa ion (3) indica es he andom e ec s model. NAsi ¼αþXi βþωiþμi ð3Þ Whe e α is cons an e m, ωi is andom e o e m wi h mean 0 and a iance (σ2 ω). To choose he sui able model, his pape also implemen s he es s. The F es and B eusch-Pagan Lag ange mul iplie es a e used o es ing panel e ec based on he pooling model’s esul (B eusch & Pagan, 1980), while Table 1. Desc ip ion o key a iables Va iable Desc ip ion Dependen a iable NAs Value added sha e in Non-Ag icul u e o P o ince (%) Independen a iable Income Mon hly a e age income pe capi a in me opolis (Million VND) QuaTeache The a io o quali ied eache and high deg ee o o al eache s o gene al educa ion in me opolis (%) QuaHeal h The a io o pos g adua e heal h s a s o o al heal h s a s in hospi al in me opolis (%) LandRa e The a io o land used in manu ac u ed pu pose o o al a eas o land in me opolis (%) Popula ion The popula ion wi hou mig a ion in me opolis (Million pe sons) In e ne The a io o in e ne subsc ibe s o e o al popula ion in me opolis (%) Figu e 1. Resea ch amewo k and hypo heses. T uong Cong, Cogen Economics & Finance (2021), 9: 1937849 h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23322039.2021.1937849 Page 7 o 16 Ghana. Habi a In e na ional, 50, 120–129. h ps:// doi.o g/10.1016/j.habi a in .2015.08.002 Comin, D. A., Lashka i, D., & Mes ie i, M. (2015). 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