Performance improvement using dynamic performance stubs

T app, Pe e ; Facchi, Ch is ian Wo king Pape Pe o mance imp o emen using dynamic pe o mance s ubs A bei sbe ich e - Wo king Pape s, No. 14 P o ided in Coope a ion wi h: Technische Hochschule Ingols ad (THI) Sugges ed Ci a ion: T app, Pe e ; Facchi, Ch is ian (2007) : Pe o mance imp o emen using dynamic pe o mance s ubs, A bei sbe ich e - Wo king Pape s, No. 14, Fachhochschule Ingols ad - Uni e si y o Applied Sciences, Ingols ad , h ps://nbn- esol ing.de/u n:nbn:de:b b:573-292 This Ve sion is a ailable a : h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/202566 S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen: Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den. Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen. 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Ch is ian Facchi A bei sbe ich e Wo king Pape s Kompe enz scha Zukun C ea ing compe ence o he u u e F a c h ho c h s c h u l e I n g o l s a d U n i e s i y o Applied Sciences Pe o mance Imp o emen Using Dynamic Pe o mance S ubs Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Pe e T app P o . D . Ch is ian Facchi A bei sbe ich e Wo king Pape s He N . 14 aus de Reihe "A bei sbe ich e - Wo king Pape s" ISSN 1612-6483 Ingols ad , im Augus 2007 Abs ac DynamicPe o manceS ubs suppo pe o mance imp o e- men .Theycan beused o iden i y“hidden”bo lenecks and also o p o idebe e es ima ions o he gain om pe - o mance imp o emen . The ideabehind heses ubbing mechanismwill bedesc ibed, he co e concep willbeex- plained andaclose look on he possibili yo c ea ings ubs will begi en. Fu he mo e an in oduc ion on “How o use dynamicpe o mances ubs”is also included. Dynamic Pe o mance S ubs 1In oduc ion Cu en pe o mance imp o emen s ollowa s ic line:analysis- es -imp o emen - e - i ica ion.Thisp ocedu e dependss ongly on he expe ience o he pe son ealizing a pe o - mance op imiza ion and can only oughly be used o es ima ions. Oneo he p oblems us- ing hisme hodology is hecos -bene i anal- ysis o imp o emen possibili ies. The expe has o know hecomple e sys em a a e y de ailedle elwhichis ha dlypossible wi hin la ge so wa ep ojec s.Ano he p oblem o his app oachis ha heop imiza ion has o be donewi hou eally knowing howmucho he module has o beop imized [1]. Is i enough o sligh ly modi y pe o mance-c i ical unc ions o is i necessa y o ind anewalgo i hm o he comple e p ocedu e? A e he op imiza ion o some pa s no - mally o he addi ional pe o mance bo le- necksdelay he execu ion imeo he compo- nen unde s udy (CUS) [1].Wi hou knowing all bo lenecks inad ance heimp o emen e - o maylead o an unexpec edly smallgain. Mos o hese p oblemscan bebypassed wi h he dynamicpe o mance s ub.I com- bines pe o mance measu emen s wi h he well- known echniques o s ubbingused in heim- plemen a ion and es phase o so wa e de- elopmen . Tode elop dynamicpe o mance s ubs hepe o mance o he al eadyexis ing so wa emodules(sys ems unde es , SUT) ha e o bes udieda a e y de ailedle el and se e al bo lenecksha e o beiden i ied.This pe o mance beha io can bemodeled using hepe o mancesimula ion unc ions(PSF). The esul ingpe o mance s ub can beused o modeling di e en pe o mance beha io s o he eplaced uni , o es ima ing heachie - ablegain o o iden i y o he bo lenecks. The e a e wodi e en esea chscopesin simula ion o hepe o mance beha io . In [2] i isexplained howpe o mance o inne loopscan bemodeled a heins uc ion le el and whiche ec heyha eon hememo y/- cache pe o mance. Al hough he possibil- i yo modelingso wa e modules exis s, he high deg ee o g anula i yo his app oach e- duces heusabili y o s ubbing whole so - wa e unc ions/modules. In [3] he usage o sma s ubs o so wa e analysis o unc ions and modules whicha epa ly no a ailable ye is desc ibed.The e o e he s ubs simula e hebudge ega ding s o age and iming e- sou ces, whichha ebeen es ima ed, o he o- be-implemen edso wa e pa s. Also mainly a managemen poin o iew o he non-exis ing so wa ewill be aken.Howe e , hedynamic pe o mances ubs in ou app oachwill beused o s ubbing al eadyimplemen ed and mea- su ed so wa epa sin o de o ind he bounds o he pe o mance imp o emen wi hin ha pa . This p ocedu ehelps o iden i y he eal gain o he pe o mance imp o emen wi hou eally imp o ingi andaddi ionally shows he nex bo leneck. So hecos -bene i analysis o imp o emen ac i i iescan beachie ed in amo e ealis ic way,because ap ope simu- la ed esul is be e han asimple es ima ion. All esul s willbe e i iedinp ac ice on aso wa epla o m o UMTS deli e ed by Nokia Siemens Ne wo ks. The es o hepape is s uc u ed in he ollowing way.Sec ion 2p o ides asmall o e iew abou cu en pe o mance imp o e- men sand he me hodo pe o mance engi- nee ing ega ding o pe o mance s ubs.Sec- ion 3desc ibes he design o dynamicpe o - mances ubs.Ame hodo using s ubs o pe - o mance imp o emen can be oundin Sec ion 4. Sec ions 5and 6handle head an agesas well as p oblemsand es ic ions o he pe o - mance s ubs. Conclusions and u u ewo k a e desc ibed in Sec ion 7. 2Classi ica ion o Dynamic Pe o mance S ubs The aim o eachso wa e pe o mance op i- miza ion p ojec is o ind bo lenecks and o op imize he co esponding so wa e uni in o - de o educe he execu ion ime [4, 5]. A bo leneckis he pa o heso wa ewi h he highes u iliza ion/delayandcon ibu es mos -1- Dynamic Pe o mance S ubs o he used ime in o al espec i ely o he h oughpu o asys em. Imp o ing his bo - leneckhas he s onges e ec on hesys em pe o mance and iden i yingi is hemos chal- lengingpa in each pe o mance enginee ing p ojec [5]. An o e iew o ape o mance e alua ion s udycan beseen in he Box2.2o [5] o in [6]. In o ma ion abou ools usedin pe o - mance imp o emen s udiesa edesc ibed and classi ied, e.g. in [7] and[8]. Beside o he s aigh o wa d so wa e pe - o mance op imiza ion p ocedu e he e is also amo e gene al app oach o ensu e he qual- i yo he so wa e ela ing o he pe o mance. I ’s called“pe o mance enginee ing” (seealso [9]) and combines se e al concep so so wa e enginee ingand pe o mance imp o emen dis- ciplines. Pe o mance imp o emen usingdynamic pe o mances ubs con ibu es o someo he pa s o hepe o mance enginee ingme hod. The desc ip ions a e aken om [6]: •Pe o mance Measu emen Measu emen s on exis ing so wa e o e - i ype o mance c i e ia o oiden i yspe- ci ic pe o mance p oblems. •Pe o mance Tuning Adiscipline o imp o eslowcodein o de o each hepe o mance a ge s. •So wa eEnginee ing Adiscipline o de elop la ge so wa esys- ems. •So wa eQuali yAssu ance Includes equi emen s o audi sand o so wa ep oduc quali ye alua ions. The dynamicpe o mance s ubs models he pe o mance beha io o so wa e moduleso bo lenecks andcan beused o measu ingand uning heso wa e. Addi ionally heycan be aken o es ing whichisapa o he so wa e de elopmen p ocess. The e o ei con ibu es o he “so wa e quali yassu ance”. 3DynamicPe o mance S ubs As al eadydesc ibed, he concep o dynamic pe o mances ubs combines he me hods o so wa e es ing [10, 11, 12] and pe o mance imp o emen s[5, 7, 8, 13]. The ea e only li le di e encesbe ween s ubbing o pe o mance imp o emen sand s ubbing o es ing easons. No mally s ubs a e used o simula ing emo e sys ems o o non-exis ingso wa e modules and unc ions,as in so wa e es ing [14]. In his app oach he CUS will be eplaced bydy- namic pe o mances ubs in o de o simula e hepe o mance beha io o his so wa e uni as ap ima ygoal. Thisp ocedu e ela es o s ubbing a single so wa e uni and hence i will be called“local”. The pe o mancesimula ion unc ions (PSF) can also beused o change he beha io o he comple e sys em. The e o e a so wa emodulehas o be c ea ed whichin- e ac s “global” in he sense o in luencing he whole sys em ins ead o only one so wa euni . sys em so wa e componen (SUT) bo leneck (CUS) dynamic pe o mance s ub (local) simula ed so wa e unc ionali y (SSF) pe o mance simula ion unc ions (PSF) pe o mance measu emen unc ions (PMF) calib a ion unc ions (CF) dynamic pe o mance s ub (global) Figu e 1: In e ac ions o “Dynamic Pe o - mance S ubs” Figu e 1ske ches hedesign and he in e - ac ion be weena eal sys em and he dynamic pe o mances ubs.Thelined a owdesc ibes a eplacemen . Filleda owheadsdesc ibe he ex ension o auni by his ea u eand he dashed blockp o ides an addi ional unc ion- ali y o hedynamicpe o mances ub and will no eallys ubaso wa e uni . The amewo ko hedynamicpe o mance s ub consis s o he ollowing pa s whicha e p esen edinFigu e 1: -2- Dynamic Pe o mance S ubs •simula ed so wa e unc ionali y(SSF) •pe o mance simula ion unc ions (PSF) •pe o mance measu emen unc ions (PMF) •calib a ion unc ions(CF) The simula edso wa e unc ionali y (SSF) is addi ionally implemen edcode in o de o simula e he unc ional beha io o heal eady exi ingCUS. Mo e in o ma ion abou apossi- bleme hodology o s ubbing o al eady exis - ingso wa emodules will bedesc ibed in Sec- ion 3.2. A e c ea ing he unc ional s ub(using he SSF) he pe o mance beha io o he CUS can bemodeled using hepe o mancesimu- la ion unc ions (PSF). They will p o ide he possibili y o simula e di e en isola ed pe o - mance pa ame e s suchas he ime spen in he componen . The unc ions can be combinedin o de o simula e he“ eal” pe o mance be- ha io . Please e e o Sec ion 3.3 o awide iew o pe o mance pa ame e s whichcan be simula ed by he PSF. Some basic pe o mance e alua ionscan bedone wi h he pe o mancemeasu emen unc ions (PMF). Theywillp o ide a ough o e iew o he sys em beha io , e.g. henum- be o con ex swi ches while he s ub has been execu ed. Thepe o mancemeasu emen unc- ions onlyex end he possibili ies o hes ubs and does no ha e o beincludedin he s ub. They can also be eplaced bymo e speci ico de ailed pe o mance measu emen ools,such as [15, 16, 17]. Addi ionally he concep o he dynamicpe - o mance s ubs con ains hecalib a ion unc- ions (CF). These a e impo an o he ini- ial se upo he s ubs o he a ge , e.g. he ime needed o an “emp yloop”will bede- e mined ino de o se upa ealis icbeha - io .This measu emen will bedone using he pe o mancemeasu emen unc ions.The cali- b a ion unc ions ha e o be execu edonce o eachha dwa e sys em. 3.1 BasicDesign Decisions The majo decisions ega ding he design and implemen a ion o he dynamicpe o mance s ub a e: 1. The p og amming language usedin he p ojec byNokiaSiemens Ne wo ks is C/C++. The e o e he dynamicpe o - mances ubs ha e o bew i en in C. This language has se e al ad an ages suchas hepossibili yo inling assemble code i a high op imiza ion le el is necessa y.Addi- ionally C/C++ can be compiled andused as abina yexecu able code o he na i e machine language o he CPU used. This is highly ecommendedin [18] since he p og amming language in luences hepe - o mance o hecomple e sys em. Mo e- o e ,mos o heC/C++ compile s p o- idedi e en op imiza ion lags, e.g. [19]. Howe e , he me hodology o hedynamic pe o mances ubis independen o he implemen a ion language andcan alsobe used wi h in e p e ed, jus -in- ime compi- la ion o in e media e code. 2. The simula ion unc ionsshould becon ig- u able and adjus able o he a ge . This should bedone only once du ing he se up o hes ubs. 3. Some basicpe o mance measu emen unc ionsshould bea ailable.Thisisnec- essa y o calib a ing he pe o mance sim- ula ion p ope ies and o p o ing ha he s ubsa e wo king p ope ly. 4. The simula ion unc ions o he pe o - mance beha io should beused as a oolse . All unc ions should beaccessible wi hou u he need o con igu a ion. 3.2 Simula ed So wa e Func ional- i y(SSF) -S ub Gene a ion Commonly as ub inso wa e enginee ing is used as ap oxy and p o ides an adequa e eplacemen o hebeha io o he o-be- implemen edso wa emodulesand unc ions. -3- Dynamic Pe o mance S ubs I is mainly usedin so wa e es ing o dis- ibu edsys ems o in modula izedso wa e [12]. The e o e he s ubbed unc ion uses he sameI/O pa ame e s o simula e he missing p ocedu e and p o ides only abasic unc ional- i y,e.g. i e u ns he esul s by eading hem om ahash able,doesno hingo i maysim- plyw i e ace messages.F om hesys ems poin o iew hes ubwill beincluded and wo k jus as he eal p ocedu e [14]. The ideabehind he simula edso wa e unc- ionali y and he unc ional s ubsisnea ly he same. Theonly di e ence be weens ubbing o pe o mance easons and hegene a ion o “ es -s ubs” as men ioned is he pa o so - wa e whichwill beused. S ubbing o pe - o mance easons means o eplacean al eady exis ing code whe eas s ubbing o es ingc e- a es basic unc ionali yo non-exis ingso wa e [12, 14] o hey a e used o emo e sys ems. Ame hodology o s ubbingal eady exis ing and de e minis ic so wa e unc ions can bede- sc ibed as ollows.Fi s o all hein- and ou - pu alues o heCUS ha e o beiden i ied while acing hem. The e o e p ope ace- poin s ha e o beinse edin he sou ce code and hen he so wa e has o be e- un wi h ap ope andde e minis ic es casescena io. Rew i e he CUS using he in-and ou pu al- ues (e.g. using a hash able)and by eplacing he ime consuming unc ions whe e he so - wa e no mally walks h ough. Now he s ub should bewo king p ope ly. 3.3Pe o mance Simula ionFunc- ions (PSF) APSFsimula es he non- unc ional beha io o a unc ion ega ding o one aspec o pe - o mance. Theya e di ided in o ou classes acco ding o he pe o mance bounds o which aso wa ecan belong. Fo amo ede ailed desc ip ion he eade is e e ed o [20]. The classesa e as ollows: •CPU •Memo y •I/O •Ne wo k A i h ca ego y can be hough o is heUse [5], in ou app oachi will beincluded o sim- pli ica ion in he I/O ca ego yo he PSF. Almos eacho he ca ego ies can bedi ided in o a globally isibleand alocally isiblepa . Thesesubdi ision indica eswhe he he s ub will only ha elocal in e ac ions o i i will a - ec he whole so wa e sys em (global). This is needed o classi ica ion o hePSFand shouldno bemixedwi h heglobal-and local dynamicpe o mances ub men ioned in Sec- ion 3whe e he s ub can be ealized as e- placemen o aso wa e pa o can beused globally,e.g. as ake nel module.Aclose look in he ca ego ies will begi en in he ollowing subsec ions. 3.3.1CPU-PSF This PSF ela es o heclockcycles used by heso wa e. One pa o he CPU-PSFis he ime spen in hes ub, whilei is scheduled. This is called globally isiblebecause no o he module can use he CPU while he s ub is un- ning a he same ime.In hecaseo alocally isible CPU-PSF hemodule will beblocked due o a iminge en . He e heCPU is ee o o he p ocesses.An exampleimplemen a- ion o aglobal-and local isible ealiza ion o hePSFsimula ing heCPU is alsogi en. Example o alocally isible CPU-PSF Tosimula e he locally isibleCPU-PSF,which means ha he eal p ocess is blocked/wai ing o an e en , can behandled easily byle ing i sleep o he desi ed ime. Implemen a ion Fo ins ance in he UNIX en i onmen he “usleep()” unc ion can beused.Fo de ails see“unis d.h”. Example o aglobally isible CPU-PSF The globally isible s ubbingo CPUcycles can be ealized using“noope a ion”(NOP) so ha -4- Dynamic Pe o mance S ubs he esou ce CPU will beused by his PSF. They ha e o beexecu ed in aloop in o de o each he desi ed ime consump ion. The main p oblem is ha he “used cycle”should no a - ec anyo he pa o he sys em,e.g. he da a L1-Cache o hep ocesso . Addi ionally he NOPsand also he loop ha e o bep o ec ed agains compile op imiza ions. Implemen a ion An exampleimplemen- a ion can beseen in Lis ing 1. The unc- ion “useCycles” akesa alue s anding o he p ocesso cycleswo king o “usec” as inpu . The “TIME” cons an is de inedwi hin he dy- namic pe o mances ub and has been e alu- a ed using he calib a ion unc ions.He eeach i e a ion will exac ly consume 1µswhile loop- inga ound he emp ys a emen “;”. oiduseCycles(longusec ) { longi=0; o (i=0; i <usec ∗TIME; i++) { ; } } Lis ing1: example implemen a ion o aglobally isible CPU-PSF This is onlyasimpli iedexample andcould lead o non- ep oduceable esul s i he h o - ling unc ionali yo he CPUis swi ched on. 3.3.2Memo y-PSF Memo y wi h espec o PSF e e s o he ola ile s o age. Mo e in de ail hedi e en ypeso memo y desc ibed in his sec ions a e: •main memo y •caches • egis e s Main Memo y The delay ime o he main memo y s ongly depends on hea chi ec u e [21]. These dependencies can behandledin he se upo hedynamicpe o mances ubs using hecalib a ion unc ions.Al hough hepag- ing/swapping mechanisms a e o en handled as I/O, i will bein eg a ed o his PSFca e- go y.The eason o his is he cohe ence be- ween he lacko memo y and paging/swap- ping. Mo eo e , ou de ini ion abou I/O-PSF doesno ma ch due o he ac ha he eis no sys emcall caused by he applica ion o dopag- ing/swapping. Addi ionally i is ecommended o deac i a e paging/swapping in high pe o - mance applica ions o inc ease hep edic abil- i yo hesys emsbeha io . The classi ica ion in o locally-and globally isible can also bedone.An only locally isible in e ac ion o he PSF o he main memo y can be ealized bylocking anysize o memo y whichisonly locally a ailable o he s ub.As longas enough memo y emains o hesys em, no swapping o paginghas been caused by he lockedpa s.Thesys emwill “s ays able” and hes ubcan use i is own memo y. Fo aglobally isible in luence he same me hodology can beused.Ins ead o p o ec - ing hesys em om paging/swapping hisbe- ha io willbe o ced bylocking a la ge amoun o memo y.This will lead o memo y misses and esul s in ha d discaccesses. Caches Cu en p ocesso s ha e cache hie - a chies,e.g. he L1-, L2- and L3-Caches. De- pendingon he model he e can alsobedi e - en L1-Caches o da a and ins uc ions [22]. The a chi ec u e whichis cu en ly used wi hin ou esea ch p ojec does no p o ideaL1 In- s uc ion Cache. The e o e in his i s ap- p oachonly L1 Da a Cacheswill be akenin o conside a ion.The sys emp o ides hepossi- bili yo con olling he caching o ins uc ions and da a h ough di e en dedica ed egis e s and se e al bi s.Also hepossibili y o lush o o disable hecaches is gi en.These p op- e ies can beused o he globally-and locally isible manipula ion o he caches.Fo he globally isible manipula ion heal eady men- ioned ea u e o disabling he caching mech- anismcan beused. This will lead o an in- -5- Dynamic Pe o mance S ubs dence. Also mul ip ocesso a chi ec u es ha e obe aken in o accoun . •The combina ion o di e en PSFshas o beexamined o simula e ealis ic sys em beha io . •The me hodologyo heusage o pe o - mance s ubshas o be elabo a ed mo e in de ail and o be e i ied bydi e en case s udies. Especially ame hodhow o eal- ize decomposi ion o pe o mance a ge s o smalle componen s has o be c ea ed. •Ame hodology o s ubbing non- de e minis ic unc ions has o be elabo a edas well as he e alua ion echniques, e.g. s a is ical e alua ionso hepe o mance measu emen esul s. •Awide ange o e alua ion echniques and he esul ingconclusions, e.g. iden- i yingchangeo e s om sys em bounds should bes udied. •The loss o p ecision o pe o mance mea- su emen s using PSFcompa ed wi h eal- is ic op imiza ions has o be examined. •The possibili y o suppo heso wa e de- elopmen p ocessbyusing dynamicpe - o mance s ubs has o bes udied. •All unc ions ha e o besuppo ed bya oolse , whichhas o beimplemen ed. All desc ibedopen poin s will beexamined in heongoing esea chp ojec . 8Acknowledgmen This esea chisg an ed byNokia Siemens Ne - wo ks. The au ho swould like o hank he UMTS g oup, especially D .Rudol Baue , Helmu Voggenaue and S e en Wagne as ep- esen a i es o he excellen suppo andcon- ibu ions o his esea chp ojec . Fo ca e ul eading and p o iding aluable commen s on d a e sions o his pape we would like o hank P o .D . S e an Hah- ndel, Ma inusLuegmai ,D . Alexande Os and Fabian Wohlschl¨age . Re e ences [1] S. McConnell. Code comple e: Ap ac i- cal handbook o so wa e cons uc ion.Mi- c oso P ess,Redmond, WA, USA, 2edi- ion,2004. [2] G. Ma in and J. Mello -C ummey.Appli- ca ion Insigh Th ough Pe o mance Mod- eling. In 26 h IEEE In e na ional Pe o - manceCompu ing and Communica ions Con e ence(IPCCC’07),New O leans, Ap il 2007. [3] D. J. Rei e . The sma s ubas aso wa e managemen ool. SIGSOFT So w.Eng. No es,1(2):4–8, 1976. [4] Sa ishChand a Gup a. Need o speed –elimina ingpe o mance bo lenecks. IBM (online): h p://www-128.ibm.com /de elope wo ks/ a ional/lib a y/0 5/1004 gup a/index.h ml,2007. [Ap il 25, 2007]. [5] R. 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His esea chin e es s a ein he a eao pe o mance measu emen s and analysis andin compu e secu i y. Pe e T appwas bo nin 1978 a Neuende elsau, Ge many.A e hisg adua e in Ele ical Enginee ingand In o ma ion Technology a he Fachhochschule Ingols ad he was employed a BMWin he blue oo h hands ee se de elopmen depa men . D . Ch is ian Facchi is P o esso o SWEnginee ing, Dis ibu ed Sys ems and Ma hema icsa he Fachhochschule Ingols ad , Ge - manysince 2004. Hismajo esea chin e es s a e in hea ea o pe o mance analysis and modeling, embedded sys ems, es ingo So wa eand o mal desc ip ion echniques. D . Facchi was bo n in 1964 a Munich, Ge many.Heholdsa doc o al deg ee andadiplomadeg ee om he Technische Uni- e si ¨a M¨unchen,Ge manybo h o Compu e Science. Be o e he changed o heFachhochschuleIngols ad he has beenemployed a Siemens in heMobile Phones de elopmen depa men o 9 yea s.Du ing his employmen a SiemensMobilePhones he was hehead o wo ldwides a egy o SW de elopmen en i onmen s. Imp essum He ausgebe De P äsiden de Fachhochschule Ingols ad Esplanade 10 85049 Ingols ad Tele on: 08 41 / 93 48 - 0 Fax: 08 41 / 93 48 - 200 E-Mail: [email p o ec ed] D uck Hausd uck Die Bei äge aus de FH-Reihe "A bei sbe ich e/ Wo king Pape s" e scheinen in un egelmäßigen Abs änden. Alle Rech e, insbesonde e das Rech de Ve iel äl igung und Ve b ei ung sowie de Übe se zung o behal en. Nachd uck, auch auszugsweise, is gegen Quellenangabe ges a e , Belegexempla e be en. In e ne Dieses Thema können Sie, ebenso wie die ühe en Ve ö en lichungen aus de FH-Reihe "A bei sbe ich e - Wo king Pape s", un e de Ad esse www. h-ingols ad .de nachlesen. ISSN 1612-6483