Biomass supply chain for power generation in southern part of Thailand

Wongko Wongsapai; Yaowa ee a Achawangkul; Wa anya Thepsaskul; Sopi Da oon; Thongchai Fongsamoo A icle Biomass supply chain o powe gene a ion in sou he n pa o Thailand Ene gy Repo s P o ided in Coope a ion wi h: Else ie Sugges ed Ci a ion: Wongko Wongsapai; Yaowa ee a Achawangkul; Wa anya Thepsaskul; Sopi Da oon; Thongchai Fongsamoo (2020) : Biomass supply chain o powe gene a ion in sou he n pa o Thailand, Ene gy Repo s, ISSN 2352-4847, Else ie , Ams e dam, Vol. 6, Iss. 2, pp. 221-227, h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.egy .2019.11.066 This Ve sion is a ailable a : h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/243882 S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen: Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den. Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen. So e n die Ve asse die Dokumen e un e Open-Con en -Lizenzen (insbesonde e CC-Lizenzen) zu Ve ügung ges ell haben soll en, gel en abweichend on diesen Nu zungsbedingungen die in de do genann en Lizenz gewäh en Nu zungs ech e. Te ms o use: Documen s in EconS o may be sa ed and copied o you pe sonal and schola ly pu poses. You a e no o copy documen s o public o comme cial pu poses, o exhibi he documen s publicly, o make hem publicly a ailable on he in e ne , o o dis ibu e o o he wise use he documen s in public. I he documen s ha e been made a ailable unde an Open Con en Licence (especially C ea i e Commons Licences), you may exe cise u he usage igh s as speci ied in he indica ed licence. h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ A ailable online a www.sciencedi ec .com ScienceDi ec Ene gy Repo s 6 (2020) 221–227 www.else ie .com/loca e/egy The 6 h In e na ional Con e ence on Powe and Ene gy Sys ems Enginee ing (CPESE 2019), 20–23 Sep embe 2019, Okinawa, Japan Biomass supply chain o powe gene a ion in sou he n pa o Thailand Wongko Wongsapaia,c,∗, Yaowa ee a Achawangkulb, Wa anya Thepsaskula, Sopi Da oona, Thongchai Fongsamoo c aEne gy Technology o En i onmen Resea ch Cen e , Chaing Mai Uni e si y, Su hep, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand bDepa men o Al e na i e Ene gy De elopmen and E iciency, 17 King Rama I Rd., Pa humwan, Bangkok, 10130, Thailand cDepa men o Mechanical Enginee ing, Facul y o Enginee ing, Chaing Mai Uni e si y, Su hep, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand Recei ed 4 Oc obe 2019; accep ed 22 No embe 2019 Abs ac The de elopmen o ubbe wood in o elec ici y gene a ion o biomass powe plan is one o he mos in e es ed enewable ene gy op ions in Sou he n pa o Thailand. This esea ch p esen s a biomass supply chain o powe gene a ion is Sou he n pa o Thailand ocusing on only ubbe wood in Sou he n egion including h ee bo de p o inces and he su ey on one ubbe wood powe plan . The esul s show ha he emaining po en ial o biomass om ubbe wood in h ee bo de p o inces o elec ici y gene a ion is app oxima ely 40.2 MW and he amoun o biomass in o he p o inces wi hin he adius o 200-km, 187.62 MW is emaining. The e o e, only 40.2 MW emaining po en ial o NEW powe plan in h ee bo de p o inces om ubbe wood, mo e ubbe wood needs o be impo ed om o he p o inces. The policy ecommenda ion om his esea ch is impo he ubbe wood om o he p o inces o long- e m con ac wi h supplie . c 2019 Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o he 6 h In e na ional Con e ence on Powe and Ene gy Sys ems Enginee ing (CPESE 2019). Keywo ds: Biomass; Rubbe wood; Supply chain 1. Main ex Sou he n pa o Thailand en iches wi h biomass, such as ubbe wood hus, i is in e es ing o en ep eneu o in- es biomass powe plan p ojec in sou he n pa . Likewise, due o special p i ilege he go e nmen has p o ided in sou he n p o inces. Bo h SPP and VSPP ha e been cons uc ed and supplied elec ici y o na ional ansmission line. In No embe 2018, he e we e o ally 237.11 MW o biomass powe plan in which ha e al eady sold elec ici y o he g id (COD). Su a hani and Nakhon S i Thamma a became he wo highes exis ing capaci y, which we e 48.3 MW and 46.7 MW, espec i ely. Because hese p o inces consis o la ge numbe o ubbe wood plan a ion a ea. ∗Co esponding au ho a : Depa men o Mechanical Enginee ing, Facul y o Enginee ing, Chaing Mai Uni e si y, Su hep, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand. E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (W. Wongsapai). h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.egy .2019.11.066 2352-4847/ c 2019 Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o he 6 h In e na ional Con e ence on Powe and Ene gy Sys ems Enginee ing (CPESE 2019). 222 W. Wongsapai, Y. Achawangkul, W. Thepsaskul e al. / Ene gy Repo s 6 (2020) 221–227 1.1. The SPP and he VSPP schemes in Thailand The SPP, o Small Powe P oduce scheme, was es ablished on 17 Ma ch 1992 h ough an endo semen by Thailand’s cabine . The scheme aims o p omo e powe gene a ion by using al e na i e uel and was e including cogene a ion o e icien ly use domes ic al e na i e esou ces and by-p oduc ene gy. This concep also dec eases he go e nmen ’s du y o in es in powe in as uc u e. The elec ici y gene a ion and supply unde he Go e nmen o Thailand is o iginally managed by h ee powe U ili ies, i.e., The Elec ici y Gene a ing Au ho i y o Thailand (EGAT), he Me opoli an Elec ici y Au ho i y (MEA), and P o incial Elec ici y Au ho i y (PEA) ha e issued he small powe pu chasing announcemen in 2007 [1]. Pu chasing will co e exis ing capaci y be ween 10 MW o 90 MW. The VSPP o Ve y Small Powe P oduce scheme s a ed on 14 May 2006 [2]. When he ha Thai cabine ag eed o egula e he VSPPs. Powe P oduce s can en e in o powe pu chasing con ac s wi h he MEA o he PEA (depending on he powe plan ’s loca ion). This scheme aims o p omo e o use o domes ic esou ces, inc ease he s abili y o na ional ansmission by dis ibu ing powe gene a ion, powe plan ope a ion in peak- ime. In 2007, Ene gy Policy Adminis a i e Commi ee has endo sed o ex end he capaci y o VSPP om maximum 1 MW o be 10 MW. 1.2. S a us o he SPP and he VSPP in Sou he n pa o Thailand Ene gy Regula o y Commi ee (ERC) has summa ized o he o e all s a us o RE SPP and VSPP [3]. In No embe 2018, i can be in es iga ed ha he e we e o ally 13 SPP using enewable sou ces wi h 347.90 MW in exis ing capaci y, while o al pu chasing capaci y was 313.47 MW. Fo VSPP, i can be ound VSPP using enewable ene gy we e 122 plan s, whe eas o al exis ing capaci y p esen ed by 534.20 MW, and he o al pu chasing elec ici y shown by 476.61 MW. 2. Ma e ials and me hod 2.1. Po en ial o biomass ob ained om ubbe wood The collec ion o biomass plan a ion a ea was done in 14 p o inces o Sou he n o Thailand, shown in Fig. 1(a) The da a is based on he s a is ics om he O ice o Ag icul u al Economics (OAE), Minis y o Ag icul u e and Fig. 1. (a) Map o ubbe wood plan a ion in Thailand; (b) P o inces in Sou h o Thailand (14 P o inces). W. Wongsapai, Y. Achawangkul, W. Thepsaskul e al. / Ene gy Repo s 6 (2020) 221–227 223 Coope a i es. The da a is epo ed in e ms o plan a ion a ea, ha es ing a ea, p oduc ion. In he Sou h, he e is 1 biomass c ops wi h 4 ypes o ubbe wood, i.e. (1) S umps, oo s and b anches (2) O cu (3) Slabs (4) Sawdus and wood esidues. The biomass om ubbe wood will be classi ied in o 3 pa s, i.e. (i) Logs (ii) O cu s (iii) S umps, oo s and b anches. In his s udy, he sou ces o ubbe wood biomass a e hen ocused on wo sou ces: (i) S umps, oo s and b anches a he elling a ea, (ii) Rubbe wood slabs, sawdus and wood esidues a ubbe wood manu ac u ing ac o y. By elling he ubbe ees o 1 ai, i will gi e 30 ons o logs. Mos o log a e sen o sawmills o ubbe wood p ocessing plan . The logs a e cu o ob ain sawn imbe . The was es om cu ing a e “slab” and “sawdus ”. In gene al, he slabs p oduced is abou 40% o logs, hus gi e 12 ons o slabs. Sawdus p oduced is 10% o logs, hus gi es 3 ons o sawdus . This p oduc ion a e is in e sed o he size o logs. Thi y pe cen o slab and sawdus a e used in-house in he d ying p ocess o sawmill so 70% o slabs and sawdus will be a ailable o sell. Unlike he da a o plan a ion a ea, ha es ing a ea, he da a o elling a ea o ubbe ees is limi ed due o he ac ha i is unce ain o plan he ubbe ee elling. Howe e , he Rubbe Au ho i y o Thailand (RAOT), es ablished unde RAOT Ac 2015, has i s missions o p omo e and suppo he a me s and all s akeholde s o ul ill hei needs. RAOT he e o e has some in o ma ion abou he elling a ea. F om he s a is ics o he pas 10 yea s, he endency o elling a ea inc eases. The a ge o elling a ea by RAOT is 400,000 ai/yea . 2.2. Assump ion in his s udy (1) Focus only ubbe wood in Sou he n egion including h ee bo de p o inces. (2) Es ima e he po en ial om he plan a ion da a om O ice o Ag icul u al Economics (OAE) (3) Conside he cu en ubbe wood consump ion in powe plan , indus y hea gene a ion and o he uses. (4) Field su ey o cu en ubbe wood powe plan o echeck he da a. (5) In es iga e he “ emaining po en ial” o powe gene a ion om ubbe wood which loca ed in h ee bo de p o inces om (i) h ee bo de p o inces plan a ion, (ii) h ee bo de p o inces + 200 km. anspo a ion. 2.3. Th ee bo de p o inces: A a glance To access biomass supply om ubbe wood in he sou he n pa o Thailand, he egion can be di ided in o 3 g oup, i.e. (G oup 1): Co e ing h ee bo de p o inces — Pa ani, Yala and Na a hiwa , (G oup 2): Co e ing o he p o inces wi hin 200 km. adius o h ee bo de p o inces. And (G oup 3): Co e ing o he p o inces wi h o e 200 km. adius o h ee bo de p o inces. The p o inces as iden i ied in 3 cases a e shown in Fig. 1(b). 3. Resul and discussion 3.1. Da a om ield su ey o biomass powe plan Da a ela ed o he Supply Chain o Biomass o Powe Gene a ion we e collec ed by in e iewing he ep esen a i es o one biomass powe plan s in h ee bo de p o inces, which in his s udy will be called “Plan A”. The in e iew included de ailed in o ma ion on uel sou ces, biomass po en ial o p oduce elec ici y and he oppo uni ies o inc ease powe gene a ion in he u u e, e c. The da a om he in e iew on Augus 15, 2018. Biomass om ubbe wood o powe gene a ion came om elling o abou 25–35 yea s ubbe ees which gi e less la ex. The biomass de i ed om elling ubbe ees a e s umps, oo s, slabs, wood ips, and b anches while ubbe wood unks a e sen o sawmills, p oducing sawdus as biomass. No mally, biomass ade s collec biomass om elling a eas and sawmills o sell o powe plan s. 3.2. Supply chain o biomass Supply chain o biomass o Powe Gene a ion is comp ised in gene al o ou componen s: (1) Plan a ion & Ha es ing (2) Fab ica ion & S ocking (3) Logis ic (4) Powe plan & Indus ial plan . The p ice o ubbe wood ha he ac o y pu chased is based on he pu chase p ice in Ha Yai, Songkhla. In he pas , du ing he pe iod when he e we e inc easing numbe s o he manu ac u ing plan s o Pa icle boa d in Songkhla, he p ice o ubbe wood wen up o 1423 THB/ on. As one o he main aw ma e ials, his caused a loss o he powe plan . In gene al, he 224 W. Wongsapai, Y. Achawangkul, W. Thepsaskul e al. / Ene gy Repo s 6 (2020) 221–227 highes accep able p ice o ubbe wood ha he powe plan is s ill ope a ional is 1500 THB/ on, hough a his p ice he ac o y needs o abso b he loss as high as 1200 THB/ on. F om he ield su ey, he main me hod o p oduc ion o biomass om ubbe wood is o chip esidues om ubbe wood including wood slaps and ubbe wood chips (b anches, sawdus oo s) in o small pieces o make i easie o powe gene a ion p ocess. F om he su ey, he e is no p oduc ion o wood pelle s. The cos s o p ocessing ubbe wood in o woodchips include machine y and equipmen (Wood chipping machine), labo cos , and elec ici y cos . The e a e cu en ly wo p ac ices in acqui ing biomass om ubbe wood, i.e. (1) P ocessing ubbe woods in o woodchips and (2) Buying woodchips om middlemen. Which cos o wood p ocessing om ubbe wood a e 100–150 THB/ on and 400–500 THB/ on espec i ely. The logis ic cos is es ima ed om a e o uel consump ion, capaci y o ehicles, and he dis ance. The e a e 2 ypes o ehicles in his assessmen , small uck wi h 1.2- on capaci y and uck wi h 10- on capaci y. Also, he anspo a ion dis ance anges om 50–200 km. The supply chain s a s om collec ing biomass, p ocessing, anspo ing, s o ing and using. The employmen h ough he supply chain is as shown in Table 1. The mos labo -in ensi e p ocess is collec ing biomass especially ubbe wood oo s, which equi e a lo o labo and digging equipmen . Table 1. Assessmen o labo h ough supply chain. (Uni : Pe sons). Biomass Collec ion P ocessing Logis ics S o age Usage Slab 2 2 1 1 1 Roo 3 2 1 1 1 Sawdus 2 2 1 1 1 Wood ips 2 3 1 1 1 The cos o biomass can be assessed by e e ing he buying–selling p ices om he ield su ey oge he wi h e alua ing all expendi u es incu ed in he p ocess as shown in Table 2. Table 2. Cos o biomass h ough supply chain. (Uni : THB). Biomass Raw ma e ial P ocessingaLogis icsbConsump ionc T uck Small uck Slab 365 150 50–200 130–530 565–1045 Roo 450 150 650–1130 Sawdus 600 – 650–1130 Wood ips 450 150 650–1130 aP ocessing cos , o ubbe wood 100–150 THB/ on. bCos o logis ics •Fuel consump ion a e om uck da a se ice cen e ; T uck 3.3 km/l (Capaci y 10 on); Small uck 10.5 km/l (Capaci y 1.2 on). •Diesel e ail p ices in Yala in 31, Oc obe 2018 =30.34 THB/l. •T anspo a ion dis ance 50–200 km. cCos o biomass consump ion om su ey o he powe plan . 3.3. Elec ici y demand in h ee bo de p o inces The e is an inc easing end o elec ici y demand in h ee bo de p o inces [4]. I is es ima ed ha he elec ici y demand in 2026 is abou 331 MW. The exis ing capaci y o powe plan s unde he SPP and he VSPP scheme con ac s in he h ee p o inces a e lowe han he cu en demand he e o e, i is needed o impo elec ici y om o he p o inces. The la ges powe plan close o he h ee p o inces is Jana Powe Plan wi h he ins alled capaci y o 700 MW in Jana Dis ic , Songkhla P o ince, shown in Fig. 2. The e o e, e y c i ical o bo h go e nmen and p i a e sec o s o p omo e powe gene a ion o mee he demand. W. Wongsapai, Y. Achawangkul, W. Thepsaskul e al. / Ene gy Repo s 6 (2020) 221–227 225 Fig. 2. Elec ici y demand in h ee bo de p o inces. Rema ks: (1) Demand o ecas s a e aken om Load Demand Fo ecas Commi ee (2) SPP and VSPP in o ma ion om Ene gy Regula o y Commi ee O ice websi e. 3.4. Elec ici y supply in h ee bo de p o inces (cu en s a us) The o al powe plan s in h ee bo de p o inces a e 205.10 MW, in consis o , (1) EGAT powe plan as 103.30 MW, (2) P i a e powe plan as 101.80 MW and (3) New p ojec (as planned) in 3 p o inces as 50.05 MW. The s a us o nine biomass- i ed powe plan s in h ee bo de p o inces is as shown in Table 3. The e a e h ee powe plan s whose COD (Comme cial Ope a ion Da e) a e in 2006, 2013, and 2017 while six powe plan s whose SCOD (Scheduled Comme cial Ope a ion Da e) a e in 2017, 2018, and 2019. Table 3. Cu en ly he e a e 9 ope a ional biomass powe plan (COD and SCOD). Plan in h ee bo de p o incesCOD (MW)Ins alled capaci y (MW)S a us COD yea Type Na a hiwa A 7.5 7.0 COD 2017 FiT Na a hiwa B 6.3 6.3 SCOD2018 FiT bidding Pa ani A 23.0 21.0 SCOD2019 Adde Yala A 23.0 20.2 COD 2006 N/A Yala B 9.9 8.7 COD 2013 FiT Yala C 5.2 5.0 SCOD2016 FiT Yala D 7.5 7.0 SCOD2017 FiT Yala E 9.9 9.9 SCOD2017 FiT bidding Yala F 9.9 9.9 SCOD2017 FiT bidding 3.5. Plan a ion and elling a ea o ubbe ee In 2017, he plan a ion a ea o ubbe ees in h ee bo de p o inces is mo e han 2.6 million Rai [5,6] (1 ai =0.16 hec a es). Assumed ha 2% o plan a ion a ea is elling a eas, biomass can be p oduced om 52,000-Rai elling a eas. The elling a ea in Yala is la ges , app oxima ely 25,000 Rai, ollowed by Na a hiwa and Pa ani, espec i ely. The plan a ion a eas and elling a eas o ubbe wood by p o ince in he sou h o Thailand a e shown in Fig. 3. and Table 4. shows he biomass supply om ubbe wood by p o ince and by g oup o p o inces. 3.6. Es ima ion o 2017’s demand o ubbe wood Se e al s udies o he dis ibu ion o ubbe ee g ow h ha e been conduc ed in Sou heas Asia [7] such as in Yunnan, China [8–10], Indonesia [11] and Laos [12]. Mos spa ial analysis o ubbe ees has been limi ed o sui abili y analyses in Thailand (e.g. [13]). F om he da a on ubbe ee plan a ion a eas and elling a eas in 2017, i is es ima ed ha abou 1.68 million ons o biomass om ubbe wood is p oduced annually in h ee bo de p o inces. The biomass uses in indus ies and o he uses a e abou 35,000 ons/yea . The emaining amoun o biomass o elec ici y gene a ion is abou 1.64 million ons/yea ; he e o e, he elec ici y gene a ion using biomass 226 W. Wongsapai, Y. Achawangkul, W. Thepsaskul e al. / Ene gy Repo s 6 (2020) 221–227 Fig. 3. Plan a ion and Felling a ea o ubbe ee. Table 4. Biomass om ubbe wood supply po en ial. Sha e ypes Biomass po en ial o ubbe wood ( on) Roo Sawdus Slab Wood ips Sou he n egion 1,369,931 821,959 3,287,835 3,287,835 3 P o inces + P o inces wi hin adius o 200 km 892,609 535,565 2,142,260 2,142,260 P o inces wi hin adius o 200 km 630,076 378,045 1,512,181 1,512,181 P o inces wi h adius exceeding 200 km 477,323 286,394 1,145,575 1,145,575 Th ee bo de p o inces 262,533 157,520 630,079 630,079 Gained o each ai o elling a ea, is 5 on o oo , 3 ons o sawdus , 12 ons o slab, and 12 ons o wood ips. om ubbe wood is abou 142.4 MW. The exis ing capaci y o nine ope a ional Biomass Powe Plan is abou 102.2 MW (COD =40.4 MW and SCOD =61.8 MW). The e o e, he emaining po en ial o biomass om ubbe wood in h ee bo de p o inces o elec ici y gene a ion is abou 40.2 MW. The o al biomass, including he amoun o biomass in o he p o inces wi hin a 200 km is abou 4 million ons/yea . This can gene a e abou 349.13 MW o elec ici y. The exis ing consump ion is abou 161.51 MW; he e o e, 187.62 MW is emaining. 4. Conclusion Due o low po en ial land is a ailable o p oducing as -g owing eeds ocks. The e o e, only 40.2 MW emaining po en ial o NEW powe plan in h ee bo de p o inces om ubbe wood, mo e ubbe wood needs o be impo ed om o he p o inces. O he biomass c ops in he h ee bo de p o inces a e e y ew. The signi ican po en ial om ubbe wood in he u u e, i is equi ed o imp o e collec ion e iciency o oo o ubbe wood. The ubbe wood p ice equen ly inc ease in ainy season due o limi ed access o ubbe wood a ea. Likewise, cos in h ee bo de p o inces is highe han o he sou he n p o inces om many easons such as highe insu ance paymen , no nigh - ime cons uc ion. The signi ican pa icle boa d manu ac u ing business, loca ed in Songkhla p o inces, is he case o ising o ubbe wood ma ke selling p ice. They can pay mo e due o highe alue added o hei p oduc s. Acknowledgmen The au ho s would like o hank he Ene gy Technology o En i onmen Resea ch Cen e (ETE) o in o ma ion in e m o Rubbe wood po en ial in Sou he n pa o Thailand. We emain culpable o any emaining e o s. Re e ences [1] Pipa anasompo n M, Ongsakul W, Pacudan R, Le e e T. Elec ici y p ices in a compe i i e ma ke : a p elimina y analysis o he de egula ed Thai elec ici y indus y. U il Policy 2000;171–9. [2] Gamonwe P, Dhakal S, Thammasi i K. The impac o enewable ene gy p icing incen i e policies in Thailand. GMSARN In J 2017;11:51–60. W. Wongsapai, Y. Achawangkul, W. Thepsaskul e al. / Ene gy Repo s 6 (2020) 221–227 227 [3] Ene gy Regula o y Commission. Powe consump ion in powe plan [in e ne ]. 2017, A ailable om: h p://www.e c.o . h/ERCWeb2/. [ci ed 2019 May 10]. [4] Depa men o Indus ial Wo ks. Powe consump ion in ac o y (boile ) [in e ne ]. 2017, A ailable om: h p://www.diw.go. h/. [ci ed 2019 June 2]. [5] Rubbe Au ho i y o Thailand. 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