Beyond depletion: Daily self‐control motivation as an explanation of self‐control failure at work

Weh , Wilken; Caspe , Anne; Sonnen ag, Sabine A icle — Published Ve sion Beyond deple ion: Daily sel ‐con ol mo i a ion as an explana ion o sel ‐con ol ailu e a wo k Jou nal o O ganiza ional Beha io P o ided in Coope a ion wi h: John Wiley & Sons Sugges ed Ci a ion: Weh , Wilken; Caspe , Anne; Sonnen ag, Sabine (2020) : Beyond deple ion: Daily sel ‐con ol mo i a ion as an explana ion o sel ‐con ol ailu e a wo k, Jou nal o O ganiza ional Beha io , ISSN 1099-1379, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, Vol. 41, Iss. 9, pp. 931-947, h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/job.2484 This Ve sion is a ailable a : h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/233673 S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen: Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den. Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen. So e n die Ve asse die Dokumen e un e Open-Con en -Lizenzen (insbesonde e CC-Lizenzen) zu Ve ügung ges ell haben soll en, gel en abweichend on diesen Nu zungsbedingungen die in de do genann en Lizenz gewäh en Nu zungs ech e. Te ms o use: Documen s in EconS o may be sa ed and copied o you pe sonal and schola ly pu poses. You a e no o copy documen s o public o comme cial pu poses, o exhibi he documen s publicly, o make hem publicly a ailable on he in e ne , o o dis ibu e o o he wise use he documen s in public. I he documen s ha e been made a ailable unde an Open Con en Licence (especially C ea i e Commons Licences), you may exe cise u he usage igh s as speci ied in he indica ed licence. h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/ RESEARCH ARTICLE Beyond deple ion: Daily sel -con ol mo i a ion as an explana ion o sel -con ol ailu e a wo k Wilken Weh | Anne Caspe | Sabine Sonnen ag Depa men o Psychology, School o Social Science, Uni e si y o Mannheim, Mannheim, Ge many Co espondence Wilken Weh , Depa men o Psychology, School o Social Science, Uni e si y o Mannheim, A5, 6 C101, D-68131 Mannheim, Ge many. Email: wilken.weh @uni-mannheim.de Summa y The o ganiza ional sel -con ol li e a u e usually applies esou ce pe spec i es ha explain sel -con ol ailu e a wo k by deple ion o sel -con ol esou ces. Howe e , hese pe spec i es neglec he ole o sel -con ol mo i a ion. On a daily le el, we examine se e al sel -con ol aspec s ( esou ces, mo i a ion, demands, and e o ) as p edic o s o a mani es a ion o sel -con ol ailu e a wo k, namely, daily coun e p o- duc i e wo k beha io owa d he o ganiza ion (CWB-O). Addi ionally, we in es iga e sel -con ol e o as a mechanism p edic ing he deple ion o sel -con ol esou ces h oughou he day. We analyzed da a om 155 employees in a 2-week dia y s udy wi h 2 daily measu emen poin s. Mul ile el pa h modeling showed ha sel -con ol mo i a ion and sel -con ol demands, bu no sel -con ol esou ce deple ion, p edic ed sel -con ol e o . The e was an indi ec e ec om sel -con ol mo i a- ion on CWB-O ia sel -con ol e o bu no indi ec e ec om sel -con ol demands on sel -con ol esou ce deple ion h oughou he day ia sel -con ol e o . Findings sugges ha sel -con ol mo i a ion is a c ucial ac o explaining sel -con ol ailu e a wo k and cas u he doub on he idea ha exe ed sel -con ol e o is he only mechanism leading o sel -con ol esou ce deple ion. KEYWORDS CWB-O, dia y s udy, ego deple ion, sel -con ol, sel -con ol demands 1|INTRODUCTION Indi iduals usually ha e he goal o pe o m well a wo k (Howa d, Gagné, Mo in, & Van den B oeck, 2016). Acco dingly, sel -con ol on he job o en aligns wi h he no ion o wo k ca e ully and diligen ly on ele an asks (Dahm, Glomb, Manches e , & Le oy, 2015; Deng, Wu, Leung, & Guan, 2016). The e o e, con olling onesel a wo k is c ucial because i allows o wo k e icien ly on asks equi ing concen a ion and pe sis ence (Dahm e al., 2015; Deng e al., 2016). When sel -con ol ails, i s impo ance becomes ob ious: Fo ins ance, a business pa ne e uses a planned p ojec because o a ca elessly p epa ed d a ; a deadline c ucial o ge ing unding enewal canno be me because o an un inished p oposal. To da e, o ganiza ional esea che s usually adop ed a esou ce deple ion pe spec i e on sel -con ol a wo k (Lian, Yam, Fe is, & B own, 2017). This pe spec i e explains sel -con ol ailu e by he deple ion o a limi ed sel -con ol esou ce. The basic no ion o his pe spec i e is ha exe ing sel -con ol equi es sel -con ol esou ces, and when hese esou ces a e deple ed, sel -con ol ailu e is he likely consequence (Johnson, Mu a en, Donaldson, & Lin, 2017; Mu a en & Baumeis e , 2000). Despi e i s high ace alidi y, esou ce deple ion pe spec i es end o dis ega d he ole mo i a ion may play Recei ed: 18 Ma ch 2019 Re ised: 9 Sep embe 2020 Accep ed: 27 Sep embe 2020 DOI: 10.1002/job.2484 This is an open access a icle unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License, which pe mi s use, dis ibu ion and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. © 2020 The Au ho s. Jou nal o O ganiza ional Beha io published by John Wiley & Sons L d. J O gan Beha . 2020;41:931–947. wileyonlinelib a y.com/jou nal/job 931 o sel -con ol ailu e a wo k (Lian e al., 2017). T adi ional explana- ions o sel -con ol ailu e solely e e o he deple ion o sel -con ol esou ces, whe eas i is qui e concei able ha sel -con ol ailu e could be pa ly due o a lack o mo i a ion o con ol onesel . When sel -con ol mo i a ion is lacking, indi iduals may exe less sel - con ol e o . Fo ins ance, wo king on me ely i ele an asks may be simply caused by a lack o mo i a ion o wo k on ele an ones— ins ead o sel -con ol esou ce deple ion causing an inabili y o p io i- ize asks co ec ly. Acco dingly, lowe ed sel -con ol mo i a ion may dec ease sel -con ol e o and hus explain sel -con ol ailu e (Inzlich & Schmeichel, 2012; Molden, Hui, & Schole , 2016). Besides sel -con ol mo i a ion and sel -con ol esou ce deple- ion, also ex e nal ci cums ances o he wo k si ua ion may explain why indi iduals exe sel -con ol a wo k. Such sel -con ol demands (Neubach & Schmid , 2006), o ins ance, in he o m o dis ac ing o ice en i onmen s, may u ge indi iduals o pu e o in o con olling hemsel es a wo k. Because con olling onesel a wo k equi es ocus and pe se e - ance (Dahm e al., 2015; Deng e al., 2016), sel -con ol ailu e in his ealm is well e lec ed in beha io s such as o e ex ending b eaks, wi hholding e o , o keeping onesel busy wi h i ele an asks. Daily coun e p oduc i e wo k beha io owa d he o ganiza ion (CWB-O) adequa ely encompasses hese beha io s (Dalal, Lam, Weiss, Welch, & Hulin, 2009). Thus, in his s udy, we iew daily CWB-O as a mani es a- ion o sel -con ol ailu e a wo k. The eby, we apply a b oad pe spec- i e o sel -con ol ailu e a wo k by explici ly conside ing daily mo i a ion o sel -con ol as an indi ec p edic o o daily CWB-O ha exe s i s in luence ia dec eased sel -con ol e o . In addi ion, we conside he po en ial impac o daily sel -con ol demands and sel -con ol esou ce deple ion a he beginning o wo k. In line wi h he p oposi ions o Lian e al. (2017), we build on in e- g a i e sel -con ol heo y (ISCT; Ko abe & Ho mann, 2015) o in es- iga e daily sel -con ol ailu e a wo k. The ISCT amewo k explici ly conside s sel -con ol mo i a ion, bu also sel -con ol capaci y, when in es iga ing sel -con ol ailu e. In ou s udy, we assess daily sel - con ol mo i a ion and conside sel -con ol esou ce deple ion as a p oxy o s a e sel -con ol capaci y. Fu he mo e, he ISCT amewo k dis inguishes be ween a pe son's in e nal p ocesses (i.e., mo i a ional and capaci y- ela ed p ocesses) and ex e nal in lu- ences (i.e., ex e nal cons ain s o exe sel -con ol). Acco dingly, we s i e o cap u e hese in e nal p ocesses, as well as ex e nal in lu- ences, o p edic daily CWB-O a wo k h ough sel -con ol e o on a day le el. To be mo e p ecise, we assess sel -con ol mo i a ion and sel -con ol esou ce deple ion o unde s and daily mo i a ional and capaci y- ela ed in e nal p ocesses, as well as sel -con ol demands, o examine ex e nal cons ain s equi ing he exe ion o sel -con ol a wo k (Schmid & Dies el, 2015). We con ibu e o he li e a u e in se e al ways. Fi s , we go beyond esou ce deple ion app oaches by explici ly conside ing sel - con ol mo i a ion as an al e na i e an eceden explaining a iance in daily CWB-O abo e and beyond sel -con ol esou ce deple ion. Some o ganiza ional schola s al eady applied mo i a ional explana- ions o sel -con ol bu did so a he implici ly o wi hou conside ing sel -con ol esou ce deple ion as well (Lian, B own, e al., 2014; Lian, Fe is, Mo ison, & B own, 2014). We explici ly assess sel -con ol mo i a ion on a daily wi hin-pe son le el in addi ion o sel -con ol esou ce deple ion. By modeling bo h sel -con ol esou ce deple ion and sel -con ol mo i a ion a he beginning o wo k, as indi ec p e- dic o s o daily sel -con ol ailu es a wo k (CWB-O), ou s udy simul- aneously acknowledges he po en ial ole o esou ce deple ion as an an eceden o sel -con ol ailu e bu also conside s sel -con ol mo i- a ion as an addi ional and al e na i e an eceden o sel -con ol ail- u e. Acco dingly, ou design has he ad an age o a ibu ing sel - con ol ailu e o (one o ) hese po en ial causes while s a is ically con olling o he o he . I mo i a ion o sel -con ol can explain why sel -con ol ailu e occu s abo e and beyond he p edic i e powe o deple ion, his would indica e ha esea che s in es iga ing sel - con ol a wo k ha e o mo e owa d inco po a ing mo i a ional explana ions o sel -con ol a wo k (Lian e al., 2017). Second, o ganiza ional schola s usually assume ha ex e nal o social sel -con ol demands elici sel -con ol e o , d i ing sel - con ol esou ce deple ion (Feh , Yam, He, Chiang, & Wei, 2017; Gombe , Ri kin, & Schmid , 2018; Lee, Kim, Bha e, & Du y, 2016; P em, Kubicek, Dies el, & Ko unka, 2016). Howe e , is i unclea i sel -con ol e o is he ele an mechanism leading o he deple ion o sel -con ol esou ces. In e es ingly, some s udies p edic deple ion by a he mo i a ional a iables (e.g., alue incong uence and a ec i e commi men ), indica ing ha sel -con ol esou ce deple ion can be elici ed wi hou sel -con ol ac ually being expended (Deng e al., 2016; Ri kin, Dies el, & Schmid , 2018). Acco dingly, al e na i e accoun s (Ku zban, Duckwo h, Kable, & Mye s, 2013; Molden e al., 2016) sugges ha deple ion may be a mo i a ional s a e. Alike, an de Linden e al. (2003) a gued ha men ally a igued pe sons a e mo e esis an o exe u he e o . Thus, eeling deple ed may be ela ed o pe cei ing sel -con ol e o as cos ly (Ku zban e al., 2013; Molden e al., 2016). Acco dingly, when sel -con ol demands a e high, employees may eel deple ed because hey pe cei e sel -con ol e o as bu densome—e en hough hey a e no expending any sel - con ol e o . To summa ize, i is unclea i exe ing sel -con ol e o is he mechanism d i ing sel -con ol esou ce deple ion. Conse- quen ly, we assess daily sel -con ol demands a he end o wo k, daily sel -con ol e o a he end o wo k, and sel -con ol esou ce deple- ion a he beginning and he end o he wo kday. This allows examin- ing whe he daily sel -con ol esou ce deple ion p ocesses a e d i en by sel -con ol e o elici ed by sel -con ol demands. Thi d, ou s udy adds a pe spec i e on daily CWB-O e lec ing pe o mance- ela ed beha io s o he o ganiza ional li e a u e on sel - con ol. These beha io s a e less isible o o he s and may go unno iced on a daily basis bu may ha e a la ge ha m ul impac on o ga- niza ional pe o mance (Be y, Ca pen e , & Ba a , 2012). To da e, esea che s ha e in es iga ed sel -con ol ailu e wi hin o ganiza ions by looking a se e al in e pe sonal beha io s, such as abusi e leade ship (Lin, Ma, & Johnson, 2016), social unde mining (Lee e al., 2016), o in e pe sonal injus ice beha io s (Johnson, Lanaj, & Ba nes, 2014). The ob ious ha m o sel -con ol ailu e in he social ealm is undispu ed. Howe e , he salience o in e pe sonally ha m ul beha io s may conceal 932 WEHRT ET AL. ha sel -con ol pene a es daily wo k on a less no iceable bu e y essen ial le el as well. By p edic ing daily CWB-O, we emphasize ha sel -con ol is c ucial o p o ec adequa e le els o pe o mance. In he ollowing pa ag aphs, we i s in oduce daily sel -con ol mo i a ion as a p edic o o daily sel -con ol e o , which in u n is hypo hesized o dec ease daily CWB-O. Then, we desc ibe how sel - con ol esou ces a he beginning o he wo kday enable daily sel - con ol e o bu also a e consumed because o daily sel -con ol e o . A e his, we u n o daily sel -con ol demands elici ing daily sel -con ol e o , subsequen ly leading o esou ce deple ion h oughou he day. Figu e 1 shows ou concep ual model. 2|SELF-CONTROL MOTIVATION Acco ding o he ISCT (Ko abe & Ho mann, 2015), sel -con ol mo i- a ion is he aspi a ion o abs ain om ac ing on unwan ed desi es, whe eas sel -con ol e o e e s o he amoun o sel -con ol capac- i y ac ually mobilized in o de o abs ain om ac ing on unwan ed desi es. In alignmen wi h he ISCT, we p opose ha sel -con ol mo i- a ion inc eases ac ual sel -con ol e o (Ko abe & Ho mann, 2015). The e a e se e al easons why sel -con ol mo i a ion ma e s o sel -con ol e o and subsequen ly o sel -con ol ailu e. Fi s , indi iduals a e mo i a ed o s ay in con ol and be e ec i e (Deci & Ryan, 1985; Higgins, 1997). Thus, sel -con ol mo i a ion is nu u ed by he aspi a ion o be au onomous and compe en . I desi es s ongly in e e e wi h goal a ainmen a wo k, mo i a ion o con ol onesel may elici sel -con ol e o , helping o egain eelings o con ol. Second, indi iduals a e mo i a ed o con ol hemsel es because hey y o p e en po en ially ad e se consequences o no exe ing sel -con ol a wo k. Fo ins ance, an employee may expec o be e used a pa icula ca ee oppo uni y when she o he does no con ol he o his eoccu ing desi es o ake long pauses (Ko abe & Ho mann, 2015). Thi d, indi iduals a e mo i a ed o exe sel -con ol in o de o expe ience pleasan sel -conscious emo ions (e.g., p ide abou p io i izing asks well) and a oid unpleasan sel -conscious emo ions (e.g., guil abou handing in epo s oo la e; Ho mann & Fishe , 2012). Fou h, employees ha e he gene al goal o pe o ming well a wo k o se e al easons, such as paymen , social app ecia ion, o in e es in he ask i sel (Howa d e al., 2016). On some days, pe o ming well makes i necessa y o employees o abs ain om ac ing on se e al desi es ha in e e e wi h he e icien comple ion o wo k asks. Exam- ples o hose in e e ing desi es could be o e ex ending a b eak, hand- ing in a epo be o e ha ing checked i ca e ully, o p oc as ina ing on an impo an ask in a o o a mo e pleasan bu i ele an one. When such desi es occu , desi e–goal con lic s a ise. Acco dingly, ISCT p oposes ha desi e–goal con lic s elici sel -con ol mo i a ion (Ko abe & Ho mann, 2015). The s onge hese con lic s a e pe cei ed, he s onge is he mo i a ion o con ol desi es (Fishbach, F iedman, & K uglanski, 2003; Ko abe & Ho mann, 2015). O e all, sel -con ol mo i a ion is an impo an cons uc o in es iga e in o de o gain a comp ehensi e unde s anding o sel -con ol ailu e a wo k. 2.1 |Sel -con ol mo i a ion and sel -con ol e o We a gue ha sel -con ol mo i a ion inc eases sel -con ol e o . Mo i a ion desc ibes a nonobse able o ce ha in luences he di ec- ion, alloca ion, and amoun o e o in es ed in pu pose ul ac ion (Die endo & Chandle , 2011; Kan e , 1990). Thus, mo i a ion con- cep ually in e wines wi h he idea o e o expendi u e. Acco dingly, sel -con ol mo i a ion can be unde s ood as a domain-speci ic mo i- a ion in luencing which desi es a e con olled and how much e o is in es ed in con olling speci ic desi es (Ko abe & Ho mann, 2015). On days when indi iduals a e highly mo i a ed o exe sel -con ol a wo k, hey ha e a high willingness o expend la ge amoun s o e o in o abs aining om desi es ha ha m wo k e iciency. Sel -con ol mo i a ion is domain speci ic and he e o e dis inc om gene al wo k mo i a ion because i is speci ically ela ed o he willingness o abs ain om unwan ed desi es in e e ing wi h e i- ciency, bu no o o he wo k pe o mance beha io s, such as de el- oping c ea i e ideas o wo king on au onomously mo i a ing asks. Also, ISCT p oposes ha sel -con ol mo i a ion ansla es in o ac ual sel -con ol e o , and i desc ibes he condi ions unde which sel -con ol mo i a ion ansla es in o sel -con ol e o . I a pe son FIGURE 1 Concep ual model. Abb e ia ions: BoW, beginning-o -wo k su ey; EoW, end-o -wo k su ey WEHRT ET AL.933 pe cei es desi es as unwan ed ha a e impo an o be con olled, and i he pe son es ima es ha con olling hese desi es equi es e o , i is likely ha e o o con ol hese desi es is expended (Ko abe & Ho mann, 2015). In line wi h ISCT, we p opose ha daily sel -con ol mo i a ion is posi i ely ela ed o daily sel -con ol e o . Hypo hesis 1a. Daily sel -con ol mo i a ion is posi i ely ela ed o daily sel -con ol e o . 2.2 |CWB-O as a mani es a ion o sel -con ol ailu e a wo k We p opose ha daily CWB-O is an impo an mani es a ion o sel -con ol ailu e a wo k. In pa icula , we examine o e ex ending b eaks, wo king less e o ully, keeping onesel busy wi h i ele an asks, and wo king slowe han necessa y as ins an ia ions o CWB-O. Especially when hese beha io s a e exe ed o en, hey nega i ely impac e ec i eness. Because hese beha io s can ake place o en, bu unno iced by o he s, hey in ol e a he indi idual sel -con ol p ocesses as opposed o socially suppo ed sel -con ol p ocesses a wo k, which may be acili a ed by no ms o social suppo (Duckwo h, Gendle , & G oss, 2016). Se e al a gumen s quali y hese daily beha io s as mani es a ions o sel -con ol ailu e a wo k. Fi s , hese daily beha io s occu when pe sons gi e in o desi es. Fo ins ance, when wo king less e o ully, employees may gi e in o hei desi e o educe demands a wo k. These beha io s can be ega ded as examples o sel -con ol ailu es in he wo k domain because hey may be esponses o desi es con- lic ing wi h he gene al goal o pe o m well (Dalal e al., 2009; Die endo & Meh a, 2007). Second, because sel -con ol a wo k ela es o ca ying ou asks wi h concen a ion and diligence (Dahm e al., 2015; Deng e al., 2016), sel -con ol ailu e becomes e iden in beha io unde - mining e ec i e ask execu ion. Daily CWB-O encompasses beha io s ha unde mine e ec i e ask execu ion (Dalal e al., 2009). Fo ins ance, when b eaks a e aken oo long, ime o asks becomes misalloca ed and hus unde mines e ec i e wo k. Thi d, when a pe son does no exe sel -con ol, ac ions wi h immedia e ad an ages may be a o ed (Go edson & Hi schi, 1994; Inzlich & Schmeichel, 2012). Acco dingly, daily CWB-O o e s immedia e ad an ages a wo k, such as easing cu en ask demands, enhancing es ime, and dec easing wo k ime on a e si e asks. Fo ins ance, employees may wo k on i ele an asks, which a e mo e in e es ing han ele an ones, p o iding an immedia e ad an age o e he long- e m goal o ge ing wo k done adequa ely. ISCT p oposes ha sel -con ol ailu e occu s when sel -con ol e o in es ed o ba le unwan ed desi es is insu icien (Ko abe & Ho mann, 2015). Thus, a speci ic ins ance o CWB-O will occu when sel -con ol e o o ackle he speci ic ela ed desi e is insu icien . When indi iduals inc ease hei sel -con ol e o , CWB-O is less likely. Acco dingly, we p opose ha daily sel -con ol e o is nega i ely ela ed o daily CWB-O. Hypo hesis 1b. Daily sel -con ol e o is nega i ely ela ed o daily CWB-O. 2.3 |Sel -con ol e o as a mechanism linking sel -con ol mo i a ion o CWB-O As a gued abo e, daily sel -con ol mo i a ion should inc ease sel -con ol e o , which should dec ease he likelihood o daily CWB-O. In alignmen wi h ISCT, we p opose an indi ec e ec o daily sel -con ol mo i a ion on daily CWB-O ia daily sel -con ol e o . Insu icien sel -con ol e o can be caused by insu icien mo i- a ion o con ol desi es (Ko abe & Ho mann, 2015). This highligh s he essen ial unc ion o sel -con ol mo i a ion o mobilize e o o sel -con ol, p e en ing undesi able beha io s a wo k. Acco dingly, o ganiza ional schola s inc easingly ega d sel -con ol mo i a ion as impo an o unde s anding sel -con ol ailu e on he job (Lian, B own, e al., 2014; Lian, Fe is, e al., 2014). No ewo hy, hese schola s examine beha io s on he job, which adequa ely depic sel -con ol ailu e in he o ganiza ional ealm (e.g., o ganiza ional de iance and supe iso -di ec ed agg ession). Howe e , o ganiza ional esea ch so a has no explici ly es ed whe he sel -con ol e o is he mechanism esponsible o con- nec ing sel -con ol mo i a ion o he dec ease o undesi able wo k beha io s mani es ed in sel -con ol ailu es. ISCT explici ly p oposes ha sel -con ol mo i a ion inc eases e o , which should dec ease sel -con ol ailu es (Ko abe & Ho mann, 2015). Thus, we hypo hesize and es explici ly ha sel -con ol mo i a ion os e s sel -con ol e o , which helps o p e en daily CWB-O. Mo e speci ically, we expec an indi ec nega i e e ec o daily sel -con ol mo i a ion on CWB-O ia daily sel -con ol e o . Hypo hesis 1c. The e is an indi ec nega i e e ec o daily sel - con ol mo i a ion on CWB-O h ough daily sel -con ol e o . 2.4 |Sel -con ol esou ce deple ion and sel - con ol e o In ou s udy, we conside sel -con ol esou ce deple ion as a p oxy o wha Ko abe and Ho mann (2016) called s a e sel -con ol capaci y. ISCT explains ha sel -con ol capaci y comp ises nonmo i a ional cog- ni i e esou ces. Sel -con ol capaci y can be di e en ia ed in ai sel - con ol and s a e sel -con ol esou ces. T ai sel -con ol capaci y e e s o he gene al, o e all capaci y o a pe son o exe sel -con ol, whe eas s a e sel -con ol esou ces e e o a pe son's momen a y capaci y o exe sel -con ol (Ko abe & Ho mann, 2016; Lian e al., 2017). We p opose ha sel -con ol esou ce deple ion (i.e., diminished s a e sel -con ol capaci y) os e s wi hholding sel -con ol e o . The s a e cogni i e sel -con ol esou ces, on which we ocus in ou s udy, can be used o con ol desi es, o ins ance, by inhibi ing desi es o di ec ing a en ion away om desi e-elici ing s imuli. When cogni i e esou ces a e deple ed, he p oposed consequence 934 WEHRT ET AL. is educed s a e sel -con ol capaci y. When sel -con ol capaci y is educed, exe ing sel -con ol becomes mo e di icul (Ko abe & Ho mann, 2015, 2016). E o alloca ion is guided by a conce n o esou ce conse a ion (B ehm & Sel , 1989; K uglanski e al., 2012). Thus, when sel -con ol esou ces a e deple ed, sel -con ol capaci y is limi ed, and indi iduals a e mo e eluc an o in es u he esou ces in o e o ul sel -con ol. Fu he mo e, when sel -con ol esou ces a e deple ed, exe ing sel -con ol is pe cei ed as mo e a e si e han in si ua ions whe e esou ces a e abundan (Ko abe & Ho mann, 2016). Acco dingly, Boksem and Tops (2008) ha e in e p e ed he pe cep ion o men al a igue as an adap i e signal o ee alua ing he ene ge ic cos s and ewa ds o he cu en beha io al s a egy. Fo ins ance, an employee wo king on an a en ion-demanding ask and pe cei ing ha cogni i e esou ces a e sca ce may end o a o mo e esou ce-conse ing beha io s (e.g., es ing and p ocessing ask- ele an in o ma ion mo e shallowly). The e o e, when indi iduals pe - cei e esou ces as sca ce (i.e., deple ed), he likelihood o abs aining om exe ing sel -con ol e o inc eases. Indi iduals s a each wo kday wi h a ying le els o sel -con ol esou ces (Lanaj, Johnson, & Wang, 2016). The mo ning le el o sel -con ol esou ces could be seen as a s a ing poin o sel -con ol ailu e ha may un old wi hin he wo kday. Thus, we p opose ha indi iduals a e likely o espond o sel -con ol esou ce deple ion a he beginning o he wo kday wi h educed sel -con ol e o because exe ing e o is mo e a e si e and beha io ha helps o conse e esou ces appea s mo e aluable. Hypo hesis 2a. Sel -con ol esou ce deple ion a he beginning o wo k is nega i ely ela ed o daily sel -con ol e o . Wo king deple es sel -con ol esou ces because employees a e commonly mo i a ed o ul ill a leas minimum s anda ds o pe o - mance, which equi es exe ing sel -con ol e o in o de o ackle desi es in e e ing wi h he execu ion o wo k (Howa d e al., 2016; Lian e al., 2017). Acco ding o ISCT, he exe ion o sel -con ol e o can lead o a dec ease in sel -con ol capaci y. As sel -con ol capaci y esul s om he a ailabili y o sel -con ol esou ces, lowe ed sel - con ol capaci y may be due o a s a e o deple ed sel -con ol esou ces (Ko abe & Ho mann, 2016). The idea ha sel -con ol e o exe ion consumes sel -con ol esou ces is also a undamen al ene o he ego-deple ion pe spec i e (Baumeis e , B a sla sky, Mu a en, & Tice, 1998; Baumeis e & Vohs, 2016). Indi iduals do no only begin bu also end hei wo kday wi h a ying le els o sel -con ol esou ces. Thus, sel -con ol esou ce le els a he end o wo k e e o he inal s a e o sel -con ol esou ce deple ion p ocesses ha ha e un olded wi hin he wo kday. On some days, indi iduals exe mo e sel -con ol e o a wo k han on o he days, which should inc ease sel -con ol esou ce deple ion. Hypo hesis 2b. Daily sel -con ol e o is posi i ely ela ed o sel -con ol esou ce deple ion h oughou he wo kday. 2.5 |Sel -con ol e o as a mechanism linking sel -con ol demands o sel -con ol esou ce deple ion In addi ion, sel -con ol demands a ec sel -con ol e o and esou ce deple ion in he o ganiza ional con ex . Neubach and Schmid (2006) in oduced he concep o sel -con ol demands e e ing o ex e nal sel -con ol equi emen s a wo k. Sel -con ol demands comp ise h ee ace s, namely, impulse con ol (i.e., equi emen s o inhibi spon aneous, impulsi e esponses), esis ing (i.e., equi emen s o igno e and esis dis ac ions ha a e no ele an o asks), and o e coming inne esis ances (i.e., equi emen s o o e come si ua ions whe e mo i a ion o wo k on a pa icula ask is de icien ). Sel -con ol demands a y daily (Ri kin, Dies el, & Schmid , 2015; Sonnen ag, Pund , & Venz, 2017). Fo ins ance, on a pa icula day, an unpleasan bu impo an clien may place highe sel -con ol equi emen s on employees, whe eas on o he days, clien s beha e iendlie , making i less e o ul o coope a e e icien ly. Sel -con ol demands ep esen a cen al aspec o he job linking wo k en i onmen s wi h he likelihood o sel -con ol ailu e. Sel - con ol demands a e aspec s o he en i onmen con ining beha io al op ions, hus inc easing ex e nal demands o ac in a sel -con olled way. When sel -con ol demands a e high, ac ing upon desi es has highe cos s. Fo ins ance, on days when colleagues cha loudly in he adjacen o ice, i may be mo e di icul o concen a e on ele an asks. Thus, sel -con ol demands a e en i onmen al ac o s ha inc ease he pe cei ed need o inc ease sel -con ol e o . Acco dingly, ield s udies indica e ha daily sel -con ol demands ela e o s a es o exhaus ion o deple ion (Dies el & Schmid , 2011; Ri kin e al., 2018). Thus, we expec ha sel -con ol demands will be posi i ely ela ed o sel -con ol e o . Hypo hesis 3a. Daily sel -con ol demands a e posi i ely ela ed o daily sel -con ol e o . Because sel -con ol demands p ess employees o exe sel - con ol e o , hey may make he deple ion o sel -con ol esou ces mo e likely and mo e in ense. Acco dingly, esea ch has indica ed ha daily sel -con ol demands a e ela ed o psychological cos s, such as lowe wo k engagemen , inc eased need o eco e y, and highe deple ion le els (Ri kin e al., 2018). Fu he mo e, high sel -con ol demands may inc ease sel -con ol esou ce deple ion o se e al addi ional easons. Fi s , heigh ened sel -con ol demands os e pe cep ions o incapaci ies o adequa ely ackle wo k asks. These pe cep ions may addi ionally os e sel - con ol esou ce deple ion. Second, some daily sel -con ol demands can only be managed wi h a na ow ange o beha io al s a egies. Fo ins ance, unde s anding a poo ly s uc u ed documen ei he equi es addi ional concen a ion o addi ional es uc u ing o he documen . Thus, choosing esou ce-conse ing beha io al s a egies may no be a ailable o ce ain sel -con ol demands. Thi d, sel - con ol demands may elici o inc ease he salience o one's own WEHRT ET AL.935 desi es. Fo ins ance, when colleagues ake a b eak, he desi e o in e up one's own wo k and join one's colleagues may become salien and mo e in ense. Thus, we expec ha sel -con ol demands will be posi i ely ela ed o sel -con ol esou ce deple ion. Hypo hesis 3b. Daily sel -con ol demands a e posi i ely ela ed o sel -con ol esou ce deple ion h oughou he wo kday. O e all, we p opose ha esponding o sel -con ol demands equi es inc eased sel -con ol e o , which cons i u es he mechanism esponsible o he deple ion o sel -con ol esou ces (Baumeis e e al., 1998; Baumeis e & Vohs, 2016; Ko abe & Ho mann, 2015). Hypo hesis 3c. The e is an indi ec posi i e e ec o daily sel - con ol demands on sel -con ol esou ce deple ion h oughou he day ia daily sel -con ol e o . 3|METHOD 3.1 |Sample and p ocedu e The da a o his dia y s udy we e collec ed wi hin a la ge esea ch p ojec on s ess and sel -con ol a wo k conduc ed in Ge many. 1 S udy pa icipan s we e ec ui ed wi h he help o unde g adua es s uden s, which o en is a means o inc easing esponse a es (Deme ou i & Rispens, 2014). Following sugges ions o s uden - ec ui ed samples (Wheele , Shanine, Leon, & Whi man, 2014), he i s wo au ho s o his pape moni o ed s udy egis a ion and we e esponsible o all communica ion wi h pa icipan s (e.g., ins uc ing pa icipan s, sending su ey links, and answe ing ques ions), ensu ing he alidi y o ou da a (e.g., pa icipan s we e ac ual employees wo k- ing a leas 6 h pe day). In o ma ion ega ding he s udy was sp ead ia an online lye on social media websi es, especially on www.xing.de and www. acebook. com. Addi ionally, s uden s ec ui ed pa icipan s om hei social ne wo ks (e.g., o ganiza ions hey o me ly wo ked in). Pa icipan s o he s udy pa icipa ed in a lo e y and we e eligible o win one o wo ouche s o 50€ om a la ge online e aile . Rec ui ed pa icipan s had o wo k a leas 6 h a day. Shi wo ke s we e no eligible o s udy pa icipa ion. The ec ui ing s uden s we e no awa e o he speci ic hypo heses o he p esen s udy. One hund ed eigh y-nine employees egis e ed o he s udy and illed in an en ance su ey in which pe son-le el a iables (e.g., demog aphic da a) we e assessed. A e illing in he en ance su ey, pa icipan s ecei ed h ee daily su eys du ing wo egula wo k weeks (Monday o F iday). The i s su ey (beginning-o -wo k su ey) had o be illed in sho ly p io o he beginning o wo k, and he second su ey (end-o -wo k su ey) a he end o wo k. Ano he su ey had o be illed in p io o bed ime bu was no pa o he p esen s udy. Pa icipan s ecei ed all su ey links ia email. Pa icipan s p o ided 1,354 beginning-o -wo k su eys and 1,325 end-o -wo k su eys. We excluded daily su eys om he da ase when (1) beginning-o -wo k su eys we e illed in a e 10:30 a.m. (excep o cases whe e pa icipan s in he end-o -wo k su eys indi- ca ed ha hey s a ed wo k la e ) and (2) when end-o -wo k su eys we e illed in a e 8:00 p.m. (excep o a ew cases whe e pa ici- pan s indica ed ano he ime o he end o wo k and he su ey com- ple ion was wi hin a 1-h ange o he indica ed ime). Fu he mo e, we excluded su eys when pa icipan s epo ed ha hey we e absen om wo k due o illness o aca ion. In a nex s ep, we ma ched beginning-o -wo k su eys wi h end-o -wo k su eys. Each pa ici- pan had o p o ide a leas wo ma ched beginning-o -wo k and end-o -wo k su eys o 2 days in o de o allow o wi hin-pe son p edic ions. The esul ing sample used o he analysis consis ed o 155 pa icipan s (48.4% emale), p o iding da a om 1,051 ma ched days. On a e age, pa icipan s p o ided 6.78 daily eco ds. In his inal sample, a e age age was 37.9 yea s (SD = 12.5), and a e age o ganiza ional enu e was 8.8 yea s (SD = 9.1). On a e age, pa icipan s wo ked 38.4 h pe week (SD = 4.0). One hund ed eigh- een pa icipan s (76%) had egula con ac wi h clien s, pa ien s, o o he se ice ecipien s. Fo y pa icipan s (26%) held a leade ship posi ion. Six y-eigh pa icipan s (43.9%) had a uni e si y o simila deg ee. Indica ing he gene alizabili y o ou sample, pa icipan s held a b oad ange o jobs and wo ked, o example, as accoun an s, a chi ec u al d a smen, business consul an s, business economis s, ca pen e s, comme cial d i e s, enginee s, kinde ga en eache s, ma ke esea che s, medical assis an s, nu u e s, physio he apis s, p oduc manage s, pu chasing agen s, salespe sons, sec e a ies, school eache s, wa ehousemen, and echnicians. In e ms o a ious indus ial sec o s (ca ego ized acco ding o he Eu opean NACE sys- em), pa icipan s wo ked in a ious domains, including manu ac u ing (14.8%); human heal h and social wo k ac i i ies (9.0%); o he se ice ac i i ies (9.0%); educa ion (7.7%); public adminis a ion and de ense; compulso y social secu i y (7.1%); wholesale and e ail ade; epai o mo o ehicles (7.1%); o banks and p i a e insu ance (5.2%). Se e al ield s udies on sel -con ol ailu e a wo k elied on speci ic samples es ic ed o ce ain occupa ions o b anches, which a e cha ac e ized by high ime p essu e (e.g., academics, Dahm e al., 2015) o high emo ional demands (e.g., heal h-ca e employees, Deng e al., 2016; Dies el & Schmid , 2011). In hese occupa ions, high sel -con ol demands may in luence how sel -con ol ailu e un old. The e o e, he a ie y o jobs and b anches in ou sample may ensu e ha ele an sel -con ol aspec s a e cap u ed mo e b oadly. We checked o selec i e a i ion by es ing whe he he 155 indi iduals who we e included in he inal da ase di e ed om he 34 indi iduals who illed in he gene al su ey bu we e no included in he inal da ase . Analyses e ealed no signi ican di e - ences wi h espec o gende , χ 2 (1, N= 189) = 2.97, p= .085, educa- ion le el (dicho omously coded: 0 = wi hou uni e si y deg ee,1=wi h uni e si y deg ee), χ 2 (1, N= 189) = 2.09, p= .149, and amily s a us, χ 2 (1, N= 189) = 0.49, p= .485, bu signi ican di e ences in age, 1 This is he i s publica ion om his da ase . 936 WEHRT ET AL. (187) = −4.00, p< .001, wi h pa icipan s in he inal da ase being olde (M= 37.9 in he inal da ase ; M= 29.0 in he d opou g oup). 3.2 |Measu es Su eys we e adminis e ed in Ge man. I necessa y, we applied a back- ansla ion p ocedu e o c ea e Ge man e sions o he scales used in he s udy (B islin, 1970). I no s a ed o he wise, pa icipan s answe ed all i ems on a 5-poin a ing scale anging om 1 (no ue a all) o5( e y ue). When designing ou s udy, he ollowing conside a ions guided ou decision abou when o assess which cons uc . Fi s , we aimed a assessing each cons uc a he e y ime poin when i could bes cap u e he espec i e s a es and expe iences. Daily sel -con ol mo i- a ion was assessed in he mo ning because i was hypo hesized o p edic he in es ed sel -con ol e o h oughou he wo kday. Sel - con ol esou ce deple ion was assessed wo imes, i s a he begin- ning o wo k e e ing o he ini ial s a e le el o deple ed sel -con ol esou ces and second a he end o wo k e e ing o he end-o -wo k s a e le el o deple ed sel -con ol esou ces. We assessed daily sel - con ol demands a he end o wo k e ospec i ely o he whole wo kday because indi iduals may no be able o eliably an icipa e upcoming sel -con ol demands o he whole wo kday a he begin- ning o wo k because; o ins ance, un o eseen asks may occu du ing he day, equi ing addi ional sel -con ol. Alike, we choose o measu e daily sel -con ol e o in he end-o -wo k su ey because i may be di icul o indi iduals o epo hei daily sel -con ol e o in ad ance. E en hough indi iduals may plan o exe a lo o sel - con ol e o on a gi en day, hey may no do so because, o ins ance, asks migh be mo e complex and hus equi e mo e sel - con ol e o han an icipa ed. Fu he , sel -con ol e o was assessed a he end o wo k because concep ually i should esul om sel -con ol deple ion a he beginning o wo k, om sel -con ol demands expe ienced h oughou he day and indi iduals' sel -con ol mo i a ion. Also, daily CWB-O was assessed in he end-o -wo k su - ey o assu e ha indi iduals can epo hei beha io o he whole wo kday. Second, we wan ed o demons a e he ole o sel -con ol mo i a ion o sel -con ol e o and, in u n, dec eased daily CWB-O beyond he ole o sel -con ol esou ce deple ion. Acco dingly, i was mos impo an o empo ally disen angle he assessmen o daily sel -con ol mo i a ion and ini ial sel -con ol esou ce deple ion a he beginning o wo k on he one hand and daily sel -con ol e o and daily CWB-O on he o he hand. 3.2.1 |Va iables measu ed in he beginning-o - wo k su ey Sel -con ol esou ce deple ion a he beginning o wo k We assessed s a e sel -con ol esou ce deple ion in he beginning- o -wo k su ey using i e i ems om he English s a e sel -con ol scale by Cia occo e al. (2007) commonly used in ield s udies. These i ems co espond o Ge man i ems om Be ams e al. (2011). A sample i em is “Righ now, i would ake a lo o e o o me o concen a e on some hing.”The scale is commonly used in ecen well- ecognized o ganiza ional s udies (e.g., Lanaj e al., 2016; Say e, G andey, & Chi, 2020). Mean C onbach's alpha o e 10 wo kdays was .91 ( ange .86 o .94). Daily sel -con ol mo i a ion To assess daily sel -con ol mo i a ion, we o mula ed nine i ems in he beginning-o -wo k su ey based on he wo ding o he i ems in he sel -con ol demands scale (Neubach & Schmid , 2006; Schmid & Dies el, 2015). We adjus ed wo ding in such a way ha daily mo i a ion o con ol onesel p ospec i ely o he wo kday was assessed. When adjus ing he wo ding, we ied o be as pa simonious as possible, only adding he ele an wo ds ha changed he ocus owa d sel -con ol mo i a ion. Fo ins ance, he o iginal i em “My job equi es me o ne e lose my empe ” became “Today, I am mo i a ed o ne e lose my empe .”The logic unde lying his p ocedu e was ha adding only he wo ds ca ying he ele an aspec s o mo i a ion should ensu e (a) ha ele an meaning changed, (b) ha no supe luous meaning was added, and (c) ha pa icipan s could clea ly e e o hei mo i a- ion o exe sel -con ol in pa icula . Mean C onbach's alpha o e 10 wo kdays was .94 ( ange .89 o .97). The ull lis o i ems can be ound in Appendix A. 3.2.2 |Va iables measu ed in he end-o -wo k su ey Sel -con ol esou ce deple ion a he end o wo k We assessed s a e sel -con ol esou ce deple ion in he end- o -wo kday su ey using he same i e i ems om he s a e sel - con ol scale by Cia occo e al. (2007), as in he beginning-o -wo k su ey. Mean C onbach's alpha o e he 10 wo kdays was .91 ( ange .86 o .95). Daily sel -con ol demands To assess daily sel -con ol demands, we used nine i ems o he sel - con ol demands scale o Neubach and Schmid (2006; Schmid & Dies el, 2015) in he end-o -wo k su ey. We adjus ed he wo ding o a day-speci ic assessmen . A sample i em was “Today, e en i I some imes el e y i i a ed, I was no allowed o show ha by any means.”Mean C onbach's alpha o e he 10 wo kdays was .90 ( ange .86 o .93). Daily sel -con ol e o To assess daily sel -con ol e o , we ollowed a simila p ocedu e as he one ollowed wi h he de elopmen o he sel -con ol mo i a ion i ems. We used nine i ems in he end-o -wo k su ey, which we e c ea ed e y closely o he wo ding o i ems in he sel -con ol WEHRT ET AL.937 demands scale (Neubach & Schmid , 2006; Schmid & Dies el, 2015). We adjus ed he wo ding in such a way ha daily e o o con ol onesel was assessed. When adjus ing he wo ding, we ied o be as pa simonious as possible, only adding he ele an wo ds ha changed he ocus owa d sel -con ol e o . Fo ins ance, he o iginal i em “My wo k equi es me o esis dis ac ions”became “Today, I made a lo o e o o esis dis ac ions.”Mean C onbach's alpha o e he 10 wo kdays was .94 ( ange .90 o .97). The ull lis o i ems can be ound in Appendix A. Daily CWB-O We measu ed pa icipan s' daily CWB-O e ospec i ely o he wo kday wi h ou i ems (Dalal e al., 2009). A sample i em was “Today, I wo ked slowe han necessa y.”Mean C onbach's alpha o e he 10 wo kdays was .83 ( ange .74 o .87). Simila ly o Feh e al. (2017), we only used hose i ems om he o iginal scale (a) ha we expec ed o subs an ially a y on a daily le el, (b) ha e e o pe o mance- ela ed e en s usually occu ing wi hin he wo kplace, and (c) ha a e ele an o a wide ange o occupa ions. 3.2.3 |Con ol a iables Nega i e a ec a he beginning o wo k We con olled o nega i e a ec a he beginning o wo k in all analyses in o de o ule ou al e na i e explana ions o ou wi hin- pe son le el esul s; i s , ha daily sel -con ol e o is only due o emo ion egula ion p ocesses; second, ha sel -con ol esou ce deple ion a he end o wo k is only an a i ac o p io emo ion egula ion p ocesses; and inally, ha daily CWB-O is only an emo- ional esponse o wo king condi ions app aised as a e si e (Spec o & Fox, 2002). We measu ed s a e nega i e a ec in he beginning- o -wo k su ey using i e i ems om he Posi i e and Nega i e A ec Schedule (K ohne, Eglo , Kohlmann, & Tausch, 1996; Wa son, Cla k, & Tellegen, 1988). The i ems we e “dis essed,”“upse ,”“i i able,” “ne ous,”and “con used.”Pa icipan s esponded o he i ems wi h espec o how hey el igh hen. As a esponse o ma , we used a 5-poin Like - ype scale anging om 1 (no a all) o5( e y much). Mean C onbach's alpha o e he 10 wo kdays was .75 ( ange .66 o .82). 3.3 |Cons uc alidi y We conduc ed a mul ile el con i ma o y ac o analysis using Mplus Ve sion 7.4 (L. K. Mu hén & Mu hén, 2012) o examine he cons uc alidi y o ou measu es. We speci ied a mul ile el measu emen model wi h la en a iables on he be ween-pe son and wi hin-pe son le els by le ing he i ems o a pa icula scale (i.e., sel -con ol esou ce deple ion i ems assessed a he beginning o wo k) load on he ele an ac o (i.e., ac o o sel -con ol esou ce deple ion a he beginning o wo k) on he be ween- pe son and wi hin-pe son le els (Heck & Thomas, 2017). We an one o e all analysis o all he a iables assessed in he beginning- o -wo k su eys (sel -con ol esou ce deple ion a he beginning o wo k, nega i e a ec a he beginning o wo k, and daily sel -con ol mo i a ion) and he a iables assessed in he end- o -wo k su eys (sel -con ol esou ce deple ion a he end o wo k, daily sel -con ol e o , daily sel -con ol demands, and daily CWB-O). Ou measu emen model included 13 ac o s (one ac o o sel - con ol esou ce deple ion a he beginning o wo k, one ac o o sel -con ol esou ce deple ion a he end o wo k, one ac o o neg- a i e a ec a he beginning o wo k, one ac o o daily CWB-O, and h ee espec i e highe o de ac o s o sel -con ol mo i a ion, sel -con ol demands, and sel -con ol e o , each including h ee sub ac o s). Commonly, sel -con ol demands comp ise he h ee subdimensions: impulse con ol, esis ing dis ac ions, and o e coming inne esis ances. Acco dingly, each o he sel -con ol aspec s (demands, mo i a ion, and e o ) was modeled wi h h ee sub ac o s subsumed unde one highe o de ac o . This model i ed he da a easonably well, χ 2 (1,923) = 4,828.854, p< .001, compa a i e i index (CFI) = 0.910, oo mean squa e e o o app oxima ion (RMSEA) = 0.038. To show he adequacy o ou model and o jus i y ha sel - con ol mo i a ion, sel -con ol e o , and sel -con ol demands we e dis inc aspec s o sel -con ol, we compa ed ou model wi h se e al plausible al e na i e models: a model igno ing he di e en ia ion in o mo i a ion, demands, and e o , hus subsuming all sub ac o s o he sel -con ol aspec s unde one ac o , χ 2 (1,945) = 5,788.412, p< .001, CFI = 0.881, RMSEA = 0.043, Sa o a–Ben le χ 2 (22) = 740.962, p< .001, a model subsuming e o and demands unde one ac o , χ 2 (1,935) = 5,025.471, p< .001, CFI = 0.904, RMSEA = 0.039, Sa o a–Ben le χ 2 (12) = 143.001, p< .001, a model subsuming e o and mo i a ion unde one ac o , χ 2 (1,935) = 5,507.726, p< .001, CFI = 0.889, RMSEA = 0.042, Sa o a–Ben le χ 2 (12) = 561.548, p< .001, and a model subsuming demands and mo i a ion unde one ac o , χ 2 (1,935) = 5,382.171, p< .001, CFI = 0.893, RMSEA = 0.041, Sa o a–Ben le χ 2 (12) = 309.314, p< .001. 2 Because ou model was supe io o all o he models igno ing he di e ences among sel - con ol mo i a ion, sel -con ol e o , and sel -con ol demands, we conclude ha hese aspec s o sel -con ol a e meaning ul, dis inc aspec s. 3.4 |Da a analysis Because s udy pa icipan s epea edly answe ed su eys o e he cou se o wo egula wo k weeks, da a had a wo-le el s uc u e, wi h days nes ed in pe sons. 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Jou nal o Pe sonali y and Social Psychology,54, 1063–1070. h ps:// doi.o g/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 Wheele , A. R., Shanine, K. K., Leon, M. R., & Whi man, M. V. (2014). S uden - ec ui ed samples in o ganiza ional esea ch: A e iew, analysis, and guidelines o u u e esea ch. Jou nal o Occupa ional and O ganiza ional Psychology,87,1–26. h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/ joop.12042 W igh , R. A., Mlynski, C., & Ca bajal, I. (2019). Ou side s' hough s on gen- e a ing sel - egula o y-deple ion ( a igue) e ec s in limi ed- esou ce expe imen s. Pe spec i es on Psychological Science,14, 469–480. h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/1745691618815654 AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES Wilken Weh is a PhD candida e in wo k and o ganiza ional psy- chology a he Uni e si y o Mannheim, Ge many. His esea ch in e es s include habi s, mo i a ion, and sel -con ol. Anne Caspe is a pos doc o al esea che in wo k and o ganiza- ional psychology a he Uni e si y o Mannheim, Ge many. He esea ch in e es s include job s ess, eco e y om wo k, and employee well-being. She s udies hese opics om mul ile el and pe son-cen e ed pe spec i es. Sabine Sonnen ag is a ull p o esso o wo k and o ganiza ional psychology a he Uni e si y o Mannheim, Ge many. He esea ch add esses he ques ion o how indi iduals can s ay heal hy, ene ge ic, and p oduc i e a wo k. She s udies eco e y om job s ess, heal h beha io (ea ing and physical exe cise), p oac i e beha io , and sel - egula ion a wo k. How o ci e his a icle: Weh W, Caspe A, Sonnen ag S. Beyond deple ion: Daily sel -con ol mo i a ion as an explana ion o sel -con ol ailu e a wo k. J O gan Beha . 2020;41:931–947. h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/job.2484 TABLE A1 I ems o measu ing daily sel -con ol mo i a ion and daily sel -con ol e o Daily sel -con ol mo i a ion Daily sel -con ol e o Today, I am mo i a ed …Today, I made a lo o e o … …ne e o lose my empe . …ne e o lose my empe . …e en i I some imes eel e y i i a ed, no o show ha by any means. …e en i I some imes el e y i i a ed, no o show ha by any means. …no o become impa ien a wo k. …no o become impa ien a wo k. … o deal wi h una ac i e asks, e en when his equi es o me a high amoun o willpowe . … o deal wi h una ac i e asks, e en when his equi ed o me a high amoun o willpowe . … o s a o wi h ce ain asks when his some imes cos s me a conside able amoun o willpowe . … o s a o wi h ce ain asks when his some imes cos me a conside able amoun o willpowe . … o ge some o my asks done, e en when I eally need o o ce mysel o do so. … o ge some o my asks done, e en when I eally needed o o ce mysel o do so. … o no allow mysel o be dis ac ed. … o no le mysel be dis ac ed. … o o ce mysel no o was e my ime on unimpo an hings. … o o ce mysel no o was e my ime on unimpo an hings. …no o gi e in o any dis ac ions. …no o gi e in o any dis ac ions. APPENDIX A WEHRT ET AL.947