Exploiting of geothermal energy reserve and potential in Saudi Arabia: A case study at Ain Al Harrah

Al-Dou i, Y.; Waheeb, S. A.; Johan, Mohd Ra ie A icle Exploi ing o geo he mal ene gy ese e and po en ial in Saudi A abia: A case s udy a Ain Al Ha ah Ene gy Repo s P o ided in Coope a ion wi h: Else ie Sugges ed Ci a ion: Al-Dou i, Y.; Waheeb, S. A.; Johan, Mohd Ra ie (2019) : Exploi ing o geo he mal ene gy ese e and po en ial in Saudi A abia: A case s udy a Ain Al Ha ah, Ene gy Repo s, ISSN 2352-4847, Else ie , Ams e dam, Vol. 5, pp. 632-638, h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.egy .2019.05.005 This Ve sion is a ailable a : h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/243617 S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen: Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den. Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen. 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Al-Dou i a,b,c,∗, S.A. Waheeb d, Mohd Ra ie Johan b aUni e si y Resea ch Cen e , Cihan Uni e si y, Sulaimaniya - 46002, I aq bNano echnology and Ca alysis Resea ch Cen e (NANOCAT), Uni e si y o Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpu , Malaysia cDepa men o Mecha onics Enginee ing, Facul y o Enginee ing and Na u al Sciences, Bahcesehi Uni e si y, 34349, Besik as, Is anbul, Tu key dDepa men o Enginee ing Sciences, Communi y College, Umm Al-Qu a Uni e si y, PO Box 715, Makkah 21955, Saudi A abia a icle in o A icle his o y: Recei ed 13 Ma ch 2018 Recei ed in e ised o m 8 Oc obe 2018 Accep ed 24 May 2019 A ailable online xxxx Keywo ds: Geo he mal Ene gy Po en ial Saudi A abia abs ac Saudi A abia is en iched by geo he mal esou ces and ela ed o he ec onic ac i i y o Red Sea, olcanic ocks and idges. The geo he mal ene gy ese e, po en ial and hei ese e o possible ene gy p oduc ion a e in es iga ed. Nowadays, p oduc ion p ocess o c ude oil accompanied wi h la ing o gases esul in excessi e CO2emissions. I he g ow h a e o na ional oil consump ion con inues, local demand will be doubled wi hin a decade. The s udy o geo he mal ene gy is co e ed. A selec ion o possible applica ions o geo he mal u u es is discussed. Fu he mo e, he s udy has ocused on necessi y o main aining g een and clean en i onmen as well as clima e o lowes dus con en . ©2019 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/). 1. In oduc ion The geo he mal p oduc ion o hea and powe depends on he dep h o ese oi s (Islam and Dince ,2017). Hyd o he mal sys ems wi h empe a u e mo e han 179.85 ◦C a e ound nea he bounda ies o pla e ec onic (Anon,2014). Geo he mal ene gy sou ces can be ca ego ized as, low- empe a u es below 89.85 ◦C, mode a e empe a u es be ween 89.85–149.85 ◦C and high em- pe a u es abo e 149.85 ◦C (Coskun e al.,2011). The geo he mal ields can be exploi ed o bo h powe gene a ions and di ec use o hea unde app op ia e condi ions. I is known ha geo he mal ene gy has a minimum emission o CO2and ega ds a clean ene gy. I s gene a ion o elec ici y ia geo he mal ene gy ouches 11000 MWe (Be ani,2010) and e lec s he geo he mal bene i s o powe gene a ion. The geo he mal ene gy looks en i onmen- al iendly, i s plan s emi 0.893 kg CO2/MWh, while oil-based powe plan s emi 817 kg CO2/MWh and gas-based powe plan s emi 193 kg CO2/MWh (Chand asekha am and Bundschuh,2008). Taleb (2009) has e iewed a geo he mal esou ce ha ep- esen s a clean and enewable sou ce o ene gy, i has been used o gene a e elec ici y since 1904. Despi e a ailabili y o some esou ces- ich geo he mal loca ions, Kingdom o Saudi A a- bia (KSA) has no unde aken any se ious geo he mal p ojec s. ∗Co esponding au ho a : Nano echnology and Ca alysis Resea ch Cen e (NANOCAT), Uni e si y o Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpu , Malaysia. E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (Y. Al-Dou i). I is aimed o iden i y he eal ba ie s hinde ing he u iliza- ion o geo he mal esou ces in KSA. While, Alsheh y and Bel- loumi (Alsheh y and Belloumi,2015) ha e in es iga ed dynamic causal ela ionships be ween ene gy consump ion, ene gy p ice and economic ac i i ies in KSA using Johansen mul i a ia e co- in eg a ion app oach wi h CO2emissions as he con ol a iable. The esul s ha e showed he e is a long- e m ela ionship be- ween economic g ow h, ene gy consump ion, CO2emission and ene gy p ice. And, Al ashed and Asi (Al ashed and Asi ,2012) ha e indica ed ha almos 70% o o al p ojec s in KSA’s con- s uc ion sec o a e ela ed o esiden ial buildings. I is u he es ima ed ha 2.32 million new homes a e o be buil by 2020 in o de o mee he demand o g owing popula ion. They ha e de- ailed accoun o ene gy p o ile o KSA. In his espec , hey ha e in es iga ed he po en ial o a ious enewable ene gy op ions o p o ide g een ene gy and p o ided ecommenda ions o p omo e he use o enewable ene gy sou ces in he KSA. This wo k aims o esea ch he geo he mal ene gy ese e es ima ion and po en ial o KSA o o se p edic ed i s abundance and sho ages in he upcoming decades conce ned wi h de ec ing sou ces o a ising geo he mal wa e , de ec ing eed zones, e ec - ing s uc u al elemen s and possible condi ion sys em, ollowed by geo he mal pa ame e s o subsu ace o ma ion empe a u e, discha ge en halpy and hea low wi h a ocus on Ain Al Ha ah ho sp ing si e and ad an ageous analysis o echnical easibili y o assessmen and de elopmen o Ain Al Ha ah. To bes o ou knowledge, his is a i s se ious s udy will be added o he li e a u e o geo he mal ene gy, esou ces, geologic se ing and h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.egy .2019.05.005 2352-4847/©2019 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/). Y. Al-Dou i, S.A. Waheeb and M.R. Johan / Ene gy Repo s 5 (2019) 632–638 633 Nomencla u e GCC Gul Coope a ion Council KSA Kingdom o Saudi A abia p.u. Po osi y Uni s RE Renewable Ene gy geophysical su ey po en ial in KSA. This s udy is di ided in o ollowings: Sec ion 2s udies he geo he mal ene gy, ollowed by geo he mal esou ces, geologic se ing, geophysical su eys and geo he mal ese e es ima ion and po en ial in Sec ions 3–6, espec i ely. The conclusions a e summa ized in Sec ion 7. 2. Geo he mal ene gy Powe eaches highes poin s o a couple o hou s pe day and couple o mon hs pe yea . Fig. 1 shows la es g ow h in numbe o consume s in KSA o he las wo decades, whe e i is p edic ed ha ene gy equi emen s each 60 GW/yea by 2020. I is e iden ha gene a ion and ansmission capaci ies will no be able o mee demand in nea u u e, causing o e loads o he elec ici y company (A ou i e al.,2012). The p esen pe - capi a ene gy consump ion in KSA is al eady highe han hose o mos indus ial and de eloped na ions. Fig. 2 explo es a ious ca ego ies o consump ion in pe cen age o dis ibu ion o di e - en sec o s. The cos s o u ili y a e escala ing along wi h d op-in oil p ices, mo e escala ion is expec ed o be he e wi h g owing demand on oil. The concep o conse ing ene gy is inc easingly in o impo an issue (A ou i e al.,2012;Waqas e al.,2018). Geo he mal ene gy is a na u al ene gy esou ce ha has no been well explo ed in KSA due o lack o suppo i e in as uc- u e, specialized p o essionals, awa eness and echnical in o - ma ion (Tahe and Haja ,2014;Chand asekha am e al.,2014). Since he geo he mal well is he deepe , he e is a possibil- i y o accessing bo h s eam and/o ho wa e h ough a pipe connec ion o use i s la en hea o ene gy exploi a ion, gi en ha such wells’ dep hs ange be ween 1–2 miles. Geo he mal wells can o e al e na e o ms o applica ions. The ollowing p e iew lis s he pe cen ages o majo di ec applica ions ela ed o geo he mal ene gy p ojec s; hea pumps geo he mal: 54.4%, balneology/ba hing: 19.1%, g een houses: 5%, in e io s hea ing o buildings: 15.4, aquacul u e: 2.2%, indus ial: 1.7%, snow mel - ing: 1.3%, ag icul u al: 1.6% and miscellaneous: 0.3% (Lund e al., 2005). The e is also a hea exchange uni o pipes o be bu ied down wi hin he g ound o he ele an building ha is in ended o use. In cold seasons, hea is aken om he hea exchange by i ue o ins alled hea pump and deli e ed o he indoo ai in ake. A wa ming ac ion is ob ained o he inne space. While, in ho seasons, he p ocess is e e sed wi hin he hea pump i sel and he es o sys em componen s esul ing in o a cooling ac ion o he building inne space (Dell and Rand,2004). In geo he mal p ac ice and s a ions, supe hea ed s eam is needed o gene a ing elec ical powe . Fig. 3 illus a es he h ee ypes o geo he mal s a ions and cycles. The i s ype is called he ‘‘D y S eam’’ plan whe e pipes ca y he s eam a ailable in a geo he mal well o ese oi o each he u bine o o ’s blades. In he second ype, he boiling wa e o geo he mal well (which is unde high p essu e oo) is aken ou and made o e apo a e in o s eam and he es is same as in he i s ype. This is called ‘‘Flash S eam’’ plan . Being a sus ainable p ocess, he wa e condensed nex o o a ing u bine’s o o is injec ed back o geo he mal well. The hi d ype uses ano he medium o ans e he hea om ho geo he mal wa e o medium p oducing ho s eam ha Fig. 1. Consume g ow h o e he i s wo decades o hi d millennium. Fig. 2. Pe cen age dis ibu ion o consump ion ca ego ies in KSA. is ca ied ou he ac ion o o a ing u bine’s o o . This ype is called ‘‘Bina y’’. The e is nei he ha m ul concen a ion o gases no ca bon dioxide emissions go agains he egula ions ollowed o he global wa ming phenomena. Addi ionally, no ca bon dioxide is emi ed by geo he mal acili ies, while s eam and lash plan s’ emission o ca bon dioxide a e much lesse han plan s using ossil uels, based on each MWh p oduced, hence he ‘‘sus ainable and clean’’ allo ed o geo he mal s a ions and echnology (DiP- ippo,2008). The in e p e a ion o elec ic esis i i y da a esul ed in a numbe o pseudoelec ics and geoelec ics. These a e mainly conce ned wi h de ec ing sou ces o a ising geo he mal wa e , de ec ing eed zones, e ec ing s uc u al elemen s and possi- ble condi ion sys em. I is indica ed ha Ain Al Ha ah (La i- ude: 20◦29N and longi ude: 40◦28E as p esen ed in Table 1) has in e p e ed geoelec ic p o ile. Gene ally, he geo he mal lu- ids/sys ems a e indica ed by he low esis i i y in he in e p e ed esis i i y p o ile. A good geo he mal ese oi olume wi h a hickness, 23 m (dep hs 9.20–32 m) is ound a middle o esis i - i y p o ile. I ep esen s a good geo he mal ese oi ha ex ends mo e han 80 min he NE di ec ion. A high esis i i y upli (216– 1866 ohm.m) is indica ed. I exhibi s NW–SE ending esis i i y p o ile and shows one o he majo subsu ace s uc u al elemen s ha con ol he mo emen and ascending o geo he mal wa e in Ain Al Ha ah a ea (Waqas e al.,2018;Chand asekha am e al., 2014). 634 Y. Al-Dou i, S.A. Waheeb and M.R. Johan / Ene gy Repo s 5 (2019) 632–638 Fig. 3. The main ypes o geo he mal plan echnologies. 3. Geo he mal esou ces Due o p e ailing global ene gy issues and ecu ing c ises, i may be ag eed ha each coun y would be e pu sui i s own esou ces o enewable ene gy pa e ns whe he sola , wind o geo he mal. Fo KSA, he e a e bo h geo he mal and sola ene gies may be ha nessed o p oduce bo h wa e and elec ical powe o mee he KSA’s demands (Ok un and Sayigh,1976). The s a us o geo he mal esou ces o KSA is ‘‘un apped’’, while epo has alked abou en loca ions o ho sp ings ound in Al- Li h egion. Fu he mo e, he e is a as olcanic zone ound in Table 1 The physical p ope ies o he mal sp ings in KSA. La i ude Longi ude Temp. (◦C) Flow a e (kg/s) Ain Khulab (Jizan) 16◦45′N 43◦07E 75.5 0.016–0.32 Ain Khulab Quwa (Jizan) 16◦48′N 43◦12E 59.0 0.32 Ain Al Wag ah (Jizan) 17◦03′N 42◦59E 55.0 0.24 Ain Al Wag ah Dam (Jizan) 17◦03′N 42◦59E 59.0 0.32 Ain Al Ha a (Al-Li h) 20◦29′N 40◦28E 79.0 0.064–0.08 Ain Al Jumah (Al-Li h) 20◦18′N 40◦42E 46.0 0.0048 Ain Ma kus (Al-Li h) 20◦33′N 40◦09E 46.0 0.0048 Ain Al Da akah (Al-Li h) 20◦39′N 40◦01E 39.5 0.0016 wes e n pa o KSA (Rehman and Shash,2005). Eigh o KSA dis inguished ho sp ings has been lis ed in Table 1 wi h hei p ope ies along wi h empe a u e and low a e ep esen ing he amoun o hea low om dep h and up o su ace. Rehan e al. (2018) ha e p esen ed an assessmen o enew- able ene gy p oduc ion om sou ces a ailable in KSA o en- e gy gene a ion and solu ion. Howe e , he e a e challenges in comme cializa ion o na u al esou ces o enewable acili ies including geo he mal, was e collec ion, impu i ies and o he s. While, enewable ene gy (RE) sou ces could be used o se e cen alized sys ems in u ban cen e s and hus p o ide an op- po uni y o make g eene , hey a e mos ly used o se e u al communi ies o he g id. In 1256 A.D. a olcanic e up ion was eco ded in he ci y o Al Madina e en ually lea ing wha locals call ‘‘Ha a s’’ o ields o se led olcanic la a (Fig. 4). These ‘‘Ha a s’’ exhibi ac i i ies o geo he mal na u e in he o m o ho sp ings wi h p ominen s eam emission and shallow wells o conside ably ho wa e s (Roobol e al.,2007). All geo he mal esou ces a e easily accessible (Alna hee ,2005). Al-Saleh e al. (2008) ha e de eloped a ew scena ios o enewable ene gy. Thei s udy has conside ed geo he mal p ospec s and o e ed hope ul app oach o unde s anding he ha dships ha c ea e ba ie s hinde ing he u iliza ion o KSA’s esou ces o geo he mal ene gy (Al-Saleh,2007). Geo he mal pa ame e s o subsu ace o ma ion empe a u e, discha ge en halpy and hea low a e in e p e ed based on e- sul s o geo he mome e da a. The subsu ace empe a u e shows egula dis ibu ion o subsu ace empe a u e o Ain Al Ha ah ho sp ing. A much highe ange o subsu ace empe a u e, 95– 152 ◦C is indica ed o he ho sp ing. This is clea ly indica ed by he a eas occupied by Ain Al Ha ah ho sp ing. The maximum alue o subsu ace empe a u e, 151.4 ◦C is exhibi ed by Ain Al Ha ah ho sp ing. The discha ge en halpy assigns high en halpy alues o ho sp ing, 180–255 kJ/kg and low en halpy alues o su ounding wa e wells, wi h a gene al end o dec easing owa ds he sho e line, 100–160 kJ/kg. The hea low dis ibu ion ensu es he same concluded esul s om he discha ge en halpy and subsu ace empe a u e da a. Good and high hea low alues a e ecognized in he a ea o Ain Al Ha ah ho sp ing. The eco ded hea low alues as high as 210 mW/M2(Roobol e al., 2007;Al-Saleh e al.,2008). 4. Geologic se ing KSA is di ided in o wo geological p o inces. The wes e n a ea consis s o c ys alline igneous and me amo phic ocks, o p e- sumed P e-Camb ian age, opog aphically and s uc u ally slop- ing o he no heas , eas and sou heas . The eas e n a ea has eas e ly dipping sedimen a y ocks o e lying he basal igneous and me amo phic complex. These sedimen s consis o Paleo- zoic, Mesozoic (nea ly comple e sec ion), Te ia y and ecen deposi s. The a ea is subdi ided in o Nejd and Hassa (A abian Gul ) sub-p o inces. The eas e n pa s o Nejd subp o ince con- sis o sedimen a y ocks, anging in age om ea ly Paleozoic o Y. Al-Dou i, S.A. Waheeb and M.R. Johan / Ene gy Repo s 5 (2019) 632–638 635 Fig. 4. The geog aphical layou o Ha a s in he wes e n egion o KSA (Al-Dayel,1988). ea ly Eocene. These sedimen s consis o al e na ing calca eous and clas ic acies. Di e ences in he ela i e esis ance o hese ocks a e esponsible o smoo h, gen ly dipping slopes o he eas and unca ed wes - acing esca pmen s on he o he . Examples o hese esis an ocks a e ound in he Ju assic s a a o Tuwaiq moun ains which ex end in he no h–sou h di ec ion. Ano he example is he A uma Pla eau, capped by esis an limes one o Uppe C e aceous age. The e is an absence o ma ked al i udinal a ia ions in he Nejd sedimen a y ocks, and, hence, he a he uni o m homoclinal dip has been p ese ed. In he Hassa sub- p o ince he ou c opping ocks a e limi ed o he Te ia y and la e ; hese include he lowe and middle Eocene, and Miocene o Pliocene. The Eocene ocks a e almos en i ely calca eous, excep one local anhyd i e membe on he coas o he A abian Gul . The Miocene and Pliocene s a a a e p ima ily con inen al deposi s, excep o some in e cala ed ma ine beds. The la e is composed o ma ls, clays, sands and hin limes one, whe e hey co e he Eocene sedimen s in mos o Hassa p o ince (Te iki,1947). Wadi Al-Li h is a ca chmen a ea and conside ed an in eg al pa o A abian shield. I ex ends om he wes e n coas o Red Sea o he high moun ains in he eas . The a ea is mainly co e ed by me a olcanic ocks, me asedimen s and la e P o e ozoic plu- onic ocks. Fou majo ock uni s we e ound co e ing abou 91% o Wadi Al-Li h ca chmen a ea (Fig. 5). 636 Y. Al-Dou i, S.A. Waheeb and M.R. Johan / Ene gy Repo s 5 (2019) 632–638 Fig. 5. Geologic maps o Wadi Al-Li h a ea showing Ain Al Ha ah ho sp ing (Mu le ,1978). 5. Geophysical su eys The geophysics is o s udy g a i a ional, magne ic, elec ical and seismic- eloci y p ope ies o ea h’s su ace and in e io . Geo he mal po en ial can be explo ed using a ie y o geophys- ical and geochemical (geo- he mome e ) echniques which a e no mally used in geo- echnical and geological in es iga ions as well as in he explo a ion o hyd oca bons in he oil indus- y (Al-A i i e al.,2012). These echniques p o ide he necessa y in o ma ion o cons uc ing a ealis ic model o geo he mal sys- em and assessing he po en ial o esou ce. Elec ic esis i i y is ela ed o a ious geological pa ame e s such as mine al and luid con en , po osi y and deg ee o wa e sa u a ion in he ock (Loke, 0000). A numbe o wo-dimensional elec ic p o iles was pe o med a he loca ion o ho sp ings in Wadi Al-Li h a ea. The syscal-R1 sys em (IRIS ins umen s) wi h 72 mul i-elec odes sys em, wi h 4 x 18 elec ode cables was used o conduc ing he ield su eys ia di e en elec ode spacing (1 m, 3 m, 5 m and 10 m) (Loke, 0000). Geophysical su eying is one o he impo an unc ions o Saudi geological su ey and has applica ions in many aspec s o wo k by he Saudi geologic su ey. I is used o loca e small phys- ical a ge s such as pipe-lines and concen a ions o me allic o es; o loca e mo e sub le a ge s like zones o clay al e a ion a ound mine al deposi s o bounda ies and hicknesses o unde g ound wa e ese oi s; and o in es iga e la ge-scale phenomena as po en ial mo emen o magma in he Ea h’s c us . The d i o he A abian Peninsula mo es away om A ica, and he sou ces and in ensi ies o ea hquakes a ec he egion (Geophysics in Saudi A abia,2010). The main objec i e o explo a ion geophysics is o map he s uc u es ha a e o po en ial economic impo ance, o con- ol he loca ion o o e deposi s and pe oleum ese oi s. In geologic mapping, geophysics is commonly used o di e en ia e ock ypes and cha ac e ize hei con ac s. In ield o geohaza ds and en i onmen , geophysics is used o measu e ea u es such as magni ude and loca ion o ea hquakes and ea hquake epi- cen e s, and le els o na u ally occu ing adia ion. Geophysical me hods a e con ibu ed signi ican ly o geologic mapping and explo a ion o hyd oca bons, mine als and aqui e s in KSA, and aided he disco e y o se e al o e deposi s o economic signi i- cance in he A abian shield. Fo geo he mal esou ce a ailabili y, Y. Al-Dou i, S.A. Waheeb and M.R. Johan / Ene gy Repo s 5 (2019) 632–638 637 i is men ioned o compa ison in some o GCC coun ies (Kazem, 2011;Yousse e al.,2012) and has pu he abundance o KSA. A echnical easibili y analysis o he possible assessmen and de elopmen o Ain Al Ha ah is made. This analysis is p elimi- na y in na u e because i is based solely on su ace explo a ion. A mo e speci ic p ojec easibili y s udy ha conside s powe plan and ield design and ope a ion will be conduc ed when he esul s o he explo a o y d illing and es ing p og am a e comple ed (Geophysics in Saudi A abia,2010). The app op ia e echnology o Ain Al Ha ah can be de e mined once he e- sou ce is be e cons ained. Fu he mo e, he e a e h ee majo echnologies commonly used o gene a e elec ici y om Ain Al Ha ah. The h ee ypes a e: - D y s eam: uses geo he mal s eam di ec ly om a geo he - mal ese oi ha has a ac u e sys em ha is en i ely s eam, 220–245 ◦C. - Flash: geo he mal s eam is sepa a ed om ho wa e a he su ace. The s eam is deli e ed o a s eam u bine, while wa e phase is e-injec ed in o geo he mal ese oi , 200–330 ◦C. - Bina y cycle: uses a seconda y ‘wo king’ luid (bina y luid) wi h a lowe boiling empe a u e han wa e , such as ammonia (Kalina cycle). Hea om geo he mal luid causes bina y luid o lash o apo ia a hea exchange , and bina y apo is sen h ough he u bine o gene a e powe . Rega ding Ain Al Ha ah, he ho sp ing is loca ed opog aph- ically in a low o medium accessible a ea ha has good ac u e sys em and good he mal g adien s ha allow hea o low and be ex ac ed mo e easily o he su ace. Since he minimum empe a u e o bina y plan s is 120 ◦C, Kalina cycle seems o be he mos app op ia e design o ene gy p oduc ion om Ain Al Ha ah (Kazem,2011). 6. Geo he mal ese e es ima ion and po en ial Geo he mal ese es a e de ined as quan i ies o he mal en- e gy which a e expec ed o be eco e ed om known ese oi s o a gi en da e o wa d. The ese e is pa o he esou ces which is cu en ly known and cha ac e ized by d illing, geochemical, geophysical and geological e idence and could be legally ex- ac ed (Mu le and Ca aldi,1978). The mos common app oach o geo he mal ese e es ima ion is he olume ic me hod. This me hod is mainly u ilized in he las s ages o geo he mal ex- plo a ion as well as he ea ly s ages o ield de elopmen o jus i y d illing and commi men o a speci ied powe plan size. I may be used i good su ace indica ions and geophysical su - eys a e a ailable (Clo wo hy e al.,2006). I can be applied be e han nume ical modeling, which equi es a signi ican numbe o wells and p oduc ion his o y o be conside ed eli- ably (Sa mien o and S eing imsson,2008). In gene al, he ese - oi pa ame e s o geo he mal- ese e es ima ion a e ga he ed om analyses o empe a u e da a and o he geophysical and geochemical in e p e a ions. Geo he mal- ese e es ima ion was ca ied ou o e alua ing he possible geo he mal capaci ies o Ain Al Ha ah ho sp ing based on he ollowing equa ions; E =E +E =V(1 −Φ)ρ C (Ti−T0)+VΦρwCw(Ti−T0) (1) whe e E is o al he mal, ene gy uni (J) in he ock (E ) and luid (E ), Φis ese oi po osi y (%), Vis ese oi olume (m3), ρ ,w is densi ies o ock and wa e (kg/m3), espec i ely, Ti,0is ini ial ese oi and e e ence empe a u es (◦C), espec i ely. This s o ed he mal ene gy can be con e ed in o powe po en ial using (Mu le and Ca aldi,1978): Powe Po en ial (MW ) =E RF CE PL LF (2) Table 2 Rese oi pa ame e s used o geo he mal ese e es ima ion. P ope y Uni Value Rese oi Volume Po osi y km3 % 1.28 4 Densi y Rock Wa e kg/m3 kg/m3 2800 980 Hea capaci y Rock Wa e J/kg ◦C J/kg ◦C 1000 4200 Tempe a u e Ini ial Re e ence ◦C ◦C 95 45 whe e RF is eco e y ac o , CE is con e sion e iciency, PL is geo he mal plan li e in yea s and LF is load ac o . Assuming he ollowing pa ame e s; •A ese oi a ea, 4.8 km2(1.2 ×4.0 km2) and olume, 1.28 km3a e p o iding a ese oi hickness o 250 m as concluded om he in e p e a ion o esis i i y da a. •An ini ial empe a u e, 95 ◦C was eco ded o he geo he - mal ese oi . •A e e ence empe a u e, 45 ◦C was sugges ed (due o highe a e age annual su ace empe a u e in KSA). •The po e olume ange was 3–5 p.u. (po osi y uni s) o he ac u ed g ani ic ocks (a e age alue o 4 p.u. (po osi y uni s)). •The densi y ange was 0.0027–0.0029 kg/m3(a e age alue o 2.80 g/cc). The di e en ese oi pa ame e s we e de i ed om analyses o empe a u e and geo- he mome e da a ha can be used in he mal ene gy es ima ion as gi en in Table 2. Acco ding o hese pa ame e s and by u ilizing in Eq. (1), he o al s o ed hea ene gy o Ain Al Ha ah geo he mal a ea is ound o be 1.713 ×1017 J (1.34 ×1016 J o he mal luids and 1.57 ×1017 J o ese oi ock) (Clo wo hy e al.,2006). The o al s o ed hea ene gy o Ain Al Ha ah ho sp ing can be con e ed in o powe ene gy uni s (megawa he mal using Eq. (2)) o possible ene gy p oduc ion and o he low-geo he mal u iliza ions (Mu le and Ca aldi,1978). Assuming a eco e y ac o o 0.2, which is ac ual (no mal ac o o geo he mal ese - oi s), u bine con e sion e iciency o 0.47 ha is ealis ic (ini ial empe a u e/ ese oi empe a u e) plan li e o 20 yea s and load ac o o 0.95, he he mal powe po en ial o Ain Al Ha ah geo he mal ese oi is 26.99 MW . This geo he mal ese e is conside ed p omising and can be used o p o iding Al-Li h a ea wi h elec ici y (clean ene gy) on a long- e m basis (Lashin e al., 2015). We s ongly ecommend exploi ing geo he mal sys em o gene a e elec ici y o he i s ime in KSA using a powe plan ha p ocesses he mal luid and boils a low empe a u e (Lashin, 2012). Su ace geology and geophysical da a could p o ide in- o ma ion compa ible wi h a ci cula ion o luids in a complex sys em o ac u e ela ed o a leas wo p incipal di ec ions. This is well o demons a e he p e ailing s uc u al elemen s ha may con ol he whole geo he mal sys em in he a ea. The ou pu s show a clea high esis i i y anomaly loca ed a ound 2000 m om opog aphic su ace, which is mos likely linked o he geo he mal anomaly a he si e. The anomaly is o ien ed along a no hwes –sou heas di ec ion, which is he main s uc u al end o he Red Sea i . Se e al ac u es a e u he obse ed in he imaged olume up o an app oxima e dep h o 500 m. A ha shallowe dep h, he geo he mal anomaly changes g ad- ually o a ing owa ds a no h-sou h end. This means ha he main ac u e zones con ol he geo he mal sys em and exhibi a ia ions in azimu h and dip a di e en dep hs. Such a ia ions may be ela ed o he combina ion o p incipal s esses and aul sys ems linked o he Red Sea i (Lashin,2012). The iden i ica- ion o a eas o po en ial geo he mal in e es (Al-Dayel,1988) and 638 Y. Al-Dou i, S.A. Waheeb and M.R. Johan / Ene gy Repo s 5 (2019) 632–638 imp o ed es ima es o geo he mal esou ce base and eco e able esou ces (Mu le ,1978) a e in acco dance wi h ou assessmen o geo he mal ene gy ese e and po en ial. 7. Conclusions The geo he mal po en ial o a ailable geo he mal esou ces in KSA has been e-e alua ed and in es iga ed. Al e na i e me h- ods o mee KSA equi emen s o ene gy ha e been explo ed. The consume g ow h a e inc easing is associa ed wi h li es yle changes. I has been demons a ed ha o he ypes o echnolo- gies such as he mal sys ems a e app op ia e, wi h o e all cos conside ed easonable. I is ecommended o di ec in es men owa ds he de elopmen o in as uc u e o enewable ene gy in e ms o localized o sha ed plan s wi h ample s o age capac- i ies o se e he escala ing demands. 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