The effect of sustainability on new product development in manufacturing-internal and external practices

Ahmadi-Gh, Zah a; Bello-Pin ado, Alejand o A icle The e ec o sus ainabili y on new p oduc de elopmen in manu ac u ing-in e nal and ex e nal p ac ices Adminis a i e Sciences P o ided in Coope a ion wi h: MDPI – Mul idisciplina y Digi al Publishing Ins i u e, Basel Sugges ed Ci a ion: Ahmadi-Gh, Zah a; Bello-Pin ado, Alejand o (2021) : The e ec o sus ainabili y on new p oduc de elopmen in manu ac u ing-in e nal and ex e nal p ac ices, Adminis a i e Sciences, ISSN 2076-3387, MDPI, Basel, Vol. 11, Iss. 4, pp. 1-20, h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/admsci11040115 This Ve sion is a ailable a : h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/275233 S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen: Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den. Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen. 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The E ec o Sus ainabili y on New P oduc De elopmen in Manu ac u ing—In e nal and Ex e nal P ac ices. Adminis a i e Sciences 11: 115. h ps://doi.o g/ 10.3390/admsci11040115 Recei ed: 4 Sep embe 2021 Accep ed: 9 Oc obe 2021 Published: 15 Oc obe 2021 Publishe ’s No e: MDPI s ays neu al wi h ega d o ju isdic ional claims in published maps and ins i u ional a il- ia ions. Copy igh : © 2021 by he au ho s. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land. This a icle is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms and condi ions o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps:// c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Ins i u e o Ad anced Resea ch in Business and Economics (INARBE), A osadia Campus, Public Uni e si y o Na a e (UPNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain; alejand [email p o ec ed] *Co espondence: [email p o ec ed] Abs ac : The pu pose o his pape is o analyse he link be ween he adop ion o sus ainabili y p ac ices and new p oduc de elopmen (NPD) in manu ac u ing companies. F om a iple bo om line (TBL) pe spec i e and conside ing di e en heo e ical app oaches, his s udy hypo hesises on he e ec o bo h in e nal and ex e nal sus ainabili y p ac ices, dis inguishing be ween collabo a i e and con olling ini ia i es, on he success o new p oduc s. Using a unique da abase o 281 companies ac oss h ee indus ies aken om he ou h ound o he High-Pe o mance Manu ac u ing p ojec , he indings shows ha bo h moni o ing and collabo a i e ac ions wi h supplie s demons a e posi i e impac s on NPD success. In e nal sus ainabili y p ac ices do no ha e a di ec e ec on NPD success bu a e de e minan in suppo ing ex e nal sus ainabili y p ac ices. Keywo ds: in e nal sus ainabili y p ac ices; ex e nal sus ainabili y p ac ices; new p oduc de elop- men success; moni o ing; collabo a ion 1. In oduc ion Sus ainabili y has been conside ed as being signi ican in c ea ion o compe i i e ad an age and as a d i e o inno a ion o manu ac u ing i ms (Claudy e al. 2016; Nidumolu e al. 2009). Companies a e becoming mo e awa e o he impo ance o sus ain- abili y and a e inc easingly inco po a ing he ea u es o sus ainable businesses in o hei co po a e and ope a ion s a egies (Paul aj e al. 2017). D i en om popula no ion o iple bo om line pe spec i e (people, plane and p o i ) o Elking on (1998), sus ainabili y is conside ed as aking simul aneously esponsible app oaches owa ds socie y, en i onmen , and economy (Adams e al. 2016). Li e a u e in he ield ha e iden i ied ha inno a ion p ac ices among he supply chain helps companies o achie e sus ainabili y (Lin ukangas e al. 2019). Fi ms wi h a highe le el o sus ainabili y o ien a ion a e mo e likely o implemen sus ainabili y- o ien ed inno a ion (Adams e al. 2016;Claudy e al. 2016). In his con ex , new p oduc de elopmen (NPD) is a de e minan o a company’s success and in eg a ing hei supplie - ela ed sus ainabili y p ac ices in o he ea ly s ages o NPD is key o imp o ing bo h sus ainabili y and ope a ional pe o mance o new p oduc s (Gmelin and Seu ing 2014; Jabbou e al. 2015). Ne e heless, p io e idence b idging be ween inno a ion and NPD wi h sus ain- abili y in ope a ions managemen , has analysed he associa ion o sus ainably-o ien ed inno a ions and inno a ion ou comes, conside ing he ole o media ing ac o s such as o ganisa ional leade ship, cul u e, ma ke knowledge compe ences, and cus ome ocus ega ding his associa ion (Claudy e al. 2016;Jin e al. 2019;Obal e al. 2020). In his con ex , many o he s udies sough o de elop a sys ema ic app oach o sus ainable new p oduc s (Ahmad e al. 2018;Tuli and Shanka 2015), sugges ing ools and mechanism o link sus- ainabili y wi h NPD, such as en i onmen al o eco-design, eco-inno a ion, ecyclabili y, and lean hinking (Nepal e al. 2011;Oli ei a e al. 2018;Rossi e al. 2016). Howe e , o ou knowledge, e y ew empi ical s udies ha e a emp ed o explo e any links be ween he Adm. Sci. 2021,11, 115. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/admsci11040115 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/admsci Adm. Sci. 2021,11, 115 2 o 20 adop ion o sus ainabili y p ac ices om a b oad pe spec i e, conside ing bo h in e nal and ex e nal and he associa ion be ween hem, o explain NPD success. This con i ms ha sus ainabili y o ien a ion and NPD is s ill one o he leas unde s ood a eas in sus ainabili y managemen (Cheng 2020;Claudy e al. 2016), wi h e y limi ed empi ical e idences (Adams e al. 2016;Neu zling e al. 2018). Sus ainabili y and NPD a e in he co e o success o manu ac u ing companies nowadays and he e o e, ad ancing in he knowledge on how bo h hings in e ac is on g ea impo ance (Halls ed e al. 2013;Lin ukangas e al. 2019). This s udy aims o shed new ligh on he abo emen ioned issue by analysing how and o wha ex en a i m’s sus ainabili y p ac ices a ec he success o i s NPD. Fo his pu pose, sus ainabili y p ac ices a e g ouped in o in e nal sus ainabili y p ac ices and ex e nal sus ainabili y p ac ices. In e nal p ac ices a e hose sus ainabili y p ac ices ha a e applied o he i m’s in e nal ope a ions, while ex e nal p ac ices a e hose ha a e implemen ed beyond he bounda ies o he i m, pa icula ly wi h supplie s (Laa i e al. 2016;Sancha e al. 2019). These p ac ices ypically equi e a ce ain le el o coope a ion wi h, and moni o ing o , close supply chain ac o s (Danese e al. 2019). In addi ion, NPD success is classi ied o ex e nal and in e nal measu es. In e nal measu e e e s o he de elopmen p ocess including ime, quali y, and o he echnical aspec s o he p oduc while he ex e nal success measu e e e s mos ly o he non- echnical dimensions including cus ome sa is ac ion and inancial issues (Ga cía e al. 2008). As such, he expec ed e ec s o adop ing hese p ac ices on NPD success a e nei he immedia e no in ui i e. The objec i e is o ad ance he unde s anding on he opic conside ing he exis ence o ade-o s be ween di e en s a egies (e.g., moni o ing s. collabo a ion) and he di icul ies ha NPD manage s ace in balancing sus ainabili y a ge s wi h he demands o supply chain ac o s and ex e nal p essu es (Claudy e al. 2016). Hence, he heo e ical pa o he pape de elops h ee se s o hypo heses ha ake ad an age o s a emen s o na u al esou ce-based iew (NRBV) heo y, social capi al heo y, and ansac ion cos heo y which help o unde s and he link be ween sus ainabili y and NPD. The Sma PLS app oach is used o es he hypo hesised ela ionships. The da a used comes om he ou h ound o he High-Pe o mance Manu ac u ing p ojec and includes a o al o 281 in e iews ac oss h ee indus ies in 16 coun ies. This s udy con ibu es o he li e a u e in se e al ways. Fi s , i con ibu es o he deba e on how manu ac u ing i ms can imp o e he success o hei new p oduc s. Ou s udy ad ances hese esea ch s eams by p oposing how a buying i m could enhance NPD success h ough in es ing on sus ainabili y issues in hei ope a ional p ocess unde NRBV heo e ical pe spec i e as well as ex ending he equi emen s o hei supply chain h ough sus ainabili y- ela ed p ac ices wi h supplie s unde social capi al and ansac ional cos heo e ical amewo ks. We seek o acili a e he exchange be ween hese h ee pe spec i es by highligh ing how hey complemen and suppo each o he . Second, unlike he p e ious s udies on supplie s’ in eg a ion in NPD conside ing only he impo ance o g een supplie s’ collabo a ion o NPD success (Kähkönen e al. 2017; Neu zling e al. 2018;Wang e al. 2021), his s udy con ibu es o he ield by di e en ia ing a ious sus ainabili y p ac ices and dis inguishing be ween di e en measu es o NPD success. Thi d, de eloping wo sepa a ed cons uc s o ex e nal sus ainabili y p ac ices o ocal i ms (i.e., supplie moni o ing and supplie collabo a ion p ac ices) p o ides some addi ional insigh s on he ade-o s be ween hese wo ways o manage sus ainabili y wi h supplie s and hei e ec s on NPD success. The e o e, his s udy h ows ligh on he unique impac o di e en sus ainabili y p ac ices on di e en measu es o NPD success. The esul s highligh he bene i s o adop ing bo h con olling and collabo a i e amewo ks o sus ainabili y o he success o new p oduc s. Fu he mo e, he esul s o his s udy p o ide use ul insigh s o bo h manage s seeking o adop sus ainable p ac ices and policymake s seeking o u he p omo e a sus ainable supply chain. Fou h, while many o he s udies a e limi ed o he sample da a om a speci ic indus- y o only one coun y, his s udy ga he s he empi ical e idence using a unique da abase Adm. Sci. 2021,11, 115 3 o 20 ha in eg a ed 281 manu ac u ing i ms om ac oss 3 indus ies and 16 coun ies loca ed in Asia, Eu ope, and Ame ica. Using such a mul i-coun y, mul i-indus y sample con ibu es signi ican ly o he empi ical in es iga ions ela ed o he impac o sus ainabili y on he success o NPD. The es o his pape is o ganised as ollows: Sec ion 2p esen s a li e a u e e iew. In Sec ion 3, de elopmen o hypo heses is explained. The empi ical me hodology, he s a is ic ea men , and empi ical esul s a e p esen ed in Sec ion 4. Sec ion 5closes he pape wi h conclusions, implica ions, and u u e esea ch oppo uni ies. 2. Theo e ical F amewo k P e ious esea ch on sus ainabili y as well as in NPD has demons a ed ha a ocal i m’s ac ions owa ds he en i onmen and inno a ion a e no only limi ed o i s own pe o mance bu also o he ac ions o close supply chain membe s (Chen and Chen 2019). Fi ms, he e o e, ha e no op ion o he han in eg a ing sus ainabili y ea u es in o hei ope a ion and ex ending i o hei key pa ne s, bu also should simul aneously ake up some ac i i ies o beha iou al/ ela ional issues ela ed o in e ac ion wi h hem. I equi es o explain his phenomenon h ough di e en heo e ical lenses while conside ing hei po en ial ade-o s. In his con ex , he na u al esou ce-based iew (NRBV) heo y p o ides a amewo k ha emphasises he impo ance o en i onmen al ac o s in e ms o a i m’s g een compe ences (Ha 1995). A sus ainabili y s a egy includes he adop ion o in a–in e o ganisa ional en i onmen al p ac ices ha may pe mi he building o causally ambiguous esou ces h ough con inuous lea ning and epea ed p ac ices, o example, om pollu ion p e en ion s a egies as well as he c ea ion o complex esou ces h ough en i onmen al collabo a ion in p oduc s ewa dship o sus ainable de elopmen p ojec s (Shi e al. 2012). By inco po a ing en i onmen al equi emen s in NPD, a ocal i m is able o imp o e en i onmen al pe o mance o new p oduc s in e ms o ene gy e iciency and en i onmen- al oo p in (Ge s lbe ge e al. 2014;Wang e al. 2021), esul ing in enhanced pe o mance o new p oduc s in e ms o ime o ma ke , quali y, and cos o R&D (Wang e al. 2021). Collabo a i e eams in eg a ed by sus ainabili y-o ien ed i ms a e mo e likely o ind en i onmen ally- iendly inno a ions in new p oduc s and p ocesses, achie ing mo e e i- cien ly he use o esou ces and p oducing less was e and en i onmen al bu dens, which ul ima ely d i e enhanced pe o mance and NPD success (Claudy e al. 2016). Close o his iew, social ela ionships wi hin supply chains can be o mula ed h ough di e en o ms o in e -o ganisa ional ac i i ies (Pu nam 1995), which a e pa icula ly ele an o NPD and o sus ainabili y (Woo e al. 2016). Fo ins ance, h ough supplie in ol emen in NPD, he le el o in o ma ion p ocessing and in o ma ion ans e om one pa y o ano he is imp o ed (Wlazlak e al. 2018), acili a ing he olun a y sha ing o inno a i e ideas, access o echnology, knowledge, R&D se ices, and esou ces equi ed o NPD (Du e al. 2016;Mazzola e al. 2015). Fu he , he i m ´ s social capi al ob ained om buye -supplie in e ac ion enhances he inno a ion sea ch span o he i m causing educ ion in he sea ch cos (Du e al. 2016). To con e such ela ional social capi al o he en o supe io pe o mance o NPD, a speci ic capabili y is needed (Zhang and Wu 2013). NRBV p o ides such capabili y in he sus ainabili y-o ien ed buye -supplie ela ionship o in eg a e such join e o s in he o m o NPD p ac ices wi h sus ainabili y en i onmen al objec i es. The e o e, he communica ion, in o ma ion sha ing, knowledge exchange, and he us unde he long- e m buye -supplie collabo a i e ela ionship p omo es he join inno a i e e o s and acili a es join solu ion de elopmen o sus ainabili y issues du ing NPD (Lee 2015). Howe e , based on he ansac ion cos heo y, di e en go e ning mechanisms, including supplie assessmen and collabo a ion, ha e been p oposed o ocal i ms in o de o manage he ela ionship wi h hei supplie s which can a ec bo h sus ainabili y and NPD (Gimenez and Sie a 2013). Only sus ainabili y-commi ed supplie s can design and de elop new sus ainable p oduc s and in es in new sus ainabili y p ocesses (Chen Adm. Sci. 2021,11, 115 4 o 20 and Chen 2019;Jansson e al. 2017). Fu he , he selec ion o a supplie wi h a high le el o sus ainabili y o ien a ion, ei he as a sou ce o sus ainabili y- ela ed knowledge o as a sou ce o echnological and R&D se ices, s eng hens he NPD ou come (Cheng 2020). Acco dingly, moni o ing-o ien ed s a egies a e usually conduc ed by ocal i ms o selec , con ol, e alua e, and e i y supplie s wi h espec o hei compliance wi h sus ainabili y equi emen s (Gualand is e al. 2015). 3. Hypo hesis De elopmen 3.1. Ex e nal Sus ainabili y P ac ices (Collabo a ion) and NPD Success Supplie s can posi i ely in luence bo h en i onmen al and ope a ional pe o mance o supply chains (e.g., C oom e al. 2018;Geng e al. 2017). I has been s a ed ha i ms in e- g a e sus ainabili y concep s in o hei supply chains o achie e sus ainabili y de elopmen h ough di e en s a egies (Neu zling e al. 2018). Collabo a i e p ac ices in sus ainabili y ha include he in ol emen o supplie s in join p ojec s on p oduc co-de elopmen is sugges ed o imp o e sus ainabili y pe o mance (Danese e al. 2019), inno a ion pe o - mance (Kähkönen e al. 2017), as well as he en i onmen al pe o mance o R&D p ojec s (De S e ano and Mon es-Sancho 2018) o manu ac u ing companies. Unde collabo a i e ela ionships, he ocal i m p o ides supplie s wi h he equi ed communica ion, aining, and echnological knowledge o imp o e supplie capabili ies and he pe o mance o new p oduc s in acco dance wi h sus ainabili y equi emen s (Busse e al. 2016;Lawson e al. 2015). In addi ion o enhancemen o knowledge, hese in e ac ions lead o inc eased sa is ac ion among he pa ne s’ employees and encou ages hem o pa icipa e p oac i ely in NPD (Gmelin and Seu ing 2018a). Building ela ional collabo a ion also dec eases con lic , in o ma ion asymme y, and likely oppo unis ic beha iou among supply chain ac o s, and also pe mi s i ms o p ac ice sus ainabili y s a egies ac oss hei o ganisa ions (Neu zling e al. 2018). Finally, h ough boos ing in o ma ion p ocessing capaci y, a collabo a i e amewo k on NPD can diminish “s a egic unce ain ies” in he buye and supplie ela ionship (Wong e al. 2020). Mo eo e , ocal i ms wi h highe sus ainabili y o ien a ion a e be e able o boos o ganisa ional lea ning by in ol ing hei supply chain membe s, pa icula ly he NPD eam o hei supplie s o hink inno a i ely abou how o in eg a e hose sus ainabil- i y equi emen s in o he NPD p ocesses (Cheng 2020;Claudy e al. 2016). This ype o sus ainabili y-o ien ed buye -supplie ela ional collabo a ion ul ils join lea ning p o- cesses, skills and esou ce sha ing, and inno a ion capabili y de elopmen s necessa y o he implemen a ion o sus ainabili y s a egies ha may bene i he de elopmen o new p oduc s (Chia ini 2012;Neu zling e al. 2018). Consequen ly, while in e i m p oblem sol ing is acili a ed, i ms in ol ed in such in e o ganisa ional ela ionships eap he bene i s o in e i m knowledge exchanges h ough a lea ning p ocess and idea gene a ion o en i onmen ally- iendly design solu ions ha boos new p oduc inno a ions (Law- son e al. 2015). This enhances a i m’s en i onmen al compe ences and knowledge, and con ibu es o he building o epu a ion and b and image (Age on e al. 2012) and cos educ ion (Neu zling e al. 2018;Wong e al. 2020;Woo e al. 2016). Addi ionally, p io esea ch con i ms he posi i e link be ween sus ainabili y- ela ed buye -supplie s’ collabo a ion in NPD wi h inno a ion (NPD) pe o mance (Cheng 2020; Kähkönen e al. 2017). Wang e al. (2021) based on a da ase o 212 Ame ican manu ac u e s ound ha sus ainabili y-o ien ed collabo a i e p ac ices wi h supplie s enhance NPD pe o mance, no only h ough signi ican educ ion in en i onmen al bu dens o he new p oduc , bu also by os e ing economic sus ainabili y o NPD in e ms o lowe cos o R&D, highe lexibili y o R&D, and educed ene gy- esou ces consump ion. Fu he , by p o iding addi ional esou ces and capabili ies unde such collabo a i e app oaches con ibu es o en i onmen al and social solu ions du ing NPD wi hou ans e ing he ex a cos s o high-p iced ex e nal expe s and ex a in es men o esou ces o buye s (Cousins and Lawson 2007;Gmelin and Seu ing 2018b). In he backg ound, enhanced knowledge o sus ainabili y in NPD may acili a e join decision-making on NPD- ela ed Adm. Sci. 2021,11, 115 5 o 20 issues, imp o ing ou comes o new p oduc s (Pe e sen e al. 2003), and enhancing a i m’s co po a e epu a ion and image wi h ega d o socie y and he en i onmen (Neu zling e al. 2018). In acco dance wi h hese a gumen s, he ollowing hypo hesis is p oposed: Hypo hesis 1 (H1). The adop ion o ex e nal collabo a i e p ac ices in sus ainabili y has a posi i e e ec on bo h in e nal and ex e nal NPD success. 3.2. Ex e nal Sus ainabili y P ac ices (Moni o ing) and NPD Success Ex e nal sus ainabili y p ac ices can also be de eloped h ough moni o ing. End cus- ome s inc easingly demand sus ainabili y-o ien ed p oduc s (Gmelin and Seu ing 2014) which lead manu ac u ing companies ha a e looking o en i onmen al bene i s o impose sus ainabili y equi emen s on hei supplie s, o example, by minimising he consump- ion a e o esou ces o by p o iding heal h, sa e y, and wo k wel a e o socie y (Ma shall e al. 2015;Pagell and Wu 2009). A moni o ing app oach in a sus ainabili y-o ien ed buye - supplie ela ionship seeking o ensu e compliance pe o mance o supplie s h ough di e en p ac ices includes supplie selec ion p ac ices, company isi s o an audi , he assessmen o supplie s h ough hei conduc , a eques o supplie s o sign a code o en i- onmen al conduc , an audi h ough ce i ica ion o supplie s’ en i onmen al managemen sys ems, o a eques o supplie s o pay a minimum ‘li ing’ wage (Danese e al. 2019). In ol ing supplie s in he NPD p ocess while eques ing hem o ollow sus ainabili y p incipals has some isks o buye companies, pa icula ly due o he isk o supplie incompe ence in p ojec execu ion (Goldbe g and Schiele 2018). Fu he , supplie s migh ollow une hical beha iou in pe o ming sus ainabili y p ac ices i he unce ain y ele an o he adop ion o hose sus ainabili y ini ia i es is high o he adop ion o hose ac i i ies equi e conside able in es men in hei speci ic asse s (Wang and Dai 2018). In addi ion, he e is a po en iali y o oppo unis ic beha iou and sus ainabili y- ela ed in o ma ion asymme ic in he ela ionship (Ca ey e al. 2011;Lee 2015). As a esul , o educe he isk o incompliance o sus ainabili y equi emen s o he isk o ansac ional- ela ed cos , companies unde ake moni o ing p ac ices esul ing in highe cos s, mo e ime, and g ea e e o s (Gimenez and Tachizawa 2012;Gualand is e al. 2015) Howe e , sus ainabili y equi emen s in NPD dic a ed ha by buying i ms implies supplie s o s ic ly ollow eco-e iciency p oduc ion so as o be mo e esponsible owa ds hei en i onmen , socie y, and economics (Gimenez and Tachizawa 2012). P io esea ch has iden i ied a s ong co ela ion be ween en i onmen al compliance and g een pe o - mance o NPD, since p oac i e sus ainabili y-o ien ed buying i ms p e e o selec i ely wo k o NPD wi h only key supplie s wi h a highe le el o sus ainabili y o ien a ion (Lee and Kim 2011). Th ough conduc ing supplie s’ moni o ing p ac ices, he ad e se en i on- men al a ibu es o NPD can be elimina ed (Puja i 2006). Fu he , he implemen a ion o en i onmen al managemen sys em by supplie s has a posi i e impac on he associa ion o supplie in ol emen in sus ainable design p ac ices and pe o mance h ough mo e possi- bili ies o o e ing en i onmen al ideas and enhancemen o en i onmen al bene i s (Wang e al. 2021). Among o he hings, moni o ing p ac ices look o ensu e ha eams wo king in NPD a e su icien ly knowledgeable and awa e o he sus ainabili y equi emen s, ha e su icien knowledge abou en i onmen ally- iendly echniques in manu ac u ing (Fish 2015), and a oid po en ial oppo unis ic beha iou and in o ma ion asymme y (Chen and Chen 2019;Gualand is e al. 2015). Thus, we can hypo hesise ha : Hypo hesis 1 (H2a). The adop ion o ex e nal moni o ing p ac ices in sus ainabili y has a posi i e e ec on in e nal NPD success. On he o he hand, adop ing moni o ing p ac ices o sus ainabili y may ha e posi- i e e ec s on sus ainabili y pe o mance o new p oduc s h ough enhanced co po a e social esponsibili y and epu a ion (Gimenez and Sie a 2013) since buying i ms only in e ac wi h sus ainabili y-commi ed supplie s (Wang and Dai 2018). Moni o ing enables Adm. Sci. 2021,11, 115 6 o 20 companies o con ol o abusi e wo king condi ions and child labou , ensu ing employee wellbeing and sa is ac ion (Gualand is e al. 2015). Mo eo e , he e is e idence ha ela ing sus ainabili y issues o NPD can enhance he en i onmen al pe o mance o new p oduc s by applying p oduc li e cycle echnologies and imp o ing ma ke pe o mance h ough be e alignmen wi h cus ome expec a ions (Jabbou e al. 2015). Fu he , supplie s’ adop- ion and implemen a ion o en i onmen al sus ainabili y p og ams (e.g., acqui ing ISO 14000 ce i ica es) can imp o e he en i onmen al and economic pe o mance o NPD (Wang e al. 2021). In summa y, ensu ing ha he supply ne wo k wo ks in acco dance wi h bo h social and sus ainabili y esponsibili ies may imp o e he image, epu a ion, and ma ke pe o mance o new p oduc s. Hypo hesis 1 (H2b). The adop ion o ex e nal moni o ing p ac ices in sus ainabili y has a posi i e e ec on ex e nal NPD success. 3.3. In e nal Sus ainabili y P ac ices and NPD Success Fi ms inc easingly encoun e p essu es o sus ainabili y om a ious in e nal and ex e nal s akeholde s (Paul aj e al. 2017). Resea ch has a i med ha he alues behind sus ainabili y issues d i e a i m’s sus ainabili y cul u e and o ien a ion o mo e beyond me e economic conce ns o align i s co po a e philosophy, s a egies and cul u e wi h TBL pe spec i es, and ex end i o hei supply chain (Pagell and Wu 2009). Fi ms wi h a highe sus ainabili y o ien a ion a e mo e likely o adop sus ainabili y p ac ices and compliance s a egies, including en i onmen al managemen sys ems such as ISO 14001 ha impose p essu e on hei supply chains o also adop an en i onmen al managemen sys em (Cheng 2020;Claudy e al. 2016;Ma shall e al. 2015). Fu he mo e, i ms wi h high le els o sus ainabili y o ien a ion a e p obably be e wo kplaces o sus ainabili y-minded employees (Du e al. 2016) whose mo al mo i es and commi men o sus ainabili y b ings o bea in e nal p essu e on i ms o adop sus ainabili y p inciples and p ac ices along he supply chain (Chen and Chen 2019). In line wi h NRBV, ocal i ms ha ackle en i onmen al p oblems by implemen ing a ious eac i e and p oac i e en i onmen al s a egies wi hin hei ope a ions c ea e alue by add essing s akeholde expec a ions and by con o ming o en i onmen al egula ions (Buysse and Ve beke 2003). G ea e in ol emen in p oac i e en i onmen al s a egies (i.e., a g ea e sus ainabili y cul u e) is mo e likely o lead o he p obable adop ion o g een supply chain p ac ices, especially supplie moni o ing and assessmen by ocal i ms (Ma shall e al. 2015;Wu e al. 2012). Addi ionally, supply chain managemen is conside ed as a c oss-o ganisa ional ac i i y. In he con ex o social capi al heo y, he es ablishmen o social ela ionships be ween ocal i ms and supplie s based on us , alues, and communica ion can esul in he de elopmen o he same goals and isions among he pa ne s, pa icula ly ega ding sus ainabili y (Wu e al. 2012). Acco dingly, ocal i ms wi h high le els o sus ainabili y o ien a ion due o he p ac ise o a ious en i onmen ally- and socially-o ien ed s a egies a e mo e likely o wo k wi h only sus ainabili y-o ien ed supplie s (Wang and Dai 2018), he e o e, hey may egula ly apply moni o ing p ac ices o ensu e hei supplie s ´ compliance o sus ainabili y and s anda ds (Laa i e al. 2016). Fu he mo e, hose sus ainabili y-o ien ed ocal i ms a e mo e p obably sha ing hei knowledge and collabo a ing wi h hei supplie s on sus ainabili y issues (Claudy e al. 2016;Wu e al. 2012). Thus, we p opose he ollowing hypo hesis: Hypo hesis 1 (H3a). The adop ion o in e nal sus ainabili y p ac ices is posi i ely associa ed wi h he adop ion o ex e nal sus ainabili y p ac ices. In e nal sus ainabili y p ac ices emb ace a ious en i onmen al- and social- ela ed ac i i ies adop ed and implemen ed by a ocal i m in i s in-house p ocesses such as applying in e nal en i onmen al managemen sys em, de eloping en i onmen al policies, and adop ing in e nal social, esponsible managemen p ac ices (Laa i e al. 2016;Wang and Dai 2018). In he con ex o manu ac u ing, a ocal i m ´ s in e nal sus ainabili y p ac ices Adm. Sci. 2021,11, 115 7 o 20 link he en i onmen al- and social- ela ed ac i i ies wi h manu ac u ing p ac ices in o de o enhance he bene i s and e u ns, o ins ance, alue, quali y o p oduc , e iciency in he use o esou ces, wo king condi ions, heal h sys em, and sa e y, as well as o educe he en i onmen al bu dens such as ai and soil pollu ion, cos , was e, and esou ces consump ion (Molda ska and Welo 2017). Acco dingly, a sus ainabili y-o ien ed ocal i m du ing NPD may inco po a e TBL conside a ions in NPD looking o iden i ying and aking ad an age o he oppo uni ies o inno a ion (Du e al. 2016). In he NRBV con ex , add essing sus ainabili y issues du ing NPD p ocesses, such as h ough pollu ion p e en ion, eco-design p ac ices, o p oduc li e cycle analysis me hod, enables i ms o ackle en i onmen al issues and inc ease hei eco-e iciency, o example, h ough design ocused on educ ion o was e gene a ion o design o eusabili y and ecy- clabili y (González-Beni o and González-Beni o 2006;Shi e al. 2012). Mo eo e , adop ing in e nal sus ainabili y p ac ices by sus ainabili y-o ien ed i ms helps o imp o e hei op- e a ional e iciency in e ms o quali y and cos , and e ec i ely use hei esou ces because o he NPD eam being mo e encou aged o ind inno a i e solu ions o en i onmen al and social issues (Claudy e al. 2016). The con en ional compe ence es ablished by hese sus ainabili y-o ien ed inno a ion ac i i ies boos s he sus ainable compe i i e ad an age h ough cos -sa ing and be e sus ainabili y pe o mance (B ulha e al. 2017;Buysse and Ve beke 2003). Jabbou e al. (2015), in hei empi ical s udy, con i med he di ec in luence o g een p oduc de elopmen no only on ma ke pe o mance as indica ed by company epu a ion and image and he mee ing o cus ome expec a ions, bu also on ope a ional pe o mance in e ms o lexibili y, p ocess imp o emen s, quali y con o mi y, and sho lead imes. In sum, we posi he ollowing hypo hesis: Hypo hesis 1 (H3b). The adop ion o in e nal sus ainabili y p ac ices is posi i ely associa ed wi h NPD success. Acco ding o he p e ious hypo heses, he concep ual model was de eloped as shown in Figu e 1. Adm. Sci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 20 In e nal sus ainabili y p ac ices emb ace a ious en i onmen al- and social- ela ed ac i i ies adop ed and implemen ed by a ocal i m in i s in-house p ocesses such as ap- plying in e nal en i onmen al managemen sys em, de eloping en i onmen al policies, and adop ing in e nal social, esponsible managemen p ac ices (Laa i e al. 2016; Wang and Dai 2018). In he con ex o manu ac u ing, a ocal i m´s in e nal sus ainabili y p ac- ices link he en i onmen al- and social- ela ed ac i i ies wi h manu ac u ing p ac ices in o de o enhance he bene i s and e u ns, o ins ance, alue, quali y o p oduc , e iciency in he use o esou ces, wo king condi ions, heal h sys em, and sa e y, as well as o educe he en i onmen al bu dens such as ai and soil pollu ion, cos , was e, and esou ces con- sump ion (Molda ska and Welo 2017). Acco dingly, a sus ainabili y-o ien ed ocal i m du ing NPD may inco po a e TBL conside a ions in NPD looking o iden i ying and ak- ing ad an age o he oppo uni ies o inno a ion (Du e al. 2016). In he NRBV con ex , add essing sus ainabili y issues du ing NPD p ocesses, such as h ough pollu ion p e en ion, eco-design p ac ices, o p oduc li e cycle analysis me hod, enables i ms o ackle en i onmen al issues and inc ease hei eco-e iciency, o example, h ough design ocused on educ ion o was e gene a ion o design o eusabili y and ecyclabili y (González-Beni o and González-Beni o 2006; Shi e al. 2012). Mo eo e , adop ing in e nal sus ainabili y p ac ices by sus ainabili y-o ien ed i ms helps o im- p o e hei ope a ional e iciency in e ms o quali y and cos , and e ec i ely use hei esou ces because o he NPD eam being mo e encou aged o ind inno a i e solu ions o en i onmen al and social issues (Claudy e al. 2016). The con en ional compe ence es- ablished by hese sus ainabili y-o ien ed inno a ion ac i i ies boos s he sus ainable com- pe i i e ad an age h ough cos -sa ing and be e sus ainabili y pe o mance (B ulha e al. 2017; Buysse and Ve beke 2003). Jabbou e al. (2015), in hei empi ical s udy, con- i med he di ec in luence o g een p oduc de elopmen no only on ma ke pe o - mance as indica ed by company epu a ion and image and he mee ing o cus ome ex- pec a ions, bu also on ope a ional pe o mance in e ms o lexibili y, p ocess imp o e- men s, quali y con o mi y, and sho lead imes. In sum, we posi he ollowing hypo he- sis: Hypo hesis 1 (H3b). The adop ion o in e nal sus ainabili y p ac ices is posi i ely associa ed wi h NPD success. Acco ding o he p e ious hypo heses, he concep ual model was de eloped as shown in Figu e 1. Figu e 1. S uc u al model p oposed: Hypo hesis s a emen s. 4. Me hodology 4.1. Sample and Da a Collec ion The da a used o empi ical analysis was composed o 281 manu ac u ing plan s om h ee majo indus ies (mechanical, elec onics, and anspo a ion equipmen ) ha pa - icipa ed in he ou h ound o he High-Pe o mance Manu ac u ing (HPM) p ojec . Figu e 1. S uc u al model p oposed: Hypo hesis s a emen s. 4. Me hodology 4.1. Sample and Da a Collec ion The da a used o empi ical analysis was composed o 281 manu ac u ing plan s om h ee majo indus ies (mechanical, elec onics, and anspo a ion equipmen ) ha pa icipa ed in he ou h ound o he High-Pe o mance Manu ac u ing (HPM) p ojec . Mo e han 25 esea ch g oups om 16 coun ies ac oss Eu ope, Ame ica, and Asia a e in ol ed in he p ojec . The local esea ch eam in each coun y was esponsible o con ac he sample plan and conduc he esea ch. The sample was selec ed andomly om he mas e lis o plan s in each coun y (Danese e al. 2019). Table 1 epo s he da a dis ibu ion acco ding o he sec o and coun y. Adm. Sci. 2021,11, 115 8 o 20 Table 1. Indus y o coun y dis ibu ion. Coun y Indus y To al Elec onics Mechanical T anspo a ion Equipmen China 8 15 3 26 Ge many 5 11 8 24 Sweden 1 4 0 5 Swi ze land 2 0 1 3 Japan 6 6 9 21 Ko ea 8 5 12 25 Spain 7 6 8 21 I aly 7 17 5 29 Is ael 13 2 0 15 B azil 2 7 6 15 Finland 6 6 5 17 Taiwan 19 10 1 30 UK 4 5 4 13 Vie nam 8 7 6 21 USA 3 3 2 8 Aus ia 1 6 1 8 The su ey me hod was used o collec da a. The uni o analysis was he plan and no he company since di e en p ac ices and pe o mance a e obse ed in di e en loca- ions. A se o 12 ques ionnai es speci ic o di e en ope a ional managemen a eas was adminis e ed h ough in e iews wi h a numbe o plan manage s. One o hese se s o ques ionnai es was speci ic o sus ainabili y issues and he o he o NPD p ocesses. Scales and i ems in eg a ing all o he ques ionnai es had p e iously been used and alida ed by ela ed li e a u e. The ques ionnai es in each unc ional a ea we e comple ed by wo in o - man s who we e knowledgeable abou ha a ea (e.g., he sec ion ela ed o en i onmen al a ai s was illed by wo en i onmen al a ai s manage s). As a esul , each plan submi ed 23 ques ionnai es om di e en in o man s. The esponse a e was app oxima ely 65% in each coun y. In addi ion o some coun e measu e p ac ices, such as using a mix o i em ypes (i.e., pe cep ual scales and objec i e da a) in each sec ion o he ques ionnai e, o mixing i ems o he same scale om di e en pa s o he ques ionnai e sec ions, he esea ch eams asked mo e han one esponden in each plan o ill in a ques ionnai e wi h he goal o iangula ion o in o ma ion and o a oid common me hod bias p oblems (Danese e al. 2019). The adequacy o he sample was es ed h ough he Keise –Meye –Olkin (KMO) es . Fu he , Ha man’s single ac o es indica es ha he o al a iance explained by a single ac o was 0.3687, indica ing ha he e is no clea e idence o common me hod bias (Podsako e al. 2003). 4.2. Measu es Fo his s udy, only hose ques ionnai e sec ions ha included ques ions ela ed o sus ainabili y a ai s and he success o NPD we e conside ed. Rega ding sus ainabili y p ac ices, esponden s we e eques ed o “indica e he deg ee o which hei plan is engaged in he ini ia i e/p ac ices” by lis ing se e al examples (see Appendix A). As o NPD success, he esponden s we e asked o conside he success o he p oduc s ecen ly launched by he i m in e ms o eaching i m ope a ional and ma ke NPD goals. Acco dingly, he mul iple i em cons uc s we e de eloped as ollows: • In line wi h he concep behind NRBV, he In e nal Sus ainabili y P ac ices (ISP) o his s udy e e s o a i m ´ s e alua ion o he e iciency o i s own p ocesses, no only h ough p e en ion and con olling p ac ices bu also en i onmen al imp o emen h ough he educ ion o en i onmen al acciden s and disposal o excess ma e ials o equipmen (Mon abon e al. 2007). Adm. Sci. 2021,11, 115 15 o 20 bo h in e - i m moni o ing and collabo a ion wi h supplie s ha e posi i e e ec s on new p oduc s, no only imp o ing aspec s ela ed o he p oduc ion p ocess bu also in e ms o comme cial success in he long e m. These esul s a e an in i a ion o manage s o in es in sus ainabili y, adop ing a p oac i e app oach using sus ainabili y in a b oade way. Mo eo e , when i ms e alua e hei supplie s o make hei supply chains mo e en i onmen ally and socially esponsible, hey enable hei supplie s o de elop new p oduc s wi h en i onmen al appeal, and eap he ad an ages ha s em om be e o ganiza ional (en i onmen al, social, and ope a ional) pe o mance. Fi ms willing o enhance hei new p oduc s ´ ope a ional ea u es may enjoy bene i s in es ing in he adop ion o sus ainable app oaches in hei ela ional social ne wo ks while in ending o imp o e hei image, epu a ion, and o e all comme cial success can ind bene i s om complimen a y in e nal and ex e nal sus ainabili y s a egies. Con a y o he p e ious s udies which only conside he signi icance o g een supplie s’ collabo a ion o NPD success (Kähkönen e al. 2017;Neu zling e al. 2018;Wang e al. 2021), in his s udy, we obse ed ha bo h moni o ing and collabo a i e sus ainabili y p ac ices independen ly s eng hen NPD success. Fu he mo e, his pape deba es he na u e o he sus ainabili y- o ien ed ela ionship by illumina ing he unique impac o di e en collabo a i e and moni o ing p ac ices on di e en measu es o NPD success, and hus could b ing o h use ul insigh s o manage s. Fo example, as o ocal i ms ´ manage s, echnically and inancially, i migh be impo an o know which ype o sus ainabili y p ac ices in luence he success o NPD (and how), and which aspec s o success will be a ec ed. Ha ing a be e image o he associa ion o sus ainabili y and NPD helps hese manage s o de elop hei co po a e s a egies mo e app op ia ely. The challenge is, he e o e, wo old. Fi s , o ca y ou he necessa y in e nal in es - men s in sus ainabili y aligned wi h he en i onmen , people, and pe o mance (TBL), which do no always allow i ms o obse e sho - e m bene i s. By doing so, he objec i es o he o ganisa ion would be aligned no only wi h ob aining bene i s bu also wi h ein o c- ing he commi men o he en i onmen and o people (Neu zling e al. 2018). The posi i e signi ican e ec o R&D_size con ol a iables indica e ha i manage s de elop and chee up he spi i o commi men o sus ainabili y in hei employees hen sus ainable-o ien ed employees wo king in R&D can ac as a mo i a ion o sus ainabili y- ela ed knowledge sha ing wi h ex e nal pa ne s (supplie s) du ing a new p oduc de elopmen p ocess. In addi ion, his pape demons a es he posi i e e ec s o adop ing a mo e ad anced ap- p oaches o sus ainabili y, because as obse ed, in es ing in in e nal sus ainabili y p ac ices enhance he de elopmen o supply chain ela ionships, which a e a de e minan o he success o new p oduc s. Second, manage s ace he challenge o managing he ade-o s be ween hei inhouse sus ainabili y ela ed ope a ions and collabo a ion and con ol wi h supplie s. This esul suppo s he idea o complemen a i y o di e en sus ainabili y p ac ices adop ed and implemen ed by ocal i ms. Wi hin he p e iew o NRBV and social capi al heo ies, such sus ainabili y- ocused ela ional in e ac ions acili a e knowledge exchange, echnological and esou ces sha ing unde espec and us which a e ambien o join p ac ices (NPD). The s ong signi ican e ec on he ma ke dimension (ex e nal) o new p oduc success is a ained when he in e nal p ac ices and collabo a i e app oaches wi h supplie s a e implemen ed (ISP->ESPc->INPD->ENPD wi h coe icien o 0.164 and p= 0.011). In o he wo ds, manu ac u ing i ms in join e o s wi h hei supplie s by in eg a ing en i onmen- al conside a ion in de elopmen o new p oduc s can imp o e he ope a ional ea u es o new p oduc s which, in u n, enhances he alue o cus ome s and s eng hens he ma ke a ibu es o he success. Fo academia, his s udy shows he exis ence o posi i e ex e nali ies h ough adop ing sus ainabili y p ac ices ega ding he success o a new p oduc . Unde s anding hese e ec s equi es an in es iga ion o he in e sec ion o di e en bu ela ed amewo ks. Fo ins ance, linking social capi al wi h NRBV pe spec i es, he de elopmen o new p oduc s h ough sus ainabili y-o ien ed collabo a i e ela ionships be ween a ocal i m Adm. Sci. 2021,11, 115 16 o 20 and i s supplie s de elops a equi ed capabili y o con e such in e ac ion o mo e alue o cus ome s h ough os e ing us , mu ual espec , and knowledge and capabili ies sha ing possibili ies be ween pa ies which e en ually p omo es NPD success. Howe e , while a sus ainabili y-o ien ed ela ionship equi es a ce ain le el o commi men and beha iou owa ds sus ainabili y by supplie s, he ansac ion cos heo y p e en s he exis ence o a cos - ela ed moni o ing mechanism implemen ed by a ocal i m o moni o compliance pe o mance o supplie s. This highligh s ha unde s anding he e ec s o sus ainabili y on pe o mance needs o conside a b oad pe spec i e which looks a he in e linking o di e en heo e ical app oaches which may complemen each o he and help o imp o e he unde s anding o a complex phenomenon. Acco dingly, his pape sugges s he in e connec ion o he NRBV, social capi al, and ansac ion cos heo ies as use ul heo e ical lenses o di e en ia ing he impac o sus ainabili y-o ien ed supply chain managemen on NPD success. Mo eo e , he empi ical e idence also sugges s new lines o u u e esea ch on he sus ainabili y–NPD link. Howe e , a i s limi a ion o he pape is ha e ec i e in ol emen o supply chain membe s (in e nal and ex e nal) is supposed o be a ec ed by sus ainabili y p ac ices bu is no di ec ly measu ed. In ol emen o supply chain membe s has been indica ed as a de e minan o NPD success, howe e , he link be ween in ol emen and sus ainabili y o ien a ion was no . Fu u e esea ch should conside he media ing/mode a ing e ec o sus ainabili y on supply in ol emen o explain NPD success. Ano he limi a ion is ha he sus ainabili y o ien a ion was conside ed as he d i e o he link be ween sus ainabili y p ac ices and NPD success, howe e , he e ec o his ac o was no examined. Fu u e esea ch may ake in o accoun he media ing e ec o sus ainabili y o ien a ion in his associa ion. Fu he , while his esea ch has ad anced ou unde s anding abou he ela ionship be ween sus ainabili y and NPD success, he s udy is condi ioned by he c oss-sec ional na u e o he da a; u u e esea ch should look o conclusi e esul s using longi udinal analysis. Finally, he link be ween sus ainabili y and NPD success could be a ec ed by con ex ual ac o s. Hence, u he esea ch in u u e s udies should conside small e sus la ge i ms, de eloped e sus de eloping coun ies, o manu ac u ing e sus se ice companies. Au ho Con ibu ions: We would like o decla e ha all au ho s ha e he same con ibu ion lis ed as ollows: Z.A.-G. and A.B.-P.: Concep ualiza ion; me hodology; so wa e; alida ion; o mal analysis; in es iga ion; esou ces; da a cu a ion; w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion; w i ing— e iew and edi ing; isualiza ion; supe ision; p ojec adminis a ion; unding acquisi ion. All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip . Funding: This esea ch was unded and conduc ed wi hin he amewo ks o he ollowing p ojec s: PID2020-115018RB-C31 (AEI/FEDER, UE) esea ch p ojec inanced by he Spanish Minis y o Science, Inno a ion and Uni e si ies and he Eu opean Regional De elopmen Funds; PID2019- 105001GB-I00 (Minis e io de Ciencia e Inno ación-Spain), ECO 2017–86305-C4-4-R (Minis e io de Economía, Indus ia y Compe i i idad). Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d S a emen : No applicable. In o med Consen S a emen : No applicable. Da a A ailabili y S a emen : No applicable. Acknowledgmen s: 1. This esea ch ob ained he ewa d o he bes pape in he PhD wo kshop in Business and Managemen which was held by Uni e si a In e nacional de Ca alunya (UIC) on 15–16 June 2021; 2. The au ho s would like o d aw he eade s’ a en ion o he ac ha a p ima y e sion o he s udy was p esen ed in some con e ences be o e his a icle was published; 3. The au ho s would like o acknowledge he commen s and sugges ions done by wo anonymous e iewe s du ing he e iew p ocess in Jou nal o MDPI Adminis a i e Sciences. Con lic s o In e es : We would like o decla e ha he au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es . Fu he , he unde s had no ole in he design o he s udy; in he collec ion, analyses, o in e p e a ion o da a; in he w i ing o he manusc ip , o in he decision o publish he esul s. Adm. Sci. 2021,11, 115 17 o 20 Appendix A Va iables I ems Desc ip ion Mean S d. De . Mean A e. ISP 3.924 S-In 01 Wa e e iciency 3.651 0.901 S-In 02 Reducing was e in in e nal p ocesses (e.g., imp o ing yield o e iciency) 3.990 0.730 S-In 03 Imp o ing he wo k o ce en i onmen (e.g., indoo ai quali y) 4.033 0.733 S-In 04 Pollu ion p e en ion (elimina ing emissions o was e) 4.044 0.773 S-In 05 Pollu ion con ol (sc ubbing, was e ea men ) 4.113 0.917 S-In 06 Dec easing he likelihood o impac o an en i onmen al acciden 3.904 0.811 S-In 07 Complying wi h an indus y-wide code o conduc 3.901 0.890 S-In 08 En i onmen al imp o emen s in he disposi ion o you o ganiza ion’s sc ap o excess ma e ial ( e-use, ecycling, e c.) 4.025 0.757 S-In 09 En i onmen al imp o emen s in he disposi ion o you o ganiza ion’s equipmen 3.657 0.863 ESPc 3.102 S-Ex C01 Encou aging supplie s o imp o e he en i onmen al pe o mance o hei p ocesses 3.179 1.035 S-Ex C02 P o iding design speci ica ion o supplie s in line wi h en i onmen al equi emen s (e.g., g een pu chasing, blacklis o aw ma e ials) 3.273 1.117 S-Ex C03 Co-de elopmen wi h supplie s o educe he en i onmen al impac o he p oduc (e.g., eco-design, g een packaging, ecyclabili y) 3.064 0.982 S-Ex C04 In ol emen o supplie s in he e-design o in e nal p ocesses (e.g., emanu ac u ing, educ ion o by-p oduc s) 2.893 1.000 ESPm 3.144 S-Ex M01 Reques ing ha you supplie s sign a code o en i onmen al conduc 2.984 1.258 S-Ex M02 Visi ing supplie s’ plan s o ensu ing ha hey a e no using swea shop labou 3.016 1.122 S-Ex M03 Ensu ing ha supplie s comply wi h child labou laws 3.256 1.352 S-Ex M04 Inco po a ing en i onmen al conside a ions in e alua ing and selec ing supplie s 3.321 0.989 ENPD 3.715 NPDS_Ex 01 Cus ome sa is ac ion 3.780 0.699 NPDS_Ex 02 O e all comme cial success 3.650 0.723 INPD 3.262 NPDS_In 01 Time o ma ke 3.224 0.850 NPDS_In 02 Ease o manu ac u ing 3.388 0.755 NPDS_In 03 Uni manu ac u ing cos 3.175 0.803 No es 1 The associa ion only conside s he indi idual e ec o sus ainabili y p ac ices on NPD success. 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