Electric vehicle battery thermal management system with thermoelectric cooling

Lyu, Y. e al. A icle Elec ic ehicle ba e y he mal managemen sys em wi h he moelec ic cooling Ene gy Repo s P o ided in Coope a ion wi h: Else ie Sugges ed Ci a ion: Lyu, Y. e al. (2019) : Elec ic ehicle ba e y he mal managemen sys em wi h he moelec ic cooling, Ene gy Repo s, ISSN 2352-4847, Else ie , Ams e dam, Vol. 5, pp. 822-827, h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.egy .2019.06.016 This Ve sion is a ailable a : h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/243630 S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen: Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den. Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen. So e n die Ve asse die Dokumen e un e Open-Con en -Lizenzen (insbesonde e CC-Lizenzen) zu Ve ügung ges ell haben soll en, gel en abweichend on diesen Nu zungsbedingungen die in de do genann en Lizenz gewäh en Nu zungs ech e. 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Mahmud a,∗ aSchool o Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Guelph, On a io, Canada bDepa men o Elec ical Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Tabuk, Saudi A abia a icle in o A icle his o y: Recei ed 7 Janua y 2019 Recei ed in e ised o m 24 May 2019 Accep ed 29 June 2019 A ailable online xxxx Keywo ds: Elec ic ehicle Hea e Ba e y he mal managemen Li-ion ba e y The moelec ic cooling abs ac An expe imen al in es iga ion is pe o med on an ad anced ba e y he mal managemen sys em o eme ging elec ic ehicles. The de eloped ba e y he mal managemen sys em is a combina ion o he moelec ic cooling, o ced ai cooling, and liquid cooling. The liquid coolan has indi ec con ac wi h he ba e y and ac s as he medium o emo e he hea gene a ed om he ba e y du ing ope a ion. Fo ced ai assis ed hea emo al is pe o med om he condense side o he he moelec ic liquid casing. De ailed expe imen s a e ca ied ou on a simula ed elec ic ehicle ba e y sys em. Expe imen al esul s e eal a p omising cooling e ec wi h a easonable amoun o powe dissipa ion. Mo eo e , he expe imen al es shows ha he ba e y su ace empe a u e d ops a ound 43 oC ( om 55 oC o 12 oC) using TEC-based wa e cooling sys em o a single cell wi h coppe holde when 40 V is supplied o he hea e and 12 V o he TEC module. ©2019 Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 1. In oduc ion Limi ed ese e olume, imbalance dis ibu ion, and he in- c easing ene gy demand con ibu e a signi ican amoun o he g owing numbe o enewable subs i u es o eplace he ossil uel based ene gy esou ces. Mo eo e , en i onmen al impac s b ough by adi ional ene gy s uc u es accele a ed his an- si ion p ocess. A s udy p edic ed ha , by 2035, he elec ici y amoun gene a ed by enewable sou ces would be 2.7 imes la ge han in 2010 (Ellabban e al.,2014). Renewable ene gy based applica ions, such as consume elec onics, ehicles, and e en buildings, a e eme ging as he wo ld u ns ‘g een’ (S ini as and Reddy,2014;Shukla e al.,2016). Elec ic ehicle and hy- b id elec ic ehicle (EV/HEV) echnology, as a g een subs i u e o con en ional combus ion ehicles, has a ac ed a signi ican amoun o a en ion globally and a e quickly eplacing in e nal combus ion engine-powe ed ehicles. Ba e ies play an inc easingly c i ical ole in enewable ene gy usage and s o age. As an example, he pe o mance o EVs and HEVs a e highly dependen on ba e y capaci y. Ba e y he mal managemen sys ems (BTMS’) a e de eloped o moni o and op- imize he he mal s a us o ba e ies. The ba e y empe a u e is a c i ical ac o o ba e y ope a ing pe o mance. Speci ically, he cha ge/discha ge capaci y can be s ongly in luenced by em- pe a u e. This a ailabili y will u he impac he pe o mance ∗Co esponding au ho . E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (S. Mahmud). o applica ions. Fo ins ance, he discha ge a e will de e mine he accele a ion p ocess o elec ic and hyb id elec ic ehicles. The li espan o ba e ies also g ea ly depends on he ope a ing empe a u e. Unde no mal ope a ing condi ions, o say −30 ◦C o 60 ◦C, he ba e y heal h a ies signi ican ly om he op imal ba - e y empe a u e ange. Howe e , s udies sugges ha wo king a abo e 50 ◦C can be ha m ul o he li espan o ba e ies (Band- haue e al.,2011). ‘‘Fu he s udies indica ed ha a empe a u e ange om 25 ◦C o 40 ◦C (a maximum 5 ◦C di e ence om his empe a u e ange) p o ides he bes wo king en i onmen o ba e ies such as lead–acid, NiMH, and Li-ion (Pesa an,2002)’’. E icien empe a u e managemen sys ems con ibu e signi i- can ly o ba e y heal h and ex end he o e all li espan. Mo eo e , as he capaci y and cha ge/discha ge a e inc ease, ba e y se- cu i y issues need mo e a en ion. Subsequen ly, a ious BTMS’ has been de eloped o mee he demand o highe powe , as e cha ge a es, and imp o ed d i ing pe o mance. Mode n BTMS’ a e di ided in o wo g oups: ac i e sys ems and passi e sys- ems (Rao and Wang,2011). Passi e BTMS gene ally employ phase change ma e ials, hea pipes, and hyd ogels. Ze o ex a powe consump ion is he mos p ominen ea u e o hese sys- ems. Howe e , he cooling p ocess is di icul o manage. Con- e sely, adi ional ac i e me hods gene ally lead o o ced ci cu- la ion and ci cula ion o speci ic cooling ma e ials and subs ances such as wa e and ai . The main issue is ha he cooling e ec can be e y limi ed unde ce ain ci cums ances. The moelec ic powe gene a ion de ices o ehicles ha e been de eloped o yea s (Liu e al.,2014a). In con as , he moelec ic coole s (TEC) h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.egy .2019.06.016 2352-4847/©2019 Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Y. Lyu, A.R.M. Siddique, S.H. Majid e al. / Ene gy Repo s 5 (2019) 822–827 823 which employed by ba e y he mal managemen a e a compa - a i ely new candida e o elec ic ehicles. These bene i om s ong cooling capaci ies and eliable wo king po en ial, and ha e a ac ed inc easingly mo e a en ion o in eg a ion in o BTMS. The moelec ic coole s (TEC) a e based on he con e sion o ol age o he empe a u e di e ence. This Pel ie –Seebeck e ec oge he wi h Thompson e ec belongs o he he moelec ic e ec . The he moelec ic e ec e e s o all o he ans o ma ion p ocesses om hea o elec ici y, and ice e sa. The main ad- an ages o he moelec ic coole s a e ela i ely quie , s able, and eliable. Fu he mo e, he empe a u e can be easily con olled by a ying he ol age supply. These echnologies ha e been used in medical and ins umen a ion applica ions (Zhao and Tan,2014) o yea s; howe e , o ba e y he mal managemen applica ions, he his o y is limi ed. In p ac ical applica ions, ba e ies may be ope a ed in ei he ho o cold ambien empe a u e. TEC modules can be used o bo h hea ing and cooling scena ios. The ‘ho end’ has hea dissipa ed and abso bed by he ‘cold end’. ‘‘Li e a u e shows ha he use o TEC o BTMS is inadequa e due o he low he mal e iciency, no el y o he applica ion o TEC. S a ing om 2003, esea che s ha e been conside ing TEC o be e BTMS; howe e , only ew li e a u e has been came o wa d as e e ence. Siddique e al. (2018) p esen ed a comp e- hensi e li e a u e su ey on TEC based BTMS om 2003 o 2018. Mos o he s udies ake ai as he medium o hea anspo a- ion om he cold end o he ba e y. Alaoui e al. (Alaoui and Salameh,2003,2005) s udied he moelec ic cooling o elec ic ehicle applica ion in he ea ly 21s cen u y. Cold sides o he he moelec ic coole s a e connec ed o he hea sink in hese designs and maximum empe a u e was kep below 55 ◦C. The cold ai was blown in o he ba e y pack and cabin o cooling. Es ahanian e al. (2013) inco po a ed a hea sink- an se o bo h he cold side cooling and he ho side hea dissipa ion. In an- o he s udy, Kim e al. (2014) eplaced he ho side design by wa e cooling o imp o ed pe o mance. Mo eo e , he cold side can also be a ached di ec ly o he ba e y su ace. Simila ly, ai (Alaoui,2013) and wa e (Liu e al.,2014b) a e po en ial candida es o emo e hea om he ho end. All hese designs ha e shown he excellence o he TEC module used in ba e y he mal managemen . S ill, he sys em pe o mance needs o be con inuously imp o ed o mee he demand o he inc easingly highe hea gene a ion amoun . In one s udy, i was epo ed ha COP o he BTMS dec eases g adually wi h inc easing powe supply o he TEC (Ma al e al.,2017) and he maximum em- pe a u e o he ba e y was less han 36.2 ◦C. In ano he wo k, Zhang e al. (2018) concen a ed on he s uc u e o he TEC embedded BTMS sys em whe e hey also used con ol uni o op imize he pe o mance o he sys em. Mo e ecen ly in 2019, Li e al. (2019) p esen ed a simila TEC based BTMS using di ec cooling including empe a u e con olle wi hou any coolan o media’’. This s udy ocuses on he he mal managemen o ba e ies in he s a e o he a elec ic ehicles and p oposes an ad anced hyb id BTMS design. Fo he i s ime ba e y shells (i.e., coppe holde s) a e used o p o ec he ba e ies om di ec con ac wi h he coolan and en i onmen al iendly solid-s a e he moelec ic coole (i.e., TEC) is used as a sou ce o cooling medium which can be used as bo h hea ing and cooling pu poses depending on he su ounding en i onmen al condi ions jus by swi ching he cu en pola i y. Mo eo e , no simila expe imen al wo k has been epo ed in he li e a u e ha deals wi h TEC-liquid based ba e y he mal managemen sys ems. This new BTMS design is a combina ion o TEC wi h o ced ai cooling and liquid cooling in which he liquid coolan wo ks as he medium o emo e hea om ba e ies. The expe imen al design, se up, and p elimina y esul s a e ound in he ollowing sec ions. 2. Expe imen se up A new design based on he combina ion o o ced ai cooling, liquid cooling, and TEC is in es iga ed he e. The ba e y is placed e ically in he cen e o he coolan con aine . Flowing liquid akes away a conside able amoun o hea gene a ed by he ba e y du ing ope a ion. A wa e pump is used o d i e liquid ci cula ion. The TEC is used o manage he empe a u e o he coolan a e wa d. Las ly, he ho end o he TEC will be cooled by he hea sink and an a ached o i . 2.1. Componen s The de ailed speci ica ions o each sys em componen a e as ollowings. (1) TEC module The moelec ic coole (TEC) e e s o a solid-s a e semicon- duc o de ice which is noise ee, en i onmen ally iendly, and ope a ional and main enance cos - ee, and. Basically, a single uni o TEC consis s o an n- ype and p- ype TE legs whe e TE legs a e connec ed elec ically in se ies and he mally in pa allel. TEC equi es less ol age and cu en compa ed o ypical e ige a o . The e o e, he pe o mance depends on he powe supply o TEC. Mo eo e , he powe densi y equi ed by he adi ional e ige a ion sys em is much lowe han TEC due o i s small size compa ed o ypical e ige a ion and powe equi emen . In addi ion, he maximum he mal e iciency o TEC is less han 10% (Liu e al.,2014b). Howe e , his low he mal e iciency can be use ul o many small applica ions specially whe e he e is a was e o hea ene gy o access hea needs o be managed o he sys em wi hou in e e ing he main sys em pe o mance. The e o e, TEC can be a sui able candida e o ba e y he mal managemen sys em o he elec ic/hyb id ehicles. The design o he TEC module is a combina ion o he hea sink, o ced ai cooling, and liquid cooling (see Fig. 1). This design adop s wo TECs connec in se ial o cool down he luid low. Each o hem has 127 couples be ween wo ce amic pla es in he sandwiched s uc u e. Wi h a a ed ol age a 12 V, his TEC can ole a e maximum empe a u e di e ence up o 68 ◦C. The hea amoun passed om he cold side and gene a ed in e nal he TECs is qui e la ge. Acco dingly, an aluminum hea sink is placed on he ho end o he TEC modules o emo e he hea imely om he TEC. Mo eo e , wo ans a e ins alled on he o he side o his aluminum hea sink o accele a e he hea dissipa ion o he ambien . The a ed powe supply o DC b ushless ans is 12 V a 0.3 A. On he cold side o each TEC, he e is an aluminum block wi h a U shape luid channel p epa ed. Du ing he ope a ion o he sys em, he hea will be passed quickly om he coolan o his cold side. The aluminum block and TEC a e clamped o he hea sink by ano he aluminum s ip and sc ews. I is no iceable ha he ends o all bol s a e co e ed by plas ic o p e en possible hea communica ion om he wo sides. (2) Hea e and ba e y simula o In hese expe imen s, he ba e y hea gene a ion p ocess was modeled by a ca idge hea e and simula ed ba e y. The eason is mainly he unp edic able beha io and possibili y o he mal unaway o eal ba e ies in ex eme ope a ion scena ios. By applying he powe supply, he hea e can gene a e app op ia e hea con enien ly wi hou any sa e y conce n. Aluminum od (Same geome ic size as he ex ensi ely used 18650 Li-ion ba - e y) was p epa ed o co e he hea e o simula e he he mal beha io o he eal ba e y. The e is a hole, he same size as he hea e , in he op cen e o he simula o o hold he hea e . The gaps be ween hea e s and ba e ies will be e enly illed wi h he mal pas e. 824 Y. Lyu, A.R.M. Siddique, S.H. Majid e al. / Ene gy Repo s 5 (2019) 822–827 Fig. 1. Schema ic illus a ion o he used single uni o TEC sys em o BTMS. The selec ion o hea e is based on he size o he ba e y and he powe . The de eloped aluminum (Al) shell as he ba e y is he same size as s anda d 18650 Li-ion ba e y, and he hea e needs o be p ope ly i ed in he aluminum shell (see Fig. 2). The es ima ion o powe is based on es s om published pa- pe s (Gadsden e al.,2011). Giuliano e al. (2011) es ed a 50Ah Li hium- i ana e ba e y unde 2C, 4C and 6C condi ion and ound ha he hea gene a ed was 16, 50 and 93 W espec i ely. Ye e al. (2015) measu ed he cha ging p ocess hea gene a ion o a 10Ah Li-ion ba e y o 3C, 5C and 8C and he esul s we e 10.45 W, 25.4 W and 54.4 W espec i ely. As a esul , he hea e s employed in his wo k a e CSH-02120 wi h a ed powe a 20 W p o ided by OMEGA enginee ing. (3) Con aine and pump The coolan low needs o be d i en by he applicable de ice. A pump will be ins alled along he coolan lowing loop. The pump used he e is gene al b ushless DC pump. The wo king ol age ange is 5 o 12 V, and he maximum load occu s a 0.35 A. Maximum low a e can be up o 4 li e s pe minu es ho izon ally. 2.2. O e all se up The ba e y se ups o ba e y-only expe imen s and ba e y- casing expe imen s a e shown in Fig. 2(a) and 2(b). The coppe casing is added o p o ec he ba e y om di ec con ac wi h he chosen coolan . Fo eal ba e y, he coolan can be ema kably ha m ul o he cell in ce ain ci cums ances. The mal pas e e enly co e s he hea e -simula o and simula o -casing con ac s. O e all expe imen se up is shown in Fig. 2(c) and (d). The TEC module can be di ided in o h ee pa s namely TEC, an, and hea sink. Coolan employed by all ollowing expe imen s is wa e o sa e y and cos eason. Two he mocouples a e a ached o he su ace o he ba e y by he mal ape in he cell alone es s and he exac posi ions a e shown in each esul g aph. Fo he ba e y-coppe casing expe imen s, wo he mocouples a e placed on he inside and ou side su ace in he middle o he casing. This inside he mocouple can also be ea ed as he ba e y su ace empe a u e as he wo pa s we e ex emely close o each o he . Mo eo e , he e is one mo e he mocouple o ai empe a u e. The e may be one mo e he mocouple o wa e empe a u e when applicable. 3. Expe imen al es s, esul s, and discussion All he de ices and ins umen s a e in he lab in which oom empe a u e is be ween 20–25 ◦C. Ambien p essu e is he s an- da d ai p essu e. All he ollowing expe imen s a e based on a single simula ed ba e y cell. The compa isons a e made be ween na u al ai cooling, pu e liquid cooling, and hyb id TEC wi h liquid-based o ced ai cooling. 3.1. Single ba e y in ai The hea e ol age supply was changed be ween 30 V o 60 V o check he beha io o he ba e y se unde di e en powe Fig. 2. (a) Hea e and ba e y simula o , (b) simula ed ba e y in he coppe casing, and (c) Schema ic o e all iew and (d) expe imen se up o he p oposed sys em. Y. Lyu, A.R.M. Siddique, S.H. Majid e al. / Ene gy Repo s 5 (2019) 822–827 825 supply in he ai (see Fig. 3). These expe imen s we e las s o abou 60 min in o al. The ai empe a u e emained ela i ely cons an du ing he es . Ba e y empe a u e ose as in he i s 30 min and g adually eached s eady s a e a e his pe iod. Howe e , he s able empe a u e o each ol age supply was en i ely di e en . Meanwhile, he empe a u e o he op and he middle o he ba e y a e gene ally se e al deg ees Celsius in di e ence a e he one hou long es s. When he ol age supply was hi y ol s, he empe a u e o he ba e y op was abou 46.6 ◦C. The middle empe a u e was only 45.4 ◦C a he same ime. Fo he 40 V g oup, he op empe a u e was 64.7 ◦C while a he same ime he middle empe a u e was 62.4 ◦C. In 50 V es , he empe a u e was 75.7 ◦C a he op and 73.6 ◦C in he middle. The las es on 60 V, he empe a u e a he op 91.1 ◦C, bu in he middle, i was only 86.3 ◦C. I can also be concluded om hese expe imen s ha highe ol age ine i ably leads o as e empe a u e change and highe ba e y empe a u e. 3.2. Single ba e y in wa e This pa es ed he ba e y pe o mance in he lowing wa e i s . Powe supply o he hea e was 40 V cons an . The pump was d i en by he 10 V powe supply. The cu es a e shown in Fig. 4(a) wi h he p e ix ‘‘no TEC’’. This pa is an in es iga ion o pu e liquid cooling. Top empe a u e, middle empe a u e, and he wa e empe a u e ose sligh ly a he same ime in pu e liquid cooling. The ba e y empe a u e eached 24.5 ◦C in abou 50 min and s ayed almos cons an s a ing om he e. The middle empe a u e o he ba e y is gene ally highe han he uppe one. Wa e empe a u e emained lowe han he ba e y mos o he ime. This liquid cooling is enough o handle he hea gene a ed by one cell and he hea om he pump i sel a he gi en pa ame e s he e. The second pa es ed he ba e y in lowing wa e wi h he pump and TEC module. Fan, pump, and TEC we e all supplied wi h 10 V powe . The co esponding cu es show he declining end o all he cu es along wi h he expe imen . In his es , he wa e empe a u e was always he lowes among hem. The excellen cooling e ec o his TEC module can be seen om his g aph. In addi ion, a eal ba e y (Li-ion ba e y, BRC 18650, 5000mAh, 3.7 V) was es ed inside he wa e wi hou any cop- pe holde and TEC cooling sys em and plo ed ba e y su ace empe a u e along wi h ime o 70 min (see Fig. 4(b)). Fig. 4 shows he ansien empe a u e beha io o single cell exposed o ai and wa e , espec i ely. T- ype he mocouples we e used o measu e he empe a u e and Omega-HH374 da a logge was used o eco d he da a. Measu ed empe a u e da a emains wi hin he accu acy limi posed by he measu emen sys em. In he o iginal manusc ip , line plo s we e used show he empe a- u e a ia ion wi h ime, which is eplaces by he symbols only in he e ised manusc ip . This modi ica ion signi ican ly educes he unnecessa y noises in he da a p esen a ion segmen s a ises mainly due o he simple line plo wi hou any i . 3.3. Single ba e y in coppe holde in ai The ba e y was hen placed in o he coppe holde , and his se s ood on a wood pla e o es he he mal beha io in he ai . The expe imen s we e ca ied ou wi h 30–60 V ol age supply o he hea e . I is e iden om Fig. 5 ha empe a u e ise speed and s eady empe a u e inc ease as he hea e ol age inc ease. Wha he empe a u e ose was 20.95 ◦C, 34.05 ◦C, 48.65 ◦C and 66.4 ◦C on a e age in 60 min o 30, 40, 50, 60 V espec i ely. Besides, as he hea e was inside he holde , he empe a u e o he he mocouple inside he coppe holde was always highe han he ou side one. The empe a u e di e ence be ween hese Fig. 3. Single cell in ai he mal esponse es (na u al ai cooling, a ying hea e ol age supply 30–60 V). wo spo s was 1.1 ◦C, 1.6 ◦C, 2.9 ◦C and 4.7 ◦C espec i ely (30–60 V). By compa ing hese esul s o he ba e y only in ai hea ing es , he empe a u e ose o one hou in 60 V g oup expe imen was 66 ◦C which is 0.4 ◦C lowe han his holde added one. Bu he empe a u e was se e al deg ees Celsius lowe in 30–50 V g oups in he e compa ed o ba e y only es s. 3.4. Single ba e y in coppe holde in wa e ( a ying ec ol age) This pa es ed he new TEC-liquid-ai cooling sys em o ba e y cell-coppe holde se . The ol age supply o he TEC module was modi ied be ween 8 V o 12 V while he ol age o an and pump kep cons an a 10 V. The hea e ol age supply was ixed o 40 V. As shown in Fig. 6, ba e y empe a u e in all he lis ed g oups dec eased d ama ically du ing he expe imen s. In ano he wo d, all he ba e y empe a u e measu emen alues we e e en ne e ose. The ba e y su ace empe a u e d opped 9.4 ◦C in he i s 60 min, compa ed o 12.8 ◦C empe a u e d op a he same spo o ba e y alone coun e pa . Also, he e is a no iceable cooling e ec di e ence be ween he di e en ol age g oups. Du ing he i s 80 min, 10 V g oup dec eased 10.4 ◦C and 10.5 ◦C on ba e y su ace and coppe holde su ace. Fo he same ime domain, he 12 V g oup declined 9.9 ◦C and 10.5 ◦C on inside and ou side empe a u e. The 8 V g oup enjoyed he leas dec ease o he same pe iod a 9.1 ◦C, and 9.5 ◦C speci ically. 4. Conclusion The ba e y he mal beha io by na u al ai cooling a di e en ol age supplies was in es iga ed i s . The empe a u e ises in olume and he a e o change inc eases signi ican ly as he ol age supply inc eases. When he hea e ol age changed om 30 V o a 60 V, he s eady empe a u e almos doubled. Nex , a s udy was ca ied ou o a p oposed liquid cooling and hyb id TEC-liquid–ai cooling sys em. A a 40 V ol age supply baseline o he hea e , he hyb id sys em showed an imp o ed cooling e ec compa ed o he liquid cooling; which is mo e desi able han na u al ai . A coppe casing was added o mi iga e us on 826 Y. Lyu, A.R.M. Siddique, S.H. Majid e al. / Ene gy Repo s 5 (2019) 822–827 Fig. 4. (a) Single cell in wa e he mal esponse es (pu e liquid cooling and TEC based BTMS, hea e ol age supply 40 V). (b) Real ba e y su ace empe a u e inside he wa e wi hou TEC. Fig. 5. Single cell in he coppe holde in ai he mal esponse es (na u al ai cooling, a ying hea e ol age supply 30–60 V). He e, inside indica es he empe a u e inne su ace o he coppe shell and ou side e e s o he ou e su ace o he coppe shell o he ba e y holde . he ba e y and educe co osion issues b ough by he coolan in eal applica ions. Expe imen s in ai and wa e we e aken acco dingly. In he ai , he inspec ion showed a simila empe a- u e end as he non-p o ec ed g oup. In wa e , he in es iga ion e ealed a simila d ama ic empe a u e decline in he hyb id he mal managemen sys em. Howe e , he empe a u e d op in his g oup was sligh ly slowe han he solo ba e y g oup. Ne e heless, a signi ican he mal managemen po en ial can be expec ed o he p oposed hyb id BTMS sys em. Mo eo e , he expe imen al es shows ha he ba e y su ace empe a u e d ops a ound 43 ◦C ( om 55 ◦C o 12 ◦C) using TEC based wa e cooling sys em o a single cell wi h coppe holde when 40 V is supplied o he hea e and 12 V o he TEC module’’. In one o he ecen s udies, esea che s used TEC o BTMS wi hou Fig. 6. Single cell in he holde in wa e he mal esponse es (TEC based BTMS, a ying TEC ol age supply 8–12 V, hea e ol age supply 40 V). He e, inside indica es he empe a u e inne su ace o he coppe shell and ou side e e s o he ou e su ace o he coppe shell o he ba e y holde . any coolan whe e hei empe a u e d op was 31.5 ◦C which is 11.5 ◦C less compa ed o he cu en wo k (Li e al.,2019). Fu he in es iga ions will ocus on ba e y packs ha ha e mo e hea dissipa ion and cooling equi emen s. Addi ionally, he mal models will be c ea ed and explo ed o nume ical sim- ula ion and op imiza ion o design pa ame e s. Re e ences Alaoui, C., 2013. Solid-s a e he mal managemen o li hium-ion e ba e ies. IEEE T ans. Veh. Technol.. Alaoui, C., Salameh, Z.M., 2003. Modeling and simula ion o a he mal man- agemen sys em o elec ic ehicles. In: IECON P oceedings (Indus ial Elec onics Con e ence), ol. 1. Alaoui, C., Salameh, Z.M., 2005. A no el he mal managemen o elec ic and hyb id ehicles. IEEE T ans. Veh. Technol.. Y. 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