Ecological production of silver nanoparticles using extract from Chrozophora plicata leaves for improved anticorrosion and antibacterial use

 Corresponding author: Madhanraj Lakshmanan Copyright © 2025 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0. Ecological production of silver nanoparticles using extract from Chrozophora plicata leaves for improved anticorrosion and antibacterial use Madhanraj Lakshmanan 1, * , Kasthuri Periyaiya Kannaiah 2 and Jaya Pradeep Gunasekaran 2 1 Department of Chemistry, LRG College of Arts and Science for Women, Tirupur, Tamilnadu, India. 2 Department of Chemistry, Government Arts College (Autonomous), (Affiliated to Bharathiar University), Coimbatore641018, India. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(01), 2069-2085 Publication history: Received on 18 September 2025; revised on 24 October 2025; accepted on 28 October 2025 Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2025.28.1.3645 Abstract The current work generated silver nanoparticles by green synthesis from the extract of Chrozophora Plicata (CP) leaves extracted at room temperature with a pH range between 10 and 12, after years of continuous work in the bottom-up technique and biological Ag nanoparticle manufacturing. Using a range of characterisation techniques, the generated Ag Nps form and phase purity were carefully investigated. According to the phyto chemical activities of Chrozophora Plicata (CP) leaf extract, quercetin, one of the primary flavonoid components, increases the conversion of Ag+ to Ag0. Ag Nps' antibacterial efficacy against S. aureus and E. coli was also assessed. The outcomes show that Ag Nps have strong antibacterial qualities against the E. coli bacteria. Keywords: Anticorrosion; Silver nanoparticle; Antibacterial; SEM 1. Introduction Because of its unique advancements, nanotechnology has a wide range of exciting applications and can readily integrate with other technologies with a few tweaks. Numerous industries, including the environment, medicine, textiles, biotechnology, agriculture, food, energy, and medication delivery, have benefited from the increased surface area and faster reaction rate that nanostructured materials have made possible [1]. These materials have a high grain boundary volume percentage and are fine-grained [2]. Numerous materials and methods have been used to create a variety of nanoparticles [3–5]. The intended end usage determines the synthesis material. Because plant-mediated materials are cheap and non-toxic, researchers have recently created nanoparticles from plant biomasses [6]. Nanoparticles derived from plants have been used in several fields, most recently as chemicals in oilfields [7–11]. The industry uses oilfield chemicals for hydrocarbon production, completions, and drilling. In order to eliminate harmful gasses and regulate fluid loss and wellbore stability, nanoparticulates have been added to drilling mud [12,13]. Cement spacers and cement properties enhancers have been designed at the nanoscale [14,15]. Other oilfield chemicals for production and enhanced recovery have been designed in the nanoscale, including corrosion inhibitors and surfactants [16]. Green nano synthesis is valuable due to the rate of mutation, antibiotic resistance, and the efficacy of microbial infections. Proteins, amino acids, alkaloids, and other natural metabolites are examples of plant biomolecules that are crucial for comprehending the synthesis and structural alterations of Ag Nps. Various silver nanoparticles, such as silver, gold, zinc, and others, are made from extracts of plant parts [17]. Due to their high toxicity, physical and chemical methods of producing nanoparticles [18] have limited advantages. Due to the down streaming process, the method is costly and necessitates a large energy input [19]. Green chemistry is a safe and economical approach, as the earlier articles have stated. A precursor to the synthesis of Ag Nps and secondary metabolites is silver nitrate and World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(01), 2069-2085 2070 phytocompounds necessary for reducing Ag+ to Ag 0 . However, there are no reports of the biosynthesis of the same silver nanoparticles with distinct biological and electrochemical uses. Nonetheless, reports of the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles for various uses in the realm of anticorrosion activities have been made [20]. Ag nanoparticles are reduced by using cow urine. Ag nanoparticles that have been biosynthesized are powerful catalysts for organic transformation processes. They have been effectively employed as a photocatalyst to break down dangerous organic dyes including crystal violet and methylene blue [63]. The E. coli bacteria is an invasive aquatic plant species that negatively impacts human health and the environment [21–24]. This is regarded as biomass for the production of biopesticides, fertilizers, animal feed, energy sources, and water treatment. This is considered as biomass for generating energy sources, fertilizers, animal feeds, water treatment, and biopesticide [25] Belonging to the family Pontendericeae, its plant taxonomy shows that, walls of these cells are composed of ferulic acid. Many studies have shown that silver nanoparticles have antibacterial properties, which motivated us to determine this property of Ag NPs. The results of a study that used S. aureus and E. coli bacteria to investigate the bacterial activity of Ag NPs are presented in this article. Furthermore, in the hydrochloric acid system, an electrochemical reaction takes place in the steel's active regions when it is exposed to corrosive substances [33]. Iron metal is necessary for nuclear power, pipeline construction, transportation, and chemical processing. A variety of methods, including coatings, paints, cathodic and anodic protection, and corrosion inhibitors, were employed to stop the steel corrosion process. Because of their ease of installation and high effectiveness in preventing metal corrosion, corrosion inhibitors are recommended [21, 34–37]. In industrial, hydrochloric acid solution is frequently used to clean metal surfaces of contaminants. The high use of hydrochloric acid solution over time leads to the breakdown of the iron surface. Because of their high adsorption rate, inhibitors are becoming more and more popular in both the academic and industrial sectors. The main factors influencing the adsorption process are the corrosive solution, temperature, and electrochemical potential in the Fe-HCl solution-metal line edge, as well as the physical, chemical, and active properties of the inhibitor species. Environmental laws and rules limit the use of synthetic corrosion inhibitors due to their negative environmental effects, which drives up the cost of various industrial units. This promotes the creation of effective and non-toxic corrosioninhibiting species [13,22,38–42]. Information on corrosion control techniques is given in Table 1. Understanding the structure of customized nanoparticles and preserving the precursor and reaction conditions help determine their efficacy. Table 1 Methods of corrosion control Control method Description Corrosion inhibitors Concentrations to a corrosive system to reduce electrochemical process. Electrical protection The metal corrosion can be prevented by small potential differences between anode and cathode. Excellent equipment Design (EED) EED prevents the corrosion of the metals by avoiding galvanic corrosion (the two dissimilar metals connection in the corrosive) Surface coating It involves use of protective coatings to generate the physical barrier between metal and corrosive system Material selection The metal having high mechanical strength should be selected It is anticipated that the green nanoparticles derived from the plant species will exhibit good corrosion protection properties for a variety of metals in a range of corrosive conditions, whether they are basic or acidic, and at varying concentrations. There is, however, no particular report on the use of iron as an anti-corrosion agent for iron metal in a 1M HCl solution. In light of this, the CP plant's leaves were extracted in order to create silver nanoparticles for this investigation. FT-IR, PXRD, HRTEM, and UV/visible tests verified the production of silver nanoparticles from CP extract. Alternating current impedance spectroscopy was used to assess CP's corrosion inhibition effectiveness. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and electrochemical methods were used to investigate the effectiveness of silver nanoparticles in preventing corrosion. 2. Materials and methods Chrozophora Plicata is a native plant usually occurs in non-wetlands, but occasionally in wetlands (Fig. 1). Within 15 to 20 days, it spreads quickly and covers the surface of water bodies in a thick, floating mat. We collected fresh Chrozophora Plicata leaves from the Kanuvai (Coimbatore) in Tamilnadu. After convincingly washing the plant leaves with deionized World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(01), 2069-2085 2071 water to get rid of any debris that would contaminate the extract, they were ultimately allowed to dry in the sun. Agate mortar and pestle were used to grind the dried leaves. Using 50 g of powdered plant material (dry leaves) in 300 ml of acetone, the Soxhlet extraction was carried out for almost seven hours. The green chemical that was isolated was then filtered and kept in the refrigerator to avoid side reactions and contamination-free. Figure 1 Chrozophora Plicata -plant extract figure 2.1. Phytochemical analysis Reducing and stabilizing substances participate in the bottom-up process used in biological synthesis of nanoparticles. Phytochemical research reveals a variety of Phyto-moieties found in CP leaf extracts. The findings of the screening tests for qualitative analysis that were carried out at their lab for this purpose are listed in Table 2. These phytomedicines have a stimulating effect and function as a mild reducing agent when silver nitrate (Ag+) is reduced to silver (Ag0) at the nanoscale. Additionally, it presents itself as a capping and stabilizing agent. The phytochemical analysis of Chrozophora Plicata leaves also revealed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins. The highest concentration of flavonoids and a good proportion of 1H-Pyrazole-3-amine are found in water hyacinth, as was previously mentioned [43]. Chemical substances known as antioxidants protect cells from dangerous free radicals. The flavonoid concentration reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases and a number of cancers. One plant pigment that is particularly strong as an antioxidant flavonoid is quercetin. It is a beneficial antioxidant that can guard against a number of medication toxicities [44]. Flavonoids, such as 1H-Pyrazole-3-amine, were discovered to make up the majority of the phytochemicals. Silver ions are reduced to silver nanoparticles by the amine (-NH2) groups of flavonoids, such as 1H-Pyrazole-3-amine. By moving protons from one location in the molecule to another, structural isomers known as tautomers are created. The hydrogen atom that is liberated during this enol to keto conversion process in 1H-Pyrazole-3-amine aids in the transformation of the ion into metallic silver nanoparticles and stabilizes the Ag Nps. Table 2 Qualitative analysis of Phytochemical results shown by CP leaf extract S.No Metabolite Test performed Observation Inference 1 Alkaloids CP-extract with Mayer’s reagent Presence of White creamy precipitate Presence of Alkaloids CP-extract with Dragendorff’s reagent Presence of reddishbrown precipitate Presence of Alkaloids 2 Carbohydrates CP-extract with αnaphthol in alcohol, two drops of þ concentrated sulphuric acid. No violet ring Absence of carbohydrates. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(01), 2069-2085 2072 3 Flavonoids Alkaline reagent test CP - leaf extract 10% ammonium hydroxide solution Yellow fluorescence flavonoids may be present 4 Sterols CP-extract with CHCl3 + Acetic anhydride + Con.H2SO4 Absence of reddishbrown precipitate Absence of sterols 5 Saponins CP-extract shaken with water Presence of foam Presence of saponins 6 Cardiac glycosides CP-extract with Baljet reagent Presence of foam Presence of Cardiac glycosides 7 Lignin CP-extract with Aq.NaOH Absence of yellow colour Absence of Lignin 8 Coumarins CP-extract with 10% NaOH and CHCl3 Presence of yellow colour Presence of Coumarins 2.2. Synthesis of Ag Nps The solution for the AR grade silver nitrate, which was acquired from SDFCL, a company based in Mumbai, was made with double-distilled water. 50 milliliters of CP extract and 200 milliliters of AgNO3 (0.01 N) were mixed in a 1:4 precursor to plant extract ratio. The production of nanoparticles is significantly influenced by pH. The alkaline pH of 9– 11, which is suitable for the synthesis, also affected the color intensity of the aqueous solution. A lower concentration of silver nitrate is produced in this solution, whose pH was determined by CP extract to be 11, in order to investigate its hidden properties. Following agitation and mixing, the reaction mixture was exposed to sunlight for approximately fifteen minutes. A distinct indication of the development of green silver nanoparticles or Chrozophora Plicata (CP) extract silver nanoparticles is provided by the colour shift from green to light brown to dark brown (Fig. 2). Figure 2 Schematic flow of green synthesis of Ag NPs by CP leaf extract -Soxhlet apparatus World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(01), 2069-2085 2073 Centrifugation was carried out for roughly 20 minutes at 1000 rpm while these green nanoparticles were contained in the centrifuge tubes. The brown residue that remains is then put into a clean China dish, and the colourless centrifuge is thrown away. To prevent the residue from charring, it is carefully dried over the hot plate at a reduced temperature (Fig.3). Figure 3 Schematic representation of the CP leaf extract silver nanoparticle process. 2.3. Characterization of Ag Nps Chrozophora Plicata (CP) extract was characterized using the following primary techniques: Ag Nps were screened using UV-visible spectroscopy on a LABMAN LMSP-UV1200 with a wavelength precision of +0.5 nm. Using NICOLET 6700, USA instruments, a Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) investigation was conducted at Avinashilingam University Tamilnadu in India to verify the creation of green silver nanoparticles in the 450–400 cm-1 range. To examine the structure of the recently produced Ag Nps, X-ray powder diffraction (X-RD) was performed using a model Xpert MPD. Cu target X-Ray tube, Cu Kα (λ ¼ 1.5406 A) radiation, and a tracking voltage of 40 KV were used to record the XRD patterns on an X-ray diffractometer in a range of 2θ from 30 to 1360. The exterior morphology of Ag Nps was investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDX). With an accelerating voltage of 0.2 to 30 kv and an emission current of 0–200 μA, a field emission scanning electron microscope was also utilized to examine the morphological characteristics of Ag Nps using a LaB6 filament 2 nm 30 KV and a W filament 3.5 nm at 30 kv. Using HRTEM (model: Thermo-Scientific, Model: TALOS F200S G2, 200 KV, FEG) conducted in the TEM Lab, CNR Lab in Avinashilingam, Tamilnadu, the size, shape, and morphology of the produced Ag Nps were verified. 2.4. Theoretical studies 1-H-Pyrazol-3-amine and 2-(2-Diethylamino-ethoxy)-fluoren-9-one, two essential components of CB extract, were the subjects of quantum chemistry investigations. Essential details regarding the nature of the electron transfer property of 1-H-pyrazol-3-amine and 2-(2-Diethylamino-ethoxy)-fluoren-9-one can be found in various quantum chemical parameters derived from quantum chemical investigations. Thus, a theoretical analysis was conducted in the current investigation using the PM3 method and the Argus Lab (advanced version) software (Table 3). World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(01), 2069-2085 2074 Table 3 Quantum chemical results of higher amount of ingredients of the CP leaf extract which are acting as mild reducing agent Ag NPs synthesis. Sno compounds ionization potential I homo eV lumo eV energy gap eV electn affinity (A = LUMO) eV electronegativity χ = ((I+A)/2) eV global hardness Ƞ= ((IA)/2) eV softness ( 1/Ƞ) 1 1H-Pyrazol-3amine 7.652489 -7.652 - 0.056 7.596 0.056 3.8542445 3.7982445 0.2632795229 2 2Diethylaminoethoxy 7.369061 -7.369 - 1.333 6.036 1.333 4.3510305 3.0180305 0.3313419132 HOMO, LUMO, electronegativity (χ), electrophilicity index (ω), chemical softness (σ), electron attraction (A), chemical potential (μ), ionization potential (I), and chemical hardness (η) are among the various quantum chemical characteristics that have been computed per the literature [46]. 2.5. Antibacterial studies According to past studies, plant-based silver nanoparticles shown strong antibacterial properties. At Avinashilingam University's Biogenics CN. Rao Centre for Research, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and S. aureus) were found to be susceptible to the antibacterial activity of CP-synthesised Ag Nps. The zone of inhibition was evaluated during the analysis, which was carried out using the agar diffusion method. The antibiotic utilized is IC Ciprofloxacin, a common antibiotic and the solvent is DMSO. The stock cultures of bacteria were initially grown in broth media for eighteen hours at 370C before being transferred to the test tube. The previously mentioned media were used to create the agar plates and the wells inside the plate. During that time, each plate was shielded for 18 hours. Different amounts of nano-samples were arranged on plates, with a 20-minute gap between fills. Additional plates were incubated at 370C for 24 hours in order to determine the inhibitory zone's diameter, which was expressed in millimeters. 2.6. Corrosion test methods In the present study, corrosion investigations were conducted using Fe metal of type Fe-410, which has chemical compositions of <0.15% C, 11.5-13.5% Cr, >0.75% Ni, <1.0% Mn, <1.0% Si, <0.04% P, and <0.03% S. One centimeter of Fe metal pieces were exposed to the corrosive system, while the remaining portion was coated with epoxy resin for the Tafel plot and AC impedance spectroscopy techniques. The metal parts are cleaned with acetone and polished with sandpaper before testing. In the 1M HCl solution, the inhibitory effectiveness of Ag Nps against metal corrosion on the Fe surface was assessed using chemical (atomic absorption spectroscopy) and electrochemical (Tafel plot and AC impedance spectroscopy) methods. Using the SEM technique, surface analyses of Fe in a 1 molar HCl solution were conducted both with and without the ideal concentration of Ag Nps present. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used to measure the concentration of Fe (II) ions in the 1M HCl solution using the model GBC, 908, and Ag Nps at concentrations ranging from 1 mg/L to 4 mg/L. For this objective, one centimetre of polished iron metal was left exposed for ten hours in total. The amount of weight loss is then calculated by weighing Fe after it has been taken out of the corrosive solution and allowed to dry. The protection efficiency can be calculated as per the following expression. Protection efficiency (%)= 𝐵−𝐴 𝐴𝑋100 (1) Where, B-Amount of dissolved Fe (II) content without Ag Nps and A-Amount of dissolved Fe (II) content with Ag Nps Utilizing a CHI 660C workstation, electrochemical calculations were performed utilizing three electrodes: platinum, calomel, and working cell (Fe). The AC impedance spectroscopy technique was used at frequencies between 105 and 102 Hz after a 30-minute stabilization period. At a scan rate of 1 mV/s, a potential between -0.20 and +0.20 V versus open circuit potential (OCP) is employed for the potentio-dynamic polarization (Tafel plots). The software that came with the CH instrument was used to obtain measurements of corrosion potential (Ecorr) and Tafel slopes. Based on the corrosion current density measurements, the polarization resistance (Rp) values were evaluated using the Stern-Geary equation [48]. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(01), 2069-2085 2075 Protection efficiency (%)= 1-R0ct / Rct X100 (2) This expression can be used to determine protection efficiency based on the charge transfer resistance (from an AC impedance research) and the aluminum corrosion current density (from potentiodynamic polarization). Where, R0ct= Charge transmission resistance value without Ag Nps and Rct = Charge transfer resistance value with Ag Nps. Inhibition Effiency (%)= 1-Icorr / I0corr X 100 (3) Where, I0corr -Fe corrosion current density (which was obtained from instrument) without Ag Nps and Icorr -Fe corrosion current density with Ag Nps. The morphology of Iron without and with 0.4 mg/L of Ag Nps was screened by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique at an immersion time of 5 h. 3. Results and discussion The UV-visible spectroscopy method is typically used to analyze the optical and structural characteristics of nanoparticles. The color shift of the AgNO3 and plant extract mixture in the correct ratios allowed for control of the generated silver nanoparticles. After around 30 minutes, the two combinations' colors transitioned from green to yellow and finally to brown. The optical characteristics of the silver nanoparticles caused these color changes. SPR peaks, a feature of noble metals that arise when the free-moving electrons in Ag Nps come into contact with visible or ultraviolet light, were the cause of this. Different absorption bands cause Ag Nps to vary in size and form, in accordance with Mie's hypothesis of colloidal particles. Two or three absorption bands at 742 nm offer a perfect triangle, as reported by Chen and Carroll, whereas at 465 nm, triangular forms are indicated, as reported by Chalmers, Griffiths, Farooq et al. The UV-visible spectrum also exhibits anisotropic character. Quadrupole resonance outside the plane is linked to the same time at 333 nm. Two significant bands, one at 280 nm and the other at 450 nm, were discovered in the current investigation. After adding the extract, we also experimented with the time gap of AgNP production, recording UV visible spectra every five minutes. It's interesting to note that neither peak's wavelengths shift considerably. Figure 5a shows the produced silver nanoparticles' well-defined SPR band at 450 nm. About 450 nm of absorbance verifies that Ag Nps have formed. Timedependent increases in the SPR band also show that additional Ag Nps are forming in the solution. Individual metal particle size and shape are also represented by this band. A leaf extract used to decrease and cap the Ag Nps was used to identify secondary phyto-medicines using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Fig. 5b displays the FT-IR spectra of Ag Nps. The Ag Nps' primary absorption bands were 3927.07 cm-1,3749.62cm1,3348.42cm-1,1635.64 cm-1. It is recommended that certain polyphenolic compounds be connected to the silver nanoparticles because the band at 3348.12 cm-1 can be allocated for –NH/-OH vibration stretching and the band around 1635.64 cm-1 is assigned for stretching vibration of carbon-carbon. These FT-IR bands of amine, alcoholic and carbonyl groups, which are necessary for the capping of produced silver nanoparticles, may be the cause of the synthesis of hybrid Ag Nps [10–12]. (a) World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(01), 2069-2085 2076 (b) (c) Figure 4 (a–c): (a) UV–Visible spectrum, (b) FT-IR spectrum and (c) XRD results of Ag Nps. The XRD technique is used to confirm the crystalline/amorphous nature of newly synthesized Ag Nps. The crystallite size (L) of green Ag Nps was evaluated with the help of the Scherrer equation, as shown below: L= Bλ/βcos θ (4) where, β - full-width half maximum of diffraction, B - Scherer constant, θ - Bragg's angle, and λ – wavelength. Fig. 4.c shows the XRD pattern of Ag Nps. The well-resolved, high-intensity peaks at 2θ = 38.270, 44, 63.360, and 76.120 in their X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern demonstrate the crystal lattice structure of Ag Nps. The literature analysis indicates that the typical peaks for Ag Nps are 2θ = 38.1630, 43.5970, and 76.5440 [13–15]. This illustrates how Ag+ ions can create new silver nanoparticles with the help of AS extract. The spectra at the (111), (200), and (311) planes, respectively, show the silver nanoparticles' Face Cantered Cubic (FCC) and crystalline structure. The preferred orientation of Ag Nps is the (111) plane, as indicated by a high-intensity peak at 2˨ = 38.270 [12, 15–17]. The Scherer equation showed that Ag Nps' average diameter ranged from 16 to 65 nm. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) constituent elemental analysis revealed a significant concentration of physiologically generated Ag Nps, as shown in Fig. 6. The purity and chemical makeup of Ag NPs show that a sizable amount of silver metal was first produced with other elements. When paired with relative oxygen, silicon, and potassium compositions, silver forms an organic capping agent that binds to the surface of Ag NPs. To examine the distribution of Ag NPs' particle size pattern, the diameters of a minimum of 100 particles were determined using HRTEM pictures. The HRTEM results are shown in Fig. 5. The spherical Ag particle structures are confirmed by HRTEM pictures. The typical size range of Ag NPs nanoparticles is 15–25 nm. The greatest particle size distributions range in diameter from 35 to 60 nm. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(01), 2069-2085 2077 Figure 5 HRTEM images of Ag NPs For a range of packaging and pharmaceutical applications, research on Ag NPs' antibacterial qualities is essential. The data on antibacterial activity are shown in Fig. 7. It has antibacterial qualities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, two round, Gram-positive bacteria. In this study, gram-negative bacteria, including E. coli, are displayed. As the surface area of silver nanoparticles increases, so does the number of atoms at the surface. The high stability of the nanoparticles indicates that higher concentrations of phytochemicals act as more potent reducing agents. The pictures in Figure 6 demonstrate the highest level of antibacterial activity. The optimal zone of inhibition occurs between 500 and 1000 μg of clear zone. Small microorganisms interacted with silver nanoparticles and were readily captured on this huge surface area [49]. Silver nanoparticles' ultra-small size—roughly 200 times smaller than that of bacteria—creates an electrostatic attraction between the microbial surface and the nanoparticles, rendering the bacteria inactive by trapping them with essential enzymes that contain thiol groups. This raises the particles' antibacterial efficacy [48–52] and interferes with the bacterial cells' regular activity, which eventually leads to cell death [50]. All of these elements help to explain the antibacterial activity [17–20], and the shape of the generated silver nanoparticles also matters [53]. The activity is more noticeable for gram-negative bacteria, with a zone of inhibition measured shown to be good with bacteria Escherichia. Coli at 1000 μg/ml [54–57]. Same time results also shown that Ag Nps have no vital antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus strain [16, 18, 19]. 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