The role of Mangifera indica and Psidium guajava in the treatment of peptic ulcer

 Corresponding author: Sunil Kumar Copyright © 2025 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0. The role of Mangifera indica and Psidium guajava in the treatment of peptic ulcer Sunil Kumar 1, *, Ishita Rajput 1, Diksha Dhiman 1, Shivam Thakur 2, Mohit Sharma 1, Promil Chauhan 3, Komal Rajput 4, Vipul Sharma 1, Mahak Sharma 1, Komal Sharma 1, Sandeep Thakur 1 and Rajat Parmar 1 1 Gautam College of Pharmacy, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India (177001). 2 Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India. 3 Himachal Institute of pharmacy, Paonta sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India. 4 Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Sector 32-C, Chandigarh, India. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(02), 544-568 Publication history: Received on 27 September 2025; revised on 03 November 2025; accepted on 06 November 2025 Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2025.28.2.3743 Abstract Background: Modern day life style brings a lot of habitual changes in human beings that directly or indirectly affects individual health. For example, bad food eating habits leads to many disorders of gastrointestinal tract, such as peptic ulcer, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), constipation, diarrhea, gastritis, hemorrhoids and in some cases, an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Peptic ulcers occur due to factors like Spicy, acidic, fatty food items, alcohol consumption, smoking, persistent inflammation and unchecked oxidative damage etc. While standard treatments provide relief, their frequent side effects have sparked a growing interest in nature derived options. Based on traditional rationale, this investigation explores the protective promise of leaves from Mangifera indica (mango) and Psidium guajava (guava), containing/ consisting of bioactive compounds like mangiferin, limonene, quercetin and gallic acid etc. that possess anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antibacterial, antidiabetic, antioxidant and tissue healing properties through different pathways, including NF-κB blockade and free radical neutralization etc. Objective: To investigate the gastroprotective efficacy of Mangifera indica and Psidium guajava leaf extracts in formulating a topical mucoadhesive gel for managing mouth ulcers. Methods: Leaves sourced and verified from Himachal Pradesh, India, underwent hydroalcoholic extraction (95% ethanol) via the Soxhlet method. Standard qualitative assays verified key phytoconstituents alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, glycosides, proteins and carbohydrates in the yields. These extracts (5% w/w each) were blended into a Carbopol 940 mucoadhesive gel matrix, enhanced with menthol for soothing, analgesia and rigorously tested for various physicochemical parameters including pH, viscosity, spread ability, homogeneity, drug content and irritancy. Results: The mucoadhesive mouth gel emerged as a cohesive, semi-solid preparation boasting a consistent light-green appearance, agreeable aroma, neutral pH (6.0–7.5), broad viscosity range (5,000–100,000 cP), superior spread ability, even distribution (±5% deviation) and reliable drug uniformity (95–99%), all while showing zero irritancy hallmarks of a formulation ready for real-world application. Conclusion: The formulation proved stable, exhibiting no phase separation or microbial contamination over the evaluation period. As such, this herbal mouth gel offers a natural, affordable and user-friendly alternative to standard treatments for oral ulcers. Scaling up production and conducting accelerated stability tests would further bolster its prospects for commercial rollout as a plant-based oral care solution. Keywords: Mangifera indica; Psidium guajava; Mangiferin; Limonene; Peptic Ulcer; Mouth Sores; Herbal Mouth Gel. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(02), 544-568 545 1. Introduction 1.1. Mangifera indica Mango (Mangifera indica) is one of the oldest and most popular fruits having delightful flavour and taste. Mango the “King of Fruits” is an economically significant fruit in different areas of the globe. In addition to its great tropical taste, mangoes encapsulate nutrients and make eating healthy and pleasant sensory experience. Mango fruit is a member of the Anacardiaceae family and, in the Sapindales order. India is the largest producer, followed by China, Thailand and Mexico, with Mexico leading in international trade, accounting for 20% of the global market. Mango is a most cultivated fruit that originated in India around 4,000 years ago [1]. Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Bihar, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu are the main mango-producing states. Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer of mangoes, accounting for 23.47% of total production and producing the most fruit (APEDA, 2021) [2]. India ranks as a major exporter of fresh mangoes to international markets. Mangoes consist of carbohydrates minerals fiber and vitamins that play a vital role in human health. These encompass minerals such as nitrogen potassium phosphorus iron sodium calcium and magnesium together with vitamins A B E and C. Protein stands as the primary macromolecule in mango leaves. Every part of the mango plant - fruit pulp seed peel flowers leaves and bark - provides potential benefits that underpin its widespread appeal for nutraceutical and medicinal purposes [3]. Mangifera indica serves as a vital source of macronutrients including carbohydrates lipids and fatty acids proteins and amino acids plus organic acids. Mango also supplies micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals alongside nonnutrient compounds like phenolic compounds flavonoids and other polyphenols chlorophyll carotenoids and volatile compounds. Mangiferin stands as the most bioactive constituent in mango. It drives the bulk of its biological effects. Mango leaf oil contains monoterpenes sesquiterpenes minor amounts of related compounds and traces of nonterpenoid and oxygenated hydrocarbons [3, 4]. Mango leaf essential oil shows bacteriostatic effects and harbours antimicrobial agents such as α-gurjunene, trans-caryophyllene, α-humulene, α-selinene and camphor. Benzophenone compounds in mango leaves exhibit potent α-glucosidase inhibitory and immunosuppressive effects [5]. Mango leaves support broad applications through their diverse phytochemical biological and pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial antioxidant anti-diabetic anti-tumour and immunomodulatory properties [6]. Figure 1 Mango Tree Figure 2 Mango Leaves World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(02), 544-568 546 1.1.1. Chemical constituents Table 1 Phytochemistry of Mangifera indica [6, 7] Sr. No. Phytochemicals Chemical Structure Pharmacological Activity 1. Mangiferin Antidiabetic, Hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant 2. Catechin Antidiabetic, Antiinflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant 3. Quercetin Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant 4. Ferulic acid Antioxidant anti-inflammatory and photoprotective 5. Vanillic acid Antioxidant 6. 4-hydroxy benzoic acid Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory 7. Gallic acid Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anti-proliferative World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(02), 544-568 547 8. Coumarin Bronchodilator, fungicide, anticoagulant, vasodilator, spasmolytic and antithrombotic 9. Iriflophenone 3-Cglucoside Antioxidant and anti-proliferative 10. Antocyanin Antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic and anti-proliferative 1.2. Pharmacological Activities 1.2.1. Anti-Bacterial Various morphological components of the mango plant such as leaves exhibit antibacterial properties against pathogens including Staphylococcus sp. Bacillus subtilis Escherichia coli Candida albicans Proteus vulgaris Pseudomonas fluorescens Shigella flexneri Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhi. Mangifera indica leaf extract represents the most researched element for antibacterial effects [8]. It demonstrates notable efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. The antibacterial potential of extract also targets Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli [9]. 1.2.2. Anti-Fungal Mangiferin exhibits activity against seven bacterial species - Bacillus pumilus B. cereus Staphylococcus aureus, S. citreus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella agona and Klebsiella pneumoniae - one yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and four fungi (Thermoascus aurantiacus Trichoderma reesei Aspergillus flavus and A. fumigatus) [10]. 1.2.3. Anti-Inflammatory Mangiferin and other phenolic compounds suppress the nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer (NF-κB) pathway. This action lowers transcription of pro-inflammatory genes. It thereby reduces production of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and IL-1β. Cytokine Reduction: Research indicates marked decreases in tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) levels after mango leaf extract treatment. These cytokines contribute key roles in pain perception and tissue inflammation [7]. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(02), 544-568 548 Figure 3 Role of Mangiferin in TNFα transcription 1.2.4. Anti-cancer Polyphenols in Mangifera indica leaves such as phenolic acids gallotannins mangiferin and quercetin exhibit chemopreventive effects against multiple cancers. These stem from their strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. Mangiferin reduces various tumours by blocking their migration invasion and proliferation. Additional mechanisms of mangiferin encompass inhibition of telomerase and the gene [11]. Mangiferin also alleviates oxidative stress and prevents methylmercury-induced DNA damage in the human neuroblastoma cell line IMR-32 [12]. 1.2.5. Anti-diabetic Mangifera indica leaves have strong anti-diabetic potential owing to their hypoglycaemic compounds like flavonoids and benzophenones. Mangiferin exhibited lower α-glucosidase inhibition which can be enhanced by replacing the glucose group with hydrogen which may decrease the steric hindrance during the mangiferin enzyme interaction [13]. 1.2.6. Antioxidant Mango fruit displays antioxidant properties from phenolic acids such as gallic and ellagic acids. Gallic acid neutralizes ROS including OH, O2.- and ROO and suppresses lipid peroxidation [14]. 1.2.7. Antiviral Flavonoids in mango encompass quercetin catechin and epicatechin. These compounds demonstrate antioxidant capacity and scavenging effects against reactive oxygen species and free radicals. Their pharmacological effects strengthen through penetration of microbial cell membranes. Flavonoids display antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus respiratory syncytial virus Parainfluenza virus and Adenovirus. Flavonoids exert antiviral effects by blocking various stages in the viral replication cycle [15, 16] World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(02), 544-568 549 Figure 4 Pharmacological Activities of Magnifera indica 1.3. Psidium guajava The fruit Psidium guajava (guava) a member of the Myrtaceae family, is widely consumed in tropical regions such as South America, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Indonesia and India. Numerous phytochemicals, including quercetin, avicularin, apigenin, guaijaverin, kaempferol, hyperin, myricetin, gallic acid, epicatechin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, epigallocatechin gallate and caffeic acid, have been linked to the health benefits of guava plant leaves. The biological properties of guava leaf extracts, such as their hepatoprotective, lipid-lowering, anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant and antidiarrheal properties, have been investigated. Minerals like calcium, potassium, sulfur, sodium, iron, boron, magnesium, manganese and vitamins C and B are abundant in guava leaves. Because guava leaves include higher amounts of Mg, Na, S, Mn and B. They are an excellent option for both human nutrition and animal feed in preventing micronutrient deficiencies [17]. Figure 5 Guava Tree Leaves of the Psidium guajava serve commonly in traditional medicine for treating thrush and diarrhea. These leaves harbor a specific chemical [18]. Guava trees thrive across India owing to their diverse commercial applications. Key cultivation states include Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal though the plant grows in nearly all states [19]. In India guava ranks as the fourth leading fruit crop. Annual production reaches 1.80 million tonnes from 0.15 million hectares under cultivation. Bihar tops output ahead of Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Prominent cultivars in India encompass Khaja (Bengal Safeda) Chittidar Harija Lalit Pant Prabhat Dhareedar and Arka Mridula. Hybrid varieties such as Arka Amulya Safed Jam and Kohir Safeda have also been developed [20]. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(02), 544-568 550 Figure 6 Guava leaves Figure 7 Guava fruit 1.3.1. Chemical Constituents Psidium guajava leaves consist phenolic compounds, iso-flavonoids, gallic acid, catechin, quercetin, epicatechin, rutin, naringenin, kaempferol, caryophyllene oxide, p-selinene and other chemical elements [21, 22]. Guava fruit provides vitamins A and C plus iron phosphorus and calcium. It exceeds oranges in vitamin C content. The fruit also features saponins, oleanolic acid, lyxopyranoside arabopyranoside, guaijavarin, quercetin and flavonoids [29-31]. Guava leaves hold elevated levels of limonene (42.1%) and caryophyllene (21.3%) [32]. Table 2 Chemical constituents of Psidium guajava [23-28] Sr. No. Phytochemicals Structure Actions 1. Limonene Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Antimicrobial, Hepatorenal Protective Activity, Hypoglycemic, Anti-cancer activity. 2. 1,8Cineole Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral Activity. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(02), 544-568 551 3. Quercetin Anti-oxidant, Anti-microbial activity, Anti-inflammatory activity, Immunosuppressive effects, Anti-cancer, Antiviral. 4. Oleanolic acid Anti-inflammatory, Antitumor, Anti-microbial, Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective ability, Anti-hypertensive activity 5. Caryophyllene Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Analgesic properties 6. Ursolic Acid Antioxidant, Antiinflammatory, Antimicrobial, Hepatoprotection, Immunomodulatory 7. Quninine Antifungal, Antibacterial, Antiviral, Antimalarial activity Immuno-modulatory activity 8. Gallic Acid Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer activity, Gastrointestinal diseases World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(02), 544-568 552 9. Guaijaverin Antimicrobial activity Table 3 Essential Oil of Guava Leaves [33] Compounds Content / Composition Limonene 54.7% 1,8Cineole (Eucalyptol) 32.14% β–Caryophyllene 2.91% αTerpineol 1.79% αPinene 1.53 % Benzaldehyde 0.83% αHumulene 0.77% pcymene 0.52% γTerpinene 0.38% βcisOcimene 0.28% Total identified constituents 95.85% 1.3.2. Pharmacological Activity Psidium guajava harbours diverse pharmacologically active components with biological effects such as anti-diabetes anti-diarrhea anti-microbial anti-oxidant cardioactive hepatoprotective antipyretic spasmolytic immunomodulatory and contractile [34]. Anti-diabetic activity Psidium guajava has been shown to reduce blood glucose levels. Guava fruit extract can help diabetics lose weight and control blood sugar levels. Guava extract protects pancreatic tissues, particularly islet beta cells, from lipid peroxidation, reducing insulin-positive beta cell loss and output [35]. Antidiarrheal activity Diarrhea represents a major global concern. Guava fruit functions as a natural laxative to relieve constipation. Studies show that guava fruit peel strengthens its antidiarrheal effects [36]. Excessive consumption of unripe guava fruit can trigger indigestion and vomiting [37]. Guava leaf decoction treats gastroenteritis and chronic diarrhea [38]. Young leaves and shoots address dysentery and diarrhea [39]. Guava leaf extract includes quercetin which curbs intestinal motility and lowers capillary permeability [40]. It also blocks excessive watery output in acute diarrhea [41]. Antimicrobial activity Psidium guajava leaf extract consists four antibacterial flavonoids: morin-3-O-lyxoside morin-3-O-arabinoside quercetin and quercetin-3-O-arabinoside. These flavonoids target pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus stearothermophilus Brochothrix thermosphacta Escherichia coli O157:H7 Listeria monocytogenes Pseudomonas fluorescens Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus [42, 43]. Guava leaf extract demonstrates antibacterial World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(02), 544-568 559 • Improved drug delivery: Bio adhesive gels extend contact time at the ulcer site. This ensures sustained drug release [91]. • Reduced recurrence: Extended use of medicated gels cuts ulcer episode frequency and severity [92]. • Enhanced patient compliance: Straightforward topical use pleasant taste and focused action heighten acceptance versus systemic therapy. • Reduced systemic side effects: Localized effects minimize risks of systemic adverse reactions linked to oral corticosteroids or antibiotics [93]. 2. Material and Methodology 2.1. Methodology for Psidium guajava gel formulation for mouth ulcers: 2.1.1. Collection of Plant Material The herbal plant materials (Mango leaves and Guava leaves) were collected from different parts of Hamirpur and Kangra District. The chemicals and reagents are from Gautam College of Pharmacy Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India -177001. Mature, healthy leaves that were free of illness or physical injury were chosen. Data documentation included details such as the date of collection, habitat and environmental conditions. 2.1.2. Authentication The Department of Forest Products, College of Horticulture and Forestry, NERIHamirour-177001 affiliated with Dr. YS Parmar UHFNauni, Solan (H.P.) validated the obtained plant materials and confirmed with Authentication number i.e. UHF/COHF/FP/Acad/- 1937 and UHF/COHF/FP/Acad/- 1985 the scientific legitimacy of the plant materials utilised in this project. 2.1.3. Processing of Plant Material To eliminate any remaining dust or contaminants, the gathered leaves were carefully rinsed with tap water. The leaves were then shade-dried at room temperature for 10-14 days until they reached a consistent weight, after which they were ground into a coarse powder using a mechanical grinder. The powdery substance was kept in sealed containers. 2.1.4. Preparation of Magnifera indica leaves extract A weighed quantity of dry, coarsely powdered Magnifera indica leaves was fed into the Soxhlet assembly. 95% ethanol and 5ml of water were pumped through the top of the condenser. The solvent gently poured onto the powdered leaves in the Soxhlet assembly. Ethanol gradually permeated the drug bed, dissolving phytoconstituents. The extract-laden solvent was collected in the round-bottom flask illustrated below. This setup allowed the Soxhlet apparatus to function as a percolator, with solvent flowing downhill by gravity. The extraction technique was repeated until the entire extract was collected in the round-bottom flask. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(02), 544-568 560 2.1.5. Preparation of Psidium guajava leaves extract Figure 15 Soxhlet Apparatus for Mangifera indica Figure 16 Soxhlet Apparatus for Psidium guajava A weighed quantity of dry, coarsely powdered Psidium guajava leaves was fed into the Soxhlet assembly. 95% ethanol and 5ml of water were pumped through the top of the condenser. The solvent gently poured onto the powdered leaves in the Soxhlet assembly. Ethanol gradually permeated the drug bed, dissolving phytoconstituents. The extract-laden solvent was collected in the round-bottom flask illustrated below. This setup allowed the Soxhlet apparatus to function as a percolator, with solvent flowing downhill by gravity. The extraction technique was repeated until the entire extract was collected in the round-bottom flask. 3. Phytochemical Screening of Mangifera indica and Psidium guajava Standard phytochemical screening methods were employed to analyse the extracts for the presence of active components such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and cardiac glycosides [94,95]. • Test for alkaloids: In a test tube, 1.5ml of 1% hydrochloric acid (HCl) was mixed with 2.0ml of each extract. Six drops of Wagner's reagent were applied after heating the test tube contents over a water bath. An orange precipitate was formed, indicating the presence of alkaloids. • Test for flavonoids: To each 2.0 ml extract, add a few drops of ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3 ∙ 6H2O) solution. The appearance of intense green colour suggested the presence of flavonoids. • Test for phenols: To each 2.0 ml extract, add a few drops of a 5% ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3 ∙ 6H2O)) solution. The presence of phenols was indicated by a deep blue-black colour. • Test for tannins: Mix 1.0ml of each extract with 2.0ml of distilled water. Adding 2.0 ml of 5% ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3 ∙ 6H2O)) solution to the mixture resulted in a brownish-green or dark-green solution, indicating tannin presence. • Test for cardiac glycosides: To prepare the test tube, 3.0 ml of glacial acetic acid (CH3COOH) was added to 2.0 ml of each extract, followed by 1 drop of 5% ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3 ∙ 6H2O) and 0.5 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4) carefully added on the side. The blue colour formed in CH3COOH indicates the presence of cardiac glycosides. • Test for steroids: To each extract, add 5.0ml of chloroform (CHCl3) and 2.0ml of acetic anhydride ((CH3CO)2O before adding concentrated (H2SO4). The reddish-brown colour at the interface indicated the presence of steroids. • Test for saponins: - The extracts were diluted with distilled water and agitated in a test tube for 15 minutes. A layer of foam formed, indicating the presence of saponins [94, 95]. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(02), 544-568 561 Figure 17 Psidium guajava Leaf Extract Figure 18 Mangifera indica Leaf Extract 4. Results 4.1. Phytochemical Screening Results Phytochemical Screening of Mangifera indica and Psidium guajava was done at Gautam college of Pharmacy Hamirpur. The results are mentioned below, Table 4 Phytochemical Screening Results of the Formulation Phytochemical Test Used Observation Result in Mangifera indica and Psidium guajava Alkaloids Mayer’s / Wagner’s Cream / reddish ppt Present Flavonoids Alkaline reagent Yellow colorless (HCl) Present Phenols & Tannins Ferric chloride Blue-black / green colour Present Saponins Foam test Persistent froth Present Terpenoids Salkowski test Reddish-brown interface Present Glycosides Keller-Killiani Brown ring at interface Present Proteins Biuret test Violet coloration Present Carbohydrates Benedict test Brick-red precipitate Present 4.2. Formulation (for 100 g batch) Table 5 Constituents and amount of the Formulation for 100 g batch Ingredient Function % w/w Amount (g) Mango leaves extract (hydroalcoholic) Active 5.0 5.0 Guava leaves extract (hydroalcoholic) Active 5.0 5.0 World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(02), 544-568 562 Menthol Chilling agent 0–0.5 0–0.5 Carbopol 940 Gelling mucoadhesive base 1.0 1.0 Glycerin Humectant, solvent 5.0 5.0 Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer/wetting agent 0.5 0.5 Methyl Paraben Preservative 0.5 0.5 Triethanolamine (TEA) 10% or 10% NaOH) Neutralizer (to gel Carbopol) qs ~0.2–0.6 Purified water Vehicle 81.0–82.0 ~81.0–82.0 Figure 19 Final Product 4.3. Evaluation Parameters for Mouth Gel Different parameter for evaluation of mouth gel of extracts of Mangifera indica and Psidium guajava was done at Gautam college of Pharmacy, Hamirpur (H.P.) Table 6 Evaluation Parameters for Mouth Gel Sr. No. Name Result 1. Appearance Smooth, Uniform, Bubble-free and homogenous 2. State Semi Solid 3. Color Uniform Light Green 4. Odor Pleasant, Characteristic, no sour smell 5. Texture Smooth, NonGritty, Moderately adhesive 6. Viscosity 5000100000cP World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 28(02), 544-568 563 7. Spreadability Smooth, Quick spread 8. Irritancy test No Irritation 9. Temperature 25 ± 1 10. pH Determination 6.0-7.5 11. Homogeneity Uniform, Smooth, ± 5% drug variation 12. Drug Content Uniformity 95 – 99% 5. Conclusion The formulated mouth gel containing Mangifera indica (mango) and Psidium guajava (guava) extracts with menthol showed promising potential for the management of mouth ulcers associated with peptic ulcer conditions. The formulated herbal mouth gel containing Mangifera indica and Psidium guajava, was designed to provide a better and adaptable therapeutic approach for the treatment of mouth ulcers. The herbal constituents provided effective antiinflammatory, antimicrobial and wound-healing properties, supporting their role in promoting rapid healing of mouth ulcers. The menthol provided local analgesic and cooling sensation enhancing patient comfort. The formulation showcased desirable organoleptic characteristics, homogeneity and spread ability, ensuring ease of application and better retention in the oral cavity. The herbal mouth gel represents a safe, natural and effective alternative for the treatment and relief of various types of mouth ulcers. The overall formulation was stable and showed no signs of phase separation or microbial contamination during the evaluation period. Thus, the formulated mouth gel presents a natural, economical and patient-friendly alternative to conventional mouth ulcer treatments. Large-scale production and stability testing under accelerated conditions would support its potential for commercial development as an herbal oral care product. 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