Agrivoltaics and Biodiversity - The scarcity of land: how land use conflicts impact biodiversity in Germany and beyond

Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector This work and the used images are licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0, if not otherwise stated. ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Authors: Henny-Catharina Grewe, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Germany Agrivoltaics and Biodiversity The scarcity of land: how land use conflicts impact biodiversity in Germany and beyond 11/2025 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Motivation •Two major crises •Climate change •Biodiversity loss, deterioration of ecosystem functions & services worldwide (IPBES 2019) •a sixth mass extinction may be under way (Barnosky et al. 2011) Image generated by Google Gemini AI ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Biodiversity genetic diversity differences in DNA among individuals ecosystem diversity Variety of ecosystems, habitats, niches, species interaction species diversity Variety of species in each area Figure adapted from Max-Planck Society 1.6 million species All images by © Henny Grewe, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Ein Bild, das Text, Karte enthält. KI-generierte Inhalte können fehlerhaft sein. Ein Bild, das Text, Screenshot, S chrift, Webseite enthält. KI-generierte Inhalte können fehlerhaft sein. Biodiversity loss Our World in Data team (2023) - “Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss” Published online at OurWorldinData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20251125-173858/sdgs/life-on-land.html' [Online Resource] (archived on November 25, 2025). https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/red-list-index “Data Page: Number of species threatened with extinction”, part of the following publication: Hannah Ritchie, Fiona Spooner, and Max Roser (2022) - “Biodiversity”. Data adapted from International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved from https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20250909-093708/grapher/number-species-threatened.html [online resource] (archived on September 9, 2025). ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Biodiversity supports Ecosystem Services Image adapted from Thorsen et al. 2014 •The more diverse a system the more resilient & stable (Loreau & de Manzancourt 2013) •Four basic categories of ecosystem services: 1. nutrient cycles and seed dispersal from forests 2. tangible products e.g. goods, fibres, and fuelwood from forests 3. hydrological regulation or climate change mitigation 4. recreational benefits or role in religion and environmental education (Thorsen et al. 2014) ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Biodiversity supports Ecosystem Services ¿A quién le gusta el cacao/chocolate? ¿Cuántos cultivos en todo el mundo dependen de la polinización? ¿A quién le gustan las cerezas o el aguacate? ¿A quién le gusta tomar café? Image adapted from Thorsen et al. 2014 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Biodiversity supports Ecosystem Services •Main pollinator populations –bees, wasps, and butterflies •Pollination by bats enhances quality and yield of columnar cacti in Mexico (Temlett et al. 2019) •“Short-term global pollination services are valued at a range midpoint of USD 1 trillion”(Lippert et al. 2021) •cacao in tropics one of most important cash crops for small hold farmers (Lander etal. 2025) •Hand pollination an option but high personnel costs (Wurz et al. 2021) Ein Bild, das Text, Screenshot, S chrift, Dokument enthält. KI-generierte Inhalte können fehlerhaft sein. ¾ Hannah Ritchie (2021) - “How much of the world’s food production is dependent on pollinators?” Published online at OurWorldinData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20251125-173858/pollinator-dependence.html' [Online Resource] (archived on November 25, 2025). ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Image adapted from Thorsen et al. 2014 Biodiversity supports Ecosystem Services ¿A quién le gusta ir a espacios verdes como parques? ¿A quién le gusta hacer senderismo o ir al mar? ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Drivers of Biodiversity Loss & poor Ecosystem Services •Land/sea use change •intensive agriculture, deforestation, urbanisation •intensification in agricultural land use practices (Poschlod 2015, Šálek et al. 2018) •Land degradation •reduced productivity in 23 % of the global terrestrial area (IPBES 2016, 2019) →Loss of landscape structures →Results in homogenous landscapes, fragmentation, isolation (IPBES 2016) →Decline of biodiversity, especially in agriculturally used areas (Butchart et al. 2010,Seibold et al. 2019, Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften Leopoldina 2018) →impacts communities & societal groups that are most directly dependent on nature (Pförtner et al. 2021) Image generated by Google Gemini AI ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Land use conflicts •Convention on Biological Diversity adopted 1992 •Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework 30x30 goal adopted in 2022 •Conserving 30% by 2030 of all land and sea areas •EU Restoration Law 2024 in force •restore 20% of the EU's land and sea by 2030 & all ecosystems in need by 2050 •Goal of German Energy Transition (Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz) •65% of electricity generation with renewable energy sources by 2030, 80% by 2050 •300 to 450 GWp of photovoltaic is needed (currently 90.3 GWp) “Data Page: Share of land area that is protected”. Our World in Data (2025). Data adapted from World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), via World Bank. Retrieved from https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20250916-102301/grapher/terrestrial-protected-areas.html [online resource] (archived on September 16, 2025). Ein Bild, das Text, Karte, Atlas enthält. KI-generierte Inhalte können fehlerhaft sein. ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Land use conflicts →Integration of biodiversity measurements into PV systems and multiple land-use concepts e.g. AgriPV •High competition for land •Rising population •Rising consumption •Rising use of resources →Intensive land use conflicts •Food & energy production •Nature conservation & ecological restoration •Acceptance problems All images by © Henny Grewe, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector BIODIV-SOLAR –boosting Ecosystem Services with PV Photovoltaic Biodiversity AgriPVplus Research on energy aspects of various rack systems and mounting distances of solar panels Development and testing of site-adapted native seed mixtures from regional production to support speciesand blossom-rich grasslands in ground mounted PV plants Testing compatibility of vertical bifacial PV modules, crop production and wildflower strips on arable land Image by © Niklas Beermann, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Henny Grewe, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Sebastian Dittmann, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Current situation & potential of PV systems •Self-greening & species-poor seed mixtures •Mulching →less biodiversity & ecosystems services •But PV systems offer great potential •Species-rich grassland vegetation •Creating corridors, stepping stones •Pollinator habitats Image by © Henny Grewe, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Sandra Dullau, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Henny Grewe, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Seed mixtures to support speciesand blossom-rich vegetation •Native site-adapted seed mixtures •Effective and fast way to promote biodiversity and ecosystem services (pollination, pest control with natural enemies/antagonists, e.g. hoverflies, ladybugs) •Success factors: planning, site preparation and management are crucial Image by © Sebastian Dittmann, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Pascal Scholz, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Henny Grewe, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Planning Phase what do wild animals need (wild bees, butterflies, hoverflies, birds, bats etc.)? Wild plants !!! Example: Oligolectic, very specialized, wild bees –endangered pollen specialists: 1/3 of all wild bee species in Germany (wild bee species in Germany: approx. 585, Chile & Colombia approx. 460550 wild bee species) Co-evolution plants // pollinators (insects, birds, bats, ..) All images by © Henny Grewe, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Examples of hoverfly species found in Germany Examples of wild bee species found in Germany ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Planning Phase Species-rich wildflower seed mixture: 30-40 wild plants Example: Field margin loess site (very fertile soil) at Bernburg Campus, Germany 49 target species: 5 grasses, 2 yearly, 6 bienniel, 36 perennial wildflower →potential feeding source for 55 oligolectic & 105 polylectic wild bee species (~ 585 species in Ger.) (Westrich 2018) →potential feeding source for 84 butterfly species (~3.700 species in Ger.) (Reinhardt & Wagler 2017; Reinhardt, Wagler & Pollrich 2018) Knautia arvensis 3 oligolectic wild bees 15 polylektic wild bees 44 butterflies Achillea millefolium 7 oligolectic wild bees 24 polylektic wild bees 51 butterflies Lotus corniculatus 13 oligolectic wild bees 41 polylektic wild bees 36 butterflies Cichorium intybus 9 oligolectic wild bees 26 polylektic wild bees 17 butterflies Daucus carota 3 oligolectic wild bees 23 polylektic wild bees 24 butterflies Leucanthemum vulgare 3 oligolektische Wildbienen 22 polylektische Wildbienen 20 Tagfalter All images by © Henny Grewe, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Planning Phase •Special requirements on seed mixtures due to technical conditions (height, shading) •Use native seeds of certified regional provenance •Different areas of origin of wild plants •Conserve genetic diversity •Higher adaption to existing environmental conditions •Two certificates in Germany •Publication about the concept of selection of plant species © Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2022, https://www.bfn.de/daten-und-fakten/ursprungsgebiete-regionalen-gebietseigenen-saat-undpflanzgutes-krautiger-arten Meyer, M.H., et al. (2023). Bee-friendly native seed mixtures for the greening of solar parks. Land 12(6): 1265. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12061265 (open access) ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Implementation Phase •Demonstrators of the project in Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony and Brandenburg •Very different site conditions rich/clayey soils and poorer/sandy soils, as well as special sites (such as mine tailings) monofacial photovoltaic system vertical bifacial photovoltaic system (AgriPVplus) Kartengrundlage: © GeoBasis-DE / BKG, http://www.bkg.bund.de (2022), https://gdz.bkg.bund.de/index.php/default/open-data/verwaltungsgebiete-1-5-000-000-ebenen-stand-31-12-vg5000ebenen-12-31.html, dl-de/by-2-0, www.govdata.de/dl-de/by-2-0, Data changed. All images by © Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 More information about the BIODIV-SOLAR project https://offenlandinfo.de/projekt/biodiv-solar/ ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Concepts of AgriPV Systems Tracking system and vertical mounted PV modules •Fruit, wheat, soy, vegetable cultivation like pumpkin •Livestock farming Image by © Henny Grewe, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Quelle: Next2Sun Anlage, all rights reserved. Quelle: Next2Sun Anlage, all rights reserved. Quelle: Next2Sun Anlage, all rights reserved. ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Agrivoltaics (AgriPV) Separate land use 100% Crops 100% Solar Energy Combined land use 80% Crops 80% Solar Energy - Photovoltaik and crops in the same area →higher land use efficiency (160%) - Possible conflicts and acceptance problems Images by © Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Multifunctional approach Images generated by Google Gemini AI Images generated by Google Gemini AI ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector AgriPVplus –a triple-use approach •Biodiversity measurements can be integrated in various AgriPV systems Wild flower stips Wild flower strips Images by © Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector AgriPVplus –demonstrator at Bernburg Campus •Vertical bifacial modules with 3-year crop rotation •Scientific monitoring - interdisciplinary: •Measuring system for abiotic parameters (e. g. wind, soil temperature/moisture) •Agriculture: effects on yield and bonitures on pest infestation •Biodiversity: promotion of beneficial insects and pollinators 12 m crops + 2 x 1 m wildflower strip Sensors Image by © Sebastian Dittmann, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Sandra Dullau, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector AgriPVplus –demonstrator at Bernburg Campus September 2023 September 2024 Image by © Sebastian Dittmann, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Henny Grewe, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Sandra Dullau, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Sandra Dullau, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 June 2024 Image by © Henny Grewe, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Henny Grewe, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector AgriPVplus –demonstrator at Bernburg Campus Autumn 2024 All images by © Henny Grewe, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector AgriPVplus –demonstrator at Bernburg Campus Image by © Sebastian Dittmann, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Images by © Kathrin Schwarz, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Wheat/Durum in June 2025 Drilling of seeds in May 2025 Harvesting soy beans in October 2025 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector AgriPVplus –demonstrator at Bernburg Campus Image by © Sebastian Dittmann, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Millet in June 2025 Biotope Elements in September 2025 Wild flower strip in Âugust 2025 Management November 2025 Wheat/Durum in June 2025 All images by © Kathrin Schwarz, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector AgriPVplus –demonstrator at Heidehof Spring 2022 Summer 2022 Summer 2023 Image by © Maten Meyer, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Sandra Dullau, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Sandra Dullau, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Bernd Günther, Heidehof, CC BY-SA 4.0 Image by © Sandra Dullau, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 Images by © Henny Grewe, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector AgriPVplus –demonstrator at Heidehof Grazing with sheep in August 2025 Grazing effect on vegetation in August 2025 All images by © Kathrin Schwarz, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, CC BY-SA 4.0 ERASMUS RES-SIAS energía y agricultura Fuentes de Energía Renovables y Sistemas Sostenibles para la Integración del Sector Agropecuario Renewable Energy Source and Sustainable Systems for Integration in the Agricultural Sector Literature Araosa, A., Cerdaa, C., Skewesb, O., Cruza, G., Tapiaa, P., and Baeriswylc, F. 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