Religious-based ethics and buy-now-pay-later re-usage intention among Muslim consumers in Indonesia and Malaysia: a commitment-trust theory perspective

Aji, Hendy Mustiko; Husin, Maizaitulaidawati Md; Othman, Abdul Kadir; Hidayat, Anas; Rashid, Wan Edura Wan Article Religious-based ethics and buy-now-pay-later re-usage intention among Muslim consumers in Indonesia and Malaysia: a commitmenttrust theory perspective Cogent Business & Management Provided in Cooperation with: Taylor & Francis Group Suggested Citation: Aji, Hendy Mustiko; Husin, Maizaitulaidawati Md; Othman, Abdul Kadir; Hidayat, Anas; Rashid, Wan Edura Wan (2024) : Religious-based ethics and buy-now-pay-later re-usage intention among Muslim consumers in Indonesia and Malaysia: a commitment-trust theory perspective, Cogent Business & Management, ISSN 2331-1975, Taylor & Francis, Abingdon, Vol. 11, Iss. 1, pp. 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2363441 This Version is available at: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/326323 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. 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If the documents have been made available under an Open Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Cogent Business & Management ISSN: 2331-1975 (Online) Journal homepage: www.tandfonline.com/journals/oabm20 Religious-based ethics and buy-now-pay-later re-usage intention among Muslim consumers in Indonesia and Malaysia: a commitment-trust theory perspective Hendy Mustiko Aji, Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin, Abdul Kadir Othman, Anas Hidayat & Wan Edura Wan Rashid To cite this article: Hendy Mustiko Aji, Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin, Abdul Kadir Othman, Anas Hidayat & Wan Edura Wan Rashid (2024) Religious-based ethics and buy-nowpay-later re-usage intention among Muslim consumers in Indonesia and Malaysia: a commitment-trust theory perspective, Cogent Business & Management, 11:1, 2363441, DOI: 10.1080/23311975.2024.2363441 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2363441 © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group Published online: 24 Jun 2024. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 3701 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=oabm20 Marketing | research article Cogent Business & ManageMent 2024, VoL. 11, no. 1, 2363441 Religious-based ethics and buy-now-pay-later re-usage intention among Muslim consumers in Indonesia and Malaysia: a commitment-trust theory perspective hendy Mustiko ajia , Maizaitulaidawati Md husinb , abdul kadir Othmanc , anas hidayata and Wan edura Wan rashidc aFaculty of Business and economics, Department of Management, universitas islam indonesia, Yogyakarta, indonesia; bazman Hashim international Business school, universiti teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia; cinstitute of Business excellence, universiti teknologi MaRa, selangor, Malaysia ABSTRACT this study investigates the effect of religious-based ethics (knowledge about riba and perceived riba risk) on Buy-now-Pay-later (BnPl) re-usage intention among Muslim consumers in indonesia and Malaysia from the lens of commitment-trust theory. an online survey was conducted among 434 adult Muslims in indonesia and Malaysia who self-reported BnPl usage. the model was analyzed using the Partial least squares structural equation Modeling (Pls-seM) approach. Our study shows that religious-based ethics can discourage BnPl re-usage intention, but only when commitment is low, highlighting its mediating role. interestingly, our study found no significant connection between trust in BnPl and its re-usage intention. these findings hold for both countries, except for the relationship between riba knowledge and trust, which was only significant in indonesia. this study is the first to examine religious-based ethics within the BnPl context using commitment-trust theory. 1. Introduction Buy-now-Pay-later (BnPl) has become more popular as a short-term debt alternative (gerrans et al., 2021). BnPl has projected a global market size of UsD 3.98 trillion by 2022 and is rapidly becoming a major player in the financial landscape (alliedMarketresearch, 2022). Fintech companies offer this digital alternative to traditional credit cards and conveniently integrate with e-wallet platforms, providing consumers with a seamless and popular payment option. however, the emergence of BnPl raises religious-based ethical concerns in Muslim-majority countries like indonesia and Malaysia. the business model is perceived to resemble usury or riba practices, which are strictly prohibited in islam (aji et al., 2021). such risks can potentially erode trust and commitment, negatively impacting consumer behavior (Yang et al., 2015). consumer behavior literature demonstrated the association of trust and commitment with certain risks, such as price, quality, security (Pappas, 2016), financial, legal, and operational (ali et al., 2021). scholars believe that trust is crucial in a risky situation (Das & teng, 2004) as it may reduce risk perception (Mukherjee & nath, 2007). Unfortunately, little knowledge has been produced about the relationship of trust with religious-related risks, such as riba. Riba generally occurs when benefits accrue from debt transactions and deferred payments (aji et al., 2021; Farooq, 2009). it resonates with the BnPl business model as it essentially represents a short-term debt arrangement incurring additional charges (benefits) for late payments (gerrans et al., 2021). © 2024 the author(s). Published by informa uK Limited, trading as taylor & Francis group CONTACT Hendy Mustiko aji [email protected] Faculty of Business and economics, Department of Management, universitas islam indonesia, Yogyakarta, indonesia. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2363441 this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. the terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent. ARTICLE HISTORY received 14 December 2023 revised 11 May 2024 accepted 29 May 2024 KEYWORDS riba knowledge; riba risk; commitment; trust; re-intention; buy-now-pay-later REVIEWING EDITOR kaouther kooli, Bournemouth University, United kingdom SUBJECTS Marketing; consumer Behaviour; Business ethics; Financial services industry 2 h. M. aJi etal. consequently, Muslim consumers who are aware of riba principles may harbor distrust towards BnPl and refrain from engaging with the business model as they are afraid to fall into such a religious-based risk. Previous studies highlight the complex relationship between riba and financial behavior among Muslim consumers. For instance, in indonesia, knowledge about riba weakens the positive relationship between perceived benefits of e-money and intention to use it, suggesting a potential deterrent effect (aji et al., 2019, 2021). similarly, in the banking context, knowledge of riba moderates the influence of subjective norms on attitudes toward saving in islamic banks (asyari et al., 2022). however, harahap and risfandy (2022) confirmed that while most indonesian Muslims consider riba forbidden, some disagree about its applicability to conventional bank practices. hence, these findings show the variation in how Muslim consumers understand riba and its application in business practices. the findings become more interesting in the Malaysian context, where Malaysian Muslims (around 40%) are reported unsure about the legal status of riba, and a substantial number (31%) see no problem with it altogether (Fontaine, 2019). this finding aligns with ahmad and Zabri (2023), who found that knowledge about riba did not significantly influence bank selection criteria among Malaysian Muslim consumers, suggesting a potential disconnect between religious beliefs and banking decisions. From these studies, we identify three gaps. First, despite the general understanding of riba as prohibited (haram), there is a difference in how Muslims in indonesia and Malaysia apply this knowledge in financial contexts. Second, no study investigated how the perception of riba influences Muslim consumers’ financial behavior in the context of BnPl. Third, previous studies did not examine how the relationship between riba and financial behavior interplayed with commitment-trust theory. hence, this omission represents a significant area for further investigation and discussion. Following these gaps, our study is aimed at investigating the relationship between religious-based ethics (riba knowledge and riba risk) on the re-usage intention of BnPl and how commitment and trust mediate this relationship. to achieve these objectives, a survey was performed on adult Muslims in indonesia and Malaysia who have used the BnPl feature at least once in several online marketplaces and e-wallet platforms. the research model is analyzed using the Pls-seM method, considering its capability to test a complex model (hair et al., 2022). Our study offers valuable theoretical and practical contributions. First, it explores the application of commitment-trust theory within the context of BnPl, offering a unique perspective. Second, it unveils the mediating role of commitment-trust theory in the relationship between riba knowledge, riba risk perception, and the re-usage of BnPl, providing valuable new insights. Third, studying BnPl through the lens of Muslim behavior is strategically important to gain deeper insights into this dynamic market, considering the rapid growth of fintech and the substantial potential of the Muslim market (Dinarstandard, 2021). 2. Literature review 2.1. Buy-Now-Pay-Later in Indonesia and Malaysia the BnPl’s business model is short-term debt financing (gerrans et al., 2021), where consumers can purchase the product first but pay it later with zero interest if paid over a predetermined period (Feng et al., 2023). the business model of BnPl is similar to credit cards but differs in the medium used, in which BnPl uses a smartphone connected with platforms providing the feature. in indonesia, BnPl has two approaches (eka, 2021). First, it works in a standalone application, a debt service a third party provides. second, it is embedded in the consumer application. the latest is the most popular in indonesia and can be found in e-wallets and online marketplace platforms like go-Pay, OVO, shopee, and traveloka. research shows that BnPl usage in indonesia experienced a meteoric rise during the cOViD-19 pandemic, with over 50% new users (setyowati, 2021). in 2024, the national authority of Financial services of the republic of indonesia (OJk) reported that the total outstanding loan on P2P lending, which includes BnPl, achieved iDr 61 trillion (equivalent to UsD 3.7 billion) (OJk, 2024). it suggests the significant market size for BnPl in indonesia. a similar model has also been applied in Malaysia. however, in Malaysia, BnPl services are dominated by foreign players, which include atome, myiOU, hoolah, Paylater (by grab), and sPaylater (by shopee). the BnPl gross merchandise value in the country will increase from UsD 287.0 million in 2021 to UsD cOgent BUsiness & ManageMent 3 6588.3 million by 2028 (research & Market, 2022). the increasing BnPl gross merchandise value parallels the growing demand for BnPl services among merchants and consumers. to further enhance the demand for BnPl activities in the country, the central Bank of Malaysia is formulating a consumer credit act (cca) to provide better protection for credit consumers (nst, 2022). 2.2. Buy-now-pay-later and riba Riba is considered one of the big sins in islam (adh-Dhahabi, 2012; ahmad & hassan, 2007; Farooq, 2009;). the word riba originates from the arabic verb raba, which means ‘to grow’, ‘expand’, ‘increase’, ‘inflate’, or ‘excess’ (aji et al., 2021). Riba occurs when there is an interest charge for deferred payment. the BnPl’s business model has the potential to fall into religious-based ethics issues, such as riba, because it earns profit from debt or loan transactions (aji et al., 2021; harahap & risfandy, 2022). even though BnPl charges interest-free on the payment within a predetermined time (Feng et al., 2023), the interest will be charged if consumers make a late payment. this business model is associated with ‘riba al-jahiliyyah’, or a benefit gained from due payment (aji et al., 2021). When Muslims have higher knowledge about riba, there is a high probability of perceiving that the BnPl business model has fallen into riba, suggesting high riba risk. that perception could negatively affect trust in BnPl, harm relationship commitment with BnPl, and hold consumers from using or re-using it. the relationship among those variables is discussed in the following sub-section. 2.3. The commitment-trust theory the commitment-trust theory was proposed by Morgan and hunt (1994) to challenge the traditional network paradigm, which places the importance of power in a relationship. instead of stressing the role of power, Morgan and hunt (1994) emphasized the value of trust and commitment to building a successful relationship. in its application, the commitment-trust theory is often found in e-commerce purchase and online retailing contexts (cui et al., 2020; Mukherjee & nath, 2007; Wang et al., 2016) within B2B (Bianchi & abu saleh, 2020) or B2c model (Wang et al., 2016). in the original model of commitment-trust theory, trust is determined by several antecedents, such as shared values, communication, and opportunistic behavior. the theory also draws the consequences of trust, such as cooperation, conflicts, and uncertainty (Morgan & hunt, 1994). Most prior studies focused only on the relational effects of trust and commitment on the model (Bianchi & abu saleh, 2020; Wang et al., 2016). the present study uses the commitment-trust theory to explain commitment and the use of BnPl. 2.4. Religious-based ethics: knowledge and perceived risk of riba knowledge is fundamental to understanding consumer behavior, including risk perception (Mcneal & McDaniel, 1981; Oh & abraham, 2016). knowledge can give a person a better search strategy and greater self-confidence (Oh & abraham, 2016), thus minimizing the risk perception associated with a product. therefore, a person with better knowledge should be able to avoid risks better (Buratti & allwood, 2019). empirically, the effects of knowledge on perceived risks have been confirmed in multiple contexts, such as online shopping and e-commerce (lopez-nicolas & Molina-castillo, 2008; nepomuceno et al., 2014), electric vehicles (Wang et al., 2018), and most recently the cOViD-19 pandemic (lee et al., 2021; Zhong et al., 2021). Unfortunately, the investigation of the knowledge-risk connection in fintech studies is less established, especially on BnPl and riba topics. the concept of riba has not been adequately understood by society, even by the Muslims community. Most people simply understood riba as ‘interest’, ‘higher profits’, or ‘expensive price’. Muslims in indonesia strongly believe that riba is unethical and prohibited, but their perceptions vary when it is implemented in the economics and banking contexts (harahap & risfandy, 2022). lending from the theory of consumer knowledge (Mcneal & McDaniel, 1981) and past empirical findings in different research contexts (lee et al., 2021; lopez-nicolas & Molina-castillo, 2008; nepomuceno et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2018; Zhong et al., 2021), we argue that knowledge about riba and perceived risk of riba is connected as well 4 h. M. aJi etal. in the BnPl context. the shortage of riba knowledge will create an invalid perception of riba risk. hence, we hypothesize that when Muslims’ knowledge about riba is good, they will perceive BnPl as religiously risky as it might fall into riba. H1: knowledge about riba positively affects perceived risk of riba in BnPl business model. 2.5. Knowledge about riba – trust – behavior Previous empirical studies also confirmed the significant connection between knowledge and trust (rahman et al., 2021; tzeng & ho, 2022). Both relationships can be generally explained using the knowledge-attitude-Practice (kaP) framework (lee et al., 2021; liao et al., 2022). in an organizational context, trust is defined as the willingness to rely on the other party and be vulnerable to their actions (Mayer et al., 1995). But, commonly in consumer behavior or marketing literature, trust refers to a belief (Zhang & Yu, 2020) that the sellers or producers will act in their best interests (shiau & luo, 2012). trust is developed in stages, and the factors influencing trust in each stage differ (li et al., 2008). at the initial stage, trust has been negatively associated with perceived risk (ali et al., 2021; hong, 2015; Pappas, 2016). this is because, at the initial stage, a person does not know the trustee (li et al., 2008; Mcknight etal., 1998). however, when the trustor and trustee have interacted before, the knowledge from past experience will further contribute to the decision whether to trust or not to trust the trustee. this logic applies to our research context. knowledge can affect trust in BnPl when Muslims have already anticipated how the BnPl business model works and, at the same time, learned how riba exists in the BnPl business model. the better the knowledge about riba the Muslim consumers have, the lower their trust in BnPl becomes. H2: knowledge about riba negatively affects trust in BnPl business model. trust is critical when making an online transaction (Pappas, 2016). the lack of trust is the most common reason people avoid online purchases (Urban et al., 2009). trust has been found to affect behavior positively, especially when making an online transaction (amin et al., 2014; Duane et al., 2014; gefen etal., 2003; herzallah & Mukhtar, 2016; Mou etal., 2017; Pavlou, 2003; shaw, 2014; Wei etal., 2009; Zhou, 2014). trust is also considered an important extension of the technology acceptance model (taM) (shaw, 2014). this is because online transactions are highly risky due to their intangible nature (hong, 2015), especially in the context of payment (shaw, 2014; Zhou, 2014). therefore, in our study context, we argue that trust influences re-intention to use BnPl. H3a: trust in BnPl business model positively affects re-intention to use BnPl. a Muslim will be very concerned about halal and haram, not only in choosing foods or beverages (rejeb etal., 2021; shah alam & Mohamed sayuti, 2011) or cosmetics (aufi & aji, 2021; khan etal., 2020), but also in selecting financial products (aji et al., 2021; Pantari & aji, 2020). as previously mentioned, Muslim scholars classified riba as one of the big sins in islam (adh-Dhahabi, 2012; ahmad & hassan, 2007; Farooq, 2009). consequently, riba might restrain a Muslim from using or consuming the product. in this sense, trust plays a vital role in convincing Muslim consumers or users about the halalness of the product. the significant mediating role of trust has been identified in halal purchase decisions (Muflih & Juliana, 2021; Zakaria et al., 2015). in our study context, we argue that a Muslim with proper knowledge about riba will not use the BnPl feature if the sharia-compliance of the business model is not trustworthy and convincing. H3b: trust in BnPl business model mediates the effect between knowledge about riba and intention to re-use BnPl. 2.6. Trust and commitment trust is essential in influencing commitment (tajpour et al., 2022). trust is the extent of customers’ confidence that companies behave as expected. according to nora (2019), trust and commitment are closely cOgent BUsiness & ManageMent 5 linked because trust is essential to creating commitment in a relational exchange. the relationship between trust and commitment has been validated by many studies, including ahn and kwon (2020), Brown et al. (2019), and Paluri and Mishal (2020). in finance, various researchers also investigate the influence of trust in commitment. however, mixed findings were documented. For instance, sembiring and hamonangan aruan (2020) investigated the relationship between trust and commitment in influencing the continuous intention to use mobile payment. hamidi and safareeyeh (2019) incorporated the elements of trust and commitment in measuring mobile banking adoption. On the other hand, sumaedi et al. (2015) found that trust does not significantly impact customers’ commitment to saving in islamic banking. in our study, it is expected that when Muslims trust the BnPl business model, their commitment to using BnPl will be affected. in other words, as Muslim consumers trust the business model used by the BnPl providers, their commitment to using BnPl will be higher. H4: trust in the BnPl business model positively affects commitment to BnPl. 2.7. Perceived risk of riba – commitment – behavior in general, perceived risk can lessen the relationship commitment as it is perceived as a barrier-like property to good relationship commitment (sciara & Pantaleo, 2018). the commitment-trust theory also asserts the possible connection between uncertainty and commitment (Morgan & hunt, 1994), in which riba, in this context, is the uncertainty that might harm relationship commitment. commitment refers to ‘an enduring desire to maintain a valued relationship’ (Morgan & hunt, 1994). it is associated with the desire to act according to the action plan. Many studies have found that commitment can affect re-intention. For example, in a healthcare setting, Wang and tsai (2019) found that commitment affects the re-intention to purchase fresh food. amoako etal. (2019) found that the relationship between commitment and customer re-intention to purchase exists in the relationship marketing practices of hoteliers. in the financial context, the relationship between commitment and re-intention has been validated in various areas, including internet banking (Yuan et al., 2019) and e-commerce (hadi et al., 2019). in our study context, we argue that Muslims who perceive the risk of riba in the BnPl business model will not have the intention to reuse BnPl in the future because they have less commitment to the BnPl business model due to previous usage or relationship experience. H5: Perceived riba risk negatively affects commitment to BnPl. H6a: commitment to BnPl positively affects re-intention to use BnPl. H6b: commitment to BnPl mediates the effect of perceived risk of riba and re-intention to use BnPl. 3. Methods 3.1. Research design and data collection a quantitative research design was selected, and the data was gathered using an online survey. the online survey was chosen as it enables the researchers to collect a wide range of respondents from various backgrounds. the questionnaire was created using google Forms and distributed using social media platforms. Before distribution, the questionnaire was submitted to national research and innovation agency (Brin) of republic of indonesia for ethical clearance. a purposive sampling technique was used, and the respondents were chosen by purposed criteria, such as adult Muslims in indonesia and Malaysia (above 18 years old) who have used the BnPl feature at least once in several online marketplaces and e-wallet platforms. all participants provided informed consent at the beginning of the survey via a dedicated consent page. a filtered question was asked at the beginning of the questionnaire to ensure sample criteria and requirements. Our study narrows the focus on indonesia and Malaysian markets for two reasons. First, both countries have a Muslim majority population, and the BnPl service experiences significant growth in these 6 h. M. aJi etal. countries (OJk, 2024; research & Market, 2022; setyowati, 2021). Second, while both countries are predominantly Muslim, there are known variations in how strictly riba is interpreted and applied in financial practices, particularly in the context of BnPl (Fontaine, 2019; harahap & risfandy, 2022). this allows us to explore how these differing interpretations might influence Muslim consumer behavior towards BnPl services. the research model is analyzed using partial least square structural equation modeling (Pls-seM) considering its complexity (hair et al., 2022). 3.2. Measures all items used in this study are adapted and adopted from previous works. the measurement of perceived riba risk was adapted from kim et al. (2005), such as ‘the thought of riba in BNPL makes me feel psychologically uncomfortable’. this study adapted items from aji et al. (2021) to measure knowledge about riba, such as ‘BNPL is a debt-based transaction, and additional money required in debt transaction is riba’. trust in BnPl was measured using three items adapted from Pavlou (Pavlou, 2003). commitment to BnPl is measured by six items adapted from Wang etal. (2016). all items were measured using a 5-point likert scale ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = ‘strongly agree’. the complete research model and construct measurement can be seen in Figure 1 and table 1. 4. Results and discussion 4.1. Results 4.1.1. Respondent profiles table 2 presents a comprehensive overview of the respondents’ profile data for using the buy now pay later (BnPl) feature in e-wallets, comparing indonesia and Malaysia. the total sample size for this study is 434, with 244 participants from indonesia and 190 from Malaysia. the sample from indonesia comprises 62.7% male and 37.3% female respondents, while Malaysia has 45.8% male and 54.2% female participants. regarding age distribution, most respondents in both countries are between 18 and 23 years old (33.2% in indonesia and 22.1% in Malaysia). the participants’ marital status varies, with 42.6% single, 54.9% married in indonesia, 40.0% single, and 52.1% married in Malaysia. education levels show that a significant proportion of both countries have at least a bachelor’s degree, with 58.2% in indonesia and 47.9% in Malaysia. interestingly, in indonesia, 19.3% have formal islamic education, while in Malaysia, 77.4% have such education. this demographic breakdown provides a Figure 1. Research model. cOgent BUsiness & ManageMent 7 foundation for understanding the diverse perspectives on the BnPl feature in e-wallets across different demographic groups in indonesia and Malaysia. 4.1.2. Measurement model estimation Data analysis was performed using Partial least square structural equation Modeling (Pls-seM) with smartPls 4.0 software. the Pls-seM method is suitable for estimating complex models (hair etal., 2022). the analysis in Pls-seM is performed in two consecutive sequences. the first step is to estimate the measurement model. it is performed by examining the validity and reliability of the items. the validity test is classified into convergent and discriminant. in the convergent test, aVe and loading factors will be assessed, and the score should be greater than 0.50 (hair et al., 2022). the square root aVe (correlation matrix) and heterotrait-Monotrait ratio (htMt) are estimated for the discriminant validity test. the reliability test is performed by estimating cronbach’s alpha (ca) and composite reliability (cr). the minimum threshold for ca and cr is 0.70 (hair et al., 2022). table 1 shows that all items have loading factors greater than 0.70, and the average variance extracted (aVe) for all constructs has a score of more than 0.50. therefore, it indicates good convergent validity (hair et al., 2022). the measurement model of this study also has shown good discriminant validity as the correlation scores with similar constructs are greater than the correlation with the other constructs (Fornell & larcker, 1981) (see table 3). the htMt score can also be considered as another indicator for discriminant validity assessment. as shown in table 3, the htMt scores are below 0.85, indicating a good discriminant validity. hence, from these two assessments, it can be concluded that the model is free from discriminant validity issues (hair et al., 2022). in addition, table 3 shows good internal consistency among items in a particular construct, in which cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability scores are greater than 0.70. this result implies good reliability of the items in the model (hair et al., 2022). 4.1.3. Structural model estimation Once the measurement model is valid, the next step is to assess the structural model. the results of the structural model are summarized in table 4 and divided into three distinct models: (1) the general model (indonesia & Malaysia), (2) the indonesia model, and (3) the Malaysia model. all ViF values for the structural model are less than 3.00, implying that the model does not have collinearity issues. Besides, Table 1. Convergent validity and reliability test. Code items Mean score Loadings aVeindonesia Malaysia PR1 the thought of riba in BnPL makes me feel psychologically uncomfortable 4.22 3.71 0.94 0.89 PR2 the thought of riba in BnPL gives me a feeling of unwanted anxiety 4.20 3.57 0.97 PR3 the thought of riba in BnPL causes me to experience unnecessary tension 4.21 3.67 0.97 PR4 i am afraid that BnPL could cause me to fall into riba 4.36 3.83 0.94 PR5 i am afraid that BnPL is not safe from riba 4.32 3.83 0.93 KR1 BnPL is a debt-based transaction, and additional money required in a debt transaction is riba 4.22 3.72 0.94 0.86 KR2 BnPL is a debt-based transaction, and any advantage in debt transaction is riba 4.14 3.77 0.92 KR3 BnPL is a debt-based transaction, and additional money that has to be paid in debt transaction is riba 4.38 3.81 0.95 KR4 BnPL is a debt-based transaction, and the penalty for a debt transaction is riba 4.40 3.78 0.94 tR1 i believe that BnPL business model is free from riba 1.97 2.81 0.93 0.88 tR2 i believe that BnPL business model keeps commitments to avoid riba 2.20 3.01 0.92 tR3 i trust BnPL business model because it keeps my best interest in mind to avoid riba 2.11 2.93 0.94 C1 i want BnPL business model to be available for a long time 2.29 3.15 0.80 0.71 C2 the relationship that i have with BnPL is worth my maximum effort to maintain 1.94 2.89 0.87 C3 i would feel very upset if BnPL disappeared in the future 2.24 2.97 0.78 C4 i feel a sense of belonging to BnPL 1.82 2.78 0.92 C5 i feel attached to BnPL 1.67 2.86 0.80 C6 i am oriented toward the long-term future of BnPL business model 1.83 2.64 0.89 Ri1 i have the intention to use BnPL again 3.59 2.90 0.96 0.92 Ri2 i have the plan to use BnPL in the future again 3.58 2.87 0.98 Ri3 i am willing to use BnPL again in the future regularly 3.88 3.08 0.97 Note: PR = Perceived Risk of Riba; KR = Knowledge about Riba; tR = trust in BnPL; C = Commitment to BnPL; Ri = Re-intention to use BnPL. 14 h. 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