भारत-अमेरिका संबंध शीत-युद्ध के बाद सहयोग और विवाद का क्षेत्र.

Journal of Research and Development A Multidisciplinary International Level Referred and Double Blind Peer Reviewed, Open Access ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-11(A)| November2025 132 Hkkjr&vesfjdk laca/k 'khr&;q) ds ckn lg;ksx vkSj fookn dk {ks= vgen gqlSu vkjtw 'kks/kkFkhZ]jktuhfr foKku foHkkx, ikVfyiq= fo'ofo|ky;]iVuk Email: [email protected] Manuscript ID: JRD -2025-171123 ISSN: 2230-9578 Volume 17 Issue 11(A) Pp. 132-135 November. 2025 Submitted: 18 Oct. 2025 Revised: 28 Oct. 2025 Accepted: 11 Nov. 2025 Published: 30 Nov. 2025 lkjka'k 'khr;q) ds ckn Hkkjr&vesfjdk laca/kksa esa egRoiw.kZ cnyko vk,A 1991 esa vkÆFkd mnkjhdj.k ds ckn Hkkjr us oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk esa dne j[kk] ftlls nksuksa ns'kksa ds vkÆFkd vkSj O;kikfjd laca/k etcwr gq,A 2005 esa gq, flfoy U;wfDy;j Mhy us j.kuhfrd lk>snkjh dks ubZ Å¡pkbZ nhA j{kk lg;ksx esa QUAD vkSj baMks&iSflfQd j.kuhfr tSls igyqvksa us nksuksa ns'kksa dks djhc yk;kA ruhdh {ks=] fo'ks"kdj vkbZVh vkSj LVkVZvIl] esa Hkh lg;ksx c<+kA gkykafd] dqN fookn Hkh cus jgsA Hkkjr ds :l ds lkFk ?kfu"B laca/k vkSj vesfjdk dh ikfdLrku dks nh tkus okyh lgk;rk] tSls eqn~nsa fookn dk dkj.k cusA oht+k vkSj vkoztu uhfr;ksa ij Hkh vlgefr ns[kh xbZA blds vykok] Hkkjr dh xSj&if'peh fons'k uhfr vkSj vesfjdk dk ekuokf/kdkjksa ij /;ku dHkh&dHkh ruko iSnk djrs gSaAdqy feykdj] 'khr;q) ds ckn Hkkjr&vesfjdk laca/kksa eas lg;ksx ds {ks= O;kid gq, gSa] ysfdu j.kuhfr vkSj oSpkfjd erHksn dHkh&dHkh bu izHkko Mkyrs gSaA Keywors: Hkkjr&vesfjdk laca/k] 'khr;q)] vkÆFkd mnkjhdj.k] flfoy U;qfDy;j Mhy] QUAD, j{kk lg;ksx] ikfdLrku&vesfjdk laca/k] :l&Hkkjr laca/k] ohT+kk fookn] baMks&iSflfQd j.kuhfr] rduhdh lg;ksx] vkoztu uhfrA çLrkouk Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk fo'o ds nks lcls cM+s ysdrkaf=d ns'k gksus ds ckotwn nksuksa ns'kksa ds lEcU/kksa dh tM+sa ,sfrgkfld :i ls xgjh ugha jgh gSA fQj Hkh ;fn ge nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp ds lEcU/kksa dk voyksdu djs rks irk pyrk gS fd Hkkjr vkSj la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds chp lkefjd] vkÆFkd vkSj laLÑfr lEcU/k /khjs&/khjs vo'; fodflr gq, gaSA ftldh 'kq#vkr gesa 20oha 'krkCnh esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gS tc Hkkjr Lora= laxzke eas la?k"kZjr Fkk] rc vesfjdh lekt vkSj ehfM;k esa egkRek xka/khth vkSj muds vfgald vkUnksyu ds izfr ,d xgjh #fp ns[kh xbZA xka/khth ds lR;kxzg vkSj ukxfjd vf/kdkjksa dh uhfr;ksa us vesfjdk esa dbZ vkUnksyuksa] fo'ks"k :i ls ekÆVu ywFkj fdax twfu;j ds usr`Ro okys flfoy jkbV~l ewoesaV dks izsfjr fd;kA gkyk¡fd ml nkSjku vesfjdh ljdkj us vkSifuosf'kd fczVsu ds lkFk xBtksM+ ds dkj.k Hkkjr ds Lora=rk vkUnksyu dk [kqyk leFkZu ugha fd;kA ijUrq Hkkjr tSls gh 15 vxLr 1947 dks vktkn gqvk oSlh gh la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds }kjk Hkkjr dks ,d yksdrkaf=d ns'k ds :i eas ekU;rk iznku dj nhA ysfdu ml dky esa 'khr ;q) dk nkSj py jgk Fkk] ftlus Hkkjr ,oa vesfjdk ds lEcU/kksa dks tfVy cuk, j[kkA Hkkjr ds rRdkyhu iz/kkuea=h iafMr tokgj yky usg: us blh nkSjku ;qxksLykfo;k ds tksfli czkst VhVks] baMksusf'k;k ds lqd.kksZ] felz ds xeky vCnqy ukflj ?kkuk ds Dokes uØwek ds lkFk feydj xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu (Non-Aligned movement-NAM) dh LFkkiuk dj nhA Hkkjr us xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu dk usr`Ro Hkh fd;k lkFk gh lkFk lksfo;r la?k :l ds lkFk fe=rkiw.kZ lEcU/k Hkh cuk, j[kk] tcfd la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk if'peh xqVks dk usr`Ro dj jgk FkkA bl foHkktu us nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp lEcU/kksa dks lhfer j[kkAfQj Hkh 1950 ls 1960 ds n'kd ds nkSjku la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk us Hkkjr dks vkÆFkd ,oa [kk| lgk;rk iznku dh ijUrq ;g lg;ksx cgqr gn rd lhfer gh FkkA Hkkjr vkSj la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds chp lEcU/kksa esa ruko ml nkSjku rc c<+ x;k tc 1965 dk Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ;q) vkSj 1971 ds caXykns'k Lora=rk laxzke ds nkSjku vesfjdk us Hkkjr ds txg ikfdLrku dk leFkZu fd;kA Quick Response Code: Website: https://jrdrvb.org/ DOI: Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work noncommercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations ae licensed under the idential terms. Address for correspondence:  , , , , How to cite this article:  , (2025). - -     . Journal of Research & Development, 17(11), 132-135. Original Article Journal of Research and Development A Multidisciplinary International Level Referred and Double Blind Peer Reviewed, Open Access ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-11(A)| November2025 133 1974 esa Hkkjr }kjk iks[kj.k esa vius igys ijek.kq ijh{k.k ¼Lekbfyax cq)k½ ds ckn vesfjdk vkSj Hkkjr ds chp ruko vkSj c<+ x;kA vesfjdk us Hkkjr ij dbZ rjg ds izfrca/k yxk,A blds ckotwn Hkkjr }kjk xqVfujis{k uhfr tkjh j[kk x;kA 1980 ds n'kd essa] Hkkjr vkSj la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds chp lEcU/kksa eas /khjs&/khjs lq/kkj gksuk izkjaHk gqvkA ftlesa 1985 esa ,d vge eksM+ vk;k tc Jh jktho xka/khth ns'k ds iz/kkuea=h cusA muds 'kkludky ds nkSjku rduhdh ,oa oSKkfud lg;ksx dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA 1991 esa Hkkjr esa tc vkÆFkd mnkjhdj.k dh izfØ;k vkjaHk gqbZA blds ckn Hkkjr ,oa la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds chp lEcU/kksa esa ,d u;s ;qx dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA D;ksafd lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu ds lkFk gh 45 o"kks± ls 'khr ;qf) dh dM+okgV Hkh [kRe gks xbZ] ftlds dkj.k lEcU/k csgrj gksus yxsA ysfdu 1998 esa Hkkjr }kjk tc fQj ls ijek.kq ijh{k.k fd;k x;k] rc la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds }kjk iqu% dbZ izdkj ls Hkkjr ij izfrca/k yxk fn;k x;kA fQj tYn gh nksuksa ns'kksa ¼Hkkjr ,oa la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk½ rkÆdd ,oa dwVuhfrd ckrphr ds tfj, bls gy dj fy;kA Hkkjr ds ijek.kq ijh{k.k ds ek= 2 o"kZ ckn lu~ 2000 bZLoh esa la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds rRdkyhu jk"Vªifr fcy fDyaVu ds }kjk Hkkjr dh ;k=k dh ftlls nksuksa ns'kksa ds lEcU/kksa eas ,d u;k vk;ke vk;kA fQj Hkh nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp dbZ ckj dbZ eqn~nksa ij vyx&vyx n`f"Vdks.k gksus ds vkj.k fookn dk fo"k; cu tkrk gS blfy, ge nksuksa ns'kksa ds lEcU/kksa dks lg;ksx ds lkFk&lkFk fookn dk Hkh fo"k; bl vkys[k esa fuEukafdr :i ls ns[ksaxsA Hkkjr vkSj la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds chp lg;ksx dk {ks= % vkÆFkd lg;ksx % lu~ 1991 esa tc Hkkjr ds }kjk vkÆFkd lq/kkjksa dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ] mlds ckn Hkkjr ljdkj us vius cktkjksa dks mnkj cuk;k ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds dEifu;ksa dh Hkkjr esa fuos'k djus vkSj O;kikj c<+kus dk volj feykA ftldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd 1990 ds n'kd eas tks f}i{kh; O;kikj dk dqy ewY; yxHkx $5 fcfy;u Fkk] tks fd foÙkh; o"kZ 2022&23 esa ;g O;kikj c<+dj 128-5 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj rd igq¡p x;k gSA bl O;kikj eas eq[; ;ksxnku oL=] QkekZL;wfVdYl vkbVh (I.T.) lsok,¡] j{kk midj.k] vkSj uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ dk {ks= gSA vesfjdh dEifu;ksa us Hkkjr esa Hkkjh fuos'k fd;k gSA fo'ks"k :i ls I.T. ¼vkbZVh½ vkSj bZ&dkWelZ ¼tSls Amazon, Google etc.½A Hkkjr dh dEifu;ksa us Hkh tSls TCS, Infosys vkSj Wipro us Hkh la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk eSa viuh mifLFkfr ntZ djkbZ gSA lkFk gh lkFk nksuksa ns'kksa us rduhdh vkSj LVkVZvi ds {ks= esa Hkh ,d nwljs ds lkFk lg;ksx fd;k gS tSls lkW¶Vos;j MsoyiesaV lkbcj lqj{kk vkSj vkÆVfQf'k;y baVsfytsal (A.I) tSls rduhd ,oa Zomato, Flipkart, Silicon valley, esd bu bafM;k tSls LVkVZvi esa Hkh lg;ksx feyk gSA lkFk gh lkFk baMks&;w,l lkbal ,aM VsDuksykWth Qksje (IUSSTF) ds rgr mUur 'kks/k vkSj rduhdh fodkl ds dbZ izkstsDV lapkfyr fd, x, gSaA lqj{kk vkSj j.kuhfrd lk>snkjh % Hkkjr vkSj la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds chp laca/kksa esa ,d vge eksM rc vk;k] tc Hkkjr ,oa vesfjdk ds chp lu~ 2005 esa flfoy U;wfDy;j Mhy gqvkA bl l>kSrs dks 123 ,xzhesaV Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl le>kSrs dk mn~ns'; Hkkjr dks ÅtkZ t:jrksa ds fy, ukxfjd U;wfDy;j VsDuksykth iznku djuk Fkk] lkFk gh bls varjk"Vªh; ije.kq vizlkj ra= esa tksM+ukA bl le>kSrs dk eq[; izko/kku &  Hkkjr dks ukxfjd vkSj lSU; ijek.kq dk;ZØeksa dks vyx djuk iM+kA  Hkkjr ds ukxfjd ijek.kq la;=ksa dks IAEA ¼varjjk"Vªh; ijek.kq ÅtkZ ,tsalh½ ds fujh{k.k esa ykuk iM+kA  Hkkjr dks U;wfDy;j ¶;wy vkSj VsDuksykWth ds fy, fo'ks"k NSG (Nuclear Suppliers Group) NwV feyh] ftlls bls oSf'od U;wfDy;j O;kikj esa 'kkfey fd;k x;kA bl U;wfDy;j Mhy dh f'ko'kadj esuu us Hkkjr&vesfjdh lEcU/kksa esa ,d ehy dk iRFkj crk;k gSA ;g Mhy Hkkjr dks varjkZ"Vªh; ijek.kq vizlkj O;oLFkk esa ykus vkSj ÅtkZ lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, dh xbZ FkhA vesfjdk us Hkkjr dks NSG ls fo'ks"k NwV fnykbZ ftlls Hkkjr dks oSf'od Lrj ij ukxfjd ijek.kq izkS|ksfxdh rd igq¡p feyhA QUAD (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue) us Hkh nksuksa ns'kksa dks ,d lkFk ykus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA bl laxBu esa Hkkjr] vesfjdk] tkiku vkSj vkLVsªfy;k 'kkfey gSA bldk eq[; mn~ns'; ,d Lora= vkSj [kqyk fgUn&iz'kkar {ks= lqfuf'pr djuk gSA blesa leqnzh lqj{kk] baÝkLVªDpj fodkl vkink izca/ku vkSj rduhdh lg;ksx ij tksj fn;k x;k gSA ;g xBca/ku {ks=h; fLFkjrk vkSj phu ds c<+rs izHkko dks jksdus ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk la;qDr :i ls nksuksa ns'k vkradokn ls izHkkfor jgs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd nksuksa ns'k vkradokn ls fuiVus ds fy, [kqfQ;k lk>snkjh vkSj lSU; lg;ksx ij dke dj jgs gSaA nksuksa ns'k lkbcj lqj{kk ij Hkh lkFk feydj dke dj jgs gSa] ftlls laosnu'khy MsVk vkSj egRoiw.kZ lajpukvksa dks cpk;k tk ldsA Hkkjr&vesfjdk 2$2 okrkZ ds ek/;e ls bl {ks= esa lg;ksx dks vkSj etcwr fd;k gSA bu lk>snkfj;ksa dk lkewfgd n~ns'; oSf'od vkSj {ks=h; lqj{kk dks c<+kok nsuk gS] ftlesa rduhdh izxfr vkSj j.kuhfrd lg;ksx dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh lg;ksx % Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk ds chp oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh lg;ksx dk ,d mRÑ"V mnkgj.k ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) vkSj NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) ds chp lk>snkjh gSA ;g lg;ksx oSKkfud uokpkj vuqla/kku vkSj oSf'od pqukSfr;ksa ds lek/kku esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA ISRO ,oa NASA ds fofHkUu ifj;kstukvksa eas feydj dke fd;k gS] ftuesa ls ,d egRoiw.kZ fe'ku ^fulkj* (NISAR) gSA ;g mixzg fe'ku i`Foh ds lrg ifjorZu] tyok;q ifjorZu vkSj izkÑfrd vkinkvksa dk v/;;u djus Journal of Research and Development A Multidisciplinary International Level Referred and Double Blind Peer Reviewed, Open Access ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-11(A)| November2025 134 ds fy, fodflr fd;k x;k gSA fulkj tks flaFksfVd ,ipZj jMkj (SAR) rduhd ij vk/kkfjr gS] fo'o dk igyk ,slk jMkj gS tks nks vyx&vyx jMkj ÝhDosalh (L-cSaM vkSj S-cSaM½ dk mi;ksx djrk gSA ;g ifj;kstuk u dsoy i`Foh dh lrg ij gks jgs gSa ifjorZuksa dks le>us eas enn djsxh cfYd vkink izca/ku vkSj i;kZoj.k laj{k.k esa Hkh lg;ksx djsxhA blds vykok Hkkjr&vesfjdk ds chp xgjs varfj{k vUos"k.k (Deep Space Exploration) vkSj ekuo varfj{k mM+ku (Human Space of Light) ds {ks= eas Hkh lg;ksx c<+ jgk gSA Gaganyaan ds rgr ISRO-NASA ds fo'ks"kKksa us rduhdh vkSj lqj{kk mik;ksx ds vknku&iznku esa ;ksxnku fn;k gSA Covid-19 egkekjh us oSf'od Lrj ij LokLF; iz.kkyh vkSj oSKkfud leqnk; dks ,d lkFk ykus dh vko';drk dks mtkxj fd;kA Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk us QkekZL;wfVdy {ks= esa lk>snkjh dks xgjk djrs gq, oSDlhu mRiknu] vuqla/kku vkSj vkiwÆr Ük`a[kyk izca/ku esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA Hkkjr dks ßfo'o dh QkesZlhÞ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS vkSj Covid-19 oSDlhu fuekZ.k esa mldh Hkwfedk mYys[kuh; jgh gSA Hkkjr dh lhje baLVhV~;wV vkWQ bafM;k vkSj vesfjdh QkekZ dEifu;ksa tSls Qkbtj vkSj ekWMukZ ds chp lg;ksx us oSDlhu mRiknu dks rsth ls c<+k;kA blds vykok la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk us COVAX igy ds rgr oSDlhu Mkst miyC/k djkus vkSj oSf'od forj.k ds fy, Hkkjr ds mRiknu {kerkvksa dks leFkZu fd;kA bl {ks= esa vuqla/kku vkSj fodkl (R & D) ds fy, Hkh nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp lk>snkjh etcwr gqbZ gSA Covid-19 ds nkSjku nksuksa ns'kksa ds oSKkfudksa us fpfdRlh; mik;] thukse lhDosaflax vkSj ubZ oSDlhu rduhdksa ij feydj fd;kA ;g lg;ksx us dsoy egkekjh dk izHkko de djus esa lgk;d jgk] cfYd Hkfo"; esa laHkkfor egkekfj;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy, Hkh vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk rS;kj dh xbZA Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk ds chp oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh lg;ksx dk ;g ekWMy u dsoy nksuksa ns'kksa ds fy, Qk;nsean gS] cfYd oSf'od lrj ij Hkh blds ldkjkRed ifj.kke gSA varfj{k foKku vkSj LokLF; {ks= esa bl izdkj dh lk>snkjh ls u dsoy rduhdh uokpkj c<+sxk] cfYd oSf'od pqukSfr;ksa] tSls&tyok;q ifjorZu vkSj LokLF; vkikrdky dk lek/kku Hkh laHko gksxkA ftlls nksuksa ns'k ,d fodflr ,oa lQy lg;ksx dk vVwV lk>snkj cu ldsaxsA 'kS{kf.kd vkSj lkaLÑfrd laca/k % Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk ds chp 'kS{kf.kd ,oa lkaLÑfrd lEcU/k dkQh etcwr gS] vkSj ;g le; ds lkFk fodflr gksrs tk jgs gSaA vesafjdh esa Hkkjrh; Nk=ksa dh la[;k lcls vf/kd gSA os foKku] bathfu;fjax] fpfdRlk vkSj fctusl tSls {ks=ksa esa mPp f'k{kk izkIr djrs gSaA 2023&2024 esa yxHkx 2 yk[k Hkkjrh; Nk= vesfjdk esa i<+ jgs FksA dqN vesfjdh Nk= Hkkjr esa laLÑfr] ;ksx] vk;qosZn] vkSj nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ v/;;u ds fy, vkrs gSaA nksuksa ns'kksa ds fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds chp lk>snkjh c<+ jgh gS] tSls la;qDr 'kks/k&ifj;kstuk,¡ vkSj QSdYVh ,Dlpsat izksxzke vkfnA vesfjdk esa yxHkx 4-5 fefy;u Hkkjrh; izoklh jgrs gSa] tks nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp lkaLÑfrd lsrq dk dke djrs gSaA Hkkjrh;&vesfjdu leqnk; VsDuksykWth] f'k{kk jktuhfr vkSj dyk tSls {ks=ksa esa izHkko'kkyh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gSA flfydkWu oSyh esa Hkkjrh; izokfl;ksa dk fo'ks"k izHkko gSA Hkkjrh; laxhr] ckWyhoqM fQYesa vkSj R;ksgkj ¼tSls fnokyh vkSj gksyh½ vesfjdk esa dkQh yksdfiz; gSA nksuksa ns'kksa ds lkaLÑfrd laxBuksa ¼tSls Hkkjrh; lkaLÑfrd la?k½ ds tfj, lkaLÑfrd mRlo vk;ksftr fd;s tkrs gSa] tks fd nksuksa ns'kksa ds lEcU/k dks izxk<+ cukus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA fookn ds {ks= j.kuhfrd erHksn % Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk ds chp dbZ Lrjksa ij vlgerh gS] tSls Hkkjr :l ls j{kk idj.kksa dh [kjhn tSls S-400 felkby iz.kkyh ij tksj nsrk gS] tcfd la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk bls CAATSA (Countering America's Adversaries throug Sanctions Act) ds rgr izfrca/k dk fo"k; cukrk gSA Hkkjr lhek fooknksa vkSj CAC ij phuh vkØkedrk ls fpafrr gSA ;gk¡ vesfjdk [kqys rkSj ij phu ds foLrkjoknh dneksa j[kus dk iz;kl djrk gSA ysfdu ikfdLrku ds ekeys ij nksuksa ns'k ds n`f"Vdks.k vyx&vyx gSA vesfjdk us ,sfrgkfld :i ls ikfdLrku dks lSU; vkSj vkÆFkd lgk;rk iznku dh gS] ftls Hkkjr vkradokn ds eqn~ns ij Hkkjr ds fgrksa ds f[kykQ ekurk gSA vesfjdk dk ßrkfydk&ikfdLrkuÞ uhfr ij tks tksj fn;k mlus Hkkjr ds lqj{kk fparkvksa dks c<+k fn;kA O;kikj vkSj uhfrxr eqn~ns % orZeku dk le; ^O;kikj ;qx* dk gS ftlesa fo'o ds izR;sd ns'k vf/kd ls vf/kd ykHk izkIr djuk pkgrs gSa ftlds dkj.k dbZ ckj O;kikj uhfr dks ysdj fookn mRiUu gks tkrk gSA ;gh fLFkfr fiNys dqN le; ls Hkkjr&vesfjdk lEcU/kksa esa ns[kus dks feyh gSA tSls la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk us GSP (Generalized System of Preference) dks lekIr fd;k oSls gh Hkkjr us izR;qÙkj esa vesfjdh mRiknksa ¼cknke vkSj v[kjksV½ ij VSfjQ c<+k fn;kA vesfjdh ohT+kk uhfr vkSj Hkkjrh; vkbVh {ks= ds lEcU/k esa Hkh nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp dbZ ij leL;k,a mRiUu gks xbZ gSA D;ksafd H1-B ohT+kk ds dM+s fu;eksa ls Hkkjrh; vkbVh dEifu;ksa dks Hkkjh uqdlku gqvk gS tcfd Hkkjrh; dEifu;ksa dks ßesd bu vesfjdkÞ uhfr;ksa ds rgr vesfjdh LFkkuh;rk ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA i;kZoj.k vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu % Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk nksuksa tyok;q ifjorZu ls fuiVus ds fy, izfrc) gS] ysfdu mudh izkFkfedrk,¡ vkSj n`f"Vdks.k fHkUu gSA vesfjdk dk tksj dkcZu mRltZu dks rqjar de djus ij gS] tcfd Hkkjr fodkl'khy ns'k gksus ds ukrs ßtyok;q U;k;Þ dh ckr djrk gS] ftlls fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks viuh fodkl lEcU/kh t:jrsa iwjh djus dk le; vkSj lalk/ku fey ldsA Journal of Research and Development A Multidisciplinary International Level Referred and Double Blind Peer Reviewed, Open Access ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-11(A)| November2025 135 nksuksa ns'k "US–India Climate and Clean Energy Agenda 2030 Partnership" ds rgr LoPN ÅtkZ rduhdh uokpkjksa ij dke dj jgs gSaA vesfjdk us Hkkjr dh International Solar Alliance igy dk leFkZu fd;k gSA Hkkjr dk tksj fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fy, foÙkh; vkSj rduhdh lg;ksx ij gS] tcfd vesfjdk fodflr ns'kksa dh ftEesnkjh dks ysdj lger gSA Hkkjr& vesfjdk lEcU/k bu eqn~nksa ij erHksn gksus ds ckotwn izxfr'khy vkSj lg;ksxkRed gS] D;ksafd nksuksa ns'kksa ds O;kid j.kuhfrd fgr ,d&nwljs ds lkFk tqM+s gq, gSA ekuokf/kdkj vkSj yksdrkaf=d eqn~ns % vesfjdk us tEew&d'ehj ls vuqPNsn 370 gVkus ds ckn Hkkjr dh bl uhfr dks ßvkarfjd ekeykÞ dgk gS] ysfdu le;≤ ij d'ehj esa ekuokf/kdkj vkSj vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=rk ls tqM+h fparkvksa dks mBk;k gSA Hkkjr dk Li"V #[k gS fd d'ehj iwjh rjg ls Hkkjr dk vkarfjd ekeyk gS vkSj blesa ckgjh gLr{ksi dh dksbZ vko';drk ugha gSA vesfjdk dh USCIRF (United States Commission on International Religious Freedom) us Hkkjr esa /kkÆed vYila[;dksa ds f[kykQ fgalk vkSj HksnHkko dks ysdj dbZ ckj fpark trkbZ gSA Hkkjr us bl fjiksVZ dks [kkfjt djrs gq, i{kikriw.kZ crk;k gS vkSj dgk gS fd Hkkjr ,d /keZfujis{k vkSj yksdrkaf=d ns'k gSA vesfjdk vkSj Hkkjr ds chp bl eqn~ns ij erHksn ds ckotwn] nksuksa ns'k laokn vkSj lg;ksx ds tfj, bu fpUrkvksa dks gy djus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSaA :l&;wØsu ;q) ds lUnHkZ esa Hkkjr dh rVLFkrk vkSj vesfjdh #[k % Hkkjr vkSj la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds chp f}i{kh; lEcU/kksa esa gky ds o"kks± esa dbZ egRoiw.kZ ?kVukvksa vkSj pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k gSA tSls :l&;qØsu ;q) ds nkSjku Hkkjr us rVLFk #[k viuk;k] tks mldh Lora= fons'k uhfr dk izrhd gSA Hkkjr us la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa :l ds f[kykQ izLrkoksa ij ernku djus ls ijgst fd;k gS vkSj nksuksa i{kksa ds chp laokn vkSj dwVuhfr ds ek/;e ls lek/kku dh odkyr dh gSA vesfjdk us Hkkjr ds bl #[k ij fefJr izfrfØ;k,¡ nh gS] gkykafd] nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp j.kuhfrd lk>snkjh ij bldk lhfer izHkko iM+kA fu"d"kZ 'khr ;q) ds ckn Hkkjr&vesfjdk lEcU/kksa esa mYys[kuh; ifjorZu ns[kk gS] tks lg;ksx vkSj fookn ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA 1991 ds ckn vkÆFkd mnkjhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.k us nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp lEcU/kksa dks izxk<+ fd;kA rduhdh vkSj j{kk {ks= esa lg;ksx] tSls flfoy U;wfDy;j Mhy vkSj QUAD dh Hkkxsnkjh] us Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk dks ,d j.kuhfr lk>snkjh ds :i esa mHkjkA O;kikj f'k{kk] LokLF; vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu tSls {ks=ksa esa Hkh nksuksa ns'kksa ds lEcU/k etcwr gq, gSA gkykafd] dqN fooknkLin eqn~ns lEcU/kksa esa ck/kk tkurs gSaA :l vkSj phu ds lkFk Hkkjr ds lEcU/k] ikfdLrku ij vesfjdk dk n`f"Vdks.k vkSj O;kikj uhfr;ksa dks ysdj erHksn f}i{kh; lEcU/kksa dks tfVy cukrs gSaA blds vykok ekuokf/kdkj vkSj /kkÆed Lora=rk tSls laosnu'khy eqn~nksa ij Hkh nksuksa ns'kksa ds n`f"Vdks.k vyx&vyx jgs gSaA blfy, fu"d"kZr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd Hkkjr&vesfjdk lEcU/k lg;ksx vkSj fookn dk larqfyr feJ.k gSA ;g Li"V gS fd nksuksa ns'k ,d& nwljs dh vkÆFkd vkSj j.kuhfrd egRokdka{kkvksa ds iwjd gSA vkus okys le; esa xzhu ,uthZ j{kk mRiknu vkSj {ks=h; fLFkjrk eas lg;ksx ds ek/;e ls lEcU/k vkSj izxk<+ gks ldrs gSaA bu erHksnksa dks lqy>kus ds fy, fujarj laokn vkSj dwVuhfr dh vko';drk gS] rkfd f}i{kh; lEcU/kksa dh iwjh {kerk dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldsA lanHkZ lwph 1. Pant, Harsh V.; India and the United State : A shred strategic vision (Carnegie Endowment, 2021) 2. Mohan, C. Rajan; Modi's World : Expanding India's sphere of Influence. 3. Jayshanker, Dr. S.; The India Way: Strategies for an uncertain world. 4. Menon, Shivshankar; Choices: Inside the Making of India's Foreign Policy. 5. Mukherjee, Shantanu; How India sees the World. 6. Press Information bureau (PIB). 7. https://commerce.gov.in 8. https://www.dgft.gov.in 9. https://ustr.gov/ 10. https://www.ISRO.gov.in 11. https://nisar.JPI.nasa.gov/ 12. https://www.icmr.gov.in 13. https://www.makeinindia.com/pharmaceuticals