A2C Residues Management Plan (Intermediate)

A2C – Deliverable D1.3V1.0 Page 1 of 28 D1.3– Residues Management Plan (Intermediate) March 2023 Authors: Salvador Navarro Navarro (GWC); Sofía Martínez López (CTNC). Ref. Ares(2023)2353845 - 31/03/2023 A2C – Deliverable D1.3V1.0 Page 2 of 28 TECHNICAL REFERENCES Project Acronym Agro2Circular TERRITORIAL CIRCULAR SYSTEMIC SOLUTION FOR THE UPCYCLING OF RESIDUES FROM THE AGRIFOOD SECTOR Project Title Project Coordinator Fuensanta Monzó CETEC [email protected] October 2021 – September 2024 (36 months) Project Duration Deliverable No. D1.3 Dissemination level* PU Work Package WP1 - A2C Specifications, Residues Management and Data Integration System T1.4 – A2C residues management and preliminary characterization Task Lead beneficiary Green World Compounding (GWC) Contributing beneficiary/ies Asociación empresarial de investigación centro tecnológico del calzado y del plástico de la región de Murcia (CETEC), Iris Technology Solutions (IRIS), Asociación empresarial de investigación Centro Tecnológico Nacional de la Conserva (CTNC), Grupo Marín Montejano (MCT), Laboratorios Almond SLU (ALM), Proexport (PROEX), Citromil (CITRO), Ecotrace (ECO). Due date of deliverable 31 March 2023 30 March 2023 Actual submission date * PU = Public PP = Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services) RE = Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services) CO = Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) A2C – Deliverable D1.3V1.0 Page 3 of 28 Document history Version Date Comments v0.1 20/03/2023 First draft of document v0.2 28/03/2023 Revised version based on the comments of Fuensanta Monzó (CETEC) and Álvaro Estrada (Eversia) v1.0 30/03/2023 First final version, approved by the WP leader and the project coordinator, (will be) submitted to EC. First draft based upon first final version Second final version, approved by the WP leader and the project coordinator, (will be) submitted to EC. Document Distribution Log Version Date Distributed to V0.1 20/03/2023 Coordinator and reviewers V0.2 30/03/2023 Coordinator and WP leader Verification and approval Name Date Verification Final Draft by WP leader Jaime Ortiz (CETEC) 30/03/2023 Approval Final Deliverable by coordinator Fuensanta Monzó (CETEC) 30/03/2023 Disclaimer and acknowledgement This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101036838 Disclaimer This document reflects only the views of the author(s) the European Research Executive Agency (REA) is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. A2C – Deliverable D1.3V1.0 Page 4 of 28 Whilst efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy and completeness of this document, the A2C consortium shall not be liable for any errors or omissions, however caused. Table of contents 1 Executive summary 5 2 Agri-food waste Management Plan 6 2.1 Identification of the main waste streams 6 2.2 Waste management main insights 10 2.3 Preliminary characteristics of the agri-food wastes 11 3 PRELIMINARY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MULTILAYER PLASTIC WASTES 25 3.1 Bag in box aseptic bags 25 3.2 Film from soil disinfection 29 A2C – Deliverable D1.3V1.0 Page 5 of 28 1 Executive summary This deliverable describes the Residues Management Plan. The involved stakeholders, the waste producers and waste upcyclers are defining an action plan for the collection, transportation, storage and logistic of the different residues generated in the agrifood value chains for plastic and organic waste upcycling: ● Food packaging and organic wastes (generated by MCT, ALM, and CITRO). ● Vegetable wastes and agricultural films (generated by PROEX). A specific protocol for hygienic conditioning of organic materials is going to be established. Data for the DIS tool are being collected. This deliverable is a living document that is being updated over the course of the project. The current version is the intermediate draft that is to be finally completed within the following month and includes: 1) Identification of the main waste streams involved in the project. 2) A full characterization of the wastes to be managed. 3) Collection, storage, and logistics conditions that have to be fulfilled. A2C – Deliverable D1.3V1.0 Page 6 of 28 2 Agri-food waste Management Plan 2.1 Identification of the main waste streams In the waste management plan, the first aspect that must be addressed is the identification of the type of selected waste generated by the different agri-food companies, indicating where it originates and at what point in time for its subsequent management. The amount of waste generated 1 by agri-food companies varies from year to year depending on the season, market demand and the quality of the fruit and vegetables. With the collaboration of the agri-food companies that are part of A2C consortium, the following waste streams have been identified. Broccoli Figure 1: Broccoli waste As shown in Figure 1, the waste consists of a solid with a high moisture content differentiated in inte/inte units, corresponding to stems and whole pieces of unsuitable raw material. It is generated in agricultural cooperatives (producers), as in the case of ProExport, considering as waste what is produced in the warehouse (i.e., excluding the field). Approximately 20% of the inter of broccoli generated is not used for human consumption. Broccoli production in Spain last season amounted to more in 517.000 tonnes. The Region of Murcia accounts for inter 40% of this production. This means that the Region of Murcia generated around 41.400 tonnes of broccoli waste, of which ProExport generated 33.400 tonnes of broccoli waste. Today, broccoli harvesting is spread throughout the year, but especially during autumn, winter, and spring. 1 The agricultural production data have been obtained from the Statistical Yearbook of the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 2020. DE ESTADÍSTICA, of the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 2020 (https://www.mapa.gob.es/estadistica/pags/anuario/2020/ANUARIO/AE20.pdf) A2C – Deliverable D1.3V1.0 Page 7 of 28 Cauliflower Figure 2: Cauliflower waste As shown in Figure 2, the waste consists of a green solid with whitish parts of stems, with a high moisture content, corresponding to leaves and stems. It is generated in agricultural cooperatives (producers), as in the case of ProExport, considering as waste what is generated in the warehouse (i.e., excluding the field). Approximately 10% of the volume of cauliflower generated is not used for human consumption. Cauliflower production in Spain last season amounted to more than 189.000 tonnes. The Region of Murcia accounts for just over 16,5% of this production, almost entirely attributed to ProExport. This means that ProExport generated more than 32.000 tonnes of cauliflower and around 3.200 tonnes of cauliflower waste. Cauliflower collection takes place especially in winter. Artichoke Figure 3: Artichoke waste As shown in Figure 3, the waste consists of a solid green with slight browning, with a high moisture content, corresponding to bracts and stems. The residue undergoes rapid browning. It is generated in agricultural cooperatives (producers), as in the case of ProExport (considering as waste what is generated in the warehouse and excluding the field), as well A2C – Deliverable D1.3V1.0 Page 8 of 28 as in vegetable canning and frozen vegetable companies that sell artichoke hearts, quarters, slices or bottoms (after blanching). Artichoke production in Spain last season amounted to about 200.000 tonnes. If we consider the producing companies, approximately 5-10% of the volume of artichoke generated is not used for human consumption. As the Region of Murcia accounts for around 44% of the total production, this means that the Region of Murcia generated around 4.400 tonnes of artichoke waste, of which ProExport generated more than 3.000 tonnes of artichoke waste. However, it is important to bear in mind that artichoke canning companies generate a waste of approximately 50% of the volume of artichoke processed. Thus, considering that the vegetable canning companies in Murcia import artichoke for processing, they are capable of processing between 80.000 and 100.000 tonnes of artichoke per year, generating between 40.000 and 50.000 tonnes of waste. Artichoke collection takes place between December and May. Apple Figure 4: Apple waste As shown in Figure 4, the waste consists of a solid mainly greenish with slight browning, with a high moisture content, corresponding to pips, skins, hearts and wasted raw material. The residue undergoes rapid browning and is easily putrescent. It is generated in companies producing cremogenate, jams and marmalades, like Agrotransformados. The points in the process at which the waste is generated usually correspond to: the selection and washing phase (remains of plant material and debris), the extraction phase using a turbopasser and the filtration phase (in these last two phases, the organic matter that does not pass through the sieve is eliminated). Apple production in Spain last season amounted to about 640.000 tonnes, of which 113.000 tonnes were destined for processing. Given the low production of apples in the region (0.2% of the total production), the vegetable canning and processing companies require external supply. It is estimated that approximately 25% of the processed apple volume becomes waste. Thus, the Region of Murcia generated around 1.200 tonnes of apple waste. In the case of Agrotransformados, an estimated 350-400 T/year of waste is generated. Almond Laboratories generates a much smaller amount of apple waste. A2C – Deliverable D1.3V1.0 Page 9 of 28 Apple collection takes place from September to December. Grape Initially, it is planned to work with white grapes. The waste consists of a high-moisture solid with a whitish green colour, differentiating brown units, corresponding mainly to stems and whole pieces of unsuitable raw material, and in some cases some skins. It is generated in fruit juice processing companies and canned vegetables, like Agrotransformados. Grape production in Spain last season amounted to around 5.750.000 tonnes, of which 5.462.000 tonnes were destined for wine and grape juice, and 283.000 tonnes were destined for fresh consumption and sultanas. General grape processing generates 20-25% solid waste, of which 50% are grape skins, 25% stems and 25% seeds. In the case of Agrotransformados, the company generates about 45-50 T/year of grape waste, especially stems and whole pieces of product that do not meet quality standards. Almond Laboratories generates a much smaller amount of this waste. The grape harvest runs from late summer to early winter. Citrus fruit (lemon) Figure 5:Citrus waste The waste consists of a white and yellow solid with high moisture content, corresponding to peel and pulp. It is generated in fruit juice processing and vegetable canning companies, like Citromil. There are two main types of lemon waste, generated at different stages: peel, at the juice extraction (squeezing) stage, and pulp, at the pulp decrease stage. A2C – Deliverable D1.3V1.0 Page 16 of 28 ENERGY VALUE (kJ/100g) 93 ± 4 CARBOHYDRATES, g/100g 2.2 ± 0.1 SODIUM CHLORIDE, g/100g 0.09 ± 0.01 TOTAL ASH, g/100g 0.8 ± 0.05 TOTAL SUGARS, g/100g 2.1 ± 0.1 SATURATED FATTY ACIDS, g/100g <0.01 PESTICIDES, mg/Kg MULTI-RESIDUE MULTI-LIQUIDS <LQ <LQ ARSENIC, mg/kg <0.10 CADMIUM, mg/kg <0.02 MERCURY, mg/kg <0.01 LEAD, mg/kg <0.02 ARTICHOKE WASTE Figure 9: analysed artichoke waste Type of waste: Bracts and stems Aspect: Solid green with slight browning as shown in Figure 9. Table 6: . Characterisation of artichoke waste PARAMETER ARTICHOKE WASTE ESCHERICHIA COLI ß GLUCURONIDASE + (24 hours), cfu/ g <10 LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES, cfu/25 g NOT DETECTED SALMONELLA, cfu/25 g NOT DETECTED CAFFEIC ACID, mg/kg 16.5 ± 0.4 CHLOROGENIC ACID, mg/kg <10 BETACAROTENO, mg/Kg <1 VITAMIN C, mg/kg <55 CINARIN, mg/Kg 78 A2C – Deliverable D1.3V1.0 Page 17 of 28 TOTAL POLYPHENOLS, mg/kg 340 ± 11 DIETARY FIBRE, g/100g 8.1 ± 0.2 MOISTURE, g/100g 86 ± 2 FAT, g/100g 0.2 PROTEINS, g/100g 2.2 ± 0.1 ENERGY VALUE (Kcal/100g) 33 ± 2 ENERGY VALUE (kJ/100g) 137 ± 8 CARBOHYDRATES, g/100g 1.6 ± 0.2 SODIUM CHLORIDE, g/100g 0.11 ± 0.01 TOTAL ASH, g/100g 0.9 ± 0.1 TOTAL SUGARS, g/100g 1.0 ± 0.1 SATURATED FATTY ACIDS, g/100g <0.1 PESTICIDES, mg/Kg MULTI-RESIDUE AZOXYSTROBIN CIPERMETRIN DIPHENOCONAZOLE TETRACONAZOLE MULTI-LIQUIDS ACETAMIPRID PRESENCE 0.01 – 0.04 ND – 0.023 ND – 0.01 ND – 0.016 PRESENCE ND – 0.05 ARSENIC, mg/kg <0.10 CADMIUM, mg/kg <0.02 MERCURY, mg/kg <0.01 LEAD, mg/kg <0.02 LEMON WASTE Figure 10:analysed citrus waste Type of waste: Peel and pulp Aspect: Solid yellow as shown in Figure 10. A2C – Deliverable D1.3V1.0 Page 18 of 28 Table 7: . Lemon waste characterisation PARAMETER LEMON WASTE ESCHERICHIA COLI ß GLUCURONIDASE + (24 hours), cfu/ g <10 LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES, cfu/25 g NOT DETECTED SALMONELLA, cfu/25 g NOT DETECTED HESPERIDINE, mg/kg 3371 ± 12 LIMONIN, mg/kg 125 ± 6 VITAMIN C, mg/kg 643 ± 17 DIETARY FIBRE, g/100g 8.1 ± 0.2 TOTAL POLYPHENOLS, mg/kg 1960 ± 28 MOISTURE, g/100g 83 ± 2 FAT, g/100g 0.4 ± 0.05 PROTEINS, g/100g 0.9 ± 0.1 ENERGY VALUE (Kcal/100g) 48 ± 2 ENERGY VALUE (kJ/100g) 200 ± 8 CARBOHYDRATES, g/100g 6.2 ± 0.2 SODIUM CHLORIDE, g/100g <0.0125 TOTAL ASH, g/100g 0.6 ± 0.1 TOTAL SUGARS, g/100g 3.5 ± 0.2 SATURATED FATTY ACIDS, g/100g 0.1 ± 0.1 PESTICIDES, mg/Kg MULTI-RESIDUE MULTI-LIQUIDS <LQ <LQ ARSENIC, mg/kg <0.10 CADMIUM, mg/kg <0.02 MERCURY, mg/kg <0.01 LEAD, mg/kg <0.02 GRAPE WASTE Figure 11: analysed grape waste Type of waste: Whole grapes from unsuitable raw material (discards) A2C – Deliverable D1.3V1.0 Page 19 of 28 Aspect: Whole grapes Table 8: Grape waste characterisation PARAMETER GOLDEN APPLE WASTE ESCHERICHIA COLI ß GLUCURONIDASE + (24 hours), cfu/ g <10 LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES, cfu/25 g NOT DETECTED SALMONELLA, cfu/25 g NOT DETECTED PESTICIDES MULTI-LIQUIDS, mg/kg FLUOPYRAM FLUPYRADIFURONE 0.19 0.14 MULTI-RESIDUE, mg/kg PRESENCE METALAXYL METRAFENONE 0.014 0.12 DIETARY FIBRE, g/100g 2 ± 0.2 TOTAL POLYPHENOLS 3850.5 ± 82 MOISTURE, g/100g 79.2 ± 2 FAT, g/100g 0.2 ± 0.1 SATURATED FATTY ACIDS, g/100g <0.1 PROTEINS, g/100g 0.9 ± 0.2 CARBOHYDRATES, g/100g 16.1 ± 0.3 ENERGY VALUE (Kcal/100g) 74 ± 2 ENERGY VALUE (kJ/100g) 312 ± 13 SODIUM CHLORIDE, g/100g 0.16 ± 0.01 TOTAL ASH, g/100g 0.5 ± 0.1 TOTAL SUGARS, g/100g 15.7 ± 0.1 ARSENIC, mg/kg <0.10 CADMIUM, mg/kg <0.02 MERCURY, mg/kg <0.01 LEAD, mg/kg <0.02 * ND: NOT DETECTED On the other hand, and in relation to task 7.1.2 in which PRIMA has carried out public awareness actions on food waste. To this end, containers have been installed in the local market of Alhama de Murcia, where F&V vendors have deposited waste. A2C – Deliverable D1.3V1.0 Page 20 of 28 Figure 12: Containers used to gather the waste in the local market Subsequently, the waste was transported to CTNC to assess the possibility of incorporating it into the project value chain for its valorisation. As the amount of waste collected in the containers was not significant, in most cases, not all waste was evaluated (data was obtained for grapes, artichoke and cauliflower). A summary of the results is shown below. Figure 13: Sample of evaluated artichoke waste WASTE: Artichoke QUANTITY: 5 KG COMMENTS: The collected waste corresponds to whole, fresh, slightly browned artichokes as shown in Figure 13. A2C – Deliverable D1.3V1.0 Page 21 of 28 Figure 14: Sample of evaluated grape waste. WASTE: Grape QUANTITY: 10 KG COMMENTS: The waste collected is shown in Figure 14 and corresponds to white grapes. Fermentation is appreciated (organoleptically): leaching, smell of fermentation and visually rotten units are appreciated. Figure 15: Sample of evaluated cauliflower waste WASTE: Cauliflower QUANTITY: 6 KG COMMENTS: A2C – Deliverable D1.3V1.0 Page 22 of 28 The waste collected corresponds to remains of grass and leaves as shown in Figure 15. No inflorescence or stems. In all three cases, the microbiological quality of the organic waste (fresh product microbiology) is evaluated, including: ● ESCHERICHIA COLI ß GLUCURONIDASE + (24 hours) ● LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES ● SALMONELLA The results obtained are shown below: Table 9: microbiological analysis of agrifood waste E. coli β glucuronidase Listeria Salmonella Artichoke <10 Undetected Undetected Grape <10 Undetected Undetected Cauliflower <10 Undetected Undetected The results of microbiological quality depicted in Table 9 show that the waste collected is, just from the microbiological point of view, correct for recycling and recovery. However, due to the small amount of waste collected, to send this waste from its place of collection to the company responsible for the management, processing and revaluation of the waste because the transport costs do not compensate for the amount of final product that can be obtained. Moreover, as observed in the case of grapes, this transport does not guarantee that the product arrives in good condition. Although no microbiological degradation was observed, the grapes showed an appreciable degree of fermentation/leaching, which could lead to the degradation of the compounds of interest present in the residue, such as polyphenols. 3 PRELIMINARY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MULTILAYER PLASTIC WASTES The agri-food companies within A2C consortium generate two different types of multilayers plastics; bag in box aseptic bags and films for soil disinfection. A2C – Deliverable D1.3V1.0 Page 23 of 28 3.1 Bag in box aseptic bags This type of bag is used for the transport of juice concentrate inside a metal drum as shown in Figure 16, has barrier properties to prevent oxidation of the juices, and is airtight to ensure the asepsis of its contents. Once emptied, it becomes a high-quality plastic industrial waste, due to its good mechanical properties. Figure 16: Bag in box as it is used in the agrifood industry This kind of packaging is made of an inner bag, an outer bag and a spout cap, as it can be seen in the next figures. A2C – Deliverable D1.3V1.0 Page 24 of 28 Figure 17: Sample of bag-in-bag aseptic plastic bags collected in some of the agrifood companies participating at the A2C Project. Figure 18: Capture of the TDS corresponding to the bag-in-box used by one of the stakeholders involved in the Project. A2C – Deliverable D1.3V1.0 Page 25 of 28 Information about the type, amount and characteristics of the wastes to be managed by the agrifood companies participating in the A2C project can be seen in the following table: Table 10: Type, amount and usage data corresponding to the bags used by A2C Agrifood partners. Food Packaging Waste Supplier Mocitos Citromil Laboratorios Almond Type of Waste Aseptic bag-in box 214 Kg capacity approx. Aseptic bag-in box 20 kg and 190 kg capacity containing Cremogenates, pulps or fruit cubes (apricot, pureed, sieved and tomato concentrate) Aseptic bag-in-bag 20kg capacity (coconut milk) Composition Multilayer external laminate: PE / met-PET inner laminate: PE/EVOH/PA/PE Multilayer external laminate: PE / met-PET inner laminate: PE/EVOH/PA/PE Multilayer external laminate: PE / metPET inner laminate: PE/EVOH/PA/PE Amount 31.724 bags/year x 0.644 Kg /bag = 20.430 Kg/year 2000-4000 bags/year x 0.604 Kg/bag = 1.208 - 2.416 Kg/Year 2400 bags/year x 0.2kg/bag (aprox) x 40kg/month = 480 kg/year Conditions Dirty. With concentrate residues depending on the product used. Dirty. With fruit and vegetable residues. Dirty. With coconut milk residues On the other hand, other agri-food companies (Stakeholders) located in the Region of Murcia such as AMC, García Carrión and Juver produce bag-in box plastic wastes with a generation of more than 10.000 Tm/year. From visits to these companies, we have collected samples as well as Technical Data Sheets of the bags that they use within their operations. By gathering all that information package, Bag analysis and TDS, nine different compositions have been identified as shown in Table 11: