इस्लाम में महिलाओं की सामाजिक और शैक्षिनिक स्थिति.

Journal of Research and Development A Multidisciplinary International Level Referred and Double Blind Peer Reviewed, Open Access ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-11(A)| November2025 145 bLyke esa efgykvksa dh lkekftd vkSj 'kSf{kfud fLFkfr vjek etgj 'kks/kkFkhZ, jk¡ph fo’ofo|ky;] jk¡ph Email: [email protected] Manuscript ID: JRD -2025-171127 ISSN: 2230-9578 Volume 17 Issue 11(A) Pp. 145-149 November. 2025 Submitted: 18 Oct. 2025 Revised: 28 Oct. 2025 Accepted: 11 Nov. 2025 Published: 30 Nov. 2025 efgykvksa ds lkekftd vf/kdkjksa ds ckjs esa ckr djrs le; % ;g iSxEcj (PBUH) gS ftUgksaus efgyk dks va/ksjs dh xgjkbZ ls ckgj fudkyk vkSj mls xfjek vkSj vuqxzg ds Åaps ik;nku ij [kM+k fd;kA mUgksaus dgk fd vYykg us fdlh dks Hkh ikih ?kksf"kr fd;k gS tks viuh ek¡ ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djus esa foQy jgrk gSA 1 efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa vkSj fLFkfr dk loky nqfu;k Hkj esa fujarj #fp dk fo"k; jgk gSA HkkSfrdokn ds bl ;qx esa Hkh yksx bLyke dh vksj vius ekxZn”kZu dh vksj #[k dj jgs gSaA vktknh ds uke ij lekt fnu&c&fnu uSfrdrk dh lkjh gnsa ikj dj jgk gSA bu lkaLd`frd vkSj lkekftd ifjorZuksa dk izHkko T;knkrj efgykvksa ij iM+ jgk gSA tks efgyk vius detksj gksus ds dkj.k vius vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr Fkkh] mls vkt efgyk eqfDr ds ukjs ds rgr mlds vf/kdka”k vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr fd;k tk jgk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] vkt dh ukjh viuh LokHkkfod fLFkfr vkSj lEeku dks [kks pqdh gS vkSj ,d dqfRlr lekt dh okluk dk f”kdkj gks jgh gSA bl [ksntud fLFkfr dk okLrfod lek/kku loZ”kfDreku vYykg }kjk fn[kk;k x;k ekxZn”kZu vkSj iSxEcj (PBUH) dh f”k{kk,a gSaA bls le>us ds fy, vYykg ds iSxEcj (PBUH) dks izcq) djus ls igys efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dk ,d fogaxe n`”; gksuk vko”;d gSA ml le; iwoZ bLykeh vjc ;k nqfu;k esa vU; txgksa dh izkphu laLd`fr vkSj lH;rk eas efgykvksa dks lekt esa dksbZ lEekutud LFkku ugha fn;kA2 ;g dqjku ls Li"V gS] **vkSj tc muesa ls ,d dks ¼,d efgyk ds tUe½ dh lwpuk nh tkrh gS] rks mldk psgjk dkyk gks tkrk gS] vkSj og nq[k dks nck nsrk gSA og yksxksa ls fNi tkrk gS D;ksafd chekj gksus ds dkj.k mls lwfpr fd;k x;k gSA D;k mls vieku esa j[kuk pkfg, ;k mls tehu esa xkM+ nsuk pkfg,A3 ml le; iwoZ bLykeh vjc ;k nqfu;k esa vU; txgksa dh izkphu laLd`fr vkSj lH;rk us efgykvksa dks lekt esa dksbZ lEekutud LFkku ugha fn;kA blds ctk;] mlds tUetkr ikih LoHkko] ;k mlds eu dh deh ij cgl izpfyr FkhA fgUnw /keZ esa efgykvksa ds fy, oSfnd f”k{kk can jghA bZlkbZ /keZ vkSj ;gwnh /keZ us ekuoh; Hkwy ds fy, efgykvksa dks ftEesnkj Bgjk;kA xzhd] jkse] bZjku] Qkjl vkSj phuh lH;rk esa mldk vfLrRo gh uhp vkSj 'keZ dk fo"k; FkkA vjc esa] vkf[kjh iSxEcj ds tUe ls igys] tc tkfgfy;k ¼vKku½ vius pje ij Fkk] ,d efgyk cPps dk tUe iki Fkk vkSj iq#"k ds fy, 'keZ dh ckr FkhA4 ;g dqjku ls Li"V gS] **vkSj tc muesa ls ,d dks ¼,d efgyk ds tUe½ dh lwpuk nh tkrh gS] rks mldk psgjk dkyk gks tkrk gS] vkSj og nq[k dks nck nsrk gSA og yksxksa ls fNi tkrk gS D;ksafd chekj gksus ds dkj.k mls lwfpr fd;k x;k gSA D;k mls viekku esa j[kuk pkfg, ;k mls tehu esa xkM+ nsuk pkfg,A5 bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa] bLyke us lekt esa efgykvksa ds dkuwuh vkSj O;ogkfjd Lrj esa ,d ,sfrgkfld ifjorZu yk;kA bLyke ds ifo= iSxEcj ds vkg~oku esa efgykvksa ds izfr ekuoh; fopkjksa dh fn”kk gSA **gs euq";ksa] vius jc ls Mjks] ftlus rqEgsa ,d gh tho ls iSnk fd;k vkSj mlh ls mldk lkFkh cuk;k vkSj mu nksuksa esa ls cgqr ls L=h&iq#"kksa dks frrj&fcrj dj fn;k** ¼dqjku 4%1½6 dqjku dh ;g vk;r efgykvksa dh lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd fLFkfr dks fu/kkZfjr djrh gS fd og Hkh ,d iq#"k dh rjg ,d balku gSA Quick Response Code: Website: https://jrdrvb.org/ DOI: Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work noncommercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations ae licensed under the idential terms. Address for correspondence:  , , , How to cite this article:  , (2025).    . Journal of Research & Development, 17(11), 145-149. Original Article Journal of Research and Development A Multidisciplinary International Level Referred and Double Blind Peer Reviewed, Open Access ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-11(A)| November2025 146 eksVs rkSj ij bLyke esa efgykvksa dks lHkh igywvksa esa iq#"kksa ds cjkcj ekurk gSSA mudk bZ”oj vkSj lekt ds izfr leku nkf;Ro gSA efgyk,a vius vki esa vyx lÙkk gS vkSj iq#"kksa dks feyus okys lHkh vf/kdkj Hkh muds gaSA dqjku esa dgk x;k gS] **os rqEgkjs oL= vkSj rqe muds oL= gksA**¼dqjku 2%187½7 bLyke us iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa nksuksa ds fy, lh[kus vkSj Kku ij cgqr tksj fn;k gS vkSj ,d nwljs ds lgk;d vkSj ,d nwljs ds diM+ksa ds leku dgk x;k gSA ;g fo”o dk ,dek= /keZ gS] tks ukjh ds dÙkZO;ksa vkSj vf/kdkjksa dk o.kZu djrk gS vkSj ukjh dks lekt esa mldk mfpr LFkku nsrk gSA blus L=h dks *ifo=rk vkSj lnkpkj* dh oLrq ds #i esa of.kZr fd;k gS tcfd vU; /keZ mls lHkh ikiksa ds izorZd ds #i esa fpf=r djrs gSaA dqjku dh lqjg cdjk 2%228 esa dgk x;k gS ßefgykvksa ds fy, Hkh lkekU; fu;e ds vuqlkj oSls gh vf/kdkj gSa tSls ejnksa ds vf/kdkj mu ij gaSÞ bLyke us {kerk] 'kkjhfjd lajpuk vkfn ds vuqlkj iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa ds dÙkZO;ksa ls lacaf/kr erHksnksa dh js[kk,a [khaph gSaA mUgsa ifjokj dk LraHk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA [kaHkk etcwr ugha gqvk rks ifjokj cckZn gks tk,xkA ;gh eq[; dkj.k gS fd ,d eqfLye efgyk dks vtufc;ksa ds lkFk csotg ?kqyus&feyus] fgtkc iguus dk funsZ’k nsus vkfn ij jksd yxk nh xbZ gSA8 bLyke esa efgykvksa dh okLrfod fLFkfr dks lwjg vgtkc dh vk;r 35 esa le>k tk ldrk gS] **fuf”pr #i ls eqfLye iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa] /keZfu"B iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa] lPPks iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa] /kS;Zoku iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa fouez iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa] ijksidkjh iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvks] miokl djus okys iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvks] iq#"k vkSj efgyk,a tks viuh ifo=rk dh j{kk djrs gSa] vkSj iq#"kksa vkSj efgyk,a tks vDlj vYykg dks ;kn djrs gSa& mu lHkh ds fy, vYykg us {kek vkSj ,d cM+k bZuke rS;kj fd;k gSA mijksDr vk;r Li"V #i ls dgrh gS fd vYykg us L=h vkSj iq#"k nksuksa dks ftEesnkj vkSj tokcnsg cuk;k gSA9 efgykvksa ds lkekftd vf/kdkjksa ds ckjs esa ckr djrs le; ;g iSxEcj (PBUH) gS ftUgksaus efgyk dks va/ksjs dh xgjkbZ ls ckgj fudkyk vkSj mls xfjek vkSj vuqxzg ds Åaps ik;nku ij [kM+k fd;kA mUgksaus dgk fd vYykg us fdlh dks Hkh ikih ?kksf"kr fd;k gS tks viuh eka ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djus esa foQy jgrk gSA10 mlds lkaLd`frd vf/kdkj gS 1½ thoulkFkh pquus dk vf/kdkj& bLyke cgqr gh mfpr vkSj larqfyr rjhds ls vf/kdkj dks ykxw djrk gS] fo”okfl;ksa dks fdlh yM+dh dh mldh lgefr ds fcuk 'kkknh ugha djus dk vkns”k nsrk gSA 2½ viuh 'kknh dks jí djus dk vf/kdkj& vxj fdlh yM+dh dh 'kknh cgqr gh de mez esa dj nh xbZ gS] rks ifjiDork dh mez rd igqapus ij] mls bls cuk, j[kus ;k jí djus dk vf/kdkj gSA 3½ [kqyk dk vf/kdkj & efgyk dks vius ifr ls vyx gksus dh ekax djus dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gSA ;fn og vius ifr dks vf/kdkj nsus esa vleFkZ ikrh gSA 4½ vPNk O;ogkj djus dk vf/kdkj & dqjku dgrk gS] **viuh ifRu;ksa ds lkFk vPNs rjhds ls jgksA**11 vkSj vkil esa esgjckuh u HkwyukA**12 5½ iqufoZokg dk vf/kdkj & rykd”kqnk vkSj os efgyk,a ftudh 'kknh dkuwuh #i ls jí dj nh xbZ gS] mUgsa iqufoZokg esa izos”k djus dk vf/kdkj gSA 6½ fo/kok ds vf/kdkj & dqjku dgrk gS] **,s bZeku okyksa! efgykvksa dks mUkdh bPNk ds fo#) okfjl djuk vkids fy, tk;t ugha gSA13 vkSj vius chp ds vfookfgrksa ls C;kg djksA14 ,d fo/kok ds fy, lcls cM+k iq.; dk dk;Z ;g gS fd mldk iqufoZokg fdlh lTtu O;fDr ls fd;k tk;A 7½ nhokuh vkSj QkStnkjh dkuwu esa iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa ds chp lekurk& dqjku dgrk gS] **efgykvksa dks iq#"kksa ds leku vf/kdkj gSA**15 bLyke esa mls vkfFkZd vf/kdkj 1½ laifÙk dk vf/kdkj& og viuh laifÙk dk ,dek= ekfyd gSA 2½ Hkj.k&iks"k.k& L=h fdruh Hkh /kuh D;ksa u gks vius ifr ds ikl jgrh gSA16 3½ egj& dqjku esa ;g Hkh dgk x;k gS] **vkSj efgykvksa dks ¼”kknh ij½ muds ¼nqYgu½ migkj d`ikiwoZd nsaA ijUrq ;fn os mlesa ls dqN Hkh LosPNk ls rqEgsa ns nsa] rks mls larks"k vkSj lgtrk ls ysaA17 4½ mÙkjkf/kdkj dk vf/kdkj& ,d efgyk dks vius firk] ifr] cPpksa vkSj vU; djhch fj”rsnkjksa ls laifÙk fojklr esa feyrh gSA 5½ f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj & lkekftd] lkaLd`frd vkSj vkfFkZd vf/kdkjksa ds ckn ;g lcls egRoiw.kZ vf/kdkj gSA ,d efgyk dks u dsoy /kkfeZd vkSj vk/kqfud f”k{kk izkIr djus dh vuqefr nh xbZ gS] cfYd mldh f”k{kk dks ,d iq#"k ds #i esa vko”;d ekuk x;k gSA ,d efgyk dh f”k{kk dsoy mlds fy, gh ugha cfYd mlds cPpksa vkSj ifjokj ds fy, Hkh gksrh gS lkFk gh og ,d iwjh ih<+h dk ikyu&iks"k.k djrh gSA iSxEcj dh IkRuh gtjr vk;”kk ¼jftñ½ u dsoy efgykvksa ds fy, cfYd iq#"kksa ds fy, Hkh ,d f”k{kd FkhA bl izdkj vdsys bLyke us ,d efgyk dks mldh LokHkkfodrk dks cuk, j[krs gq, lekt esa xfjek vkSj vuqxzg dk ntkZ fn;k gS vkSj bl rjg ukjhRo dh fLFkfr dks Åij mBk;k gSA bLyke us ,d efgyk dks fn, x, vf/kdkjksa dk Kku] egRo vkSj ifj.kke ;g fu.kZ; ugha gks ldrk gS fd ge bu vf/kdkjksa dh rqyuk vU; lektksa ls djrs gSaA okLro esa] if”pe Journal of Research and Development A Multidisciplinary International Level Referred and Double Blind Peer Reviewed, Open Access ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-11(A)| November2025 147 ,d efgyk dks oSlk gh ekurk gS tSlk fd tkfgfyO;kg ds fnuksa esa ekuk tkrk FkkA blfy,] fo”okl ds lkFk dgk tk ldrk gS fd if”pe us ,d efgyk dks efgyk ds #i esa dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha fn;k gSA18 bLyke us f”k{kk vkSj çf”k{k.k dks “kq# ls gh egÙo fn;kA “kjh;r&,& bLykeh us enksZ o vkSjrksa nksuksa dks leku vf/kdkj vkSj dÙkZO; fn;s gSaA nksuksa drkZO;ksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, ,d leku #i ls ftEesnkj gSA ;g ckr t#jh gS fd nksuks dks gh viuk drZO; c[kwch fuHkkuk vkuk pkfg,] blfy, tc rd vki vius /keZ ds Kku dks çkIr ugh djrs rc rd vki /kkfeZd exZn”kZu is ugha py ldrsA ;gh otg gS fd bLyke esa enZ vkSj vkSjr dks leku #i ls f”k{kk dh çkfIr dk gqDe gSA bLyke dgrk gS ßgj eqlyeku ¼enZ vkSj vkSjr½ ij bYe gkfly djuk QtZ gSA nj gdhdr vYyk ds canksa esa ls flQZ bYe j[kus okys yksx gh mlls Mjrs gSaAÞ bLyke ls igys dh vkSjrsa fcuk bYe ds vius vf?kdkjksa dks tkuus esa vleFkZ Fkh] ,Sls esa i<+uk vkSj fy[kuk muds gd esa vkrk gh ugh FkkA u oks vius vkf/kdkj ds fy, loky dj ldrh Fkh uk gh vius vf/kdkj dks le> ldrh Fkh blfy, bLyke esa vkSjrksa dks bYe ds ekeys esa vkSjr vkSj enZ dks cjkcj dk ntkZ fn;k gSA bLyke esa dgk x;k gS dh vkSjr dk QtZ gS bYe gkfly djuk vkSj bls jksduk tqeZ gSA19 bLyke us Kku çkIr djus dks enZ vkSj vkSjr nksuksa ds fy, leku #i ls t#jh djkj fn;k gSA uch djhe lYyYykg vySfg olYye dk bj”kkn gS ßgj eqlyeku ¼enZ&vkSjr½ ij bYe gkfly djuk QtZ gSÞA ¼frczkuh 10@240½ dqjku vkSj gnhl esa bYe ¼Kku½ csfelky xq.kksa dks crk;k x;k gS cfYd ekyqe gksrk gS fd bLyke esa Kku izkIr djus ls c<+dj dqN Hkh ugha gSA20 dqjku esa bj”kkn gksrk gS ßnjgfddr vYykg ds canksa esa ls flQZ bYe j[kus okys yksx gh mlls Mjrs gSÞA ¼lqjs Qkfrg%6½ 21 iSxacj lYyñ vySñ olYye ij tks igyh ogh ukfty gqbZ mldh “kq#vkr Hkh “kCn bdjk ¼;kfu i<+ks½ ls gqvk Fkk ¼lqjg bdjk%1½22 ßmysek ufc;ksa ds okfjl gSa] D;ksfd ufc;ksa us fojklr esa fnjge o fnukj ugha NksM+s ckfYd bYe NksM+k gSA lks ftluss bYe gkfly dj fy;k mlus ufc;ksa dh fojklr esa ls cM+k fgLlk gkflydj fy;kA ¼lgh freZth% 2159½23 Kku ds egRo es ckjs esa crkSj uewuk dqN vk;rs vkSj gnhls is”k dh xk;h gSa ftuls Kku dh vR;f/kd egÙkk lkfcr gks jgh gSA bLyke esa efgyksa dh f”k{kk vkSj çf”k{k.k dh fo”ks’k O;oLFkkA bLyke ls igys vui<+ lektksa esa vkSjrsa gj çdkj ds vf/kdkjksa ls cafpr FkhA tgk¡ efgyk,a thou ds vf/kdkj ls oafpr gkas] ogk¡ i<+us fy[kus ds vf?kdkj dk rks loky gh iSnk ugha gksrk exj bLyke us tgk¡ efgykvksa dks mPp LFkku fn;k gS ml ij ,d ,glku ;s Hkh fd;k gS fd mls f”k{kk vkSj çf”k{k.k esa enksZ ds ojkcj vf/kdkj fn;s gaSA “kjh;rs bLykeh us enksZ vkSj vkjrksa nksuks dks lEcksf/kr fd;k gS /kkfeZd vkns”kksa dk ikyu nksuksa ij okftc gSA vkSj d;ker ds fnu enksZaa dh rjg vkSjrsa Hkh [kqnk ds lkeus tokcnsg gSa blfy, vkSjrksa ds fy, Hkh Kku çkIr djuk tks mudksa eq[; /kkfeZd ekeyksa dh f”k{kk nsa vkSj bLykeh vkns”kksa ds vuqlkj thou thus dk <ax fl[kk, oks muds fy, QtZs ,su djkj fn;s x, gSaA QtZs ,su dk eryc gS dh bls lh[kuk t:jh gS vkSj vxj vkSjr ;k enZ blesa dksrkgh djs rks oks eqtfje gSA24 blfy, iSxacj lYyñ us “kq: ls gh efgykvksa dks f”k{kk dh rjQ /;ku fnyk;kA vki lYyñ us lwjg vycdjk dh vk;rksa ds ckjs esa Qjek;k % Þrqe [kqn Hkh mudks lh[kks vkSj viuh vkSjrksa dks Hkh fl[kkvks ¼lquu nkfjeh % 3390½25 ftlus rhu yM+fd;ks dh ijokfj”k dh] mudh vPNh rkyhe o rchZ;r dh] muls vPNk O;ogkj fd;k fQj mudk fudkg dj fn;k rks mlds fy, tUur gSÞ ¼vcw nkÅ % 5147½26 jlqyYykg lYygñ ds rcyhxh fe”ku esa gQrs esa 1 fnu flQZ efgyk dh f”k{kk o çf”k{k.k ds fy, fo”ks’k gksrk FkkA gtjr mej jft;Yykgw vUgw fcu [krkc us vius jkT; ds pkjks rjQ ;s Qjeku tkjh dj fn;k Fkk% viuh vkSjrks dks lqjs vyuwj t#j fl[kkvks fd bles ?kjsyw vkSj lkekftd thou ds ckjs esa dbZ elys vkSj gqDe ekStwn gSA ¼vYnj vyelwn%5118½27 bLyke esa efgykvksa dh f”k{kk ds ckjs esa dHkh nks jk; ugha gks ldrhA ,d gh iwoZ vkSj iq[rk gqDe gS vkSj oks gS vkSjrkas dks bYe ds vkHkw’k.k ls ltkus dk D;ksafd vui<+ vkSj vKk;uh efgyk lekt ds fiNM+siu dk djj.k curh gSA efgyk dh tgkyr ¼vKkurk½ ds dkSu&dkSu ls uqdlku fxuok,¡ tk,¡] ifr] ?kj] vYykg dh nh xbZ usersa] fdlh Hkh ckr dk mUgsa ,glkl ugh gksrk] mudh nqfu;k Hkh cokZn vkSj vkf[kjr ¼ijyksd½ Hkh rckg gks tkrk gSA blds foifjr nhu dk Kku j[kus okyh efgyk,a¡ lgh vkSj xyr] tk;t vkSj uktk;t dh gn dks tkurh vkSj igpkurh gS vkSj oks vius thou esa is”k vk;us okys elyks dks vPNs <ax ls fuiVk ysrh gaSA bYesnhu mudks fouez vkSj lqlaLd`r cukrk gS] oks vius cPPkksa dh Hkh lgh rfcZ;r djds vPNs lekt ds fuekZ.k dk dkj.k lkfcr gksrh gSA28 bl fygkt ls vkSjr dh rkyhe ,Slh gksuh pkfg, tks mldks usd csVh oQknkj cgu Qjekojnkj choh vkSj pkfj=oku vkSj gennZ ek¡ cu ldsA Hkkjrh; eqfLye efgykvks esa f”k{kk dh fLFkfr igyh f”k{kd ßchch Qkfrek “ks[k vksj lkfof= ckbZ QqysÞ f”k{kk dks gj efgyk rd igq¡pkus dks ftEek tc lkfof=ckbZ Qqys us fy;kA rc mudk lkFk nsus chch Qkfrek vkxs c<h vkSj ,d v/;kfidk ds #i esa lfcf=ckbZ Qqys ds Ldwy esa i<+kus yxhaA blds fy, mUgs reke lkekftd fojksf/k;ksa dk lkeuk Hkh djuk iM+k exj og ihNs ugha gVhA vkSj mlh rjg ?kj&?kj tk ds efgykvksa dks f”k{kk ds izfr tkx#dRkk QSykus dh eqfge pykus yxhA tc lkfof=ckbZ Qqys ds firk th us mUgsa nfyrksa vkSj Journal of Research and Development A Multidisciplinary International Level Referred and Double Blind Peer Reviewed, Open Access ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-11(A)| November2025 148 efgykvks ds mFkku ds fy, fd, tk jgs dkeksa ds dkj.k iwjs ifjokj dks ?kj ls fudky fn;kA rc chch Qkfrek ds HkkbZ mLeku “ks[k us mugs visu ?kj esa iukg nhA29 vk/kqfud f”k{kk ds çfr eqfLye efgykvks dk ;ksxnku eqfLye efgykvks ds çfrfuf/kRo dks vDlj fgtkc iguus okys #f<+okfn;ksa rd lhehr dj fn;k x;k gSA gykafd ¼,d bfrgkl ifj;kstuk lg çn”kZuh ßikFkczsdlZÞ Hkkx ¼1½ vxLr 2018 fnYyh vkSj Hkkx ¼2½ ekpZ 2020 casxyq#½ ds vuqlkj 20 oha lnh dh eqfLye oqeu vkWQ bafM;k ;g cnyus dh mEehn djrh gS bldk nwljk igyw Hkh g]S fgtkc dHkh f”k{kk esa #dkoV ugha cukA ,sls vusd [kcjs i<+rs gksxsa fgtkc iguus okyh eqfLye yM+dh ik;yV curh gSa ckDlj cuh vkSj Hkh ,slh cgqr lkjh felkysa gSa] dksbZ Hkh balku tc vius edln dks etcwrh ls idM+k jgsxkk rks dke;kch mldh eqdn~nj gksxh] fgtkc f”k{kk ls dHkh efgykvks dks ugha jksdrk ;s le>us dh t#jr gSA eqfLye efgykvksa dh ,d igy ßikFkczsdlZÞ ßeqfLye oqeu vkWQÞ 20oha lnh dh eqfLye efgykvksa ds vk[;kuksa dks crkus dh ftEesnkjh ys jgh gS] ftUgksus us ck/kkoksa dks rksM+ fn;k vkSj ,d u, Hkkjr ds fuekZ.k dh ifj;kstuk esa ;ksxnku fn;k A bl esa 21 ,slh efgykvksa dk o.kZu gSA 1rS;ck [kkfno tax ¼1823&1921½ 2vfr;k QSth ¼1877&1967½ 3- “kjhQk gkfen vyh ¼1886&1971 4eklwek gqlSu vyh [kku ¼1901&1990½ 5Qkfrek blekbZy ¼1903&1987½ 6vful fdnobZ ¼1906&1982½ 7eqerkt tgk¡ gSnj ¼1907&1981½ 8dqnlh;k ,Stkt jlqy ¼1908&2001½ 9gktjk csxe ¼1910&2003½ 10lkysgk vkfcn gqlSu ¼1903&1988½ 11vfr;k gqlSu ¼1913&1998½ 12lkfQ;k tku fu”kkj v[rj ¼1916&1953½ 13gfenk gchcqYykg ¼1916&2018½ 14jft;k lTtkn tkfdj ¼1917&1979½ 15lqj;k rS;c th ¼1910&1978½ 16tksgjk vyh ;koj tax ¼1920&2010½ 17lS;nk [kqj”khn 18vthtk Qkfrek beke 19dqn”kh;k tSnh 20eqQhnk vgen 21lhíhdk fdnob fdrus de yksx tkurs gSa dh ,d vkSjr Fkh ftldk uke Qkfrek blekbZy Fkk ftlus usg: ls fcurh dj dj ds çkbZeySUM fy;k vkSj cfPp;ksa ds fy, iksfy;ks gkWfLiVy cuok;k fdrus de yksx tkurs gSa igyh eqfLye vkSjr ftlus Hkkjr dk >.Mk fMtkbZu fd;k fdrus de yksx tkurs gSa ,d efgyk Fkh ftldk uke Fkk “kjhQk gkfenk vyh Consituent Assembly dh lnL; Fkh chch Qkfrek “ks[k % vk/kqfud Hkkjr dh igyh eqfLye efgyk f”k{kdksa esa ls ,d gSA ftUgksusa nfyr cPPkksa dks Qqys ds Ldwy esa f”kf{kr djuk “kq# fd;k lkfof=ckbZ vkSj Qkfrek lxquk ckbZ ds lkFk Fkh tksckn esa f”k{kk vkanksyu esa ,d vkSj usrk cu xbZA Qkfrek “ks[k ds HkkbZ mLeku “ks[k] T;ksfrck vkSj lkfof=ckbZ Qqys ds vkanksyu ls izsfjr gksdj Hkkx fy;k ml le;ds vfHkys[kkxkj ds vuqlkj] mLeku “ks[k Fks] ftlus viuh cgu Qkfrek dks lekt esa f”k{kk dk izlkj djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;kA iFkjko fd, tkus vkSj xkscj Qsadk Tkkus yxkk ;gh ugha Qkfrek dks fgUnqvks ds lkFk&lkFk eqLyekuksa dk Øks/k lguk iM+kA /kefd;ksa ds ckotqn og eqfLye ?kjksa esa tkrh Fkh vkSj yM+dh;ksa dks f”k{kk dk egRo le>krh FkhA og igyh eqfLye efgyk Fkh ftlus 19oha “krkCnh esa vU; yM+fd;ksa vkSj efgykvksa dks f”kf{kr djuk “kq# fd;k Fkk vkSj laf{kIr izksQkby Þcky Hkkjrhß egkjk’Vª jkT; C;wjks ds Ldwy ds mnwZ ikB~; iqLrdksa esa “kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA Qkrek “ks[k ij ge lHkh dks xHkZ gSA Qkfrek “ks[k ij vkt ge lHkh dks xoZ gSA lqjS;k rS;cth % gesa Hkkjr dk bfrgkl Hkh ugh Hkwyuk pkfg,] Hkkjrh; /ot ds fy, vafre fMtkbu dks ysdj lkeusa vkus okyh efgyk ÞljS;k rS;cthß Fkh vkSj mUgas og Js; nsuk pkfg, ftldh osgdnkj gSaA Mk. lS¸;nk gehn % EkSykuk vktkn fo”ofo|ky; gSnjkckn dh dqykf/kifr gaS] ftUgksaus ;kstuk vk;ksx dh lnL;k ds #i esa ,d yeck vkSj “kkunkj dfj;j cuk;kA eqfLye efgyk eap dh v/;{k] nf{k.k ,f”k;k esa “kkafr ds fy, efgykvksa dh igy dh laLFkkidA U;klh ¼foilk½ lnL;] n~ohi fodkl izkf/kdj.k] laLFkkid VªLVh] dsfUnz; laokn vkSj lqyg ds fy,A vkSj jk’Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx dh lnL;kA d”ehj esa tUeh] ps;jilZu ds #i esa dbZ ekun in j[krh gSa fnYYkh esa ih-,p-Mhdh mikf/k izkIr dhA 15 ls vf/kd iqLrdksa dk ys[ku ,oa lg ys[ku fd;k gSa] ftlesa C;wVhQqy daVªh % LVksfjt ÝkWe vnj bafM;k] mudh vuqie d`rh gSA lkFk gh os ine Jh lfgr dbZ vU; iq#Ldkjksa vkSj mikf/k;ksa ls lEekfur gSaA lbZnk [kqj”khn % 1947 esa viuh f”k{kk ,d futh Nk=k ds #i esa iw.kZ dh vkSj viuh ijh{kvksa ds fy, vyhx<+ dh ;k=k ds fy, fudy iM+hA [kq”khZn th mRd`’V Nk=k vkSj Lo.kZ ind fotsrk Fkh A mUgksaus ßtkfdj lkgc dh dgkuh mudh csVh dh tqcuhÞA 2000 esa eqfLye efgyk eap dh laLFkkid v/;[k jgh vkSj laxBu dks eqfLye efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa ds eqn~nks ij chp dk jkLrk fudkyus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA lPpj lfefr fjiksZV %&fjiksZV esa dgk x;k gS dh ßdbZ cSBdkas esa efgykvks us bl ckr ij tksj fn;k fd mUgs v/;;u vkSj dke djus dk volj fn;k tkrk vkSj ck/kkvksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy, ßizca/kuÞ djuk iM+rk Fkk ¼lPpj 2006]13½ ,d fjiksZV esa ik;k x;k fd eqfLye yMfd;k¡ [kqn f”k{kk ds fy, ,d ßetcwr bPNk vkSj ladYi j[krh gSÞ ¼lPpj 2006] 19&20½ Journal of Research and Development A Multidisciplinary International Level Referred and Double Blind Peer Reviewed, Open Access ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-11(A)| November2025 149 fu’d’kZ ekuo bfrgkl fofHkUu laLd`fr;ksa] fopkj /kkjkvksa vkSj /keksZa dk ,d djhch v/;u gesa bl fu’d’kZ ij ykrk gS fd bloj us vius vafre iSxEcj eqgEen (PBUH) ds ek/;e ls tks b”ojh; ekxZ n”kZu çdV fd;k gS] og ftou dk lcls vPNk rjhdk gSA ifo= iSxEcj dh f”k{kk,sa b”ojh; Kku dh vfHkO;fDr gS vkSj mudk lhjr thou dk lcls vPNk eksMy gSA blfy, bLyke lekt esa efgykvksa vf/kdkjksa] fLFkfr vkSj fLFkfr dk lcls vPNk vkSj lcls cM+k j{kd gSA lanHkZ 1. gnhl&lghg eqfLye 2. lS;n tykyqíhu mejh **vkSjr vkSj bLyke**] edZth edrc bLykeh] ubZ fnYyh] i`. la.& 25 3. ifo= dqjku] 16%58] 59 4. ,e., . flfídh& 1982] oqeSu bu bLyke] ,Me ifCyds’ku] ubZ fnYyh] i. la.& 101 5. ifo= dqjku] 16%58&59 6. ifo= dqjku] 4 % 8 7. ifo= dqjku] 2%187 8. ,e., . flfídh& 1982] oqeSu bu bLyke] ,Me ifCyds’ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`. la.& 76 9. ifo= dqjku] 33 % 35 10. gnhl lgh cq[kkjh 11. ifo= dqjku] 4%19 12. ifo= dqjku] 2%237 13. ifo= dqjku] 4%19 14. ifo= dqjku] 24%32 15. ifo= dqjku] 2%228 16. ,e. , .flfídh& 1982] oqeSu bu bLyke] ,Me ifCyds’ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`.l.& 87 17. ifo= dqjku] 4 % 4 18. ,e. , . flfídh& 1982] oqeSu bu bLyke] ,Me ifCyds’ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`. l.& 95 19. lS;n tykyqíhu mejh **vkSjr vkSj bLyke**] edZth edrc bLykeh] ubZ fnYyh] i`ñ lañ& 10 20. frczkuh % 10@240 21. dqjku lqj% Qkfrgk % 7 22. dqjku lqj% bdjk % 1 23. gnhl lgh frfeZth 24. lS;n tykyqíhu mejh **vkSjr vkSj bLyke**] edZth edrc bLykeh] ubZ fnYyh] i. la.& 10 25. lquu nkfjeh % 3390 26. gnhl vcw nkÅ 27. vy nwj vyealwj 28. “kkfgnk yrhQ **eqfLye oqeu bu bafM;k** 29. ikFkczsdlZ] **eqfLye oqeu bu bafM;k** 30. lPpj lfefr fjiksVZ&2006]19&20