Fig. 12 in Fig. 11 in Table 2 in Fig. 2 in Microphysogobio zhangi Sun & Zhao 2022, n. sp.

The Bhutan Pine Aphid Pseudessigella brachychaeta Hille Ris Lambers (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Lachninae) From India Reveals the Hitherto Unknown Oviparous Female and Dwarfish Male Mariusz Kanturski1,*, Shahid Ali Akbar2, and Colin Favret3 1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland. E-mail: [email protected] 2Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Entomology Division 190001, Jammu and Kashmir, India. E-mail: [email protected] 3Department of Biological Sciences, Biodiversity Centre, University of Montreal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montreal, Quebec H1X 2B2, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] (Received 5 March 2017; Accepted 25 April 2017; Published 19 May 2017; Communicated by Chiun-Cheng Ko) Mariusz Kanturski, Shahid Ali Akbar, and Colin Favret (2017) Here we describe the presence of the monotypic and poorly known aphid genus Pseudessigella Hille Ris Lambers (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Lachninae) in India. So far, the genus has only been known from Punjab, Pakistan. Representatives of P. brachychaeta Hille Ris Lambers were collected from Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks. in the Yousmarg region of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India. Hitherto unknown oviparous females and dwarfish males, the latter reported in Eulachnini for the first time, are described and illustrated. The male’s antennal sensilla and genitalic morphology are additionally studied and presented using Scanning Electron Microscopy. Notes on the biology, distribution, and previously overlooked generic features are given. We provide morphological identification keys to the genera of the tribe Eulachnini and to the species of aphid living on P. wallichiana. Key words: Aphid, Dwarfism, Eulachnini, Genitalia, Pest. *Correspondence: E-mail: [email protected] BACKGROUND Over 5000 species of aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are known globally (Favret 2017), of which approximately 653 are recorded from India (Agarwala and Ghosh 1984). Fifty-one aphid species feed on more than 34 species of forest trees in the Kashmir Himalaya (Bhagat 2011). Most conifer-feeding aphid species are found in the four genera of the tribe Eulachnini of the subfamily Lachninae (Aphididae) (Blackman and Eastop 1994, Chen et al. 2016, Favret 2017), the Indian fauna being represented by 36 species (Ghosh 1982), of which 23 from Northwest India (Ghosh and Singh 2000). The eulachnine genus Pseudessigella Hille Ris Lambers includes a single species, P. brachychaeta Hille Ris Lambers, that lives on Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks. in Murree in Punjab, Pakistan (Hille Ris Lambers 1966). Pseudessigella is the most poorly known genus of the tribe Eulachnini, although it resembles species of the genera Eulachnus Del Guercio and Essigella Del Guercio (Kanturski et al. 2017). These three genera comprise a group of narrow-bodied Eulachnini aphids, sometimes referred to collectively as the subtribe Eulachnina (Sorensen 1990), that live on the leaves of Pinaceae (in contrast with the broader-bodied species of the genus Cinara Curtis, subtribe Cinarina) (Ghosh 1982, Kanturski et al. 2015). Pseudessigella brachychaeta differs from Eulachnus species by having a 5-segmented antenna, and from Essigella species by having a membranous dorsum and tarsi with typicallyZoological Studies 56: 12 (2017) doi:10.6620/ZS.2017.56-12 1 shaped claw apices. Until recently, Pseudessigella was known only from the type series of the type species from Pakistan, represented only by the apterous viviparous morph (Hille Ris Lambers 1966) and India where during field studies in 2015 and 2016, in the area of Yousmarg in the Budgam District of Jammu and Kashmir in India, many representatives of P. brachychaeta were found (together with specimens of Cinara maculipes Hille Ris Lambers and C. lachnirostris Hille Ris Lambers) on Pinus wallachiana for the first time (Kanturski et al. 2017). Moreover, some specimens of P. brachychaeta represented hitherto unknown oviparous females and dwarfish apterous males, representing the species’s sexual morphs and for which we give detailed descriptions below. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens examined: Specimens are deposited in the following institutions: Natural History Museum, London (BMNH); Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris (MNHN); University of Silesia, Katowice (UŚ). The material was preserved in 70% ethanol and mounted using the Kanturski and Wieczorek (2012) protocol. The specimens were examined using a Nikon Eclipse E600 microscope equipped with a DS-Fi2 camera. PARATYPES, 4 slides (all with the same collection data): PAKISTAN, Punjab, Murree, 33.9°N × 73.4°E, on needles of Pinus wallichiana, Robert van den Bosch leg., 4.vii.1964, BMNH no. 1984-340 and MNHN no. P-VII-4d, 9 and 1 apterous viviparous females, respectively. INDIA (all same locality, host, and collector), Jammu & Kashmir, Yousmarg, 33.83°N × 75.30°E, on needles of Pinus wallichiana, Shahid Ali Akbar leg., 17.xi.2015, UŚ no. 11/15/01Ind - 5 apterous viviparous females, 3 larvae; 29.xi.2015, UŚ no. 11/15/02Ind - 12 oviparous females; 10.x.2016, UŚ no. 10/16/05Ind - 20 oviparous females, 20 males. Morphological description: The following abbreviations are used (partly after Blackman and Eastop 1994): BL - body length (from the anterior border of the head to the end of cauda); BW - greatest body width across the middle of abdomen; H - head, width measured across the compound eyes; ANT - antennae or their length; ANT I-V - antennal segments I-V or their lengths (ratios of antennal segment lengths are given as, e.g., ‘V:III’); LS III - length of the longest seta of ANT III; BD III - basal articular diameter of ANT III; BASE - basal part of the last antennal segment or its length; PT - processus terminalis of the last antennal segment or its length; URS - ultimate rostral segment (4+5) or its length; FEMUR III - hind femur length; TIBIA III - hind tibia length; HT - first segment of the hind tarsus or its length; HT II - second segment of the hind tarsus or its length; ABD I-VIII - abdominal tergites I-VIII. Naming of male genitalic characters is after Wieczorek et al. (2011), sensilla terminology follows Bromley et al. (1979, 1980) and Kanturski et al. (2017). Occurrence data are based on a detailed review of specimens that had been studied in museum collections and scientific literature. All localities were retrospectively georeferenced using Google Earth 7.1.2.2041 (Google 2014) – the coordinates were determined by the description of the locality (geographical projection, decimal degrees and datum: WGS84). Host plant localities are from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF; http://www.gbif.org/). Only those with precisely formulated coordinates were selected from among the points of the occurrence of the host plant. Repetitions and imprecise data were deleted. Scanning electron microscopy: Specimens for SEM analysis were preserved in 70% ethanol for several days. For preparation, a method modified from that of Kanturski et al. (2015) was used. From ethanol, the specimens were transferred into 6% phosphotungstic acid (PTA) solution in 70% ethanol for 24 hours. Dehydration followed a series of ethanol baths of 80%, 90%, 96% and two changes of 100% ethanol for 30 minutes each. Dehydrated specimens were dried using hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) solution with absolute ethanol in proportions of 1:3, 1:2; 2:3 for 30 minutes each, followed by two changes of undiluted HMDS. Samples were mounted on aluminum stubs with double-sided adhesive carbon tape and sputter-coated in a Pelco SC-6 sputter coater (Ted Pella Inc., Redding, CA, USA). The specimens were imaged with a Hitachi SU8010 field emission scanning electron microscope (Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) at 5, 10 and15 kV accelerating voltage with a secondary electron detector (ESD, Faculty of Biology and Environmental protection in Katowice). page 2 of 17Zoological Studies 56: 12 (2017) RESULTS Description of sexual morphs (Figs 1-11; Table 1) Shared characters of the sexual morphs of Pseudessigella The sexual generation shares most features with the vivipara. Body narrow, slender, spindleshaped (Figs. 1, 5). Head with large compound eyes but without ocular tubercles or visible triommatidia. ANT 5-segmented. ANT IV with one rounded primary rhinarium at the apex. ANT V with short PT, one rounded primary rhinarium, and with accessory rhinaria in two groups: one situated close to the major rhinarium and 3-4 tightly joined to each other under the major rhinarium. ANT V with 2 basal, 2 subapical, and 3 apical setae. ANT setae short and pointed, never longer than the diameter of the antennal segments. URS short and blunt, segments 4 and 5 fused, without accessory setae. Dorsal thoracic setae short and blunt or apically expanded. TIBIA III setose, with blunt or slightly capitate setae dorsally and long and pointed setae ventrally. HT I with 1 dorsal and 5 ventral setae (Fig. 6e, f). First segment of prothoracic and mesothoracic tarsi without dorsal seta. HT II long and slender. Abdominal dorsum membranous, with numerous intersegmental muscle attachment plates and very small and rounded scleroites at setal bases. Each dorsal segment with 2 spinal, 2-4 pleural, and 2 marginal sclerites (Figs. 2a, 3i). Dorsal abdominal setae short and blunt or with expanded apices (Fig. 3j). Cauda broadly rounded with many long, fine and pointed setae. SIPH low, almost poriform, with very narrow siphuncular sclerites, always without setae (Fig. 6d). Fig. 1. Pseudessigella brachychaeta in life: (a) ovipara; (b) male; (c) sexuales in copula, (d, e) P. wallichiana and habitat in the mountain area of Yousmarg (2396 m [7861 ft]) in India. (a) (d) (e) (b) (c) page 3 of 17Zoological Studies 56: 12 (2017) Oviparous female – description based on 10 specimens (Figs. 1-3, 5; Table 1) In life: Body narrow, membranous, with distinct segments and well-developed segmental sutures; these sutures with light wax and therefore paler than the segments. Colour: Head and prothorax yellow. ANT I-III yellow, ANT IV and V brown. Mesoand metathorax yellowish-green. Legs brown to dark brown. Abdominal segments green, SIPH with poorly-visible (Figs. 1a, c). Slide-mounted: Colour: Head and thorax sclerotized, light brown. ANT entirely light brown, or with ANT III pale at the base and middle and light-brown at the apex. Legs uniformly light brown. Abdomen membranous with light brown intersegmental muscle attachment plates and very small light brown scleroites at setal bases. Siphuncular sclerites light brown. Genital plate, ABD VIII and cauda sclerotized, light brown (Fig. 2a). Other morphological characters: H width 0.73-0.81 × ANT. H chaetotaxy: dorsal side with 10-12 short setae, blunt or with slightly expanded apices; ventral side with 10 long, fine and pointed setae, 17-27 μm. ANT (Fig. 3a) 0.18-0.19 × BL. ANT III similar in length to ANT IV + V. ANT IV shorter than ANT V (Fig. 3a). ANT V slightly swollen in the middle (Fig. 3b), PT/BASE 0.120.15. Other antennal ratios: V:III 0.48-0.60, IV:III 0.39-0.45. Antennal chaetotaxy: ANT I with 4-6, ANT II with 4-5, ANT III with 6-8, and ANT IV with 1-3 setae, LS III 0.70-0.88 x BD III. Rostrum short, reaching behind the middle coxae. URS (Fig. 3c) approximately 0.30 × ANT III, 0.60-0.62 × ANT V, 0.28 × HT II (Fig. 3d). Thoracic setae 20-22 μm on pronotum, 15-25 μm on mesonotum, 25-27 μm on metanotum. TIBIA III only very slightly swollen, with 18-34 pseudosensoria (Fig. 3e) located only ventrally, occupying the middle 3/5 of the length of the tibia. Pseudosensoria irregular in size and shape, from small, rounded, and 8-shaped, to large ones formed from the merging of smaller ones (Figs. 3f, g). TIBIA III setae 20-42 μm. HT II 1.08-1.15 × ANT III, 1.99-2.22 × ANT V. Dorsal abdominal setae 30-32 μm on ABD I-VI and 2530 μm on ABD VII-VIII. Subgenital plate slightly indented in the middle (Fig. 3i), with 20-25 setae. Fig. 2. Mounted specimens of P. brachychaeta: (a) ovipara; (b) male. (a) (b) page 4 of 17Zoological Studies 56: 12 (2017) Fig. 3. Morphological details of P. brachychata ovipara: (a) ANT I-V; (b) ANT V with base and processus terminalis (PT); (c) URS; (d) hind tarsus with three of five ventral and single dorsal seta (arrow) visible on the first segment (HT I), the second segment with claws with pointed apices (arrowhead); (e, f, g) TIBIA III with pseudosensoria of different shapes; (h) egg (E) inside abdomen; (i) posterior abdomen with cauda (C), ABD VIII, and genital plate (GP); (j) dorsal abdominal seta. (a) (c) (e) (f) (h) (i) (j) (g) (d) (b) page 5 of 17Zoological Studies 56: 12 (2017) Dwarfish apterous male – description based on 10 specimens (Figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6-8; Table 1) In life: Body small, dwarfish, membranous. Colour: Head and thorax yellow to light green. ANT brown. Legs pale yellow to light brown. Abdominal segments light green to green, SIPH poorly-visible. (Figs. 1b, c). Slide-mounted: Colour: Head and thorax lightly sclerotized, yellow to pale brown. ANT light brown, except ANT I, ANT II, and basal part of ANT III pale to yellowish. Legs yellow with femora pale. SIPH light brown. Genitalia sclerotized, light brown (Fig. 2b). Other morphological characters: H with convex frons. H width 0.59-0.66 × ANT. Head setae short, with blunt or slightly expanded apices, 10-15 μm. ANT (Fig. 4a) 0.38-0.42 × BL. ANT III almost as long as ANT IV + V, with 18-25 secondary rhinaria situated from about 1/3 of its length to its apex. ANT IV (Fig. 4b) only slightly shorter than ANT V, with 8-12 secondary rhinaria. PT/BASE 0.09-0.14, with 7-11 secondary rhinaria (Fig. 4c). Secondary rhinaria on all ANT segments small, rounded and slightly protuberant. Other antennal ratios: V:III 0.47-0.54, IV:III 0.45-0.47. Antennal chaetotaxy: ANT I with 5, ANT II with 5, ANT III with 5-6, and ANT IV with 2-3 setae, LS III 0.75-0.90 × BD III. Rostrum reaching behind hind coxae. URS 0.24-0.28 × ANT III, 0.45-0.57 × ANT V, 0.27-0.31 × HT II. Thoracic setae 7-13 μm on pronotum, 10-13 μm on mesonotum, and 1016 μm on metanotum. TIBIA III setae 19-40 μm. HT II 0.84-0.90 × ANT III, 1.54-1.85 × ANT V. Dorsal abdominal setae very short, blunt, or with expanded apices, 11-20 μm on ABD I-VI, 1520 μm on ABD VII-VIII. The genital area strongly sclerotized and easily visible. Parameres fused basally, basally connected to a sclerotized ring surrounding the whole genital area (Fig. 4d). The separate projections of parameres short and stocky, located above the basal part of phallus. Phallus short and flattened, with rounded apex. Parameres and basal part of phallus both bear short pointed setae (Figs. 4e, f). SEM morphology of the male of P. brachychaeta General morphology: The male is, like the other morphs, characterized by a spindle-shaped body (Fig. 5b). Almost all dorsal segments are fused. The head is fused with the pronotum, but a distinct suture between them is visible (Fig. 6a). The mesoand metanotum are fused with the abdominal segments, the ensemble of these segments being separated from the pronotum. ABD I is less distinctly separated from other segments (Fig. 5b). The head is characterized by a convex frons with very short setae (trichoid sensilla), and large compound eyes without visible triommatidia (Fig. 6b). The URS is as in other morphs of the Table 1. Morphological measurements (in mm) of oviparae (n = 10) and males (n = 10) of P. brachychaeta Character Oviparous female Male BL 2.500-3.100 1.320-1.410 BW 0.900-0.980 0.350-0.380 HW 0.420-0.460 0.330-0.360 ANT 0.550-0.570 0.545-0.565 ANT III 0.200-0.230 0.210-0.225 ANT IV 0.900-0.950 0.100-0.105 ANT V 0.110-0.120 0.105-0.120 BASE 0.100-0.105 0.095-0.105 PT 0.012-0.015 0.010-0.015 URS 0.065-0.070 0.055-0.060 III FEMORA 0.650-0.750 0.440-0.480 III TIBIAE 0.730-0.850 0.550-0.600 HT I 0.070-0.080 0.050-0.055 HT II 0.230-0.250 0.185-0.200 SIPH sclerite 0.050-0.062 0.017 Genital plate length 0.160-0.180 - Genital plate width 0.250-0.300 - page 6 of 17Zoological Studies 56: 12 (2017) Fig. 4. Morphological details P. brachychaeta of male: (a) ANT I-V; (b) ANT III with secondary rhinaria (sr) and ANT IV with secondary rhinaria and primary rhinarium on the apex (black arrow); (c) end of ANT IV and ANT V with secondary rhinaria (sr) and primary rhinaria (black arrows). Primary rhinaria on ANT V present as large major rhinarium (black arrow) and small accessory rhinaria (white arrow); (d) dorsum of abdomen with siphunculi (s) and ventrally located genitalia (G) out of focus; (e) ventral view of the genitalia with paramere projections (pp) fused basally and connected to the basal part of phallus (bp) and the broad, sclerotic, genitalic ring; (f) posterior ventral view of the genitalia showing the size and shape of paramere projections (pp) and the basal part of phallus (bp). (a) (c) (e) (f) (b) (d) page 7 of 17Zoological Studies 56: 12 (2017) Fig. 6. SEM of morphological features of P. brachychaeta male: (a) head fused with pronotum; (b) compound eye without ocular tubercle; (c) short and blunt URS lacking accessory setae; (d) small, almost poriform siphunculus with visible flange; (e) hind tarsus with long HT II; (f) HT I with one dorsal (white arrow) and five ventral setae (four setae + one sense peg); (g) wrinkled cuticle of thorax with globular wax secretions; (h) regular and tightly fitting wax secretions on ABD I-VI; (i) wrinkled cuticle covered by wax secretion on ABD VII-VIII. Fig. 5. SEM micrographs of P. brachychaeta: (a) ovipara and (b) male: head fused with pronotum, mesonotum fused with metanotum, distinct ABD I (less so in male), fused ABD II-VII (but with visible sutures), and distinct ABD VIII; h-head, pr-pronotum, ms-mesonotum, mt-metanotum, I-VIII-abdominal terga. (a) (b) (a) (c) (e) (f) (h) (i) (g) (d) (b) page 8 of 17Zoological Studies 56: 12 (2017) species, with one pair of type-II basiconic sensilla, three pairs of type-II trichoid sensilla, and seven pairs of type-III basiconic sensilla (Fig. 6c). Although no secretions are observed in life, the SEM study revealed that both sexuales are covered by thin layer of wax. The cuticle is slightly ruffled and evenly covered by regular-shaped secretions. On the head and thorax, the wax is rather granular (Fig. 6g), whereas on the abdomen it is in the form of small, thin strips or rolls (Figs. 6h, i). Sensilla morphology: The antennal sensilla of the male P. brachychaeta are distributed on the pedicel and the flagellum. The pedicel bears one rhinariolum, located near the segment’s apex (Fig. 7a). It has a relatively small aperture (diameter, 1.8-2.0 μm) and a robust, protruding coeloconic sensillum, 0.8-1.0 μm wide, this latter with 5-7 very short projections (Fig. 7b). The flagellar segments are characterized by the presence of differentlysized and developed placoid and coeloconic sensilla (rhinaria) (Fig. 7c). ANT III bears, ventrally, rounded secondary rhinaria (small placoid sensilla) of different sizes (diameter, 4-11 μm) (Fig. 7d). The rhinaria are developed as more or less protuberant plates with delicate rings at the base or as narrow cavities without rings (Fig. 7e). Secondary rhinaria (small placoid sensilla) on ANT IV and V are very similar as those on ANT III but less protuberant. Primary rhinaria on ANT IV and V are rounded and rather flat (diameter, 14-21 μm), without a visible ring (Figs. 7f, g). Accessory rhinaria on ANT V are developed into two morphological types of sensillum: (1) mushroom-shaped placoid and (2) sunken coeloconic. A single, mushroom-shaped, small, placoid sensillum, located next to and under the major rhinarium (big placoid sensillum), lies in a broad cavity with a well-developed flange with transverse struts. A second group of rhinaria is located under the major rhinarium and consists of a second mushroom-shaped placoid sensillum, and 2-3 sunken coeloconic sensilla, all of which are located in a deep cavity with many thickened struts (Fig. 7h). The diameter of the mushroomshaped, small, placoid sensillum is approximately 5-6 μm. The antennae also bear, on all segments, type-I trichoid sensilla in the form of very short, rigid and pointed setae (Figs. 7a, i). The PT bears 3 apical and 2 subapical type-II trichoid sensilla (Fig. 7j). The rest of the body bears a few type-I trichoid sensilla consisting of short and rigid, straight or curved setae with blunt or expanded apices (Figs. 7k, l). Type-I trichoid sensilla on the legs are shortto mediumsized setae with slightly capitate (especially on the dorsal side of the tibia) or pointed apices (on the ventral side of the tibia) (Fig. 7m). Genitalic morphology: Compared to the males of other aphid species the genitalia of P. brachychaeta are large relative to body size. They consist of a pair of parameres and the phallus (sclerotized basal part + large aedeagus) (Fig. 8a). The aedeagus is membranous, 65-72 μm long, and 65-75 μm wide in the middle. The length of the aedeagus is about 12-13% of the length of the insect’s body. The genitalia are located between the cauda and the anal plate, these latter both covered by long, fine, and pointed setae. The genitalia connect smoothly with a broad, strongly sclerotized ring, comprising the end of the abdomen on the ventral side (Fig. 8b). The sclerotic ring connects to a pair of parameres that are fused basally and have broadly-spread projections (Fig. 8c). Each paramere projection is triangle-shaped, 18-20 μm long, 28-33 μm wide at the base, slightly wrinkled, with a rounded, smooth-cuticle apex, and with 18-19 fine and pointed setae (trichoid sensilla). These setae are longer (15-23 μm) on the outer side of the paramere and shorter (7-12 μm) on the inner side and on the apex. The fused basal parts of the parameres bear 8-10 short (4-10 μm) and pointed setae (Figs. 8c, d). The phallus is shaped as a broad triangle basally, and has a rounded apex. It is 48-50 μm long, 52-55 μm wide basally, and bears 16-20 setae 7-10 μm long on its outer sides. It is vertically wrinkled, with 6-7 sensilla-like structures, approximately 2-3 μm long and 2 μm wide, in the form of membranous pegs each on a rounded sclerotic base (Fig. 8e). Male larvae bear sclerotized genitalic buds in form of two small and smooth projections, each with 4-6 setae (Fig. 8f). Egg morphology: The egg of P. brachychaeta is approximately 1.25-1.35 mm long and 0.30-0.35 mm wide, spindle-shaped, with narrow rounded ends (Figs. 9a, b). One pole is characterized by a small, rounded protuberance (Figs. 9c, d), also visible inside the abdomen in slide-mounted oviparae (Fig. 3h). Two membranes are visible on the chorion: the external one is slightly wrinkled (Fig. 9e), whereas the inner one is smooth, globular, and porous, or covered in wax (Fig. 9f). Copulation and oviposition of the sexual morphs In the first half of October, adult males and oviparae were observed copulating on the pine needles. The male contacts the dorsal side of female’s abdomen with the ventral side of ABD I-V page 9 of 17Zoological Studies 56: 12 (2017) Acknowledgment: We greatly appreciate the generous assistance of Danièle Matile-Ferrero, Adeline Soulier-Perkins, Thierry Bourgoin (MNHM, Paris), and Paul A. Brown (BMNH, London) during visits to the collections and for providing the opportunities to examine the type material of P. brachychaeta. Special thanks also to Agnieszka Bugaj-Nawrocka (Department of Zoology, UŚ) for her help in preparing the excellent distributional map and to Jagna Karcz (Scanning Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, UŚ) for the full access to the lab during ours studies. We would like to thank the Editor and the three Reviewers, whose comments and suggestions improved the first version of the manuscript. The first author gratefully acknowledges the Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection (funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland) grant for young scientists, 2016. The second author would like to thank Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India, New Delhi for research encouragement and financial assistance rendered via; N-PDF Fellowship programme: File number PDF/2015/000866. REFERENCES Alford DV. 2012. Pests of Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and Flowers: A Color Handbook, 2nd ed. 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