Measures to overcome population decline and regional extinction crises of pan-tourism aspects in Korea: An exploratory study using ChatGPT

Han, Hagchin; Ding, Jiangmin Article Measures to overcome population decline and regional extinction crises of pan-tourism aspects in Korea: An exploratory study using ChatGPT Global Business & Finance Review (GBFR) Provided in Cooperation with: People & Global Business Association (P&GBA), Seoul Suggested Citation: Han, Hagchin; Ding, Jiangmin (2024) : Measures to overcome population decline and regional extinction crises of pan-tourism aspects in Korea: An exploratory study using ChatGPT, Global Business & Finance Review (GBFR), ISSN 2384-1648, People & Global Business Association (P&GBA), Seoul, Vol. 29, Iss. 7, pp. 78-92, https://doi.org/10.17549/gbfr.2024.29.7.78 This Version is available at: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/306029 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. 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Introduction Korea’s population crisis remains serious and Received: Apr 29, 2024; Revised: Jun. 7, 2024; Accepted: Jun. 14, 2024 † Corresponding author: Jiangmin Ding E-mail: [email protected] regional extinction is accelerating. In fact, since the 1980s, Korea has faced three population cliff periods, and despite the government’s active attempts to increase the birth rate, it fell to 0.72 in 2023, the lowest in the OECD (Statistics Korea, 2023). This has also received attention from overseas media. The New York Times pointed out the seriousness of the GLOBAL BUSINESS & FINANCE REVIEW, Volume. 29 Issue. 7 (AUGUST 2024), 78-92 pISSN 1088-6931 / eISSN 2384-1648∣Https://doi.org/10.17549/gbfr.2024.29.7.78 ⓒ 2024 People and Global Business Association GLOBAL BUSINESS & FINANCE REVIEW www.gbfrjournal.org for financial sustainability and people-centered global business1) Measures to Overcome Population Decline and Regional Extinctio n Crises of Pan-tourism Aspects in Korea: An Exploratory Study usin g ChatGPT Hagchin Hana, Jiangmin Dingb† aDepartment of Hotel & Airline Management, Hannam University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea bDepartment of Business Administration, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea A B S T R A C T Purpose: The issue of regional extinction due to the population crisis has long been recognized in Korea. As a result of this issue, Korea is facing a serious socioeconomic crisis. This study explored new and existing policy ideas for overcoming population decline and regional extinction in Korea and explored the importance and effectiveness of these policies in pan-tourism aspects using OpenAI’s ChatGPT. Design/methodology/approach: Variables were extracted from existing research papers, reports, journals, and interviews with experts in related fields. The study then examined how ChatGPT recognizes (evaluates) the importance and effectiveness of individual policies or ideas in five fields. This study attempted to increase reliability by taking measurements eight times over one year. Findings: The findings highlighted the prioritization of general strategies such as quality employment, education, healthcare, and housing, alongside the effectiveness of pan-tourism strategies in addressing regional depopulation. Public relations and marketing activities were also deemed crucial, followed by policy development and administrative support. Research limitations/implications: This study is highly significant as it explored short-term and effective policies for overcoming the population decline crisis and regional extinction from a pan-tourism perspective and evaluated these policies using ChatGPT. To ensure the validity of the results, comparative research with stakeholders will be necessary. Originality/value: This study focused on the issues of population decline and regional extinction in Korea, innovatively utilizing ChatGPT for auxiliary analysis. The research findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and professionals involved in regional development and tourism management. Keywords: Population decline; Regional extinction; ChatGPT; Pan-tourism; Exploratory study ⓒ Copyright: The Author(s). This is an Open Access journal distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution , and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Hagchin Han, Jiangmin Ding 79 Korean population crisis in its editorial "Is South Korea Disappearing?" The article likened the situation to the Black Death in Medieval Europe. Similarly, the BBC article "Why South Korean women aren’t having babies," published on February 28, 2024, shed light on the low birth rate among Korean women. Factors such as the inadequate sharing of childcare responsibilities, high housing and education costs, and evolving social norms have been identified as key reasons for the declining birth rate. The issue of regional extinction due to population crisis has long been recognized in Korea. Efforts to combat the population crisis in Korea include the establishment of the Presidential Local Administration Committee, operation of the Regional Extinction Response Fund, implementation of the Hometown Love Donation System, expansion of quotas for foreign workers, and research on resident and stayer populations. Notably, the Statistical Office’s pilot calculation results for the living population in areas experiencing population decline categorized these areas into various types such as tourists, military, commuters, and foreigners. Quarterly disclosures for all 89 areas with declining populations are set to begin in 2025 (Statistics Korea, 2024). The living population comprises people who stay in other regions temporarily for tourism, cultural activities, recreation, and regular exchanges. Meanwhile, a recent decision by a United States Federal Court drew public interest. The ruling stated that artwork created solely by artificial intelligence (AI) without human intervention was not eligible for copyright protection. Judge Howell stressed the enduring importance of human creativity in copyright law, asserting that even as the law evolves, human involvement remains essential for establishing copyright (Dong-A Ilbo, 2023). Essentially, this decision underscores the necessity of human input for copyright recognition and protection. Since its launch in November 2022, ChatGPT has captured global attention, igniting a surge in generative AI and offering innovative solutions in robotics and automation. Generative AI, which learns from existing content such as text, images, audio, and video and generates new content in response to user queries, has seen significant advancements propelled by ChatGPT. In addition, research utilizing ChatGPT in the tourism field is increasing. Overseas studies have covered tailored travel recommendations, trust, and behavioral intentions (Ali et al., 2023); recommendation agents (Kim et al., 2023); tourism education and learning outcomes (Dalgıç et al., 2024); research ethics (Nautiyal et al., 2023); interdisciplinary research in tourism (Shin and Kang, 2023); and marketing content (Zhang and Prebensen, 2024). These studies highlight the increasing adoption of ChatGPT across diverse industries and domains. In Korea, ChatGPT and other generative AI technologies are being actively integrated into the tourism and travel sectors. In response to the domestic population crisis and rapid environmental changes in the AI ecosystem, we examined the policy efforts of the national and local governments from new perspectives and methodologies in an attempt to overcome regional extinction due to population decline. First, while research in various fields using ChatGPT is already in progress, we conducted an exploratory study on its applicability to overcoming the population crisis and regional extinction, which is receiving attention as a major policy issue in Korea. Second, ChatGPT’s responses are the result of machine (deep) learning using a large amount of information (big data) and basic data for comparative research with direct and indirect stakeholders (metropolitan areas, local residents, etc.). Third, we attempted to reflect the reliability of the information provided by ChatGPT as much as possible through periodic repeated measurements over a period of one year, starting from April 2023. We considered conclusive research on ways to overcome the domestic population crisis and regional extinction by revitalizing daily life and creating a population influx in pan-tourism aspects, including the legal, infrastructure, content, program, and marketing domains. We sought to explore how ChatGPT, as a generative AI tool, can be utilized to tackle various facets of the population crisis and how its insights from a big data perspective might help mitigate population- GLOBAL BUSINESS & FINANCE REVIEW, Volume. 29 Issue. 7 (AUGUST 2024), 78-92 80 related challenges faced by local governments. Specifically, by focusing on policy domains or issues pertinent to regional decline, this study endeavored to evaluate ChatGPT’s perceptions or assessments through an importance-effectiveness analysis. II. Theoretical Background A. Development and Application of ChatGPT ChatGPT, developed by OpenAI, is an AI chatbot based on the GPT framework, a powerful large-language model that utilizes deep learning to generate humanlike text (Radford et al., 2019). Since its launch, ChatGPT has gained widespread popularity and has had a significant societal impact through its natural language processing and contextual awareness (Radford et al., 2019). The latest version, GPT-4, processes both text and image inputs, thereby offering enhanced reliability and creativity (Shin and Kang, 2023). ChatGPT’s extensive training on diverse publicly accessible data enables it to generate responses on a wide range of topics (Brown et al., 2020). Its primary objective is to advance AI development in a secure and beneficial manner, while its innovative functions allow it to process large volumes of data, identify trends, and analyze complex phenomena. This makes ChatGPT a transformative tool in various fields, including tourism and hospitality, where it improves service delivery, human resource management, and decision making (Carvalho and Ivanov, 2023; Shin and Kang, 2023). ChatGPT can generate new ideas, forecast future trends, and assist with academic research by providing domain-specific insights (Lund and Wang, 2023). Its versatile applications include generating strategies for businesses, answering scholarly questions, and understanding the impacts of AI on industries such as higher education and tourism (Iskender, 2023). B. Previous Research on ChatGPT and the Tourism Industry Since 2023, much research has been conducted on the application of ChatGPT in the tourism industries of foreign countries. Thus, we analyzed the content and keywords of previous overseas studies, as shown in Table 1. Since its introduction in 2022, ChatGPT has been used both academically and practically in various academic disciplines and industries, including tourism. Additionally, ethical issues related to generative AI systems, such as ChatGPT, have been researched (Stahl Authors (Year) Contents Keywords Dalgıç et al. (2024) The aim of the study is to elucidate the relationship between the artificial intelligence technology ChatGPT and learning outcomes in tourism education, as well as to identify how ChatGPT can play a pivotal role in shaping the future of tourism education. The research findings demonstrate that ChatGPT influences learning outcomes, with digital proficiency playing a mediating role, and personalized learning serving as a mediator in this relationship. Tourism education, learning outcomes Kim et al. (2023) Through five studies, the research investigates how individuals react differently to recommendation options generated by the AI-based language model ChatGPT. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrate a tendency for people to positively respond to multiple recommendation options (60 options), revealing diverse consumer perceptions of AI-generated recommendations. Studies 3 and 4 further explain the moderating effect of recommendation agents and identify distinct patterns of consumer reactions depending on whether the recommendation arises from human or AI agents, indicating the presence of choice overload. Study 5 directly measures consumer preferences for recommendation agents, providing insights into general preferences for ChatGPT. Recommendation agent, consumer preference Table 1. Previous research on ChatGPT as applied in the tourism industry Hagchin Han, Jiangmin Ding 81 and Eke, 2024). ChatGPT has also been employed by educators to differentiate educational technology (Cooper, 2023) and evaluate and improve educational policies (Cotton et al., 2023). Furthermore, researchers have emphasized that through ChatGPT, students can analyze the learning process, observe performance, and predict the necessary information (Ivanov and Soliman, 2023). Therefore, some researchers have suggested that ChatGPT can be effectively integrated into educational settings (Ogugua et al., 2023). C. Previous Research on Policies to Combat Population Decline and Regional Extinction In this section, we analyze major domestic research papers related to population decline and regional extinction over the past three years. Based on this, we attempt to derive ideas on overcoming regional extinction. The papers are listed in Table 2. The following is an overview of major policies and issues related to depopulation and regional extiction in Korea. We categorized them into areas of policy development and administrative support, infrastructure and environment creation, content discovery and tourism product development, promotion and marketing, and other areas such as evaluation indicator development, monitoring, and research. First, in relation to policy development and administrative support, various measures can be proposed, including expanding support for settlement fees, supporting the migration of non-agricultural workers, and increasing support for those returning to rural areas with local ties. It is also considered that one method to prevent local extinction is to increase the population of "residents and relations" Authors (Year) Contents Keywords Nautiyal et al. (2023) The research explores the intersection of ChatGPT and tourism studies. The findings emphasize the importance of citing sources in texts, particularly in light of concerns about AI generating potentially misleading information. It highlights the need for nuanced theoretical perspectives and practical policies regarding plagiarism, addressing authors, publishers, journal editors, universities, and course coordinators. Regarding ChatGPT’s potential role as a co-author, it underscores the importance of properly attributing sources and the significance of disclosure where appropriate. It suggests establishing and regularly updating global standards for ethics and academic integrity, considering the capabilities and implications of AI, and its impact on knowledge creation and creativity. Research ethics in tourism research, co-authorship, etc. Shin and Kang (2023) This study investigated the evolution, current status, and future directions of tourism research utilizing ChatGPT. Fifteen interview questions were formulated, and semi-structured interviews were conducted using ChatGPT. Through qualitative analysis of the responses, key themes pertaining to tourism research were identified, including major topics in previous studies, the influence of factors shaping research development, accomplishments, limitations, and areas requiring further exploration. The utilization of ChatGPT offers valuable insights into the latest advancements in tourism research. Furthermore, the interdisciplinary nature of tourism research significantly contributes to the progress of other academic fields. Interdisciplinary research in tourism Wong et al. (2023) This study provided an initial snapshot of ChatGPT’s ability to enhance the tourist decision-making process in the pre-travel, during travel, and post-travel stages. In particular, it showcases various scenarios, such as ChatGPT’s potential to improve tourist experiences in three travel stages by enhancing travel planning efficiency, providing personalized recommendations, offering round-the-clock personal assistance, enabling fluent communication using AI, facilitating autonomous guided tours, and fostering rich shared experiences. The added value of autonomous driving services provides tourists with cost-effective travel solutions and offers customized information to facilitate easy travel. Travel decisionmaking process improvement, Travel solutions, Personalized information Source: Compiled by the authors. Table 1. Continued GLOBAL BUSINESS & FINANCE REVIEW, Volume. 29 Issue. 7 (AUGUST 2024), 78-92 82 who have ties to the area, even if they do not settle in the region (Kyunghyang Shinmun, 2022). In addition, policies such as the homeland love donation system implemented in 2023, tourist incentive systems (vouchers), digital tourism residency cards, and interregional relay visits by tourists have also been proposed. Second is the creation of infrastructure and environment. The focus is on harnessing landmarks and unique venues as tourist resources, including suspension bridges, skywalks, monorails, hotspots, and film locations. National landmarks and unique venues, such as Tongyeong, Yeosu, Wonju, Cheongju, and Yesan, have become tourist attractions. Additionally, there is an emphasis on expanding lifestyles and sports facilities. This involves concentrating and operating lifestyle service hubs containing everyday life service functions, such as medical care, welfare, and shopping Authors (Year) Contents Keywords Gu (2021) A regional and spatial approach so that the young population can receive quality "education" in local areas, maintain appropriate "jobs" and "income," have stable "housing," enjoy "cultural" benefits comparable to those in the metropolitan area, and "educate their children," with interdisciplinary research and policy alternatives. culture (space, events, etc.) Gyeonggi Research Institute (2022) For the development of Gapyeong-gun, "regional growth" to attract the younger generation and "regional adaptation" to create comfortable and safe living conditions for the elderly and middle-aged are being implemented in parallel. For example, projects to attract relevant populations, including "living for a month" using empty houses and closed pensions. rural regeneration project Kim (2021) A compact city-type "youth-friendly city" (tentative name) was formed as a response strategy to local population decline (Danyang-gun). Expansion of local-led youth job creation projects centered on the tourism industry (Yanggu-gun and Cheorwon-gun). Encouraging the relocation of families of military officers due to development limitations (relocation subsidies, etc.) youth entrepreneurship, move-in subsidy Yu et al. (2021) This study aims to explore the extinction risk of local cities and counties in Korea. For analysis, it uses factors that affect the risk of extinction or the attractiveness of the region. and data is collected and organized in the KOSIS. In conclusion, to overcome local extinction in the future, local governments in danger of extinction need to focus first on these economic and industrial factors improved, and if those factors are overcome, it is important to expand cultural and medical facilities to enhance local attractiveness. lifestyle culture (complex community) Cho (2022) Japan’s 5th Act on Response to Areas at Risk of Local Extinction recognizes the new concept of relevant population and seeks to increase the relevant population of areas at risk of extinction. In particular, the support measures specified in the law include securing and nurturing human resources, promoting industry, promoting tourism and promoting exchanges, etc., under the goal of depopulation measures. tourism promotion (infra, program) Korea Research Institute for Local Administration (2021) Establishment of a population DB system, collaboration between institutions, integrated development of urban and rural areas, development of regional metropolitan areas, youth inflow policy, role of local universities, response to regional extinction, correct planning and execution of funds, best practices, strengthening support. local extinction response fund, discovering excellent cases Korea Research Institute for Local Administration (2023) This study was conducted to help regions facing population decline strategically seek policies to revitalize living populations. The developed indicator system and case analysis results can be used as basic data for establishing strategies to revitalize living populations in each region in the future, and are expected to play an important role in promoting the sustainable development of local communities. living population, indicators Source: Compiled by the authors. Table 2. Analysis results of major studies over the past three years (2021-2023) Hagchin Han, Jiangmin Ding 83 in places with good accessibility (Korea Research Institute for Local Administration, 2019). The third area includes the fields of content discovery and tourism product development. It will introduce or expand agricultural, mountainous, and fishing village experience programs aimed at urban residents who wish to return to rural areas. Additionally, agricultural and rural exchange programs aim to solve the problem of small-scale school closures in rural areas and introduce innovative rural volunteer activities through working holiday programs for locals (Hankook Ilbo, 2022). Moreover, there are intergenerational village-community projects. The government supports various community activities through annual community resident recruitment projects, allowing residents to explore villages and create livable communities. Efforts are needed to activate domestic survival training involving recreational sports clubs, professional sports organizations, and pro-sports groups. Fourth is public relations and marketing. This involves continuous promotion through TV and media. Local attractions are gaining popularity because of well-produced content. Additionally, there are joint tourism promotion activities between local governments. Moreover, the promotion of local Korean heritage festivals has had a positive effect (Kang and KyoungBae, 2023). Essentially, the direction of these strategies resembles the concept of sustainable rural tourism practices emphasized by Chan (2023). Fifth, it is necessary to develop new joint evaluation indicators for local government assessments and to engage in ongoing research and monitoring efforts aimed at overcoming population decline and regional depopulation. Efforts such as idea competitions are also needed to revitalize and recover regions through an influx of residential populations (Han, 2023). III. Methodology A. Variable Extraction and Research Model Figure 1 shows the variable extraction process and the research model adopted in this study. For the survey design, item development, and sample selection, approximately 20 relevant research papers published domestically since 2020 were reviewed along with reports from institutions such as the Korea Research Institute for Local Administration (2022) and Korea Rural Economic Institute (2021) (with more than 10 reports), as well as over 50 news articles. Figure 1. V ariable extraction and research model GLOBAL BUSINESS & FINANCE REVIEW, Volume. 29 Issue. 7 (AUGUST 2024), 78-92 84 Recent issues were confirmed by visiting rural fairs for newcomers and returnees. Subsequently, the main contents of project plans related to countermeasures against local extinction were analyzed. In this study, 47 new and existing policy-related variables related to local extinction were extracted. These ideas were categorized by field through in-depth discussions and exchanges of opinions with experts, including university professors and industry practitioners. After excluding miscellaneous items, 42 items were finalized as the survey questions. Based on the content described earlier, this study focused on the following research questions: RQ1: How does ChatGPT evaluate or recognize the importance and effectiveness of sectorspecific policies (policy, infrastructure, content, and publicity) in the pan-tourism aspects of overcoming population decline and regional extinction? B. Research Design through Inquiries with OpenAI’s ChatGPT Several steps were taken to conduct the investigation through dialogue with OpenAI’s ChatGPT. First, registration was completed around November 2022, when ChatGPT was released (GPT-3.5). Second, over approximately three months, after determining the questionnaire and variables based on prior research on domestic population decline and regional depopulation, the survey was finalized with modifications and improvements. Third, conversations with ChatGPT were conducted using the questions presented in the final questionnaire. In April 2023, an initial assessment was conducted regarding the importance and effectiveness of all 42 questions. A Likert-style fivepoint scale was used for the evaluation. Before the actual questions, the understanding of the severity of domestic population decline and regional depopulation, the awareness of the importance and effectiveness, and the Likert five-point scale were assessed. Subsequently, measurements were repeated every three months until October 2023, and then monthly from January 2024 onward, totaling eight rounds of analysis using ChatGPT. The rationale for conducting this longitudinal study was to address the ongoing discussions regarding the accuracy and reliability of the results generated by ChatGPT. The researchers also agreed that there was a need for more accurate and reliable results regarding population decline and regional depopulation. IV. Empirical Analysis A. ChatGPT Analysis Process and Results The following is an excerpt from a dialogue with the generative AI ChatGPT regarding questions and answers related to population decline and regional depopulation across different fields. A more detailed examination is presented in Figure 2. As shown in Figure 2, ChatGPT was asked to rate the importance of regional promotion and marketing activities in the field of pan-tourism related to domestic population decline and regional depopulation using a five-point Likert scale. The response, along with the rationale, is presented below. The response indicated that ChatGPT rated the importance of regional promotion and marketing activities as "5 (very important)." It is important to note that during repeated measurements, the questions were asked in English and the same individual question content had to be consistently presented with each repetition to obtain accurate results. Thus, for each measurement, basic conversations and analysis processes were conducted to enhance the understanding of specific items (such as the Hometown Love Donation System, Regional Depopulation Response Fund, Sports-Cation, etc.). Through 8 repeated measurements, approximately 420 questions and responses were obtained. The following is an analysis of the effectiveness of regional promotion and marketing activities in the pan-tourism sector related to population decline and regional depopulation based on questions and answers using the generative AI ChatGPT. A more Hagchin Han, Jiangmin Ding 85 detailed examination is presented in Figure 3. As shown in Figure 3, questions were posed to ChatGPT regarding the effectiveness of regional promotion and marketing activities in the pan-tourism sector related to domestic population decline and regional depopulation, using a five-point Likert scale for evaluation. The response indicated that ChatGPT rated the effectiveness of regional promotion and marketing activities as "5 (very effective)." Additional explanations and reasons for this evaluation are Figure 2. ChatGPT response analysis result of the content discovery and tourism product development importance (example) Figure 3. ChatGPT response analysis result on the effectiveness of regional promotion and marketing activities (example) GLOBAL BUSINESS & FINANCE REVIEW, Volume. 29 Issue. 7 (AUGUST 2024), 78-92 92 te.2024.100481 Dong-A Ilbo. (2023), U.S. Court Says AI Creations Without Human Intervention Don't Get Copyright Protection. https://www.donga.com/news/It/article/all/20230821/120 797668/1 Gu, Y.M. (2021). Regional imbalance in population change and urban decline: Implications for low birth rate and regional extinction. Journal of National Geography, 55(3), 301-320. Gyeonggi Research Institute. (2022). 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