D2.1: Mapping of RES integraton in farms at EU level

18/10/2024 Page 1 DX.Y Deliverable name www.harvrest.eu D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level 27 / 09 / 2024 18/10/2024 Page 2 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level PROJECT INFORMATION ACRONYM HarvRESt PROJECT NAME Harnessing the vast potential of RES for sustainable farming PROGRAMME Horizon Europe TOPIC HORIZON-CL6-2023-CLIMATE-01-7 TYPE OF ACTION HORIZON Research and Innovation Actions PROJECT NUMBER 101136904 START DAY 1 January 2024 DURATION 36 months DOCUMENT INFORMATION TITLE D2.1 Mapping of RES integration in farms at EU level WORK PACKAGE WP2 TASK Tasks 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 LEAD PARTNER Climate-KIC CONTRIBUTORS CIRCE, BETA, NORCE, WR, EnG, FBCD, ACSA-Sorigué MAIN AUTHORS Nina Louvrou (WR), Alba Granados Agüero (WR), Dimitrios Chapizanis (WR), Laura Díaz (BETA), Ana Robles (BETA), Laurène Lebelt (Climate-KIC), Stelios Dritsas (Climate-KIC) DATE 27 / 09 / 2024 DISSEMINATION LEVEL Public 18/10/2024 Page 3 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level DOCUMENT HISTORY VERSION DATE CHANGES RESPONSIBLE PARTNER 0.1 02/09/2024 Draft V01 CKIC 0.2 18/09/2024 Feedback All partners involved 0.3 23/09/2024 Draft V02 CKIC 1.0 27/09/2024 Format changes CIRCE Disclaimer The project is funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. 18/10/2024 Page 4 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................... 10 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 12 MAPPING OF BEST PRACTICES AND EXISTING INITIATIVES ON FARM DECARBONIZATION .......................................................................................... 14 Objectives and state of play for RES integration in farms ........................ 14 Cross-cutting recommendations for RES integration in agriculture ......... 16 Recommendations and examples per RES type ....................................... 18 18/10/2024 Page 5 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Beyond the farm ..................................................................................... 30 Additional resources ............................................................................... 31 ASSESSMENT OF THE NEEDS OF LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS AND THE FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS IN THE NATIONAL AND REGIONAL CONTEXTS OF THE HARVREST USE CASES, AS WELL AS AT THE EU LEVEL ................................................................. 34 Methodology and approach .................................................................... 34 Framework Conditions and perceived needs at the EU level ................... 37 Framework Conditions and perceived needs at the EU level ................... 48 18/10/2024 Page 6 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Discussion and final remarks ................................................................... 70 CHARACTERISATION OF HARVREST USE CASES THROUGH A MULTI-ACTOR APPROACH ....................................................................................................... 72 Introduction of the HarvRESt Use Cases .................................................. 72 18/10/2024 Page 7 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level CONCLUSIONS AND NEXT STEPS ....................................................................... 86 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 88 ANNEXES ........................................................................................................ 102 Annex 1: Summary Table for RES integration practices ......................... 102 Annex 2: Related European projects and initiatives .............................. 111 Annex 3: Online form to collect input on interviewees .......................... 118 Annex 4: Interview guides ..................................................................... 119 Annex 5: Survey .................................................................................... 124 Annex 6: Detailed Summary .................................................................. 140 18/10/2024 Page 8 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level ABBREVIATIONS AVPP Agricultural Virtual Power Plant BG Biogas BMS Building Management System CAP Common Agricultural Policy CATI Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing CHP Combined Heat and Power DSS Decision Support System EDA Exploratory Data Analysis EPA Effective Projected Area ESG Environmental, Social and Governance ETS Emissions Trading System EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FIT Feed-in Tariffs FIP Feed-in Premiums GDPR General Data Protection Regulation GHG Greenhouse Gas GSE Gestore Servizi Energetici (Italian) ICT Information and Communication Technologies IDAE Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de la Energía (Spanish) IFES Integrated Food-Energy Systems IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency IRR Internal Rate of Return IVs Independent Variables KER Key Exploitable Result KPI Key Performance Indicator MHP Micro Hydropower MWPCI Megawatt Power Capacity Installed NECP National Energy and Climate Plans PAT Pump as Turbine PEPAC Strategic Plan for Common Agricultural Policy (Plan Estrategico para la Politica Agraria Común in Spanish) PEU Perceived Ease Of Use 18/10/2024 Page 9 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level PNIEC Piano Nazionale Integrato Energia e Clima (Italian) PU Perceived Usefulness PV Photovoltaics PVT Photovoltaic Thermal RD Royal Decree RECs Renewable Energy Communities REM Remuneration of Renewable Energy Resources RES Renewable Energy Sources RH Relative Humidity RQs Research Questions R&D Research and Development SA Specific Area SFT Sustainable Farming Technology TAM Technology Acceptance Model UAA Utilised Agricultural Area UC Use Case UPNA Public University of Navarre UNEF Unión Española de Energía Fotovoltaica (Spanish) VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds 18/10/2024 Page 16 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Cross-cutting recommendations for RES integration in agriculture The integra�on of Renewable Energy in agriculture can occur at various levels, encompassing both transforma�ons in farm management and produc�on processes. These levels of integra�on range from the implementa�on of small-scale, on-farm renewable energy systems to comprehensive shi�s in agricultural prac�ces, farmers behaviours and produc�on methods. Understanding these stages is crucial for evalua�ng the trade-offs and synergies within the environment, renewable energy and agricultural produc�on interplay. Several key factors influence the successful integra�on of RES at the farm level, including the level of applica�on across farm opera�ons, the availability of energy storage systems for con�nuous opera�on, the implementa�on of robust energy management systems to op�mize produc�on and grid interac�on, the extent of changes in opera�onal prac�ces (including changes in business opera�ons), logis�cs, and behaviours and lastly the effect that this integra�on can have in farm’s produc�on. Based on these factors, we categorize integra�on levels into three dis�nct �ers: • High integra�on: comprehensive adop�on across all farm opera�ons, incorpora�on of energy storage solu�ons, advanced energy management systems, and significant adjustments in opera�onal prac�ces, logis�cs, and behaviours. Significant effects in farm’s produc�on. • Medium integra�on: par�al implementa�on across various farm opera�ons, limited energy storage capacity, basic or average energy management systems, and some no�ceable changes in opera�onal prac�ces. Moderate effects in the produc�on of the farm. • Low integra�on: minimal applica�on in farm opera�ons, absence of energy storage solu�ons, limited energy management capabili�es, and negligible changes in opera�onal prac�ces, logis�cs, or behaviours [16]. Minimal effect in the produc�on of the farm. In order to achieve high integra�on, the following cross-cu�ng good prac�ces can be applied, using both technical and socio-economic levers. Technical levers • Integra�on of RES within farm infrastructure and opera�ons o Integra�ng renewable energy solu�ons directly into farm opera�ons, such as using solarpowered irriga�on systems, wind-powered water pumps, or biogas for hea�ng and electricity, enhances energy efficiency and reduces opera�onal costs across various farm types [17,18]. o This integra�on can be supported by the electrifica�on of farm infrastructure and machinery. Where electrifica�on is not possible (e.g. for some heavy-duty machinery), fossil fuels should be replaced by alterna�ve fuels [17]. One solu�on is the transforma�on of solar energy into hydrogen produc�on, which can in turn be used to fuel the heavy-duty machinery s�ll needed on-farm [17]. o U�lizing exis�ng farm infrastructure, such as irriga�on systems for small hydropower or roo�ops for solar panels, can reduce costs and improve overall efficiency [19,20]. • Combining different renewable energy sources o Combina�ons such as wind-PV hybrid systems or integra�ng biogas and solar power can provide a more stable and reliable energy supply suitable for diverse farm types [21]. 18/10/2024 Page 17 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Moreover, in specific areas, combining micro-hydropower with solar PV can be advantageous both in terms of grid connec�on and storage capacity [22]. • Improving energy storage capaci�es o Improving energy storage capaci�es on farms is crucial for maximizing the benefits of renewable energy. Implemen�ng advanced batery storage systems allows for storing excess energy generated from renewables [10]. Thermal energy storage can efficiently manage hea�ng and cooling needs, especially in greenhouses [23]. Addi�onally, adop�ng hydrogen storage technologies enables clean energy storage and u�liza�on, enhancing overall energy efficiency and resilience on the farm [20]. • Improving energy efficiency and reducing energy consump�on on farm o RES integra�on on farm and within farming landscapes and communi�es should be coupled with a holis�c approach to energy efficiency to avoid the poten�al rebound effect some�mes associated with the subs�tu�on of high emission or high pollu�on technologies with “clean” technologies. o Implemen�ng building management systems (BMS) for agricultural construc�ons, efficient heat management, and livestock building energy upgrading/renova�on are crucial [17]. o Key best prac�ces also include precision agriculture techniques, precision livestock farming, and conserva�on agriculture, including the use of alterna�ve crop nutrient providers [17]. o Addi�onally, adop�ng less input-demanding crop varie�es and animal breeds, and reducing water demand and losses, are essen�al steps to enhance energy efficiency and sustainability at the farm level [17]. On an indirect level, ensuring energy-efficient fer�lizer and machinery manufacture is also key [17]. • Energy management systems and grid interac�ons o Energy management systems can play a vital role in op�mizing farm energy use and facilita�ng interac�ons with the grid [24, 25]. By monitoring and controlling energy consump�on and genera�on, energy management systems enhance efficiency and enable demand-response strategies [26]. This integra�on supports grid stability, allows for beter u�liza�on of renewable resources, and can lower energy costs for farmers [16]. • Promo�ng circular bioeconomy prac�ces, carbon sequestra�on and GHG emission reduc�on o U�lizing waste and residues for energy produc�on, such as in biomass and biogas systems, adds extra value to farm opera�ons [3]. o Along with circular economy approaches, suppor�ng holis�c approaches to farm decarbonisa�on and climate resilience, integra�ng both soil carbon sequestra�on and GHG emission reduc�on, is key. o Prac�ces that enhance soil carbon sequestra�on at the farm level include: Crop rota�on, Soil coverage, No/minimum �llage, Nutrient management, Crop diversifica�on [17]. The use of RES integra�on by-products such as biochar is also relevant [27]. o Carbon farming business models can support the adop�on of such prac�ces. 18/10/2024 Page 18 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level o GHG emission reduc�on prac�ces should target both CO2 emissions – from energy combus�on (off-road vehicles, greenhouses), from land use and land use changes in cropland and grassland – and non-CO2 emissions – methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from livestock (manure management and enteric fermenta�on) as well as N2O from agricultural soils [28]. o Agroecological prac�ces can enhance soil carbon sequestra�on and mi�ga�on efforts at the farm level, and, coupled with RES integra�on, can make the farms more climate resilient. • Assessment, Monitoring, and Evalua�on o Thorough assessments of site condi�ons, resource availability, and technology suitability are necessary to ensure op�mal integra�on and performance of RES systems [24,29]. This can be done via farm energy audits. o Con�nuous monitoring and evalua�on post-implementa�on are vital for op�mizing performance and facilita�ng improvements, enabling the early detec�on of any issues [17,18]. Socio-economic levers • Educa�on and training o Firstly, educa�on and training are crucial for every RES type and farm type. Farm operators and workers need to be knowledgeable about the specific technologies and their maintenance requirements, ensuring that systems are efficiently operated, and issues are promptly addressed [30]. • Stakeholder engagement o Comprehensive stakeholder engagement during site selec�on and planning is essen�al. Involving local authori�es, farmers, and residents in these early stages helps address concerns and gain support, leading to smoother project implementa�on and ensuring regulatory compliance [17,10]. • Developing sustainable business models and leveraging finance o Community engagement and the forma�on of coopera�ves play a significant role in enhancing social acceptance and sharing financial risks, making the ini�al investment more manageable and fostering a sense of ownership among community members [8,18,21]. Leveraging financial incen�ves such as feed-in tariffs, subsidies, and green energy cer�ficates can significantly improve the economic viability of RES projects [8,18]. o Forming partnerships with external investors can also help cover substan�al ini�al costs, par�cularly for wind and biomass/biogas projects [8,18]. Recommendations and examples per RES type This sec�on presents the state of play, challenges, opportuni�es, recommended best prac�ces, and concrete examples for five RES types: Solar, Wind, Biomass, Hydropower, and Geothermal. Solar State of play Photovoltaic panels on exis�ng buildings in the farm powering irriga�on systems or greenhouses, solar photovoltaic thermal systems (PVT) that produce hot water for dairy farms, or solar powered machinery are 18/10/2024 Page 19 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level some of the poten�al applica�ons of solar energy at the farm level (Figure 2). There is growing investment in agrivoltaics projects, combining solar panel set ups with crops or livestock grazing, with poten�al benefits in terms of land use, biodiversity, and adapta�on to climate change. In Europe, the solar energy capacity increased from 164.19 GW in 2021 to 259.99 GW in 2023 [31], showing a growing interest in the area. Figure 2. Aerial view of agrivoltaics Challenges The integra�on of solar power in agriculture faces several technical, policy, land-use, financial, and societal challenges. For instance, while shading from solar panels can benefit certain crops, it can harm others. Moreover, the exis�ng farm infrastructure may not always be suitable for deploying agrivoltaics or roo�op PV systems [32,33]. Policy-wise, the lack of clear defini�ons and regula�ons around agrivoltaics can complicate permi�ng and grid connec�on procedures, leading to exclusion from subsidies like those provided by the Common Agricultural Policy [32,33,34]. Addi�onally, fluctua�ng electricity prices and the difficulty of storing large amounts of generated energy pose challenges for the compe��veness and efficiency of farms equipped with solar panels [33]. Financially, the high ini�al investment costs that could even require external investors and the risk of lowerthan-expected income deter many farmers from adop�ng solar power [33,34]. Furthermore, the rise in land prices due to compe��on between agricultural and solar uses further complicates land-use decisions [34]. Societal acceptance is another significant barrier, as large solar installa�ons can impact landscapes and face opposi�on from local communi�es concerned about the use of valuable natural resources, land fragmenta�on, and perceived unfair distribu�on of costs and benefits [33,34]. Lastly, issues such as inadequate grid balancing, restricted maximum capacity, and bureaucra�c delays exacerbate these challenges, making the integra�on of solar power in agriculture a complex endeavour [34]. 18/10/2024 Page 20 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Opportunities Small increases in PV installa�ons can significantly boost energy produc�on on farmland. For instance, covering just 1% of U�lised Agricultural Area with agrivoltaic systems could generate about 944 GW, which is nearly half of what tradi�onal ground-mounted PV systems yield and approximately five �mes the EU's installed capacity in 2022 [34]. Innova�ons such as semi-transparent materials for agrivoltaics can mi�gate shading issues, and smaller installa�ons can beter fit exis�ng farm infrastructures [21,33]. Another opportunity is to use solar fencing in farms that require fences to produce energy without using any addi�onal space and with a lower cost of installa�on than other solar applica�ons [35]. Market ini�a�ves like Green Energy Cer�ficates and "feed-in tariffs" provide price stability and long-term contracts, which can facilitate further investments in renewable energy [8,33]. Addi�onally, by profiling and benchmarking farm energy consump�on, significant improvements in energy efficiency can be achieved, enhancing overall sustainability and reducing opera�onal costs [10]. Lastly, studies have shown that Agri-PVs installa�ons can have a posi�ve impact on water systems [14] close to the installa�ons or in the quality of the produced wool by sheep grazing next to them [36], highligh�ng also the environmental benefits of integra�ng solar energy installa�ons in agriculture. Good practices Implemen�ng solar power in agriculture requires considering technical, agricultural, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. • Engaging communi�es and forming coopera�ves can foster local support and par�cipa�on, ensuring the long-term success of projects [8,33,12]. • Stakeholder involvement in site selec�on and planning is crucial to address local concerns and op�mize site suitability [34,10]. • Con�nuous monitoring post-implementa�on is essen�al to assess the impact and performance of the installa�ons, ensuring they meet both energy and agricultural goals [32,10]. • Choosing the right type of photovoltaic (PV) system tailored to specific farm and crop types is vital for maximizing benefits and minimizing disrup�ons [32,11]. For instance, crops like leafy greens, clover grass, fruits, berries, herbs, spices and vineyards thrive under agrivoltaic systems, whereas crops like potatoes, bell peppers, broccoli, and winter wheat are less suitable [21]. • Solar-powered irriga�on, especially in Mediterranean regions, offers a promising solu�on for water management, enhancing sustainability and reducing dependency on tradi�onal energy sources [33]. • Solar panel designs that create habitats for local flora and fauna can contribute to biodiversity conserva�on [14]. • Moreover, research indicates that solar panel arrays can posi�vely impact water-stressed lands and influence soil moisture [37], as also can protect the crops from extreme weather events like hail and strong winds [32]. • Advanced technologies, such as solar-powered nodes, drones and monitoring systems, can enhance precision agriculture, allowing farmers to manage crops and soil condi�ons in real-�me [38]. 18/10/2024 Page 21 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level • Solar energy can also propel agricultural machinery, such as tractors, providing a clean and renewable power source for farm opera�ons [39]. • Regarding agrivoltaics systems, French law integrates the following principles [40]: o Reversibility: Installa�ons must be designed so that they can be removed without permanently damaging the environment or the agricultural poten�al of the land on which they are installed. o Maintaining agricultural or pastoral rights: The installa�on of solar panels must not suppress or limit exis�ng agricultural or pastoral ac�vi�es o Servicing soil quality and agricultural yield: projects should not only improve soil quality, but also ideally increase or at least maintain local agricultural yields, or reduce their decline. Example – Bellegarde Agri-PVs and Arboriculture The Bellegarde project, situated in Gard, France, is an example of successful integra�on between renewable energy and agriculture. Comprising two sites, Château (3.9MW) and Broussan (2MW), the project combines tradi�onal arboriculture prac�ces with high-mounted Agri-photovoltaic panels to create a symbio�c rela�onship between energy produc�on and crop cul�va�on. Ini�ated by AKUO company as a demonstra�on of the poten�al of Agri-PV and arboriculture co-existence, Bellegarde addresses sustainability commitments while crea�ng economic benefits for farmers and electricity companies. Its innova�ve design of taller steel bases with the possibility of modera�ng the �lt angle of the panels allows the crea�on of a protected environment under the panels, resul�ng in increased crop yields and improved management of fungi diseases by protec�ng the cul�va�ons against extreme weather events and by controlling humidity and evapotranspira�on. Moreover, Bellegarde's set-up allows significant reduc�ons in soil degrada�on and nutrient leaching, that minimize the need to fer�lize and reduce the economic costs of crops. The Bellegarde project produces enough electricity to power 865 houses per year and leads to the avoidance of 168 tonnes of CO2 eq. emissions per year. The informa�on for the project comes from AKUO’s website page dedicated to Bellegarde project and can be accessed here: htps://www.akuoenergy.com/akuo-dans-le-monde/tous-nos-projets/bellegarde Wind State of play Wind energy is emerging as a significant player in the agricultural sector (Figure 3). Current and emerging technologies include large-scale wind turbines, small wind systems, and hybrid systems combining wind with solar power. These technologies offer numerous applica�ons, such as powering irriga�on systems, greenhouses, and other farm machinery. Furthermore, in regions with high wind poten�al, wind farms can also contribute to the overall energy supply of agricultural opera�ons [41]. However, the adop�on rate among farmers varies, with many preferring to lease their land to external investors rather than invest directly in wind turbines [41]. 18/10/2024 Page 22 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Figure 3. Wind turbines next to agriculture production Challenges The integra�on of wind energy in agriculture faces several challenges. Financial barriers are significant. Most farmers lease their land to external investors due to the substan�al financial requirements for planning permission and construc�on of wind turbines [41]. The high ini�al costs [41], the maintenance costs especially for small wind turbines systems [41] and the need for comprehensive feasibility studies are significant deterrents. Addi�onally, obtaining the necessary permits for wind turbine installa�on involves lengthy and complex procedures, o�en delaying projects and increasing costs [41]. Social acceptance is another cri�cal challenge. There is considerable hesitancy among farmers and local communi�es to install wind turbines due to concerns about noise, visual impact on landscapes, and poten�al property value deprecia�on [41]. Moreover, there are studies sugges�ng nega�ve impacts on bird popula�on around the areas that wind turbines had been installed [42]. Furthermore, loca�on suitability is a crucial factor. Wind resource poten�al and land use planning are cri�cal, as the variability in wind intensity makes it challenging to accurately plan energy output, necessita�ng advanced management of the power system [43]. Land suitable for wind turbine installa�on o�en competes with other agricultural uses, which may be more valued by the local community [10]. Technical challenges can also arise – wind turbines create microclimates that may not be suitable for certain crops due to increased wind speeds and air turbulence [41]. This necessitates careful considera�on of which crops to grow in proximity to wind installa�ons. 18/10/2024 Page 23 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Opportunities Despite these challenges, there are significant opportuni�es for integra�ng wind energy into agriculture. Wind energy offers a stable source of extra revenue for farmers, par�cularly in regions with high wind poten�al [41]. Wind turbines can provide a stable electricity supply if located in suitable areas, reducing dependency on external power sources [41]. Furthermore, comprehensive site planning and stakeholder engagement can reduce the risk and increase acceptance for wind projects [41]. Innova�ve applica�ons of wind energy can also be explored. For instance, wind energy can be integrated into islanded microgrids for water pumps and desalina�on systems, providing sustainable solu�ons for water-scarce regions [41]. Combining wind and solar energy systems can enhance overall energy produc�on and reliability, par�cularly in greenhouses and other controlled agricultural environments. Moreover, wind turbines can supplement solar energy produc�on in cloud covered days. Good practices Implemen�ng wind energy in agriculture requires considering several factors. Technical and scien�fic considera�ons are crucial. • Selec�ng the right type of wind turbine and ensuring proper site assessment are essen�al for maximizing efficiency and minimizing environmental impact [41,42]. Smaller wind turbines can be designed to minimize impact on crops and grazing land. Understanding the microclimate effects of wind turbines and selec�ng appropriate crops that can thrive under altered wind condi�ons is also essen�al. • Moreover, integra�ng wind turbines with grazing can be beneficial, as livestock can graze beneath the turbines without disrup�on [41]. • Wind-PV hybrid systems can op�mize energy produc�on and provide a reliable power source for agricultural opera�ons [41]. • Engaging local communi�es and forming coopera�ves can address social acceptance issues and distribute the benefits of wind energy projects more equitably [41]. • External investors can help cover the ini�al costs, making wind energy projects more accessible for farmers [41]. Lastly, ensuring ongoing monitoring and maintenance of wind installa�ons will help sustain their efficiency and effec�veness [41]. Example – Wind Power for Greenhouses in Southwestern Ontario The Wind Power for Greenhouses in Southwestern Ontario by Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable Growers, Kruger Energy and the University of Windsor is a pioneering project aiming to integrate wind power in agriculture. Greenhouse vegetable farms in Southwestern Ontario faced energy supply challenges, necessita�ng a sustainable power source to support their opera�ons and expansion. Kruger Energy set up the project of 200 megawats of wind power to generate clean electricity and hydrogen, ini�ally focusing on economic and regulatory modelling. The project ended up providing stable electricity to the greenhouses by u�lizing the exis�ng wind farms in the region. The main challenges to overcome at the start of the project were mainly regulatory and economic modelling challenges, but in the end the project was completed through the collabora�on of academia, growers' 18/10/2024 Page 24 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level associa�on and energy providers. The project enhances the sustainability of greenhouses opera�ons and provides stable electricity without environmental trade-offs. It also supports the local economy by stabilizing energy costs. The most important success factor in this project was the strong collabora�ons between growers, academia and energy providers. The informa�on for the project were drawn from Ontario Greenhouse vegetable Growers and can be accessed here:htps://www.greenhousegrower.com/produc�on/wind-power-for-greenhouses-taking-shape-in-canada/ Biomass State of play Solu�ons related to the use of agricultural biomass include biogas (including biomethane and biohydrogen), biopower genera�on (electricity or heat generated by biomass), bio-heat (direct combus�on of biomass for hea�ng), biofuels (e.g. bioethanol and biodiesel), as well as the produc�on and use of biomass pyrolysis byproducts like biochar. Especially for biogas (Figure 4) there is already a global emerging market influenced by the need for a smoother transi�on to renewable sources in general, depending on the type of available biomass, different processes can be applied. For instance, wet biomass can produce biogas through anaerobic diges�on, and sugars can produce ethanol through fermenta�on [44]. The different biomass feedstock types available to farmers are energy crops, agricultural crop residues (including animal manure like pig slurry), forestry residues, algae, wood processing residues, and water wastes [45]. Waste-based biomass feedstocks are especially interes�ng in terms of poten�al net-posi�ve impact on agricultural produc�on and climate. Figure 4. Biogas Plant in a farm. Courtesy of Cecilia Burnfield (CKIC) and Bioplex 18/10/2024 Page 25 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Challenges The integra�on of biomass energy in agriculture comes with mul�faceted challenges. Firstly, ensuring a consistent and reliable supply of biomass presents logis�cal hurdles, with issues ranging from waste collec�on to crop residue management and cost-effec�ve selec�on of the most relevant feedstock type [10]. Secondly, financial barriers can be significant, par�cularly in the ini�al investment phase, where the costs of se�ng up biogas infrastructure can be prohibi�ve [44,46]. Moreover, naviga�ng policy and regulatory frameworks adds complexity [10], requiring compliance with local regula�ons and obtaining permits, which can o�en be �meconsuming and resource-intensive endeavours [10,24]. Lastly, biomass produc�on and use is not sustainable by default [24,47]. For example, intensive cul�va�on of energy crops can lead to soil degrada�on, water stress or pollu�on, and in some cases competes with the produc�on of food and feed [24]. The European Union does not impose mandatory sustainability criteria related to biomass sourcing and use, or to related land-use changes, but leaves this responsibility to individual member states, which further complicates the exis�ng poli�cal and legal framework [24]. Opportunities Biomass exploita�on for energy produc�on on farm can support the farm’s economic resilience by diversifying its revenue streams and adding value to farm opera�ons [10]. Moreover, applying a circular economy approach to biomass use can contribute to sustainable resource management and environmental conserva�on on farmland [10,44]. The use of biochar to reverse soil degrada�on is an interes�ng example [46]. Regional-scale business models, coupled with collec�ve approaches such as Combined Heat and Power (CHP) schemes, unlock scalability and foster community engagement [10]. By aligning business models with sustainability goals and exploring diversified biogas outputs, such as heat recovery and biomethane produc�on, biomass and biogas integra�on holds promise for driving agricultural innova�on and resilience [10]. Good practices • Engaging coopera�ves and external investors can help mi�gate financial barriers, promo�ng collabora�ve approaches to infrastructure development [10]. • Conduc�ng comprehensive analyses to select appropriate technology based on crop types ensures efficient resource u�liza�on while minimizing environmental trade-offs [24]. • Robust waste and biomass require careful monitoring and management throughout the produc�on process [24]. • It is also crucial to remain vigilant about poten�al trade-offs, such as compe��on for land and water resources or increased pressure on ecosystems due to intensified agricultural prac�ces [24]. • Regarding the type of bioresources used for bioenergy produc�on, the use of agricultural waste and residues should be priori�zed over the use of primary biomass [47]. Example – LIFE SMART AgroMobility Project The ongoing LIFE SMART AgroMobility project in Spain addresses the environmental and opera�onal challenges of intensive pig farming by conver�ng livestock waste into biomethane for agricultural vehicles and biofer�lizers. This ini�a�ve emerged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from unmanaged livestock waste and 18/10/2024 Page 32 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level - HyperFarm - Hydrogen and photovoltaic electrifica�on on farm (Horizon 2020 funded project, 20202024) o Prac�ce abstracts [62] - RES4Live - Energy Smart Livestock Farming towards Zero Fossil Fuel Consump�on (Horizon 2020 funded project, 2020-2024) [63] o Prac�ce abstracts - EU CAP Network [64] o Good prac�ces pla�orm P5. Resource efficiency and climate htps://eu-capnetwork.ec.europa.eu/goodprac�ce_en?f%5B0%5D=rdp_priority_all_good_prac�ce%3A728 The ClieNFarms Catalogue of Climate Solu�ons provides informa�on about farm-level solu�ons that can reduce climate impact of agricultural produc�on systems in Europe. This catalogue describes good prac�ces for GHG emission reduc�on and carbon sequestra�on in 6 agricultural systems: Dairy Catle, Beef Catle, Pigs, Sheep, Arable crops, and Perennial crops (Table 1). This solu�on list is available on the ClieNFarms website [65]. Factsheets are s�ll in development at the �me of wri�ng this report. 18/10/2024 Page 33 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Table 1. The ClieNFarms Catalogue of Climate Solutions Solutions Solutions Crop/forage production - Diversify crop rotation - Increase crop residues left on the soil - Incorporate crop residues in the soil - Cultivate cover crops - Cultivate legume crops - Cultivate inters own or inter-relayed crops - Grow species or varieties with higher N-use efficiency - Integrate grass leys into arable rotations - Establish and maintain field margins - Establish or maintain hedgerows and individual trees - Establish or maintain agroforestry Animal Feeding and nutrition - Feed methanogenic inhibitors - Feed nitrate - Increase lipid content of diet - Feed plant secondary metabolites that reduce methane synthesis - Use low-emission feed ingredients - Improve forage quality - Optimize the type and amount of concentrates - Optimize starch content of the diet - Reduce crude protein content of the diet - Reduce feed losses Fertilization - Adapt fertiliser application - Apply organic fertilizers - Apply low-emission fertilizers Pasture management - Improve grassland management - Incorporate legumes in grassland - Improve grazing practices - Increase or maintain share of permanent pasture Soil and water management - Lime soils when required - Reduce soil tillage - Increase water table in peat soils - Apply biochar to soil - Improve or maintain drainage of mineral soils Animal management - Improve genetic selection for improved performance - Improve reproductive management practices - Improve animal health - Optimize feed ration according to animal requirements - Improve young stock management - Reduce number of unproductive animals Manure storage and treatment - Clean manure storage tank - Reduce temperature of stored slurry - Capture and treat methane from slurry (oxidation) - Shorten manure storage time - Use air cleaning system - Reduce straw bedding System management - Convert conventional farming system to organic farming system 18/10/2024 Page 34 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level ASSESSMENT OF THE NEEDS OF LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS AND THE FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS IN THE NATIONAL AND REGIONAL CONTEXTS OF THE HARVREST USE CASES, AS WELL AS AT THE EU LEVEL Task 2.2 covers the assessment of the needs of local stakeholders in each UC and aims to shed light on the framework condi�ons in the na�onal and regional contexts of the HarvRESt UCs, as well as at the EU level. As part of this task, the following sec�on presents our findings on the context and framework condi�ons at the EU level and, more specifically, in the UC countries. The analysis is ini�ally based on desk research results collected at both the EU and UC levels. On top of this, a major aspect of our study is the addi�onal knowledge gained through interviews with regional stakeholders in each UC and a telephone survey conducted among farmers in each UC country. Task 2.2 contributes significantly to the overall project by enhancing the understanding of public percep�ons and exploring the social acceptability of renewable energy projects among farmers and rural communi�es. This knowledge directly supports Tasks T3.1 and T3.2, which are focused on raising awareness through tailored approaches. Addi�onally, the framework and guidelines developed in Task 2.2 inform Task 2.5 and aid in forming working groups that facilitate mul�-actor engagement at each HarvRESt UC. The social engagement and awareness techniques from Task 2.2 are also instrumental for Task T6.4, where they will be applied in cocrea�on sessions to improve discussions with UC stakeholders and ensure the methodologies developed are effec�vely implemented. The structure of this sec�on is organised as follows: Chapter 1 presents the overall approach and the methodological steps followed. Chapter 2 provides an insigh�ul descrip�on of the framework condi�ons at the EU level, incorpora�ng both desk research and survey results. Following this, Chapter 3 dives into the desk research findings on the UC na�onal framework condi�ons and includes an analysis of the interview results. Finally, Chapter 4 offers the Discussion sec�on, which synthesises the overall knowledge gained from the three research ac�vi�es and presents the necessary conclusions. Methodology and approach Summary of the general methodological approach and timeline Task 2.2 employed a blend of methodological approaches to collect input from both primary and secondary sources (Figure 8). Data triangulation, which involves using multiple sources and methods to validate findings, enhances the reliability and comprehensiveness of the results [66,67]. In the first phase, targeted desk research was conducted to gather information on the existing framework conditions for renewables penetration at the farm level across Europe. In parallel, UC partners performed desk research to collect relevant information for the pilot countries. This involved reviewing relevant study reports, policy documents, and case studies. The second phase involved running a survey based on the desk research findings and a literature review to identify relevant gaps, targeting the four UCs. A specialised company collected responses through phone interviews (60 per country), focusing on capturing local farmers’ perceptions about regional RES penetration at the farm level, as well as regional needs and challenges. The third phase included a round of interviews targeting regional stakeholders from various sectors, including industry, farmers, local authorities, and energy communities/associations. The aim of these interviews was to gather insights into the context of farmers and regional communities in the target regions, with a focus on the 18/10/2024 Page 35 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level regional needs, challenges, barriers, and framework conditions concerning RES uptake at the farm level. The interviews confirmed the information gathered during the desk research and the survey. Figure 8. Task 2.2 Timeline Desk research at the EU Level The rising global energy demand challenges agriculture with increasing costs and environmental concerns. However, renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and biomass offer a sustainable solution by reducing fossil fuel reliance, enhancing profitability, and promoting sustainability [68,69]. Understanding the needs and challenges of stakeholders is essential for tailoring solutions to regional contexts. In the HarvRESt project, we identified factors affecting RES uptake by farmers in the EU and conducted a detailed analysis of: • Socio-economic aspects (e.g., awareness, knowledge gaps, perceived challenges, socio-demographic influences) • Political and legal aspects (e.g., political frameworks, legal limitations, CAP measures) We conducted desk research consulting diverse sources, including scientific publications, policy documents, white papers, and national rural development programs. This mapping exercise has a pan-European scope, with a focus on HarvRESt UC countries: Italy, Spain, Norway, and Denmark. Semi-structured interviews at the UC level As part of T2.2, a series of semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders was conducted at the UC level by the local partners (at least 5 interviews per pilot area). The purpose of the interviews was twofold. First to examine how, why, and under what circumstances socioeconomic factors act as barriers or enablers for the uptake of RES at a farm level. Second, to gain a deeper understanding of the perceived needs and challenges for RES uptake by farmers and rural actors. The interviews complement the other two research methods under T2.2 (Desk research/Survey). This section outlines the methodology followed for collecting regional stakeholders’ perceptions, needs and challenges through the interviews. The process for conducting the semi-structured interviews included the following elements (Figure 9): • Preliminary Phase: Iden�fica�on of stakeholder groups and poten�al interviewees. • Step by Step procedure to be followed before, during, and a�er the interview. • Repor�ng templates (each tailored for each stakeholder group: farmers, energy communi�es/industry, public authori�es) and Consent form. March -May 2024 Survey collection & analysis of data April - May 2024 Desk Research at EU and UC level May - June 2024 Conducting and analysing Interviews June - August 2024 Analysis & Integration of input 18/10/2024 Page 36 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Figure 9. Process followed on interviews' implementation Sampling methodology and Target groups The interview-based analysis of the needs, specificities, and challenges regarding RES uptake at the farm level was conducted using a semi-structured, in-depth, qualitative study. A well-tailored sampling frame was employed to include participants across various stakeholder groups, including among others, farmers/rural actors, public authorities, energy community members, and representatives of the energy industry. Project partners mapped relevant stakeholders using convenience sampling, leveraging their regional networks to select impactful participants. This process was facilitated through a template (Annex 3), requiring UC partners to list at least five candidates from different stakeholder groups. Participants were recruited from diverse backgrounds, including the energy industry, local authorities, industry associations, and public administration. Participant privacy was ensured throughout the study, adhering to GDPR principles. Interview Questionnaire Partners received four tailored questionnaires (Annex 4.2), to assess regional stakeholders' common perceptions, understanding, needs, and barriers regarding RES uptake at the farm level: • Ques�onnaire 1: for farmers and other rural actors such as agriculture coopera�ves, • Ques�onnaire 2: for energy communi�es/coopera�ve members and similar actors, • Ques�onnaire 3: for representa�ves of the energy industry and • Ques�onnaire 4: for public authori�es. Each questionnaire (details in Annex 4.1) was customised to address specific topics relevant to each stakeholder group, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of their perspectives. UC partners translated the questionnaires and interviewed in their local languages. Reports on the interviews were written in English. Survey Objectives, methodology, and background information This study aimed to collect data on farmers' intentions to adopt RES on their farms. In particular, the survey aimed to identify key knowledge gaps, as well as perceived needs and challenges towards RES uptake by farmers. The survey questions were targeted at the UC countries, namely Spain, Italy, Denmark, and Norway, and were designed to extract information regarding the complex socio-economic barriers and enablers for the uptake of RES at the farm level (see specific Research Questions in Annex 5). Identify potential interview participants, contact them and try to involve them in the interview process. Carrying out the interviews either via faceto-face or digital meetings. Share the reporting templates with White Research for analysis. Store the signed consent forms locally for safekeeping. 18/10/2024 Page 37 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Our study aimed to evaluate the applicability of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)1 in understanding farmers' intentions to adopt RES. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no focused research on TAM scores related to farmers' RES adoption intentions. This research addresses this gap by examining TAM constructs—perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and behavioural intention—within the context of agricultural technology adoption [70,71]. Methodological approach The survey, conducted by an independent global data collection company using the Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) method, gathered responses from farmers in their native languages. We chose CATI for its efficiency in reaching rural areas with limited internet access, allowing real-time data entry and reducing errors. Telephone interviews also enhance response rates and provide deeper insights into farmers' perspectives on renewable energy sources. Participants did not receive any monetary or other forms of incentives for their participation. The survey was launched at the end of March (M3) and lasted for a month. Measures & Questionnaire structure To ensure the survey questionnaire appropriately targeted the RES uptake by farmers, previous related works were carefully reviewed to choose the correct variables to investigate [68, 72, 73,74, 75, 76,77,78,79, 80, 81,82,83]. The research questions and the detailed questionnaire are presented in Annex 5 and 5.2 respectively. The survey questionnaire was first pre-tested by five researchers to check the clarity and consistency of the content. Data was gathered from the following key variables to assess the farmers’ intention to adopt a RES: intention, attitude, perceived ease of use (PEU), and perceived usefulness (PU) based on TAM, economic interest, environmental stewardship, and risk aversion (see Annex 5.1). Moreover, information regarding the demographics was gathered. We additionally collected data regarding the perceived drivers, and barriers to adopt a RES, what energy installations already exist in the local communities and the communication channels farmers like to utilise to obtain new information with respect to new technologies in general. Framework Conditions and perceived needs at the EU level This section of the report outlines the results of a comprehensive desk research and survey analysis aiming to collect valuable insights into the socioeconomic context and framework conditions in relation to RES uptake at farms at the EU level. This analysis provides information for understanding the current state of the regions, focusing on the progress concerning potential challenges and opportunities, framework conditions and successful cases. EU framework conditions, identified drivers and barriers – desk research results The agricultural sector's contribution to the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the EU stands at approximately 10% [84]. In line with EU targets, emissions are slated to be reduced by 40% by 2030, with a focus on achieving a 30% reduction in sectors not included within the Emissions Trading System (ETS), such as agriculture. Additionally, the EU aims to have RES account for at least 32% of its energy consumption by the same year [85]. The production of renewable energy on farms offers several benefits, including emission 1 TAM is an information systems theory that explains how to encourage users to accept and utilize new technology (Davis, 1989). 18/10/2024 Page 38 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level reduction, enhanced supply security, additional income for farmers, and the potential for energy selfsufficiency [84]. The adoption of RES by farmers in Europe is critical for meeting the ambitious climate and energy targets set by the EU. The EU's 2030 Energy Strategy, outlined in the "Clean Energy for All Europeans" policy package, sets specific objectives aimed at fostering sustainability and combating climate change. These objectives include a 40% reduction in GHG emissions compared to 1990 levels, a minimum 32% share of renewable energy consumption, and at least 32.5% energy savings by 2030 [86] Moreover, the EU has established a long-term goal of reducing GHG emissions by 80-95% by 2050, necessitating a significant transition in the energy landscape while enhancing competitiveness and supply security [87]. Agriculture holds substantial technical and economic potential for both producing and utilising renewable energy. With its expansive land surface, the deployment of wind and solar energy parks is feasible, while biomass derived from crop and livestock residues or dedicated bioenergy crops serves as a vital energy source. Rural areas witness the production of various renewable energy forms, including wind, solar, geothermal, and bioenergy, which fosters employment, economic development, and energy security [10]. Numerous renewable energy technologies cater to on-farm energy needs, ranging from bioenergy, solar, wind, and geothermal sources to heat recovery systems. Farmers have the opportunity to integrate these technologies and deliver surplus energy to power or gas grids, contributing significantly to Europe's energy mix. Despite the economic opportunities presented by renewable energy production, scaling up their uptake in the agricultural sector faces multifaceted challenges stemming from diverse natural, managerial, geographical, and socio-economic factors [10]. Addressing these challenges requires sound advice, investment support, and risk management to facilitate farmer participation in renewable energy initiatives. Some regions in Europe, such as Eastern Europe, require customized policy interventions and support systems due to land fragmentation, small agricultural holdings, and limited investment capacity. Despite these obstacles, the production and utilisation of renewable energy on farms offer compelling opportunities to diversify farming activities, enhance sustainability, and augment farmers' income, aligning with EU climate and energy objectives while promoting resilient and sustainable agricultural practices across Europe. Socio-economic factors affecting RES uptake at farm level A range of socioeconomic factors significantly influence farmers' adoption of RES, including farming experience, farm size, main occupation, off-farm activities, age, gender, marital status, and education level. Studies by Otara [88] highlight the importance of personal, farm business, regulatory, and behavioural drivers, with cognitive factors like education being particularly impactful [78]. Contextual factors such as sociodemographic profiles and local knowledge systems shape farmers' climate change adaptation strategies. Research by Grothmann and Patt [89] and Hailegiorgis et al. [90] shows these factors affect perceived selfefficacy and cost efficacy regarding adaptation measures. Research from outside Europe, emphasises the role of indigenous knowledge in farming technology adoption [91, 92]. Traditional knowledge is also crucial in Europe, particularly in biodiversity and agriculture [93] It is deeply embedded in local communities and passed down through cultural traditions. Reimagining traditional methods through agroecology and RES could address sustainability challenges [94]. Socio-demographic and economic characteristics, like age, sex, household size, education, and income sources, determine perceived adaptation efficacy. Social networks influence RES uptake by farmers [95], with interactions within these 18/10/2024 Page 39 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level networks shaping awareness and willingness to adopt RES. However, modern farmers' dominance in these networks can delay information flow to traditional farmers. Incentives and interventions are crucial to balance influence and promote widespread adoption of renewable energy sources [96]. Various socio-economic factors influence farmers' decisions regarding the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. According to [97], the adoption of sustainable practices requiring initial investments or aimed at reducing pesticide and fertiliser usage is positively related to farmers' knowledge levels. However, there was no significant relationship between knowledge and the adoption of practices already subsidised by policymakers. This highlights the necessity for policymakers to employ both economic incentives, such as subsidies, and behavioural interventions, like facilitating peer-to-peer knowledge sharing, to effectively encourage sustainable practice adoption. Education and experience are also significant factors affecting farmers' adoption behaviour, serving as proxies for their subjective knowledge levels [98]. Farmers' prioritisation of environmental objectives over social or economic ones emerged as critical for adopting circular innovations aimed at reducing emissions and improving resource efficiency. Key factors include higher education levels, previous experience with innovation adoption, clearly defined ecocentric attitudes, and being located in vulnerable areas [98] Furthermore, research emphasises the crucial role of blending financial support with efforts to enhance networking and knowledge dissemination among farmers to promote sustainable agricultural practices [99] Farmers often seek advice from peers and independent advisors, indicating the need to leverage these communication channels to reach a wider audience, including traditional farmers who may not actively seek information on emerging technologies [100] These findings reinforce the importance of promoting environmental awareness and education among farmers to encourage sustainable practice adoption, considering geographical and environmental factors. Hindering socio-economic factors affecting the adoption of renewable energy in agriculture are multifaceted. Firstly, landlords' consent is critical, particularly in tenanted farms where landlords may restrict activities perceived as radical, thereby hindering renewable energy initiatives [78]. In Austria, tenant farmers anticipating long-term land access behave similarly to owner-operators, indicating stability and commitment [101]. However, year-to-year leases pose a significant obstacle, incentivising tenant farmers to prioritise immediate production over long-term sustainability [101]. This underscores the need for cooperation between landlords and tenant farmers to overcome adoption barriers and integrate RES into farming practices. Low climate change awareness among farmers is another significant obstacle to adopting renewable energy as a mitigation strategy [102]. Many farmers lack awareness of climate change issues, potentially diminishing their interest in renewable energy solutions. Additionally, small-scale farmers face challenges due to limited information on new technologies and high operational costs [98]. Despite demonstrating entrepreneurial activity through off-farm income, farmers may not fully capitalise on renewable energy opportunities due to perceived risks and insufficient support or incentives [103] Societal barriers such as visual impacts on landscapes, noise pollution, and odour concerns associated with renewable energy installations also contribute to resistance from local communities [10]. This resistance may stem from a top-down approach to renewable energy deployment, leading to opposition and undermining the development of appropriate initiatives in rural regions [104] Economic barriers to adoption include high costs associated with adoption, such as investment and learning expenses, which may exceed perceived profitability. In Europe, where small-scale and family farms are prevalent, substantial investment requirements pose significant entry barriers [105]. Additionally, farmers face 18/10/2024 Page 40 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level considerable uncertainty regarding potential cost savings and additional revenues from novel technologies, leading to doubts about economic benefits [106]. Tackling these economic adoption barriers, such as high investment costs and uncertainties about cost savings, is crucial to motivate farmers and overcome obstacles hindering the widespread adoption of renewable energy technologies. Specific interventions and incentives are required to alleviate the economic risks associated with adopting renewable energy technologies in agriculture. The following Table 2 summarises the socio-economic factors affecting the update of RES by farmers in Europe. Table 2. Socio-economic factors affecting the uptake of RES by farmers Socio-Economic factor Description Type Education Level High education level (university education) positively influences adoption behaviour. Represents farmer's subjective knowledge level and understanding of farming activities. Driver Experience Farmers' experience in agriculture correlates positively with the adoption of sustainable practices. Reflects the accumulated knowledge and skills gained through practical farming activities. Driver Financial Support Access to financial support facilitates adoption by reducing initial investment barriers. Subsidies and incentives provided by policymakers enhance the feasibility of adopting sustainable practices. Driver Knowledge Sharing Peer-topeer knowledge sharing among farmers enhances adoption rates. Independent advisors and neighbouring farmers serve as important sources of information and guidance. Driver Environmental Objectives Farmers' prioritisation of environmental goals over social or economic objectives positively influences adoption behaviour. Reflects farmers' commitment to environmental sustainability and resource conservation. Driver Awareness and Communication Environmental awareness and education initiatives promote the uptake of sustainable practices. Effective communication strategies increase farmers' understanding of the benefits and implementation methods of sustainable practices. Driver Location Geographic location, including vulnerability to climate change impacts, affects adoption decisions. Farmers in vulnerable areas may be more inclined to adopt sustainable practices to mitigate climate-related risks. Driver Landlord Consent Landlords' permission is crucial, especially on tenanted farms, as their consent may facilitate or hinder the adoption of renewable energy. Barrier Low Climate Change Awareness Limited awareness among farmers about climate change could impede their interest in investing in renewable energy. Barrier 18/10/2024 Page 41 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Socio-Economic factor Description Type Lack of Information and High Costs Small farmers face challenges due to the lack of information about new technologies and the high costs associated with their adoption. Barrier Passive Attitudes and Limited Support Farmers may display passive tendencies toward adopting renewable energy, exacerbated by limited support or incentives. Barrier Visual Impact and Environmental Concerns Concerns about the visual impact and environmental effects of renewable energy installations may lead to resistance from local communities. Barrier Top-Down Approaches and Community Opposition Large-scale, top-down approaches to renewable energy may face opposition from communities, hindering their development. Barrier Logistical and Environmental Considerations Logistical challenges and environmental factors can act as barriers to the adoption of renewable energy technologies. Barrier High Investment Costs and Uncertainties High investment costs and uncertainties about cost savings deter farmers from adopting renewable energy technologies. Barrier Legal and political factors affecting RES uptake at the farm level The legal framework and political environment within which farmers operate play a crucial role in shaping their decisions regarding the adoption of RES. Legal regulations, policies, incentives, and government support programs directly influence the feasibility, accessibility, and attractiveness of RE options for farmers. Several studies have confirmed that the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) significantly influences farmers' decisions regarding the adoption of energy crops and technologies for renewable energy production in the coming years [107]. Moreover, political agendas and priorities, regarding energy and environmental issues can either facilitate or hinder the uptake of RE initiatives in the agricultural sector. As such, understanding the EU legal and political landscape is essential for farmers seeking to transition towards sustainable energy practices (Table 3). The uptake of RES by farmers in Europe is influenced by various legal and political factors. Supportive government policies and financial incentives are crucial. Direct payments and tax reduction schemes from public institutions promote investments in emission reduction solutions [98] These initiatives align with EU policies, especially within the CAP, facilitating the transition towards sustainable agricultural practices and fostering renewable energy technology adoption among farmers. Interventions addressing climate change mitigation and adaptation further support farmers' decisions to adopt innovative technologies [98]. CAP-supported subsidies and targeted measures within the livestock sector, such as yearly subsidies for emission-reducing innovations and lower-tax schemes, incentivise renewable energy 18/10/2024 Page 48 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Overall, our path analysis validates the applicability of the TAM in the context of RES adoption within the agricultural sector. The primary drivers for RES adoption appear to be rooted in environmental concerns rather than economic incentives. This highlights the importance of promoting environmental benefits when encouraging the adoption of RES among farmers. Moreover, the robustness of our findings across different demographic controls underscores the reliability of our results. The use of RES in agriculture is significantly influenced by environmental stewardship and risk aversion, with economic interest playing a lesser role. These insights are crucial for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to design effective interventions to increase RES adoption in this sector. Conclusion The survey results reveal that environmental stewardship is the primary driver for adopting RES in the agricultural sector. This finding underscores the significant role sustainability concerns play in shaping attitudes toward new technologies in agriculture. The study validates the applicability of the TAM in this context, with PEU and PU emerging as critical factors influencing farmers' attitudes and intentions towards RES adoption. The analysis also shows that risk aversion has an indirect influence on adoption intentions, suggesting that strategies to mitigate perceived risks could effectively enhance RES uptake. Interestingly, economic interest was not found to be a significant driver, even when controlling for demographic variables such as income, education, and gender. This consistency highlights that environmental concerns and perceived technology attributes outweigh demographic differences in driving RES adoption. The path analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of these factors and offers actionable insights for policymakers and stakeholders. Key strategies to promote RES adoption should focus on enhancing environmental stewardship, addressing risk perceptions, and simplifying technology use. These targeted approaches can support the agricultural sector's transition toward sustainability. Detailed statistical results and path coefficients, available in Annex 5.5, offer a solid foundation for developing effective interventions and policies. Framework Conditions and perceived needs at the EU level In this section, the framework conditions and factors affecting RES uptake at farms in the UC countries is presented. This exploration will include the results of our desk research, as well as interviews conducted with key stakeholders, providing insights into the specific challenges and opportunities within different regional contexts. Additionally, we will offer an overview of the stakeholders' needs, highlighting the essential requirements and considerations for promoting successful RE adoption in the agricultural sector. Italy Overall Framework conditions RES have become central to Italy's energy policy due to concerns over fossil fuel dependency, foreign energy reliance, and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Italy has made significant strides in clean energy adoption, reaching its 2020 renewable energy consumption target of 17% in 2014, with renewables constituting 17.1% of energy capacity [110]. Despite progress slowing since 2021, renewable energy generation reached 40.5% in 2021 [111]. The growth has been driven by increased PV, wind, and hydroelectric energy production, averaging 800 MW of new renewable capacity annually between 2008 and 2021. 18/10/2024 Page 49 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level In 2022, Italian electricity consumption was 306 TWh [112], with renewables contributing around 37% [113], particularly from hydroelectric generation returning to historical levels. Regionally, hydro and bioenergy are more prevalent in the north, while solar and wind energy dominate in the south, creating challenges in managing electricity flows across the national grid. Future trends indicate continued growth in PV capacity in the north and wind installations in the south and islands. Italy's long-term strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving European decarbonisation goals is outlined in the Piano Nazionale Integrato Energia e Clima (PNIEC), targeting a radical shift in the energy mix towards renewables. PVs are highlighted as a key technology due to their national potential and competitive cost, with goals of at least 40 GW of new wind and PV capacity by 2030 and an additional 70 GW by 2050 [114]. Italy's agricultural sector, the second-ranked in the EU-28, faces challenges in technological innovation, with limited adoption of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). The Italian Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies has implemented initiatives to promote Sustainable Farming Technologies (SFTs), aiming to increase their adoption from 1% to 10% of the national Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA) by 2021, reflecting a commitment to advancing technology in agriculture. Socio-economic factors Socio-economic factors (Table 4) such as farmer age, education, farm size, and labour intensity significantly influence the adoption of renewable energy sources (RES) among Italian farmers [115]. Younger, educated farmers with larger operations show greater readiness to adopt RES technologies, driven by efficiency gains and labour savings [115]. These factors underscore the evolving landscape of renewable energy adoption within Italy's agricultural sector, shaping future policies and investments to enhance sustainability and economic viability. Economic considerations are paramount, with income levels, financial incentives, and the cost-efficiency of technology playing significant roles. Policies like feed-in-tariffs (FIT) and fiscal incentives significantly impact adoption rates by reducing the financial burden of installation and operation [116]. Investments in Italy have predominantly favoured PV and wind sectors, with declining interest in hydro and biomass despite growing biogas investments across Europe. High energy prices, influenced by elevated energy excise duties and substantial fossil fuel subsidies, further complicate Italy's energy market dynamics. The country's focus on large-scale ground-mounted PV installations, while cost-effective, highlights the potential of agrivoltaics to diversify and expand the renewable energy sector, supported by targeted financial incentives to foster social acceptance. Table 4. Socio-economic factors affecting RES uptake at the Italian UC Socio-Economic factor Description Level Type Lack of information The farmers ability to access incentives is low. Local and regional Hindering Economical convenience Financial capacity of the farmers in the area is limited. Local Hindering High costs Maintenance costs are still high. Local and regional Hindering Economic policy The high price of energy is leading consumers towards alternative energy sources. Regional Enabling 18/10/2024 Page 50 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Legal and Political Factors Italy's energy landscape confronts significant challenges due to heavy dependence on imported coal, oil, and natural gas, exposing the country to price volatility and geopolitical risks. Diversifying energy sources and advancing sustainable strategies are imperative to enhance energy security. Policy interventions, investment incentives, and technological innovation are pivotal in this multifaceted approach, requiring collaborative efforts at both national and European levels to ensure resilience and sustainability (Table 5). Despite progress, Italy's renewable energy investments lag behind neighbouring countries like Germany and Spain. Initiatives such as Green Certificate Systems and the Remuneration of Renewable Energy Resources (REM) aim to spur growth but require substantial infrastructure improvements and government support. Green certificates, overseen by the GSE, incentivise green pricing among companies by certifying annual electricity production [117] Political uncertainty, high initial costs, and bureaucratic hurdles hinder investment, underscoring the need for stable policies and streamlined regulatory processes to attract long-term financing [118]. Italy has implemented a range of incentive initiatives to foster the adoption of renewable energy technologies in its energy market. These include mechanisms like FIT for smaller plants and Feed-in Premiums (FIP) for larger ones, with differentiated structures based on plant size and operational timelines [119]. PV systems have benefited from schemes such as the 'Conto Energia', introduced in 2005, which provided incentives based on cumulative annual cost thresholds [120] Recent legislation is enhancing opportunities for renewable energy applications in agriculture, including agrivoltaic practices. Italy now boasts five significant regulations governing agrivoltaic systems, such as the D.M. July 5, 2012 [121] which initially encouraged the development of PV greenhouses in agricultural contexts. Despite these advancements, there remain areas for refinement, particularly in the categorisation of plant typologies and delineation of prohibited areas, to ensure clarity and consistency in regulatory application [122,123] These legislative measures aim to spur innovation in national agricultural activities, fostering efficiency and competitiveness while integrating green energy generation. Table 5. Legal and Political factors affecting the uptake of RES at the Italian UC SocioEconomic factor Description Level Type Political legislations They encourage innovation for national agriculture activities, also boosting efficiency and competitiveness. Local, regional, and national Enabling Lack of information Difficult for all the farmers to know in time all the necessary information. Local Hindering Bureaucratic process It is difficult that a simple farmer to know how to access the possible incentives. Regional Hindering Economic policy Incentives from regional and national initiatives. Local, regional and national Enabling 18/10/2024 Page 51 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Stakeholder needs and perceived challenges According to various sources, including literature reviews, official reports, and stakeholder consultations, the main needs of key stakeholders regarding the uptake of RES at the farm level can be summarised as follows: Farmers require renewable energy solutions that are economically viable and offer a reasonable return on investment. They seek technologies with manageable upfront costs and favourable payback periods. Many farmers lack technical expertise in RE systems and need access to reliable technical support and guidance throughout the installation, operation, and maintenance phases. They often face financial barriers to investing in RES and seek access to various funding options, including grants, subsidies, and low-interest loans, to offset initial investment costs. Additionally, farmers prioritise renewable energy solutions that seamlessly integrate with their existing agricultural operations without disrupting productivity or land use. Energy communities seek opportunities to collaborate with farmers and other stakeholders to develop community-based renewable energy projects. They value partnerships that foster local ownership and benefit the broader community. Cooperatives require supportive regulatory frameworks that facilitate the development and operation of RE projects and advocate for policies that promote RES deployment and remove regulatory barriers. Like farmers, energy communities need access to financing options tailored to community-based renewable energy projects, relying on grants, loans, and crowdfunding mechanisms to finance project development and implementation. Agricultural associations advocate for increased awareness and education on the benefits of RES adoption among farmers. They provide resources, training programs, and workshops to help farmers make informed decisions about integrating renewable energy into their operations. These associations engage in policy advocacy efforts to promote favourable policies and incentives for renewable energy adoption in the agricultural sector and collaborate with policymakers to address regulatory barriers and create a supportive policy environment. Public authorities play a crucial role in facilitating the uptake of RES at the farm level through supportive policies, incentives, and regulations. They need to develop and implement policies that incentivise renewable energy deployment, streamline permitting processes, and provide financial support to farmers and cooperatives. Public authorities also provide technical assistance and capacity-building support to farmers and energy communities interested in adopting RES technologies. They may offer training programs, workshops, and consultancy services to help stakeholders navigate the complexities of renewable energy deployment. Medium-sized energy industries see the agricultural sector as a potential market for RES technologies and services. They seek opportunities to collaborate with farmers and cooperatives to provide renewable energy solutions tailored to agricultural needs. Energy industries invest in research and development to innovate RES technologies suitable for agricultural applications, aiming to develop cost-effective and efficient solutions that meet the specific needs and constraints of farmers and cooperatives. Results from Interviews Main Takeaways: The interviews reveal a broad recognition of the importance of integrating RES into agricultural practices across different sectors. Respondents, including farmers, energy industry professionals, public authorities, and energy communities, emphasise the economic and environmental benefits of RES. They highlight the positive impact of PVs on sustainability and income, seeing PV systems as vital for providing stable income and addressing energy needs. Public authorities reflect a commitment to fostering RES integration through legislative initiatives such as those promoting biogas and agrivoltaic systems. Additionally, renewable 18/10/2024 Page 52 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level energy communities are emerging, driven by local associations and technical partners to enhance community engagement and feasibility studies for RES projects. Insights/Framework Conditions: Several conditions were highlighted as critical for the successful adoption of RES in agriculture. Technologically, the availability and accessibility of advanced, reliable, and easy-to-maintain RES solutions were deemed necessary. Additionally, social factors, such as community acceptance and peer influence, were noted as significant drivers, with farmers often looking to their peers for successful examples of RES implementation. Barriers: Several barriers hinder the widespread adoption of RES in agriculture. Technological challenges, particularly the high costs and operational difficulties associated with maintaining RES installations on agricultural land, are noted. For instance, elevated PV structures pose maintenance challenges that disrupt agricultural activities. The aging farming population and a lack of knowledge about integrating RES technologies into agricultural practices are additional barriers. Furthermore, RES face issues with political incentives and access to funding, which hinder their development. Opportunities: Despite the barriers, numerous opportunities for promoting the uptake of RES at the farm level have been identified. Developing innovative financing models, such as cooperative schemes and leasing options, can lower financial barriers for farmers. Enhancing collaboration between farmers, agricultural organisations, technology providers, and public authorities can lead to more customised and effective RES solutions, creating supportive environments for RES adoption. Technological innovations, such as vertical PV modules and agrivoltaic systems, integrate RES without compromising agricultural productivity. The growing emphasis on sustainability and climate resilience within the agricultural sector, combined with advancements making RES technologies more affordable and efficient, presents a promising opportunity for wider implementation. Lastly, educational campaigns, demonstration projects, and the role of Renewable Energy Communities (RECs) in providing information, facilitating funding access, and promoting community engagement are vital in increasing awareness and showcasing the tangible benefits of RES, thereby encouraging more farmers to make the transition. Additional Insights: Experienced agricultural professionals emphasise the importance of sustainable practices like crop rotation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They advocate for the integration of RES, having implemented technologies like PV panels and wood chip-fed boilers for several years. They also emphasise the need for financial support and technological upgrades to continue benefiting from RES. From the perspective of energy communities, engaging and informing the population through meetings with technicians and specialists is crucial for leveraging opportunities and incentives. Denmark Overall Framework conditions Denmark leads globally in renewable energy integration, guided by a robust national strategy aimed at achieving complete reliance on renewable sources by 2050, aligning with EU directives [124]. Wind energy stands as the cornerstone, supplying 47% of Denmark’s electricity in 2022 from both onshore and offshore installations, with ongoing projects like Thor and Hesselø set to expand capacity further. Solar PV, while smaller in contribution at 3%, is growing steadily supported by government incentives [125]. Biogas and biomass also play pivotal roles, with over 150 biogas plants and biomass from wood chips contributing to reducing carbon emissions. 18/10/2024 Page 53 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Challenges such as wind variability necessitate investments in grid technologies and storage solutions, while solar faces seasonal limitations despite its growth trajectory. Solar thermal energy and wave power, however, remain relatively underdeveloped due to cost constraints and integration complexities, highlighting areas for potential future growth within Denmark’s diverse RES landscape [125]. Socio-economic factors In the context of the Danish HarvRESt UC, the integration of RES such as biogas at the farm level is critical for achieving Denmark’s environmental and energy targets. This section delves deeper into the socio-economic factors that influence the adoption of RES technologies by Danish farms, focusing on economic barriers and social dynamics (Table 6). These factors are pivotal in shaping the feasibility and sustainability of RES projects from a local to a national scale [126]. The level of awareness and understanding of RES technologies among farmers and the wider community significantly impacts their adoption rate. In Denmark, governmental and non-governmental organisations have launched numerous initiatives to educate the public and particularly the farming community about the benefits and operational management of RES technologies. These educational programs are crucial for overcoming scepticism and for fostering a supportive community environment [127]. Social acceptance is vital for the successful implementation of RES projects. In rural areas, where community ties are strong, the social reception of initiatives like wind farms or large biogas plants can make or break a project. Successful projects often involve early and transparent communication with the community, addressing potential concerns related to noise, smell, and changes in the landscape [128]. RES installations, particularly wind turbines, can have significant visual impacts on the landscape, which can lead to opposition from local communities who value their traditional and scenic landscapes. Addressing these aesthetic concerns through careful planning and community engagement is essential for minimising conflicts and enhancing local support [129]. The installation of RES technologies, particularly biogas digesters and solar panels, involves significant upfront costs. These costs encompass equipment, installation labour, and the necessary infrastructure modifications to accommodate new technologies. For many small to medium-sized farms, these initial expenses can be prohibitive without external financial support [126]. Financial accessibility is crucial for farm-level operators. Danish farms often rely on a combination of government grants, European Union subsidies, and local financing schemes to fund RES projects. The Danish Green Investment Fund, for example, provides tailored loans and grants that cover up to 60% of the initial investment needed for RE installations, thereby reducing the financial burden on farmers and encouraging broader adoption [125]. Denmark offers several market-based incentives to promote RES integration, including feed-in tariffs and RES certificates. Feed-in tariffs allow energy producers to sell back surplus energy to the national grid at a guaranteed price, significantly shortening the payback period of investments and improving the overall economic viability of RES projects [130]. The economic attractiveness of RES investments is largely determined by their payback periods. In Denmark, the average payback period for technologies like biogas and solar energy ranges from 5 to 15 years, depending on the scale of the project and the efficiency of the technology used. Shorter payback periods are often a decisive factor for farmers when considering the adoption of RES [126]. 18/10/2024 Page 54 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Table 6. Socio-economic factors affecting RES uptake at the Danish UC level Socio-Economic factor Description Level Type Initial Investment Costs High upfront costs for installing RES, including equipment, installation, and infrastructure. Local, Regional Hindering Access to Funds Availability of loans, grants, and subsidies to mitigate initial costs. National Enabling Market Incentives Incentives such as feed-in tariffs and RE certificates that encourage RES adoption. National Enabling Payback Period Time taken to recover investments in RES through savings and incentives. Local, Regional Hindering Knowledge and Awareness Level of understanding and familiarity with RES technologies among farmers and communities. Local, Regional Hindering Social Acceptance Community support or opposition based on the perceived benefits or disruptions caused by RES. Local Both Community Support Active community involvement and backing for RES projects, often facilitated through dialogue. Local Enabling Landscape Conflicts Opposition due to visual, noise, and other sensory impacts of RES installations on the landscape. Local, Regional Hindering Aesthetic Impact Perceived changes to the visual aspects of local and regional landscapes due to RES projects. Local, Regional Hindering Legal and Political Factors The adoption of RES on farms in Denmark is influenced by a complex interplay of legal and political factors. Denmark has implemented a range of financial incentives, including subsidies, tax breaks, and tailored grants, aimed at facilitating RES adoption (Table 7). The government's feed-in tariff scheme guarantees above-market rates for RES producers, providing a strong economic incentive [130]. The Danish legal framework supports RES integration with clear guidelines for project development, grid connection, and operation, simplifying decision-making for farmers and investors [125]. However, navigating administrative processes, environmental standards, and grid connectivity requirements across municipalities can be challenging and inconsistent [127]. Regulatory updates and legislative changes further complicate matters, affecting project timelines and costs [129]. Denmark's national energy strategy prioritises RES over fossil fuels, aligned with ambitious carbon reduction and RE targets [125]. Local governments complement these efforts with additional supports tailored to regional conditions, fostering community engagement and investment in RES projects [131]. While Denmark provides robust support for RES adoption, challenges persist due to economic barriers, regulatory complexities, and the need for coordinated policy efforts. Overcoming these challenges requires a 18/10/2024 Page 55 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level cohesive approach integrating strong governmental support, clear regulations, effective financing, and community involvement. This holistic approach is crucial for successfully integrating RES technologies on farms, ensuring sustainable energy practices and meeting national energy objectives. Table 7. Legal and Political factors affecting the uptake of RES at the Danish UC Legal and political factors Description Level Type Supportive Policies Government policies including financial incentives like subsidies, tax exemptions, and feed-in tariffs designed to reduce financial barriers and encourage RES adoption. National Enabling Regulatory Clarity Clear regulatory frameworks that provide guidelines for RES installation, grid connection, and operation, facilitating a straightforward process for farmers and investors. National Enabling Complex Regulatory Procedures Overly complex legislation and administrative procedures that can deter potential RES projects due to cumbersome permitting processes and compliance requirements. Local, Regional Hindering Legislative Inconsistencies Frequent changes in laws and subsidy schemes which can disrupt existing and future RES projects, creating a volatile environment for investors. National Hindering National Energy Strategy Comprehensive national policies that prioritise RES over fossil fuels, setting ambitious targets for RE adoption and carbon emission reductions. National Enabling Regional and Local Initiatives Local adaptations of national policies that provide additional support tailored to specific regional conditions, often including extra incentives for small-scale projects. Regional, Local Enabling Stakeholder needs and perceived challenges The adoption of RES like biogas at the farm level involves various stakeholders including farmers, energy communities, agricultural associations, public authorities, and medium-sized energy industries. Each group has distinct needs and requirements that influence their involvement and investment in biogas technologies. This analysis delves into the specific needs of these key stakeholders based on literature, official data, and other relevant sources, with a focus on enhancing the uptake of biogas within Denmark’s agricultural sector. Farmers require extensive technical support and knowledge transfer to optimise the integration and operation of biogas systems on their farms. This includes practical guidance on managing anaerobic digesters, optimizing methane yield, and maintaining equipment. Additionally, the high upfront costs associated with setting up biogas plants can be a significant barrier. Farmers benefit from subsidies, grants, and favourable loan conditions that mitigate these initial costs and provide a quicker return on investment. Incentives such as feedin tariffs for the biogas produced also enhance the financial viability of these projects [125]. Furthermore, farmers need simplified regulatory processes that minimise bureaucratic delays and provide clarity in compliance requirements. Streamlined permitting and registration procedures would facilitate faster setup and operation of biogas facilities [127]. 18/10/2024 Page 56 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Energy communities, which often involve groups of farmers or local communities, require effective collaboration platforms to manage joint biogas projects, distribute profits fairly, and handle logistical aspects like feedstock supply coordination and biogas distribution [129]. These cooperatives also need established channels for accessing broader energy markets, including partnerships with regional and national energy providers to ensure the profitability of their biogas production, particularly when integrated into the national grid [128]. Agricultural associations play a crucial role in advocating on behalf of farmers and cooperatives for more supportive policies from the government. They require a strong influence on policy-making processes to secure comprehensive support packages for biogas initiatives, including enhancements to existing subsidies and incentives [130]. These associations also need access to research and development (R&D) resources to further biogas technology and improve efficiencies. This includes pilot projects that explore new techniques for feedstock optimisation, digester management, and methane capture [126]. Public authorities have a mandate to meet sustainability targets, which include significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Supporting farm-level biogas projects helps achieve these goals and promotes local energy security [125]. Authorities need to facilitate community engagement initiatives that educate and garner support from local populations for biogas projects, addressing any social acceptance issues, particularly related to odour and landscape impacts [129]. Medium-sized energy industries require strategies that integrate biogas into their energy mix effectively, ensuring stability and reliability in supply. This involves technological solutions that synchronise biogas production with existing energy systems to handle fluctuations in biogas [131]. These industries also benefit from clear legislation regarding the use of biogas, including tax benefits, carbon credits, and specific guidelines that dictate how biogas can be utilised commercially [130]. The successful adoption of biogas technology in Denmark's agricultural sector requires targeted support, simplified regulations, effective collaborations, and market access. Coordinated efforts between stakeholders and supportive government policies are essential for promoting sustainable energy practices and enhancing biogas's role in Denmark's RE landscape. The Danish UC supports decision-makers with active data in decisionmaking processes. Results from Interviews Main Takeaways: The interviews with energy companies, public authorities, and farmers show a clear understanding of the factors influencing the adoption of RES at the farm level. There is a broad consensus on the critical importance of transitioning to RES to ensure sustainable agricultural practices. However, economic, regulatory, and technological challenges significantly impact this transition. Insights/Framework Conditions: Current framework conditions vary, with some areas more ready for RES adoption than others. Energy companies call for a more supportive regulatory environment to simplify RES integration into farm operations. Public authorities acknowledge existing RE-promoting policies but admit poor implementation. Farmers show a strong willingness to adopt RES but face financial and logistical constraints. Overall, while foundational policies and technologies exist, their practical application is often inconsistent. Perceived Barriers: High initial investment costs are the most significant deterrent, making RES financially unfeasible for many farmers. Additionally, concerns about the reliability and efficiency of RES technologies 18/10/2024 Page 57 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level under varying climatic conditions, and the lack of tailored solutions for different types of farms, limit their effectiveness and appeal. Opportunities: Despite these challenges, there are substantial opportunities to enhance RES uptake. The increasing awareness of climate change and the associated benefits of RE create a favourable environment for RES adoption. Technological advancements are continuously improving the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of RES, making them more attractive options for farmers. Community-based RE projects present a significant opportunity, as they can distribute the risks and benefits among multiple stakeholders. Collaborative efforts between energy companies, public authorities, and farmers can lead to innovative solutions and a more supportive ecosystem for RES on farms. Spain, VdV-VRT Overall Framework conditions The EU is steadfast in its commitment to achieving Climate Neutrality by 2050, driven by the RE Directive (EU) 2023/2413, which sets ambitious targets including a 42.5% RES share by 2030 [132]. Agrivoltaics, the integration of RES production with agricultural activities, emerges as a pivotal strategy within this framework. Spain, with its abundant solar potential and extensive agricultural lands covering 23.8 million hectares, exemplifies the synergies between renewable energy generation and sustainable agriculture [133] The PNIEC outlines Spain's trajectory to increase PV capacity to 39 GWp by 2030 (Figure 14), leveraging its solar resources to foster rural development and enhance energy security [133] Electrifying smart agricultural systems with renewable energies presents significant environmental and economic benefits. By adopting PV solar energy and integrating energy storage systems, such as batteries, these systems can substantially reduce their carbon footprint while optimising energy consumption [132]. Electric agricultural vehicles further enhance efficiency and sustainability, offering lower operating costs and reduced emissions compared to traditional diesel vehicles. Moreover, advanced charge management systems enable these systems to adapt to dynamic electricity market prices, contributing to grid stability and economic efficiency [132]. Figure 14. Maximum capacity potential for APV systems estimated for every NUTS-2 region based on the land availability and assuming a capacity density of 30 W/m2 [133] 18/10/2024 Page 64 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Legal and Political Factors The uptake of RES on farms in Spain is shaped significantly by the country's legal and political framework, emphasising biogas production and utilisation (Table 11). Key EU directives, such as RED III 2023/2413 [132] and RED II 2018/2001 [85] provide the overarching framework for promoting renewable energy, including biogas, setting integration targets across member states. At the national level, Spain has enacted laws like Law 34/1998 [152], which extends regulations for natural gas to include biogas and biomass-derived gases, facilitating their integration into the natural gas network. Royal Decrees (RD) play a crucial role in governing various aspects of biogas infrastructure, such as RD 1434/2002 [153] for transport and distribution and RD 815/2013 [154] for industrial emissions from biogas plants. Technical guidelines and standards further support biogas integration, ensuring compliance with quality and safety measures. The sustainability of biogas production is reinforced by regulations like RD 376/2022 [155], which sets stringent criteria for biofuels and renewable gases [155]. In Catalonia, specific regulations address organic waste management critical for biogas production, complemented by laws regulating livestock and waste management practices [156]. Environmental assessment regulations ensure rigorous scrutiny of renewable energy projects under laws like Law 21/2013 [157] and Decree Law 16/2019 [158], aligning with Spain's climate and sustainability goals. Government policies in Spain provide incentives such as feed-in tariffs, subsidies, and tax credits, crucial in stimulating farmer investment in RES. These initiatives enhance the economic viability of renewable energy projects, fostering a supportive environment for sustainable energy initiatives across the agricultural sector, and contributing to Spain's broader renewable energy targets. Table 11. Legal and Political factors affecting the uptake of RES at the Spanish UC (ACSA-Sorigué) Legal and political factors Description Level Type Government Policies and Incentives Favourable policies, feed-in tariffs, subsidies, and tax credits aimed at encouraging the adoption of RES. National Enabling Upfront Costs for Small Farms High initial investment costs that hinder smaller farms from adopting RES. National Hindering Legal and Administrative Complexities Challenges faced by medium and large farms due to legal intricacies and administrative hurdles. National Hindering Information Deficiency Lack of pertinent information and offerings that deter medium and large farms from investing in RES. National Hindering Unstable Regulatory Environment Uncertain and unstable regulations that impede profitability and deter investment in RE projects. National Hindering Disparities Between Farm Sizes Variability in barriers faced by small, medium, and large farms, complicating the adoption of RES. National Hindering Stakeholder needs and perceived challenges Based on comprehensive reviews of literature, official reports, and other pertinent resources, it is evident that key stakeholders in the agricultural sector, including farmers, energy communities, agricultural associations, 18/10/2024 Page 65 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level public authorities, and medium large-sized energy industries, have specific needs concerning the uptake of RES at the farm level in Spain. These stakeholders are primarily focused on reducing operational costs, enhancing energy security, and aligning with regulatory requirements aimed at reducing carbon emissions. Farmers, for instance, require affordable and reliable RES technologies that can be integrated seamlessly into their existing operations. They seek systems that not only provide energy cost savings but also offer long-term sustainability and minimal disruption to their agricultural activities. Energy communities and agricultural associations need support in the form of knowledge sharing, funding opportunities, and technological guidance to facilitate the transition to RES. These groups often advocate for more robust support frameworks that can alleviate the financial burden of adopting new technologies. Public authorities and medium-sized energy industries play a crucial role in creating an enabling environment for RES adoption through policies and incentives. Public authorities are tasked with the development of clear and favourable policies that encourage farm-level RES integration, including subsidies, tax incentives, and streamlined permitting processes. To successfully achieve the objectives of this Catalan Biogas Strategy, BETA and other technological centres will work closely with the relevant units of the Government of Catalonia as well as external stakeholders like Sorigué across the entire biogas value chain. Nearly all units of the Government involved in biogas fall under the Department of Climate Action, Food, and Rural Agenda. Meanwhile, medium-sized energy industries are interested in partnerships and collaborative projects that can expand their market reach and showcase the effectiveness of renewable technologies in real-world agricultural settings. Both seek to ensure that the transition to renewable energy is economically feasible and environmentally beneficial for all parties involved. Results from Interviews Main Takeaways: The interviews conducted with various stakeholders, including industry actors, public authorities, community organisations, and farmers, reveal a complex landscape for the adoption of RES at the farm level. Economic viability emerges as a critical factor, with stakeholders emphasising the need for clear financial incentives and affordable solutions. Regulatory support is also highlighted as a crucial enabler, with consistent policies and subsidies playing a pivotal role in decision-making. The readiness of technology and the involvement of local communities are seen as essential components for successful RES implementation. Across all interviews, there is a strong consensus on the potential of RES to enhance sustainability and reduce operational costs for farms. Insights/Framework Conditions: The success of RES uptake at the farm level is deeply influenced by several framework conditions. A supportive regulatory environment is paramount, with stakeholders pointing to the importance of clear guidelines, long-term policies, and financial incentives. These regulatory measures can significantly boost confidence and investment in RES. Economic factors also play a crucial role; the high initial cost of RES installations necessitates the availability of grants, subsidies, and affordable financing options to make these systems more accessible to farmers. Technological infrastructure is another key consideration, as access to advanced, reliable, and user-friendly technology is essential for the smooth operation of RES. Additionally, community engagement emerges as a critical factor, with community-driven projects and cooperative models proving to be highly effective. Engaging local communities not only facilitates better acceptance of RES but also encourages collaborative investments and shared benefits. Perceived Barriers: Despite the recognised benefits, several barriers hinder the widespread adoption of RES at the farm level. High initial costs remain a significant deterrent, as the substantial investment required for RES installations is often beyond the financial reach of many farmers. Regulatory uncertainty also poses a 18/10/2024 Page 66 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level challenge, with inconsistent policies and a lack of long-term incentives creating an environment of unpredictability. Technical challenges further complicate adoption, particularly in remote areas where access to advanced technology and technical expertise is limited. Market dynamics, including fluctuating energy prices and market instability, can also impact the perceived benefits of RES, making farmers hesitant to invest. Opportunities: While there are considerable barriers, several opportunities can be leveraged to promote RES uptake. Innovation in financing models, such as pay-as-you-go schemes, leasing options, and cooperative funding, can significantly reduce the financial burden on farmers and make RES more accessible. Policy reforms that introduce stable, long-term incentives, including tax benefits and subsidies, can create a more favourable environment for RES adoption. Community-based projects present another valuable opportunity, as they foster collaboration and allow for shared investments and benefits, making RES projects more feasible and attractive. Finally, continued investment in research and development is crucial for driving technological advancements that improve the efficiency and reduce the costs of RES technologies, thereby making them more accessible and appealing to farmers. Norway Overall Framework conditions In Norway, as of 2022, hydroelectric power dominates electricity generation, accounting for 88% of the total output [159]. Wind power contributes 10%, thermal sources 1.6%, and the remaining 0.4% comes from various other sources. This results in approximately 98.4% of electricity generation being renewable. However, the picture changes when considering the purchase of certificates of origin [160]. In 2020, about 7 TWh of Norway's total 211 TWh energy consumption was used in agriculture, with approximately three-quarters derived from oil and oil products [161]. The Norwegian Agrarian Association aims to reduce GHG emissions in the agricultural sector by 4–6 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2eq) by 2030, with 10–25% of this reduction expected from substituting fossil fuels with renewable energy sources [162]. By incorporating RE sources and electrifying energy systems, farms could reduce their carbon footprint by 44– 70%, depending on the type of farm [163]. Agricultural machinery alone accounts for around 44% of the total energy consumed in farming operations [164]. Despite these benefits, the installation of RES on farms remains limited. Most installations focus on wind and solar power, with a few biogas projects mainly tied to research and innovation. These installations typically operate within the farm's microgrid and do not exceed their consumption due to administrative restrictions on feeding energy to the grid. In 2023, Norway's farming community totalled 37,561 individuals, with 4,000 farms located in Rogaland, as reported by The Statistics of Norway. To support farmers, Norway has introduced a climate calculator as a digital tool to give farmers an overview of emissions [165]. This tool helps farmers identify opportunities to reduce emissions and sequester carbon at the farm level, promoting more sustainable agricultural practices. Socio-economic factors The installation of RES on farms in Norway faces significant challenges, primarily due to the absence of established support schemes tailored for agricultural settings (Table 12). Additionally, there is a lack of plugand-play solutions that integrate RES effectively into local farm energy systems, as suppliers often specialise in specific technologies with limited knowledge of farm operations and requirements. The holistic integration of RES with farm operations remains underexplored and undeveloped. 18/10/2024 Page 67 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Despite these challenges, the imperative to address climate change impacts and rising energy costs has created increased interest in locally installed RES. Such systems not only ensure reliable food production and supply but also reduce farms' vulnerability to energy market disruptions. However, stakeholder acceptance can be low due to Norway's sparse population density, with potential conflicts arising from large installations like visible wind turbines, which may disrupt landscapes and animal migration paths. Mitigating these conflicts involves ensuring stakeholders benefit from installations and addressing community concerns proactively. Socio-economic factors influencing RES adoption on farms highlight its potential to enhance community engagement and cohesion, create new rural job opportunities, diversify income streams, optimise resource efficiency, and promote environmental stewardship. Government policies, incentives, and access to capital are pivotal in facilitating this transition, influencing farmers' decisions and project scalability. Education and awareness programs are also crucial in empowering farmers with the knowledge needed to adopt and integrate RES effectively. The Norwegian Parliament has outlined key objectives for its agriculture policy, including ensuring food security, sustaining farming across the country, fostering increased value creation, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. These objectives underscore the broader context within which RES adoption on farms must align, integrating economic, social, and environmental considerations into national agricultural policy frameworks. Table 12. Socio-economic factors affecting RES uptake at the Norwegian UC Socio-Economic factor Description Level Type Government Policies and Incentives Norway's government plays a significant role in promoting renewable energy through subsidies, tax incentives. Policies such as the Renewable Energy Directive and the Green Energy Transition Strategy provide a framework for investment in RE infrastructure. National Both Cost and Financing The initial investment cost of RES, such as solar panels, wind turbines, or bioenergy installations, can be high. Access to financing options, grants, and favourable loan terms can significantly influence the affordability and adoption of these technologies by farms. Local and Regional Enabling Resource Availability Norway has abundant natural resources suitable for RE production, including hydroelectric power, wind energy, and biomass. The availability and accessibility of these resources vary depending on the geographical location of the farm, affecting the choice of RET. National Both Technological Advancements Advances in RET, such as improved efficiency and declining costs of solar panels and wind turbines, make these options increasingly attractive for farms. National/R egional Enabling Market Dynamics The integration of renewable energy into the broader energy market, including electricity pricing mechanisms and grid infrastructure, influences the economic viability of RE projects. National Enabling 18/10/2024 Page 68 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Socio-Economic factor Description Level Type Farms may participate in energy markets through mechanisms such as net metering or selling excess electricity to the grid. Community Engagement Social acceptance and support from local communities play a crucial role in the deployment of RE projects. Community-based initiatives, cooperative models, and stakeholder engagement can foster greater acceptance and participation in RE development. Regional, Local Both Skills and Education The availability of skilled labour and expertise in RET can facilitate the planning, installation, and maintenance of RES on farms. Training programs and educational initiatives contribute to building the necessary capacity within the agricultural sector. Regional, Local Enabling Regulatory Framework Streamlining regulatory procedures and providing clarity on compliance requirements can accelerate project development. National Both Energy Independence and Resilience For farms, investing in RES offers the potential for greater energy independence and resilience against fluctuations in energy prices and supply. Regional, Local Enabling Legal and Political Factors Norway's energy policies prioritise renewable energy through initiatives such as the Renewable Energy Act, which establishes targets and support mechanisms like green certificates [166]. Political consensus on these goals ensures stability and encourages investment in renewable projects, although support is largely directed at specific technologies. International commitments, including the Paris Agreement, also shape Norway's renewable strategies, influencing targets and policies (Table 13). Stakeholder engagement plays a crucial role in policy formulation, involving communities, industries, and environmental groups. While support mechanisms for RES exist for private homes, agricultural sectors like farms receive limited assistance, primarily through programs like BIONOVA, which funds bioenergy and climate initiatives. However, support excludes installations such as solar, wind, or small hydro, which vary in feasibility based on local conditions. Moreover, national programs do not cover aspects like integrating different energy sources to match farm energy demand profiles [167]. This gap aligns with Norwegian strategies emphasising food security amidst geopolitical tensions, highlighting challenges such as grid limitations for surplus energy exports, capped at 500 kW, with associated fees often making grid integration economically unattractive [168]. 18/10/2024 Page 69 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Table 13. Legal and Political factors affecting the uptake of RES at the Norwegian UC Legal and political factors Description Level Type Lack of policy coordination The complex policy context for renewable energy, spanning multiple sectors and policy frameworks, poses coordination challenges that may hinder the uptake of RES. Local, regional, and national. Hindering Lack of policy awareness The complex policy context for RES, spanning multiple sectors and policy frameworks, and understanding its needs hinder the implementation of boundary conditions (rules, regulations, support schemes). Local, regional, and national. Hindering Limitation of schemes on specific technologies The focus on supporting and funding single technologies only leave the systems aspect out of the picture and contributes to installation of single technologies only instead of complementary ones. Local, regional, and national. Hindering Financial support and incentives Several funds and measures are available to support the adoption of RES Local, regional, and national. Supportive Regulations regarding grid connection and interconnection Regulation on grid integration and connection Local, regional, and national. Hindering Electricity price in Norway No feed in tariffs for renewable energy production Local, regional, and national. Hindering Stakeholder needs and perceived challenges Promoting the uptake of renewable energy in farms requires focusing on the diverse needs of key stakeholders through collaboration, policy support, financial incentives, and technical assistance. Farmers, energy communities, agricultural associations, public authorities, and medium-sized energy industries all play crucial roles in driving this transition. For farmers, financial incentives are essential to invest in renewable energy technologies such as solar panels, wind turbines, or biomass digesters. Subsidies, grants, or tax credits can help offset the initial installation costs. Moreover, farmers often require technical support and guidance to select suitable technologies, install them correctly, and maintain them effectively. Access to affordable financing options, such as free installation, lowinterest loans or leasing options, is crucial, particularly for small-scale and family-owned farms. Energy communities rely on supportive regulatory frameworks that facilitate community-owned renewable energy projects. Clear policies, including feed-in tariffs and net metering, encourage their formation and growth. Cooperatives also need access to resources like land, technical expertise, and funding, often facilitated through collaboration with local governments, agricultural associations, and financial institutions. Effective community engagement strategies are vital to building support and participation from local residents. 18/10/2024 Page 70 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Agricultural associations advocate for policies that support renewable energy integration into farms, pushing policymakers at various levels. They also provide education and training programs to increase farmers' awareness and knowledge of renewable energy benefits and sustainable practices. Facilitating partnerships and collaborations among stakeholders fosters innovation and knowledge-sharing in the agricultural sector. Public authorities are responsible for developing and implementing policies that promote renewable energy uptake in farms. This includes creating supportive regulatory frameworks, investing in renewable energy infrastructure, and engaging with stakeholders to understand their needs and concerns. Collaboration and dialogue help build consensus and address potential challenges. Overall, addressing the diverse needs of stakeholders through collaboration and supportive policies is essential for advancing sustainable farmers' practices and promoting renewable energy uptake in Norway. In addition, it seems to be necessary to work on building up the understanding and awareness in society for the benefits resulting from the integration of RES at farms. The current all-time availability of food in supermarkets independent from seasonal variation and location in European countries does not contribute to the awareness about the necessary effort (work and energy) for ensuring this availability. Results from Interviews Main Takeaways: The interviews with various stakeholders, including energy companies, public authorities, and farmers, reveal a complex landscape influencing the uptake of RES at the farm level. The stakeholders unanimously recognise the importance of transitioning to renewable energy but highlight several critical factors that impact this process. These include economic viability, regulatory frameworks, technological readiness, and community acceptance. Insights/Framework Conditions: The current framework conditions show a mixed readiness for RES adoption on farms. Energy companies stress the need for more streamlined regulatory processes and better financial incentives to encourage farmers. Public authorities highlight existing policies aimed at promoting renewable energy but acknowledge gaps in implementation and support. Farmers are keenly aware of the environmental benefits of RES but are often deterred by the high initial investment costs and the complexity of integrating these systems into existing farm operations. Perceived Barriers: Several barriers hinder the adoption of RES on farms. The most prominent is the high initial cost of investment, which many farmers find prohibitive. Additionally, there are concerns about the reliability and efficiency of RES technologies, especially in the harsh and variable climatic conditions typical of rural areas. Regulatory hurdles and the complexity of obtaining necessary permits are also significant obstacles. Furthermore, there is a lack of tailored solutions that meet the specific needs of different types of farms. Opportunities: The growing awareness of climate change and the environmental benefits of renewable energy is creating a favourable environment for RES adoption. Technological advancements are making RES more efficient and cost-effective. There is also potential for developing community-based renewable energy projects that can provide shared benefits and reduce individual risks. Collaborative efforts between energy companies, public authorities, and farmers can create innovative solutions and build a more supportive ecosystem for RES on farms. Discussion and final remarks The investigation within Task 2.2 provides crucial insights into the socio-economic and regulatory framework conditions influencing the adoption of RES by farmers and rural communities across UC countries. This task's 18/10/2024 Page 71 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level findings have significantly contributed to understanding the public perception and social acceptability of renewable energy projects, which is essential for designing effective awareness-raising strategies. Our study assessed the applicability of the TAM to understand farmers’ intentions to adopt RES. This research fills a notable gap, as no prior work has specifically targeted TAM scores in relation to farmers' adoption of RES. By examining key TAM constructs—perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and behavioural intention—we gained new insights into the unique considerations and challenges faced by farmers in adopting renewable energy technologies. Survey results reveal that environmental stewardship is the primary driver for adopting RES in the agricultural sector. This finding aligns with the broader understanding that sustainability concerns are pivotal in shaping attitudes toward new technologies in agriculture. Our analysis confirms that TAM is a suitable framework for understanding RES adoption in this context, with PEU and PU effectively capturing the factors that influence farmers' attitudes and intentions toward RES adoption. The study also highlights the role of risk aversion, suggesting that strategies aimed at mitigating perceived risks could enhance adoption rates. Despite the importance of environmental concerns, economic interest did not emerge as a significant driver of RES adoption intentions. This result emphasises that, even when controlling for demographic variables such as income, education, and gender, the decision to adopt RES is predominantly influenced by environmental stewardship and perceived technology attributes. The research identified several socio-economic challenges hindering the widespread adoption of RES among farmers, including financial constraints, high initial costs, and complex permitting processes. Additionally, regulatory obstacles, such as inconsistent policy frameworks and insufficient support mechanisms, were noted as significant barriers. However, opportunities such as growing climate change awareness, technological advancements, and the potential for community-based projects offer a favourable environment for RES adoption. To address these challenges and leverage opportunities, the successful promotion of RES in agricultural settings requires a deep understanding of stakeholder needs—farmers, energy communities, agricultural associations, and public authorities. Financial incentives, technical support, and robust regulatory frameworks are critical for overcoming barriers and fostering adoption. Integrating the best practices identified in Task 2.1 with the insights from Task 2.2 can bridge the gap between theoretical frameworks and practical implementation. Tailoring best practices to address socio-economic challenges and regulatory frameworks, while incorporating community engagement techniques, will enhance their relevance and feasibility. Highlighting local success stories can further demonstrate the tangible benefits of RES projects, making the recommendations more actionable and sustainable. 18/10/2024 Page 72 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level CHARACTERISATION OF HARVREST USE CASES THROUGH A MULTIACTOR APPROACH As outlined in the HarvRESt Grant Agreement, the Task 2.3 focus on “Characterisa�on of HarvRESt use cases through a mul�-actor approach”. The objec�ve of this task is to implement a mul�-actor approach that supports the iden�fica�on of the main percep�ons and objec�ves for each use case and, in line with the KPIs ini�ally defined in T2.4, collect the required informa�on for the characteriza�on of each use case. The output has been compilated and integrated in the Deliverable 2.1 about “Mapping on RES integra�on in farms at EU level”. The agro-community characterisa�on presented in this deliverable is based on an exhaus�ve evalua�on of factors such as available natural resources, loca�on, climatological characteris�cs, agricultural ac�vi�es carried out and their energy demand, seasonality of demand, the level of connec�on or accessibility to the grid, and data monitoring and digitaliza�on systems. Introduction of the HarvRESt Use Cases The full approach of HarvRESt will be supported and executed at 5 use cases located in Italy, Denmark, Spain and Norway, represen�ng different topologies of farms, a diversity of stakeholders and organiza�onal structures, dis�nct geographical condi�ons and a wide variety of RES technologies. Together with HarvRESt community and mapped ini�a�ves, the project will act as a hub for knowledge and best prac�ces on RES integra�on at farm level. Italy Use Case: In this use case, main agro-industrial, farmers and industrial associa�ons join forces to jointly address RES integra�on at farm level along the whole agri-food value chain, aiming to exhibit a low carbon footprint food system in large-scale trade and transferring its benefits to final consumers. The key objec�ve is that, along the project execu�on, involved associa�ons will jointly bring stakeholders to gather available informa�on, interests and percep�ons on barriers on RES integra�on at farm level and how it can impact or create synergies all along the food value chain and its logis�cs. Denmark Use Case: The Danish use case counts with already established datasets on RES produc�on at farm level with special focus on biogas produc�on. In the last years, overall economic boundary condi�ons have been beneficial for large scale biogas plants deployment over the country, but recent developments in energy costs as well as demands arising from EU-Taxonomy/ESG makes small scale biogas plants increasingly interes�ng to individual or groups of farmers. Accordingly, it is expected to count with addi�onal reports on this regard along the project execu�on. The main objec�ves are: the Biogas planning tool will be enhanced as a comprehensive database at farm level (barn/field) for Denmark; and new developments will allow the mapping of current ac�vity level and poten�als for biogas fuelled energy produc�on, evalua�ng its impact on GHG-emission and nutrient balances (N and P). Spain Use Cases: Viñas del Vero and Sorigué are two Spanish farming companies, a winery and a dairy company, respec�vely, at the forefront in the explora�on of decarbonisa�on strategies and deployment of RES technologies in their farms. The key objec�ve is to apply HarvRESt solu�ons to enhance the produc�on management and increase overall benefits with the lower environmental impact, as well as to produce necessary data to fill the iden�fied knowledge gaps and deploy experimental solu�ons developed throughout the HarvRESt community. At Viñas del Vero effects on vineyard produc�on through a digital based management and op�miza�on of RES assets will be assessed. These ac�vi�es will also include the electrifica�on of machinery, thus exploring the poten�al in terms of cost and carbon footprint reduc�on of electrifica�on. Complementarily, an experimental report on Agro-PV will take place at Viñedos del Río Tajo vineyard in Toledo, to study the impact in rela�on to 18/10/2024 Page 73 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level iden�fied KPIs to dynamically feed the HarvRESt decision support system. Addi�onally, Sorigué’s bioproducts for improving soil quality will be tested on the site. At Sorigué the main interest is to collect data from the biorefinery to model the biogas produc�on from agroresidues. Furthermore, the resul�ng by-product (the digestate) is currently considered one of the expected trade-offs. Thus, the fer�lizer poten�al of the nutrients recovered from the digestate will be assessed in order to mi�gate RES impacts, increase the circularity in the farm and diversify the farm incomes. The nutrient recovery will improve soil quality, water reten�on, and conserva�on. In addi�on, methane produc�on from recycled CO2 sources to be used as fuel itself or as an H2 energy carrier will be analysed. Norway Use Case: In this case GGE and NORCE will jointly analyse how to develop and expand a smart energy system that supports the full decarboniza�on process of GGE. A thorough analysis of the challenges for accessing the data in order to achieve centralized and op�mized management of the assets composing the system will be performed. The main objec�ve is to manage the integra�on of the energy storage system interac�on with the different renewable assets. Moreover, the study on the coordina�on with farm ac�vi�es will be made to op�mize available resources. Given the interest of GGE on profi�ng manure waste for biogas produc�on and Combined Heat and Power installa�on, they will also establish synergies with Sorigué’s HarvRESt ac�vi�es as well as with the Danish use case to explore the deployment of this technology and replica�on of the partner’s solu�ons. Italy Use Case General information The FATTORIA SOLIDALE DEL CIRCEO is an organic farm dedicated to social and agricultural inclusion, and sustainability projects. Located in the Circeo area, the farm employs three staff members and is part of a social coopera�ve with about 20 members. Its mission is to integrate individuals with disabili�es and those facing disadvantages into the workforce, enhancing their quality of life through personal and professional growth. The farm is expanding to include an agro-PV plant. The Circeo area features by a variety of soil types, including sandy soils rich in quartz and other minerals, with good drainage properties along the coastal dunes, and clay soil in the inland area. Circeo benefits from the river Ufente, which flows through the region, providing irrigation water for agricultural fields. Additionally, there are natural springs and wells scattered throughout the area. Circeo is characterized by a diverse range of vegetation types, including Mediterranean shrubland, protected, and cultivated areas [169]. These provide important ecosystem services as well as improvements in biodiversity conservation and soil properties such as higher soil stabilization and carbon sequestration. The farm is located near the Tyrrhenian Sea in the Lazio region of Italy, experiencing a Mediterranean climate with mild winters and hot, dry summers. The elevation in Circeo ranges from 0 to 100 meters above sea level, influencing local climate patterns and agricultural practices. Average temperatures range from around 10°C in winter to 30°C or higher in summer. The region enjoys abundant solar irradiation, particularly in summer, supporting crop growth. Prevailing winds from the northwest or southeast can impact crop management and soil erosion. Precipitation is moderate, mainly occurring in autumn and winter, with summers being relatively dry. Agricultural activities The types of crops cultivated in the Circeo Area are the typical of a Mediterranean area as olives, benefiting from the Mediterranean climate and fertile soil. Vegetable crops include tomatoes, eggplants, zucchinis, 18/10/2024 Page 80 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Viñas del Vero: development of a global energy management pla�orm • Descrip�on: This experience involves crea�ng a comprehensive energy management pla�orm for Viñas del Vero. The pla�orm will integrate and manage the photovoltaic (PV) produc�on, energy storage, and grid demand for the winery. The pla�orm will also focus on studying the market behaviour and energy needs to maximize renewable energy consump�on and minimize dependence on grid energy. In the vineyard, the experience will include the integra�on and reliability assessment of an electric tractor, op�mizing its consump�on, autonomy, and adapta�on to different implements. • Expected Outcomes: Enhanced energy efficiency increased self-consump�on of renewable energy, and op�mized opera�on of electric agricultural machinery. • Associated Key Exploitable Results (KERs): o KER2. KPI’s for Performance Monitoring o KER5. Forecas�ng Algorithms o KER7. HarvRESt Smart Energy System Algorithms o KER8. HarvRESt AVPP o KER9. HarvRESt DSS • Some Tenta�ve KPIs to Consider: o Set of KPIs related to the Performance of assets o Solar Genera�on Performance o Self-consump�on ra�o of renewable energy o Batery Storage Efficiency o Specific Energy Consump�on per Equipment o Reduc�on in grid energy dependence/Grid Energy Performance o Reduc�on in GHG emissions o Opera�onal efficiency of the electric tractor. Energy consump�on per hour of tractor opera�on. Viñedos del Rio Tajo: development of a study on the influence of solar radia�on on crops in agrivoltaic environments • Descrip�on: This experience focuses on conduc�ng a comprehensive study to analyse the influence of solar radia�on on crop behaviour within agrivoltaic systems. The study can involve the development of an algorithm, processing of sensor data, and con�nuous monitoring of plant vegeta�ve processes. The objec�ve is to op�mize growing condi�ons and improve the sustainability and produc�vity of the vineyard under the unique condi�ons provided by agrivoltaic installa�ons. • Expected Outcome: Enhanced understanding of how solar radia�on and par�al shadowing affects crop growth in agrivoltaic systems, leading to op�mized agricultural prac�ces and improved crop yields and quality. • Associated Key Exploitable Results (KERs): o KER2. KPI’s for Performance Monitoring o KER8. HarvRESt AVPP o KER9. HarvRESt DSS • Some Tenta�ve KPIs to Consider: o Crop yield and quality metrics under the agrivoltaic system: o Bunch size and weight, number of bunches per vine o Grape kg/vine and grape kg/ha 18/10/2024 Page 81 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level o Grape quality: total acidity, pH and sugar content (ºBrix) o Leaf Area Index and SA (vegeta�on growth) o Vine physiology metrics under the agrivoltaic system: o Trunk diameter varia�on (dendrometry) o Steam water poten�al and photosynthesis rate o KPIs regarding to microclimate generated by the interac�on of solar panels with the vines: o RH, temperature and solar radia�on in vines shadowed by solar panels VS not shadowed vines o Irriga�on water consump�on by shadowed vines VS not shadowed plants (it is expected to reduce the evapotranspira�on with Agro-PV, and therefore the irriga�on needs). Spain Use Case (ACSA-Sorigué) General information Sorigué-Torre Santamaria is a partnership mainly dedicated to the agro-technology provider and the cow’s farm in Noguera Region (Balaguer, Catalonia). This region has a popula�on of 38,770 people (in 2019) and a surface of 1,784 km2. In the area of influence of Sorigué, there are livestock farms managing over 25,000 cows and also pig and chicken farms, covering an irrigated area of 70,000 hectares. In 2011, the Torre Santamaria farm installed one of the first biogas plants (digesters) capable of decomposing the manure generated by the cows and transforming it into gas to meet the farm's hea�ng and hot water needs, being (by 2021) the first farm in Spain to inject biomethane into the grid. Sorigué currently processes 30,000 tonnes/year of livestock waste +20,000 tonnes/year of agri-food waste at its plant. In the near future, it aims to expand its biomethane plant to manage 300,000 tonnes of livestock waste, thereby providing waste management services to farms in the surrounding municipali�es. In Balaguer, the soils generally have silty-loam texture, being quite deeps and with good drainage [172]. The north part of Noguera is dominated by mountainous terrain and the south one coincides with the plain. The major rivers drain north to south cu�ng perpendicularly through the Pre-Pyrenees ranges, forming narrow gorges. These gorges have been used to construct reservoirs shaping areas with rich and varied fauna and flora. The Noguera has a con�nental Mediterranean climate which is characterized by cold winters and hot summers, with a significant temperature range between seasons. Precipita�on is moderate, typically concentrated in the spring and autumn, while summers tend to be dry. Agricultural activities Around the farm there are more than 500 hectares of corn planted to feed the cows and nearby (about 5 km) more than 400 hectares of almond trees, fruit trees, olive trees and cereals planted. These fields are irrigated with water from the canal d’Urgell. Noguera is the largest agricultural region in Catalonia, there are 64,000 hectares of agricultural area and 2,141 hectares of ecological agriculture [173]. Surrounding the farm, the main crops for animal feed in the area are: • Branch alfalfa or alfalfa hay: an essen�al food for animals due to its high content of fibre, minerals, calcium, organic phosphorus, vitamins (A, B1, B12, C, D, E, and K), and especially protein. • Straw: despite its low nutri�onal value, can cons�tute a high propor�on of the maintenance diets in extensive livestock farming, as it sa�sfies the animals' appe�te and keeps them feeling full. 18/10/2024 Page 82 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level • Corn cul�va�on: it is the main crop in the Canal d’Urgell area, and it has shown a significant increase in recent years being the main substrate in livestock feed through the produc�on of feed and silage. RES characterization For Torre Santamaria (with more than 2,000 cows), the energy consump�on is more than 1,000,000 kWh. Average electricity consump�on stands at 516 kWh per produc�ve cow and year or 51 kWh per 1000 kg of milk produced per year being the vacuum pump the most consump�ve equipment (8,948 kWh/year), the cooling tank (6,030 kWh/year) and the cleaning systems. Energy consump�on on the farm varies between summer and winter. In winter, more energy may be used for hea�ng, preven�ng water from freezing, and increased ligh�ng due to shorter daylight hours. In summer, cooling systems for the animals and milk storage can lead to higher electricity use. For the current waste management plant (biomethane plant), the total energy consump�on is 4,616,840 kWh/year. It has a self-consump�on rate of 38% thanks to the cogenera�on system but currently, this system is not working due to the whole biomethane produc�on being injected directly into the natural gas network. Therefore, all the energy consumed in the farm and in the biomethane plant comes from the electrical grid. More energy is required in winter to heat the digesters to the mesophilic temperature range (37-40°C). In winter, energy equivalent to 20% of the produced biogas (800,000 Nm³ of biogas per year) is used to feed the boiler, whereas in summer, only 10% is used. There is no demand peak �mes as the produc�on of the farm and the waste treatment plant remains constant. As a backup, the farm and the waste management plant always use diesel generators. To distribute the 50,000 tons of digestate treated at the biogas plant in the fields around 250 m³ of diesel are used. The SCADA system forms the backbone of the data monitoring and control as it enables real-�me monitoring and control of the process within the plant, providing essen�al insights into opera�onal performance. Some of the processes that the system can automate currently are the adjustment of liquid or gas levels, the transfer of biogas from digesters to the upgrading unit and the regula�on and establishment of injec�on flows into the network. Besides all the informa�on provided by the SCADA, certain measurements are conducted manually. This includes the daily measurement of pH, temperature, and conduc�vity in the digestate performed with mul�parametric probe. Furthermore, the biogas composi�on in the digesters including methane, CO2, O2, CO H2S and VOCs are monitored using a measuring device from Sewering and Drager, respec�vely, at different points in the upgrading unit. Regarding the farm, each cow is equipped with a pedometer to monitor its ac�vity level (estrus, res�ng, etc.) and they also have a geoloca�on sensor integrated into their leg. Addi�onally, the milk produc�on of each cow is monitored using flow meters on each milking machine. All this informa�on is compiled into an Excel spreadsheet for data control. Expected Outcomes In this sec�on, we present the an�cipated outcomes that may be developed in the ACSA-Sorigué Use Case along with their poten�al alignment with Key Exploitable Results (KERs). While the specific Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are yet to be precisely defined, this outline serves as a preliminary framework that will evolve as the project progresses and as the feasibility of various experiences becomes clearer. 18/10/2024 Page 83 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level EO Improvements in data collec�on, nutrient recovery and circularity, and new methane produc�on pathways • Descrip�on: In this use case, the main problem is the management of the digestate and the op�miza�on of the anaerobic diges�on. Thus, the objec�ve is to improve the valorisa�on of the digestate and to study the produc�on of synthe�c biomethane mixing this side stream with H2 produced by electrolysis of recovered water from farm ac�vi�es. • Expected Outcomes: o To collect data from the biorefinery to model the biogas produc�on from agro-residues. o To assess the fer�lizer poten�al of the nutrients recovered from the digestate (the resul�ng by-product), which is currently considered one of the expected trade-offs, in order to mi�gate RES impacts, increase the circularity in the farm and diversify the farm incomes. The nutrient recovery will improve soil quality, water reten�on, and conserva�on. o To analyse the methane produc�on from recycled CO2 sources to be used as fuel itself or as an H2 energy carrier (This will be done theore�cally, since there is no plan to create any methana�on prototype). • Associated Key Exploitable Results (KERs): o KER2. KPI’s for Performance Monitoring o KER3. Soil quality methodology o KER4. Biogas planning tool o KER8. HarvRESt AVPP o KER9. HarvRESt DSS • Some Tenta�ve KPIs to Consider: o Set of KPIs related to the Performance of assets o Op�miza�on of biogas produc�on o Improvements in nutrient recovery and management o Improvements in soil health Norway Use Case General information The Norwegian use case is the farm Røysland Gaard, in the project represented by Grønn Gardsenegi, both having the same owner. The farm is located close the southwest coast of Norway at 58.654o north latitude and 5.948 o eastern length and at an elevation of 236 m above sea level. The farm covers a total area of 2,200,000 m2, and there are 2 people living permanently. The farm and the integrated butcher provide high quality meat to star restaurants and hotels in the areas of Stavanger, Bergen Kristiansand and Oslo. Currently it is in the process of being developed towards a 100% energy independent farm utilizing local RES. The types of soil are as follows: 37,000 m2 fully cultivate and now used to grow grass food for the animals, 100,000 m2 of un-cultivated grassland, 1,000,000 m2 of grassland with trees, and 600,000 m2 with wood. The rest is covered with water (creeks, lakes and ponds) as well as rocky mountain. On the area there are two lakes separated by a dam and with a difference in height of the water surface of up to two meters. This is expected to allow for 11kW hydropower delivering 62,000 kWh/year of electricity. A small creek running down the mountain behind the farm buildings and fed from a small intermediate reservoir plus a 20 kW hydro turbine allows for about 74,000 kwh/year. Both hydro plants are not yet in operation but in the planning phase. The local vegetation consists of grass as well as natural and planted forest. Birch and aspen are naturally growing 18/10/2024 Page 84 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level while pine trees were planted. Local availability of mineral deposits is unknown and was never evaluated as being not relevant for the operation of the farm. The farm is located about 250 m above sea level. This area experiences a temperate oceanic climate, characterized by mild winters, cool summers, and high levels of precipitation throughout the year. The proximity to the coast and the elevation influences the local climate, contributing to relatively moderate temperatures and consistent rainfall. Agricultural activities As indicated above there are no crops grown on farm which focusses on livestock only. There are in a yearly average 20 cattle (Wagyu) on the farm as well as 175 pigs. The cattle are grown on the farm, with about 50% local and 50% from Japan (embryos). The pigs are purchased at a weight of about 70 kg and grown on the farm up to weight of about 115 -130 kg. Both are outgoing as they want (i.e. no fixed times in the stables). They are predominantly fed with locally available and grown food and a low amount of purchased power furrow. RES characterisation In the farm, a new stable is in preparation, prepared for biogas option and extracting / using methane in the ventilation air. There is already PV installed on the roof (52.56 kWp) and a battery storage (136 kW). In the slaughter is a heat storage of 20 m3 installed to recover heat from 5 cooling machines. The heat is used to contribute to providing hot water for the slaughter. The total energy consumption is 400,000 kWh/year of electricity from the grid and an additional 46,620 kWh from local PV panel production (2023). The primary energy consumption is for the butchery's heating, cooling, cleaning, and tool operation, followed by farm operations and building energy use. Given the opera�on of the farm (growing catle and pigs) is the energy usage patern well balanced during the year with rela�vely low varia�on of due to seasonal impact. Off-peak demand periods are to be covered by the batery pack and the control system which targets an op�misa�on towards energy costs (i.e. minimisa�on). Factors influencing weekly and seasonal energy demand fluctua�ons are, for instance, start-up of the equipment, usually on Mondays or a�er vaca�on, although there no major varia�ons. The nearest power grid connection point is located on the farm, with a farm-owned transformer ensuring high reliability of the grid infrastructure, with no disconnections in recent years. A renewable generation plant consisting of large wind turbines, located about 200 meters from the farm buildings on the farm's premises but owned and operated by a third party, feeds energy directly into the grid without connecting to the farm's energy system. Backup power integrated in the microgrid of the farm is available through a 136 kW battery pack, providing power for one hour. Fossil fuels are used for the tractor, an excavator on the farm, and three diesel-fuelled cars for the butchery. There are also two electric cars, one for the farm and one for the butchery. Regarding data monitoring, currently, data available from the farm for sharing includes demand data, PV generation and battery capacity. Data collection methods will involve automatic data collection via the Eco Store AS system, the battery supplier, although the old pack was damaged due to flooding. A new highercapacity battery pack will be installed in May 2024. Additionally, an automation system from KE Automasjon is planned as part of the project. Sensors deployed include those measuring ambient temperature, soil temperature, humidity, energy consumption, and PV generation. As the farm focusses on livestock only are parameters like soil moisture and soil agrochemical parameters not monitored. IoT devices currently control the EMS to manage the battery and reduce energy costs. Digital infrastructure for data storage and analysis is based on cloud services accessible via the supplier's app, but the new system will store data locally. Digital platforms for data visualization and analysis are provided by PV and battery suppliers. There is no additional 18/10/2024 Page 85 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level level of automation in data collection and reporting processes beyond what is accessible via the supplier's app, but this might change with the new automation system. Expected Outcomes In this sec�on, we present the an�cipated outcomes that may be developed in the Norwegian Use Case along with their poten�al alignment with KERs. While the specific KPIs are yet to be precisely defined, this outline serves as a preliminary framework that will evolve as the project progresses and as the feasibility of various experiences becomes clearer. EO Energy systems planning tool, Energy management tool, Economic and Environmental Benefits, Innova�ve Business Models, and Scalability and Policy Recommenda�ons • Descrip�on: This use case focuses on the u�lisa�on of locally available poten�al of renewable energy sources, security of energy and therefore food supply and become independent from the distribu�on grid or even allow feeding energy into it. The main objec�ve is to develop a conceptual and opera�onal op�misa�on of an energy system on a farm considering various locally available energy sources to securely cover the energy needs as well as form a base for dissemina�ng and exploi�ng the concept in Norway. • Expected Outcomes: o Energy systems planning tool: to allow developing energy systems concepts for the pilot farm as well as follower farms (maybe “islands”). o Energy management tool: to allow for an efficient and economic opera�on of the integrated energy system on the farm with the aim of being energy independent. o Economic and Environmental Benefits: Demonstrable the concept thus paving the way for further replica�on and dissemina�on. On the farm level it will in the long run reduce the energy costs, on a societal level it will contribute to a secured food supply thus reducing the dependence on import (transport related emissions, etc.). o Innova�ve Business Models: Development an innova�ve business model making it atrac�ve for others to replicate the concept. o Scalability and Policy Recommenda�ons: Guidelines for replica�on in Norway (not an official EU member), addressing regulatory barriers and promo�ng sustainable agricultural prac�ces and a secured food supply. • Associated Key Exploitable Results (KERs): o KER7. HarvRESt smart energy system algorithms o KER8. HarvRESt AVPP o KER9. HarvRESt DSS o KER12. BM catalogue o KER13. Co-crea�on guidelines • Some Tenta�ve KPIs to Consider: o Set of KPIs related to the Performance of assets o Op�miza�on of energy produc�on o Op�miza�on of energy costs o Reduc�on in environmental impact o Improvement in the sustainability of agricultural prac�ces 18/10/2024 Page 86 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level CONCLUSIONS AND NEXT STEPS In conclusion, the integra�on of renewable energy sources within agriculture is essen�al for addressing environmental societal and economic challenges. At the farm level, RES can enhance agriculture produc�vity, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and improve sustainability, while also op�mizing energy use and lowering costs. However, this transi�on is not without challenges, such as poten�al biodiversity loss due to land use changes. Therefore, a comprehensive approach that considers climate, land, energy, and biodiversity and food security is cri�cal for successful integra�on. Stakeholder engagement is paramount for op�mal integra�on. Involving farmers, local communi�es, policymakers, and industry partners can lead to beter RES integra�on through innova�ve business models and coopera�ve financing mechanisms that promote resilience and shared benefits. Furthermore, understanding key factors such as thorough site planning, energy storage availability, and robust management systems is crucial. As the agricultural sector navigates the complexi�es of integra�ng renewable energy, educa�on and training will be vital for maximizing the poten�al of these systems. Moving forward, the informa�on gathered in Task 2.1 and the table with relevant projects and ini�a�ves (Annex 2) will be used for the further development of synergies and collabora�ons. Moreover, the best prac�ces gathered will be used to support the development of the HarvRESt Agricultural Virtual Power Plant (AVPP) which will be capable of running diverse scenarios and farm configura�ons and would determine the best opera�onal procedures for a given RES solu�on. Based on data from the best prac�ces gathered and AVPP another next step will be the development of a Decision Support System (DSS) to make recommenda�ons of the best RES integra�on solu�ons & opera�on procedures for op�mised produc�on. The findings from Task 2.2 offer valuable insights into the socio-economic, poli�cal and regulatory factors shaping the adop�on of RES by farmers and rural communi�es across the UC regions. The applica�on of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) has proven effec�ve in understanding farmers' a�tudes towards RES adop�on, highligh�ng that perceived ease of use (PEU), perceived usefulness (PU), and environmental stewardship are primary drivers. While economic factors were not as influen�al as expected, the strong role of environmental concerns reinforces the need for sustainability-focused awareness-raising strategies. The study also iden�fied significant barriers, including financial constraints, complex regulatory frameworks, and risk aversion, which must be addressed to facilitate broader adop�on. Building on these insights, the next steps will focus on developing strategies and co-crea�on ac�vi�es tailored to the regional context and challenges, as well as the key stakeholder groups' profiles and needs. Financial incen�ves and technical support will be priori�sed, together with efforts to simplify regulatory processes and reduce perceived risks. Integra�ng these strategies with the best prac�ces from Task 2.1 will ensure a cohesive approach, grounded in both theore�cal frameworks and prac�cal applica�on. Addi�onally, showcasing local success stories will be essen�al in promo�ng the social acceptability of RES, enhancing engagement, and ul�mately driving adop�on in agricultural se�ngs. Concerning to the Task 2.3, the main percep�ons and objec�ves for each use case has been iden�fied, and the agro-community characterisa�on has been done following the informa�on provided by the UC partners. In this Deliverable 2.1, a summary of the agro-community characteriza�on is included based on different factors such as loca�on, climatological characteris�cs, natural resources, agricultural ac�vi�es, energy demand and seasonality, the level of connec�on or accessibility to the grid, and data monitoring and digitaliza�on systems. 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Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 217-236. 18/10/2024 Page 102 ANNEXES Annex 1: Summary Table for RES integration practices RES technology RES technology description Farming type the RES can be applied to Energy potential and conversion rate Pros Cons Integration level Solar – Photovoltaic panels on buildings Solar photovoltaic panels installed on farm buildings convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Any farming type that there are buildings to be installed in proximity. Multicrystalline silicon cells: 14% -19% [174] Monocrystalline silicon cells: even above 21% [174] Still angle, weather condition and installation properties playing a role [175] -Reduces electricity costs by generating power on - site. - Low maintenance with minimal ongoing costs. [176] -Initial farm infrastructure and shading [10] - Requires significant roof space for optimal efficiency. - Energy production varies with weather and daylight conditions. High Solar – Agrivoltaics Solar agrivoltaics involves the dual use of land for both agriculture and solar energy production, where photovoltaic panels are installed above crops, allowing for electricity generation using the same principle as above, while still enabling crop growth. Agrivoltaics can be also coupled with animal husbandry as it can be used in combination with grazing. Crops that are suitable: leafy greens, fodder varieties such as clover grass, several fruits and berries, herbs, and spices and vineyards. Like other crops, Lettuce adapts to shade by growing its leaf area in order to minimise the negative effects of the s hade. Crops that are not suitable: potatoes, bell pepper, broccoli, salads, winter wheat etc. [10] Same as above -Positive impacts on biodiversity [3,14,17] - Positive impact in soil moisture [32] - Synergy on producing energy, food with less water -Initial farm infrastructure, installation costs and shading [32] - Lack of specific definition, different requirements among member states and subsidies issues [15] - Competition and land prices rise [15] - Public awareness and acceptance the local community [15] - Maintenance challenges with both solar panels and crops. [15] High Solar – Solar PV fencing with vertical panels Solar PV fencing with vertical panels involves the integration of photovoltaic panels into farm fencing, converting sunlight into electricity using the photovoltaic effect. Not suitable for: Highdensity vegetable farms and intensive livestock as they could limit space and animal activity can produce damages Same as above -Utilizes fence space for energy generation. - Reduces visual impact compared to traditional panel arrays. -Initial farm infrastructure influencing shading [10] - Limited energy output per unit area compared to larger solar installations. Medium 18/10/2024 Page 103 Suitable for: fruit orchards and vineyards (some grape varieties) as they can provide additional shading Solar – thermal energy production Solar thermal energy production uses solar collectors to capture and convert sunlight into heat, which can be used for various farm applications such as water heating, space heating, or drying crops Ideal for farm types that require hot water like greenhouses or they need energy to heat buildings (poultry, pigs) Same as above -Durable and long-lasting technology. [177] - Potential for integration with existing heating systems, allowing for hybrid solutions. -High initial installation costs for solar thermal collectors and associated systems. - Limited to heat production and reducing its versatility compared to photovoltaic systems. - Performance varies with weather and seasonal changes. High Solar Pumping Solar pumping systems use photovoltaic panels to convert sunlight into electricity, which powers pumps for irrigation, livestock watering, and other water management needs on the farm Ideal for areas with unreliable or limited connection to the grid and small scale farmers [178] Same as above -Ideal for remote locations where extending the electricity grid is impractical or expensive. - Low maintenance requirements and reliable performance with minimal moving parts. [179] -Limited capacity compared to gridpowered pumps, which may not be sufficient for large -scale irrigation needs. [179] Medium Solar powered machinery Solar-powered machinery uses photovoltaic panels to generate electricity that directly powers farm equipment, such as tractors. Any as it is not affecting farm type only the machinery used. Same as above. -Reduces fuel costs by utilizing solar energy to power machinery. - Ideal for remote or offgrid locations, where access to electricity or fuel might be limited. - Lower operating costs due to fewer mechanical components and reduced maintenance compared to traditional fuel -powered machinery. [32] -High initial cost for solar panels and integration with machinery. - Limited power output compared to conventional fuel sources, which may not be sufficient for high -demand or heavy -duty equipment. - Dependent on sunlight conditions, which can affect performance and efficiency during cloudy or nighttime conditions. [32] Medium Wind – Largescale wind turbines Large -scale wind turbines harness wind energy to generate electricity on a substantial scale, with Suitable for • Soybean • Corn 20 -40% EPA and also need to know the capacity factor of 30 -50% on when they are - High energy output capable of generating substantial electricity, making it suitable for large - High initial installation and maintenance costs for turbines and infrastructure. [10,29] Low 18/10/2024 Page 104 turbines positioned strategically to capture high wind speeds and produce renewable energy for farm operations. • Grazing livestock [180] used in maximum capacity [181] farms or communities. [10] - Scalable with the potential to integrate multiple turbines for increased energy production. -Visual and noise impact, which can be a concern for nearby residents and may affect farm aesthetics. [1] - Intermittent energy generation dependent on wind availability, requiring backup energy solutions or storage. [10,34] - Negative effects on bats and birds [182] Wind – Small wind systems Small wind systems use compact wind turbines to generate electricity from lower wind speeds, providing a renewable energy source for individual farm operations or specific applications like irrigation. Most farms and ranches have enough free land (an acre or more) to be able to use a small wind turbine. [183] This produce higher electricity efficiency and the Betz theoretical limit is 59.3% [184] -Lower installation costs compared to large -scale turbines, making it more accessible for small farms. - Suitable for localized energy needs, providing renewable power directly where it's needed. - Minimal visual and noise impact relative to larger turbines, blending more easily into rural landscapes. -Performance depends on local wind conditions [10] - Potential maintenance issues with smaller turbines, which may have shorter lifespans and more frequent repairs. High Wind – Hybrid windsolar systems Hybrid wind-solar systems combine wind turbines and solar panels to generate electricity from both wind and sunlight. Large scale farms and livestock business with enough hectares and space to accommodate wind turbines and PVs. Depends on the configuration and the properties of the relevant system. -Optimize energy production across varying weather conditions. - Complementary energy sources with wind and solar providing power at different times, enhancing overall energy reliability. [41] - Reduces dependency on a single energy source. -Complex installation and maintenance due to the integration of both wind and solar technologies. - Higher initial costs for combining and managing both systems. - Space requirements may be significant, potentially limiting suitability for smaller farms or properties. High Biomass-Biogasbiodigesters Biogas biodigesters use organic waste materials, such as animal manure or crop residues, to produce Farms that produce enough biomass to support the anaerobic digestion plant. Each cubic meter of biogas contains approximately 6 kWh of energy, and when converted to electricity, it -Reduces waste by converting organic farm residues and manure into -High initial capital investment for biodigester systems and infrastructure. [10,44] High 18/10/2024 Page 105 biogas through anaerobic digestion. [185] yields about 2 kWh. [186] But the impact of the feedstock used on the overall efficiency of the biodigesters is very important. valuable energy and fertilizer. - Produces renewable energy in the form of biogas, which can be used for electricity, heating, or as a vehicle fuel. - Improves soil health with digestate, a nutrient -rich byproduct that can be used as a natural fertilizer. Easy access to the grid system [10, 187] • Requires consistent feedstock supply and management to maintain optimal operation. • Maintenance and operational complexity can be demanding, requiring regular monitoring and management. [10] Biomass – Biogas plant/ Anaerobic digestion of wastewater Plant that can process organic farm waste and sewage sludge to recover nutrients and produce biogas through anaerobic digestion, which can be used for energy and fertilization. Same as above only focused on wastewater and non solid biomass. The biogas efficiency rate is the same. But the biogas yield from wastewater varies significantly and from 380 to 639 m³ per ton of dry solids (DS), depending on the specific characteristics of the sludge and the conditions under which it is digested [188] -Provides high-quality digestate that can be used as a nutrient - rich fertilizer for soil enhancement. [187] - Enhances resource efficiency by recycling nutrients from waste materials back into agriculture, promoting a circular economy. -High initial setup and operational costs for anaerobic digesters and related infrastructure. [44] - Requires careful management of feedstock and process conditions to optimize biogas production and prevent operational issues. [10] - Potential odour and space issues associated with storing and handling large volumes of organic waste. [10] Medium Biomass – Biogas plant (Biohydrogen from anaerobic digestion) After biogas is produced using one of the methods above then it can be converted to biohydrogen. The biogas is subjected to a reforming process, such as steam methane reforming or water gas shift reaction, to produce biohydrogen. Same as above and biogas Under ambient conditions, a cubic metre of hydrogen provides some 3 kWh, equivalent to 0.003 kWh per litre. Pressurised hydrogen contains about 0.5 kWh/litre at 200 bar, 1.1 kWh/litre at 500 bar and 1.4 kWh/litre at 700 bar. Very important also the type of feedstock [189] -Utilizes diverse feedstocks, allowing for the conversion of various organic materials into biohydrogen, increasing resource efficiency and reducing waste - Can be easily store in the farm facilities. [10,32] -Complex and costly process involving multiple stages, which requires significant investment. [44] - Requires advanced technology and infrastructure for efficient hydrogen production and storage, which may not be readily available in all regions. - Energy-intensive conversion process with potential inefficiencies in transforming biomass into biohydrogen [190] High Biomass-BiomethaneUpgraded biogas Upgrading technologies, such as water scrubbing and membrane separation, Same as biogas and then the subsequent Same important the type of the feedstock for the overall yield. -High-quality renewable fuel: Upgraded biogas is purified to produce -High upgrading costs: The process of purifying biogas to biomethane involves expensive technologies and High 18/10/2024 Page 112 Tractofit'Elec agriculTurE wAste PyrOlysis and Thermocompos�ng for renewable energy in Sustainable agri -food sector Biomass Italy, Greece, Germany, Czechia, Netherlands, Portugal Mul�ple Ac�ve (2022) Value4Farms Conver�ng agricultural tractors to electricity Not men�oned specifically Mul�ple Mul�ple Ac�ve Vi�solar Sustainable renewable energy VALUE chains for answering FARMers’ needs Solar/Biomass Iceland, UK, France, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Denmark, Poland, Croa�a Mul�ple Ac�ve (2023) BIOREGIO Interreg Vineyard Agrivoltaism Pilot Solar France Vineyard Ac�ve (2023) VidVolt 4.0 Regional circular economy models and best available technologies for biological streams Biomass Mul�ple Mul�ple Closed (2018 - 2022) LIFE REWIND Implementa�on of Ar�ficial Intelligence in agrovoltaic vineyard sites Solar Spain Vineyard Ac�ve (2023) FUELPHORIA Renewable energy in the wine industry Solar (hydrogen) Spain Vineyard and Winery Closed (2014 - 2017) FERTIMANURE Accelera�ng the sustainable produc�on of advanced biofuels and RFNBOs – from feedstock to end-use Biomass Spain, Greece, Belgium Winery, feedstock Ac�ve (2023) LIFE+_Climate changE-R innova�ve nutrient recovery from secondary sources for the produc�on of high - added value FERTIlisers from animal MANURE Biomass EU Mul�ple Closed (2020 - 2024) LIFE LIVE-WASTE Reduc�on of greenhouse gases from agricultural systems of Emilia-Romagna - Italy Tomato, green bean, - O'MEGA 1 Sustainable management of livestock waste for the removal/recovery of nutrients Biomass Cyprus, Greece, Spain, Italy Livestock Waste Closed (2013 - 2016) ESEK Boos�ng the European market for biogas produc�on, Biogas EU Mul�ple Closed (2012 - 2014) DoppelErnte/SCHLETTER upgrade and feed-in into the natural gas grid Eyragues Greenhouse (AMARENCO) Floa�ng PV's with 6 hectares of municipal land experimenta�on on using the energy produced by the floa�ng PVs for the needs of various crops. Solar France Mul�ple (incl. Forest) Ac�ve ENEL Green Power Demonstra�on bioenergy from crop residues by an energy community in Thesally Biomass Greece Crop Waste Ac�ve 18/10/2024 Page 113 AKUO Bellegarde AGRI-PV TRACKER SYSTEM IN BAVARIA Solar Germany Mul�ple Ac�ve Agriteos STRAWBERRY PV GREENHOUSES IN EYRARGUES, BOUCHES DU RHONE, FRANCE Solar France Strawberries and market garden crops Ac�ve RESFARM INTRODUCING AGRICULTURE IN EXISTING SOLAR PLANTS ACROSS EUROPE Solar Spain, Italy, Greece Variety of crops Ac�ve PanePowerSW BELLEGARD ORCHARD IN OCCITANIA AND AGRI-PV INSTALATION Solar France Apricots, Beekeeping Ac�ve OZERISE Agri-PV project on Plum Trees farm Solar France Mul�ple Ac�ve LIFE VINEYARDS4HEAT (V4H) Developing and implemen�ng financial instruments for the mobilisa�on of investments in renewable energy in the agrarian sector Mul�ple Spain, Italy, Greece Mul�ple Ac�ve LIFE SMART AgroMobility Transparent Solar Panel Technology for Energy Autonomous Greenhouses Agri-PV Greece Vineyard Ac�ve LIFE22-CCM-DE-LIFE EU LEAD PV Agricultural farms and smart grids integrated renewable energy sources Solar/Wind/ Biomass Poland Mul�ple Closed (September 2012 -June 2015) FIMUSKRAFT Vineyards for carbon footprint reduc�on: a sustainable strategy to use biomass for heat & cold in wineries. Biomass Spain Vineyards/Winery Closed (2014 - 2017) BioFuel Fab Processing of livestock waste, for the produc�on of biomethane for use in agricultural vehicles and biofer�lizers Biomass Spain, Belgium Mul�ple Closed (2020 -June 2024) ALFA Land use efficient, agriculturally sound large scale photovoltaics Solar Spain, France and Germany Arable Crops Ac�ve GEOTHERMIKI HELLAS Biotechnological produc�on of energy by electrifica�on of biowaste Biomass Finland Mul�ple Ac�ve High Energy Project Biogas produc�on from non-food lignocellulosic biomass waste. Biomass Finland Mul�ple Ac�ve WENDY Upscaling the market uptake of renewable energy by unlocking the biogas poten�al of livestock farming htps://www.europeanbiogas.eu/turning -farm-waste-intorenewable-energy-the-alfa-story/ Biomass Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Italy, Slovakia, Spain Livestock Ac�ve CYBELE cul�va�on of various food products with the use of geothermal energy and a drying plant using geothermal energy Geothermal Greece Market vegetables and dried food products Ac�ve 18/10/2024 Page 114 ELEXIA use of exis�ng wind tourbines to power greenhouses in the southern Ontario, Canada Wind Canada Greenhouses Ac�ve BeCOOP A project to build mul�-spa�al planning and integra�ng assesment tool to enhance social acceptance of wind farms Wind Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Italy, Norway, Spain Mul�ple Ac�ve SEMPRE-BIO A project to use HPC, Big Data, Cloud Compu�ng (services) and the IoT in agriculture to boost energy efficiency, agri - food value chains and sustainability Precision Agriculture and digitalisa�on EU and UK Mul�ple Ac�ve SYNERGY A project to integrate energy systems and facilitate the shi� towards digital transi�on Energy Management System Mul�ple Ac�ve HydroGlen Project The ambi�on of BECoop (2020-2023) is to provide the necessary condi�ons, technical as well as business support tools, for unlocking the underlying market poten�al of community bioenergy, fostering new links and partnerships Biomass Poland, Spain, Greece, Germany, Mul�ple Ac�ve (2020) Green VALLeys At SEMPRE-BIO (SEcuring doMes�c PRoduc�on of costEffec�ve BIOmethane) we will establish three European Biomethane Innova�on Ecosystems (EBIEs) in Baix Llobregat (ES), Bourges (FR), and Adinkerke (BE) where five biomethane innova�ons technologies will be tested. Biomass France, Spain and Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Norway Mul�ple Ac�ve (2023) GOTEFCOR SYNERGY introduces a novel framework in response to the need for “end -toend” coordina�on between the electricity stakeholders – not only in business terms but also in exchanging informa�on. Energy Management System Spain, Greece, Finland, Cyprus, Croa�a, Italy, Portugal, Austria, Denmark Ac�ve (2020) Smartgas HydroGlen Renewable Hydrogen Powered Farm Hydrogen (GREEN from Wind/Solar) Scotland Mul�ple Ac�ve Agrocycle Green biorefineries for sustainable produc�on of bioenergy from agriculture Biomass Sweden, Denmark Mul�ple Ac�ve (2020) CONVERGE GOTECFOR - Technology for the mobiliza�on and use of forest biomass in agro -industry Biomass Portugal Mul�ple Closed (2017 - 2020) LIFE SEED CAPITAL farming with biogas to reduce carbon footprint and increase sustainability and resilience to climate change of cropping systems for quality Biomass Italy Vegetable Crops Closed (2020 - 2023) LIFE-CO2-INT-BIO Sustainable techno-economic solu�ons for the agricultural value chain Biomass Spain, Ireland, Croa�a, Greece, Germany, UK, Hong Kong, China, Italy, Belgium Mul�ple Closed (2020 - 2023) 18/10/2024 Page 115 eGIS CarbON Valorisa�on in Energy-efficient Green fuels Biomass Netherlands, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Norway, Sweden, Italy, Slovakia Mul�ple Closed (2018 - 2022) C-HEAT INTEGRAL USE OF OIL SEEDS TO REDUCE GREEN HOUSE GASES EMISSIONS ASSOCIATED WITH FARMING ACTIVITIES Biomass Spain Oil Seeds Closed (2013 - 2016) ECO-LOGIC GREEN FARM CO 2 emissions reduc�on by industrial integra�on and value chains crea�on Biomass Spain Greenhouses Closed (2020 - 2023) Residue2Heat EGISENERGY VILLAGE Solar Germany Arable Crops Ac�ve VegWaMus CirCrop Condensed Heat - Op�miza�on and scaling up of an energy efficient, long - during biomass condensa�on boiler with curved heat exchanger Biomass Spain Mul�ple Closed (2016 - 2018) Livestock exploita�on in Galicia Design of an agricultural greenhouse for intensive growing of microalgae in fresh / sea water with a syngas produc�on plant and organic farming of chickens and pigs outdoors. Biomass Italy Mul�ple Closed (2015 - 2017) BIOMAN Renewable residen�al hea�ng with fast pyrolysis bio-oil Biomass Germany Mul�ple Closed (2016 - 2019) DualMetha Developing commercial mushroom and vegetable produc�on in an integrated food to waste to food biosystem Biomass Norway, Finland, Poland Greenhouses (mushrooms and vegetables) Closed (2015 - 2017) APV Obstbau Livestock exploita�on in Galicia Wind and Solar Spain Livestock, Dairy Ac�ve NoAW Economically efficient biogas produc�on from manure fibres and straw Biomass Denmark, Spain, Germany, UK Mul�ple Closed (2012 - 2015) Solar pumping for irriga�on with solar trackers A cost-effec�ve process for methanisa�on of unexploited agricultural waste. Biomass France Mul�ple Closed (2018) Energy efficient straw boiler with low NOx emission Agrophotovoltaics as a resilience concept for adap�ng to climate change in fruit growing Solar Germany Apples Ac�ve WASTE2WATTS Innova�ve approaches to turn agricultural waste into ecological and economic assets Biomass Denmark, Sweden, Portugal, Netherlands, France, Germany, Hungary, Serbia, Greece, Italy Mul�ple Closed (2016 - 2021) AGROinLOG Solar pumping for irriga�on with solar trackers Solar Spain Mul�ple Ac�ve BISON Energy efficient straw boiler with low NOx emission Biomass Denmark Mul�ple Ac�ve 18/10/2024 Page 116 HIPERION Unlocking unused bio-WASTE resources with loW cost cleAning and Thermal inTegra�on with Solid oxide fuel cells Biomass Switzerland, France, Italy, Germany Mul�ple Closed (2019 - 2023) ICaRE4Farms Demonstra�on of innova�ve integrated biomass logis�cs centres for the Agro -industry sector in Europe Biomass Spain, Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, Sweden, Serbia, Ukraine, Greece Mul�ple Closed (2016 - 2020) BioVill BIOMASS INTEGRATION FOR SYSTEM OPTIMISATION IN THE HÜMMLING ENERGY REGION Biomass Germany Mul�ple Closed (2019 - 2021) GW-FortyForty (2016) HYBRID PHOTOVOLTAICS FOR EFFICIENCY RECORD USING INTEGRATED OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY Solar Switzerland, Germany, Spain, Ireland, Czechia, UK, Poland, Belgium, Portugal, France Mul�ple Closed (2019 - 2023) AgrowFab Increase the capacity of Renewable Energies (RE) in Farms in the North West Europe Region by using Solar Thermal Energy Solar UK, Belgium, Netherlands, France Greenhouses, Livestock Closed (2019 - 2022) SULTAN Bioenergy Villages (BioVill) - Increasing the Market Uptake of Sustainable Bioenergy Biomass Germany, Austria, Croa�a, Romania, Slovenia, Serbia Mul�ple Closed (2016 - 2019) Eciwind Gaia-Wind's Advanced Small Wind Turbine FortyForty Wind UK Mul�ple Closed (2016) BABET-REAL5 Far Infrared Radia�on Smart Fabric Hea�ng Element for GreenHouses Hea�ng fabric comprising nylon fibers Israel Greenhouses Closed (2016) PVCROPS SUstainabLe Tunnel Agriculture with light cascade techNology Microclima�c Tunels France Greenhouses Closed (2015) HyPump Cost effec�ve wind turbine of 40 kW of rated capacity Wind Spain Mul�ple Closed (2015 - 2018) SEFI New technology and strategy for a large and sustainable deployment of second genera�on biofuel in rural areas Biomass Mexico, Spain, France, Portugal, Germany, Denmark, Argen�na, Uruguay Mul�ple Closed (2016 - 2020) Solar-Win PhotoVoltaic Cost r€duc�on, Reliability, Opera�onal performance, Predic�on and Simula�on Solar Spain, Portugal, Bulgaria, Morocco, Ireland, France, Belgium Mul�ple Closed (2012 - 2015) 18/10/2024 Page 117 INNOWIND Enabling Sustainable Irriga�on through Hydro-Powered Pumps for Canals Hydro Netherlands Access to canals and water bodies Closed (2017 - 2020) SolAqua Solar Energy for Food Industry Solar Austria, Netherlands, Spain Mul�ple Closed (2015) SUNINBOX Next genera�on transparent solar windows based on customised integrated photovoltaics Solar Austria, Netherlands, Spain Farms with buildings with windows Closed (2019 - 2021) 18/10/2024 Page 118 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Annex 3: Online form to collect input on interviewees 18/10/2024 Page 119 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Annex 4: Interview guides Topics covered by each interview questionnaire Q1 - Farmers Q2 - Energy Communities / Cooperatives/ Organisations Q3 – Energy Industry actors Q4 - Public Authorities • Farming Experience and Context • Perception of Greenhouse Gas Emissions • Familiarity with RES • Adoption of RES • Perceived Benefits of Adopting RES • Motivating Factors for Implementing RES • Barriers to Adoption of RES • Importance of Economic Factors • Willingness to Invest in Clean Energy • Environmental Responsibility • Future Integration of RES • Role of HarvRESt • History and Activities of Energy Community /Cooperative • Familiarity with Existing RES Initiatives in Farming • Primary Motivations and Incentives for Adopting RES in Farming • Significant Barriers or Challenges for RES Adoption in Farming • Strategies to Address Barriers and Capitalise on Opportunities • Governance or Business Model for Facilitating RES Uptake • Envisioned Cooperation with Key Actors • Relevance of RES Integration in Farming • Opportunities for Further RES Integration in Farming • Role of Energy Communities in Promoting Environmental Stewardship and Sustainable Development • Role of HarvRESt • Overview of Company's Involvement in the Energy Sector • Current Regional Landscape for RES in Agriculture • Company Initiatives or Projects for RES Integration in Agriculture • Perceived Importance of Integrating RES into Farming Practices • Primary Motivations or Incentives for Promoting RES in Agriculture • Significant Barriers or Challenges for RES Adoption in Farming • Impact of Financial Considerations on RES Adoption at the Farm Level • Role in Promoting Environmental Stewardship and Sustainable Development through RES • Opportunities for Further Integration of RES into Farming Practices • Key Alliances or Partnerships for Implementing RES in Agriculture • Role of HarvRESt • Role and Responsibilities of Public Authorities • Role of Institution in RES Integration • Existing Policies, Regulations, and Incentives • Challenges and Obstacles for Promoting RES Adoption • Collaboration with Stakeholders • Public Authorities' Role in Providing Support • Prioritisation of Competing Interests • Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms • Emerging Trends and Innovative Approaches • Future Opportunities and Challenges • Role of HarvRESt in Supporting RES Integration Interviews’ questionnaires Q1. Semi-Structured Interview Guide – Farmers Sex of respondent: female/male Country: Posi�on/Organisa�on: Ques�ons 18/10/2024 Page 120 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level 1. Can you briefly tell me about your farming experience, including how many years you have worked as a farmer/agricultural coopera�ve, what type of farming ac�vi�es, and how are you funded? Support ques�on: if the answer is brief, encourage the par�cipant to elaborate on the agricultural/farming context in their region. 2. We want to hear your perspec�ve on farming and greenhouse emissions. Do you believe that farming ac�vi�es on farms contribute to greenhouse gas emissions? Why or why not? 3. Are you familiar with renewable energy sources in agriculture? Which technologies are you familiar with? Follow-up/support ques�on: What is the situa�on in your region? 4. Have you adopted a RES on your farm? If yes, kindly invite the par�cipant to share their experience (which technology, for how long, etc.). If no, jump to ques�on 5. 5. Do you think adop�ng renewable energy sources on your farm would bring benefits to farmers? If yes, why, and which ones? If not, please further elaborate. 6. What factors do you think would mo�vate or encourage you to consider implemen�ng/adop�ng renewable energy sources on your farm? (if they already have a RES, to expand) 7. What barriers or obstacles exist now in your region/area that might make the adop�on of renewable energy sources on your farm difficult? 8. How important are factors such as personal expenses, evidence of economic benefits, and poten�al cost savings when making decisions about energy use or other innova�ons on your farm? 9. Would you be willing to invest addi�onal funds to access clean energy through renewable sources? 10. Do you believe it is your responsibility to contribute to environmental protec�on through your farming prac�ces? How do you balance environmental conserva�on efforts with economic considera�ons on your farm? 11. What are your thoughts on integra�ng RES into farming prac�ces in the future? 12. Op�onal: how do they envision the role of a project like HarvRESt to support the integra�on of RES at the farm level? Q2. Semi-Structured Interview Guide – Energy Communities / Cooperatives / Organisations Sex of respondent: female/male Country: Posi�on/Organisa�on: Ques�ons: 1. Can you briefly introduce the history and ac�vi�es of {name of energy community/coopera�ve}, including your experience within the organisa�on? 18/10/2024 Page 121 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level The interviewer can suggest elements such as: which actors are involved, how it is funded, how it is governed, etc. 2. Are you familiar with exis�ng ini�a�ves or projects that integrate renewable energy sources into farming within your region? Is your coopera�ve/community involved? Could you provide some examples or insights? (including with type of RES, actors involved, etc.). 3. In your opinion, what are the primary mo�va�ons or incen�ves for energy communi�es/coopera�ves to get involved or promote the adop�on of renewable energy sources in farming? Are there opportuni�es or synergies to explore? 4. What do you perceive as the most significant barriers or challenges hindering the widespread adop�on of renewable energy sources in farming prac�ces in your area or region from the perspec�ve of small-size energy communi�es/communi�es? 5. Factors that can be suggested if the interviewee doesn't seem familiar: technological limita�ons/challenges, administra�ve procedures, policy incen�ves, access to funding, etc. 6. What strategies could be adopted to address these barriers and capitalize on the opportuni�es and incen�ves? 7. Based on your experience, what governance model or business model could facilitate the uptake and social acceptance of RES in farming? 8. How do you envision coopera�on between energy communi�es/coopera�ves with other key actors, such as farmers and energy industry actors? What would this coopera�on look like? 9. From your perspec�ve, how relevant do you believe the integra�on of renewable energy sources into farming prac�ces is? 10. What opportuni�es do you envision for further integra�on of RES into farming prac�ces and what is the role that energy communi�es/coopera�ves can play? 11. How do you view the role of energy communi�es in promo�ng environmental stewardship and sustainable development through the adop�on of renewable energy sources in farming prac�ces 12. Op�onal.: how do they envision the role of a project like HarvRESt to support the integra�on of RES at the farm level? Q3. Semi-Structured Interview Guide – Energy Industry Actors Sex of respondent: female/male Country: Posi�on/Organisa�on: Ques�ons: 1. Can you provide an overview of your company's involvement in the energy sector, including your experience within the organisa�on? 18/10/2024 Page 128 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Technology Acceptance Model (TAM): Attitude Please indicate your agreement with the following statements [1=Strongly disagree; 2=Disagree; 3=Neither agree nor disagree; 4=Agree; 5=Strongly agree] 1 2 3 4 5 18. In my opinion, the use of RES at farms is beneficial and valuable. 19. Given the high cost and polluting nature of fossil fuels (e.g., petroleum, natural gas, and coal), I believe that using RES is extremely wise. 20. I agree to pay additional money in order to receive clean energy through RES. 21. I discovered that the quality of RES-related products is not as good as that of ordinary products. 22. I strongly agree with the use of RES at my home or farm. Perceived Ease of Use (PEU) Please indicate your agreement with the following statements [1=Strongly disagree; 2=Disagree; 3=Neither agree nor disagree; 4=Agree; 5=Strongly agree] 1 2 3 4 5 23. It is easy for me to become skilful at using renewable energy technology. 24. If I encounter a difficult issue when using renewable energy, it would be easy for me to seek help. 25. Overall, I find renewable energy technology is easy to use. Perceived Usefulness (PU) Please indicate your agreement with the following statements [1=Strongly disagree; 2=Disagree; 3=Neither agree nor disagree; 4=Agree; 5=Strongly agree] 1 2 3 4 5 26. Renewable energy technology improves the work quality at farms. 27. Continuous use of renewable energy technology enables me to reduce my farm costs. 28. Using renewable energy technology enhances the effectiveness of using energy. Economic interest 29. How important are the following when you are making decision about the energy use in your farm? [1=Not important; 2=Slightly important; 3=Moderately important; 4=Important; 5=Very important] 1 2 3 4 5 Personal out-of-pocket expense Evidence of the economic benefits Saving money Environmental Stewardship Please indicate your agreement with the following statements [1=Strongly disagree; 2=Disagree; 3=Neither agree nor disagree; 4=Agree; 5=Strongly agree] 18/10/2024 Page 129 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level 1 2 3 4 5 29. It is my personal responsibility to help protect the environment. 30. It is important to protect the environment even if it slows economic development. 31. My actions have an impact on environment. 32. The quality of life in my community depends on environmental conservation. Risk aversion To what extent do you see yourself as a person characterised by: [1=: No risk aversion; 2= Low risk aversion; 3= Moderate risk aversion; 4= High risk aversion; 5= Very high risk aversion] 1 2 3 4 5 33. General risk aversion; 34. Risk aversion when it comes to your personal health; 35. Risk aversion in the context of financial matters; 36. Risk aversion when it comes to your farm and farming methods? Survey descriptives – overall results Figure 15. Gender distribution Figure 16. Education level distribution 18/10/2024 Page 130 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Figure 17. Annual household distribution (in €) Figure 18. Distribution of farming experience and farm size 18/10/2024 Page 131 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Figure 19. Distribution of farm tenure and primary focus Figure 20. Renewable energy installations in local communities 18/10/2024 Page 132 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Survey descriptives results per UC country Figure 21. Gender distribution across countries Figure 22. Educational level distribution across countries Figure 23. Annual household income (€) distribution across countries 18/10/2024 Page 133 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Figure 24. Potential barriers to establishing a RES Figure 25. Potential drivers for establishing a RES Figure 26. Potential barriers for establishing a RES (percentage) 18/10/2024 Page 134 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Figure 27. Potential drivers for establishing a RES (percentage) Figure 28. Energy installations by country and type (percentage) 18/10/2024 Page 135 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Figure 29. Distribution by country of farming experience, farm size, farm tenure and farm primary focus 18/10/2024 Page 136 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Figure 30. Communication channels used to obtain information regarding new technologies Figure 31. Energy installations by country and type Survey Regression model results The results of the regression model are documented in Table 15. Generally, if the p-value is less than 0.05, the results are traditionally considered statistically significant, which means that the findings are unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, and there may be a real effect or difference. The estimate (also known as the regression coefficient) represents the direction and magnitude of the relationship between each IV and the dependent variable. In our case, we can see in bold two IVs, which are the income and D2, that appear to have a significant role. More specifically, the negative relationship between income and intention suggests that higher income significantly decreases the intention to adopt RES, while the positive relationship between energy availability (D2) and intention, suggests that having high energy availability increases the intention. 18/10/2024 Page 137 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Table 15. Regression model results Dependent variable Independent variables Estimate P Intention Country -0.05165 0.364 Gender 0.15513 0.257 Age -0.00714 0.316 Education level 0.04231 0.364 Income -0.05679 0.003 Farming experience -0.07702 0.397 Farm size -0.05387 0.054 Energy availability (D2) 0.65279 0.005 Power reliability (D3) 0.16077 0.381 Economic profit (D4) -0.08160 0.719 Environment protection (clean energy) (D5) -0.37745 0.168 Innovation and development interest (D6) 0.32711 0.332 New job opportunities (D7) 0.34421 0.276 Strong farmer–agricultural organisation relationship (D8) 0.19818 0.402 Further education opportunities (D9) 0.03055 0.904 Financial barriers (high interest rates, low farmer income, high maintenance/installation costs) (B2) -0.05519 0.796 Difficulty of all energy stakeholders to cooperate with each other (B3) -0.12017 0.510 Lack of sectoral qualified workforce (B4) -0.01880 0.932 Economic profit (B5) -0.00620 0.978 Bureaucratic barriers (B6) -0.30482 0.192 Fear of a negative impact on human health (noise) (B7) -0.33073 0.236 Landscape disruption (B8) 0.18724 0.537 Negative impact on wildlife and birds (B9) 0.06330 0.907 18/10/2024 Page 144 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level However, several legal and poli�cal barriers hinder RES adop�on among farmers. Planning and zoning restric�ons, regulatory uncertain�es, and grid infrastructure inadequacies hinder renewable energy deployment. Addressing these challenges requires coherent policy frameworks that align renewable energy objec�ves with broader rural development goals and promote synergies across policy sectors. Moreover, the study aimed to analyse farmers' inten�on to adopt RES in four European Union countries and the 5 use cases. The data was collected through a comprehensive process, including data cleaning, preprocessing, new feature extrac�on, EDA, visualisa�ons, descrip�ves, regression model, and path analysis. The majority of par�cipants were males, with high annual incomes and college educa�on. Most had over 9 years of farming experience and owned their farms. Barriers to establishing a RES included nega�ve impacts on wildlife and birds and financial costs. However, environmental protec�on, clean energy, economic profit, and energy availability were perceived drivers. The most common renewable energy technologies in local communi�es were photovoltaics (30.53%), followed by wind energy (18.07%), and biomass energy (17.13%). Farmers preferred communica�on channels to acquire informa�on about new technologies, with peer networks being the most preferred. Coopera�ves and associa�ons were the second most preferred channel, ac�ng as intermediaries to bridge the gap between individual farmers and broader technological advancements. Independent experts were the third preferred source of informa�on, providing specialized knowledge and impar�al advice. The study highlights the importance of farmer networks and communi�es in facilita�ng knowledge exchange and adop�on of new technologies. The study used a regression model to infer inten�on (dependent variable) from a set of independent variables (IVs) containing basic demographics and drivers and barriers in adop�ng RES. Results showed that income and energy availability significantly influence RES adop�on. Higher income significantly decreases the inten�on to adopt RES, while higher renewable energy availability increases the inten�on. Farm size also affected the inten�on to adopt RES on farms, albeit to a lesser degree. Farmers with smaller farms demonstrated a greater willingness to adopt new technologies compared to those with larger farms. This can be strategically interpreted to enhance RES uptake across the agricultural sector. The path analysis revealed that both environmental stewardship and risk aversion significantly influenced the inten�on to adopt RES, while economic interest did not show a sta�s�cally significant effect. Environmental stewardship is the primary driver for adop�ng RES in the agricultural sector, with sustainability concerns playing a significant role in shaping a�tudes toward new technologies. Risk aversion has an indirect influence on adop�on inten�ons, sugges�ng that strategies to mi�gate perceived risks could effec�vely enhance RES uptake. Interes�ngly, economic interest was not found to be a significant driver, even when controlling for demographic variables such as income, educa�on, and gender. This consistency highlights that environmental concerns and perceived technology atributes outweigh demographic differences in driving RES adop�on. The framework condi�ons and factors affec�ng RES uptake at farms in the UC countries are discussed, including the results of desk research and interviews with key stakeholders. Italy has made significant strides in renewable energy adop�on, reaching its 2020 renewable energy consump�on target of 17% in 2014 and renewable energy genera�on reaching 40.5% in 2021. Socio-economic factors such as farmer age, educa�on, farm size, and labor intensity significantly influence the adop�on of RES among Italian farmers. Younger, educated farmers with larger opera�ons show greater readiness to adopt RES technologies, driven by efficiency gains and labor savings. Economic considera�ons are paramount, with income levels, financial incen�ves, and cost-efficiency playing significant roles. 18/10/2024 Page 145 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Policies like feed-in-tariffs and fiscal incen�ves significantly impact adop�on rates by reducing the financial burden of installa�on and opera�on. Italy faces significant challenges in its energy landscape due to its heavy dependence on imported coal, oil, and natural gas, exposing the country to price vola�lity and geopoli�cal risks. Ini�a�ves like Green Cer�ficate Systems and the Remunera�on of Renewable Energy Resources (REM) aim to spur growth but require infrastructure improvements and government support. Poli�cal uncertainty, high ini�al costs, and bureaucra�c hurdles hinder investment. Italy has implemented incen�ves to foster renewable energy adop�on in its energy market, including Feed-in Tariffs (FIT) for smaller plants and Feed-in Premiums (FIP) for larger ones. Stakeholder needs include farmers seeking economically viable renewable energy solu�ons, energy communi�es seeking collabora�on with farmers, and agricultural associa�ons advoca�ng for increased awareness and educa�on on renewable energy adop�on. These factors highlight the need for stable policies and streamlined regulatory processes to atract long-term financing and foster innova�on in na�onal agricultural ac�vi�es. The Danish HarvRESt UC focuses on the integra�on of RES technologies at the farm level, which is crucial for achieving Denmark's environmental and energy targets. Socio-economic factors influence the adop�on of RES technologies, including economic barriers and social dynamics. Awareness and understanding of RES technologies among farmers and the wider community significantly impact their adop�on rate. Educa�onal programs and social acceptance are essen�al for overcoming skep�cism and fostering a suppor�ve community environment. Successful projects o�en involve early and transparent communica�on with the community, addressing poten�al concerns related to noise, smell, and landscape changes. Financial accessibility is crucial for farm-level operators, with the Danish Green Investment Fund providing tailored loans and grants that cover up to 60% of the ini�al investment needed for RES projects. Market-based incen�ves, such as feed-in tariffs and RE cer�ficates, can also promote RES integra�on. The average payback period for RES investments in Denmark ranges from 5 to 15 years, depending on the project scale and efficiency. The adop�on of RES on farms in Denmark is influenced by a complex interplay of legal and poli�cal factors. Denmark has implemented financial incen�ves, such as subsidies, tax breaks, and tailored grants, to facilitate RES adop�on. The Danish legal framework supports RES integra�on with clear guidelines for project development, grid connec�on, and opera�on, simplifying decision-making for farmers and investors. However, naviga�ng administra�ve processes, environmental standards, and grid connec�vity requirements across municipali�es can be challenging and inconsistent. Denmark's na�onal energy strategy priori�zes RES over fossil fuels, aligning with ambi�ous carbon reduc�on and RE targets. Local governments complement these efforts with addi�onal supports tailored to regional condi�ons, fostering community engagement and investment in RES projects. Legal and poli�cal factors affec�ng the uptake of RES at the Danish UC include government policies, regulatory clarity, legisla�ve inconsistencies, and regional and local ini�a�ves. Stakeholder needs and perceived challenges include farmers, energy communi�es, agricultural associa�ons, public authori�es, and medium-sized energy industries. Farmers require extensive technical support and knowledge transfer to op�mize the integra�on and opera�on of biogas systems on their farms, while energy communi�es need effec�ve collabora�on pla�orms to manage joint biogas projects and access broader energy markets. Agricultural associa�ons play a crucial role in advoca�ng for more suppor�ve policies from the government, including enhancements to exis�ng subsidies and incen�ves. Public authori�es have a mandate to meet sustainability targets and promote local energy security. Medium-sized energy industries 18/10/2024 Page 146 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level require strategies that integrate biogas into their energy mix effec�vely, ensuring stability and reliability in supply. In Spain, the integra�on of RES into agricultural ac�vi�es presents both economic opportuni�es and challenges. Ini�al investments in RES infrastructure require careful considera�on of financing op�ons and return on investment, crucial for ensuring the viability and sustainability of these projects. Economic benefits include energy bill savings and income genera�on from selling surplus energy, mo�va�ng widespread adop�on among farmers. However, it is impera�ve that these installa�ons do not compromise agricultural produc�vity over the long term, necessita�ng robust planning and management strategies to mi�gate poten�al impacts on land use and crop health. The integra�on of RES into farming prac�ces is increasingly relevant due to its poten�al for energy security, cost savings, and compliance with na�onal and European regula�ons. In Spain, ini�a�ves like Law 7/2021 on climate change and energy transi�on and the Strategic Plan of the CAP (PEPAC) aim to mi�gate climate impacts and enhance energy self-sufficiency in agriculture. Legisla�ve measures such as Royal Decree 244/2019 and Law 24/2013 simplify administra�ve processes and support RE adop�on among agricultural producers, fostering Spain's transi�on towards a decarbonised energy sector. Legal and poli�cal factors affec�ng the uptake of RES at the Spanish UC include the EU Solar Energy Strategy (REPowerEU), legisla�ve frameworks like Law 7/2021 on Climate Change and Energy Transi�on in Spain, lack of specific regula�on in Spain, administra�ve and bureaucra�c barriers, lack of clear defini�on, and legal structure governing self-consump�on of electricity. Stakeholder needs and perceived challenges must be addressed to foster successful collabora�on and implementa�on of RES. Stakeholders emphasize the need for robust regulatory frameworks and incen�ves to support RES adop�on. Collabora�on between academic ins�tu�ons and public authori�es is vital in providing research and technical exper�se. The existence of na�onal and European direc�ves pushing for decarbonisa�on in agriculture sets a favourable backdrop for these ini�a�ves, but prac�cal implementa�on o�en faces hurdles. Opportuni�es exist for integra�ng RES into farming prac�ces, including pilot projects, demonstra�on sites, specific programs, and financial incen�ves. Catalonia, Spain, has significant biogenic sources that can produce bioenergy, with agriculture and livestock playing a crucial role. A strategy is needed to promote the sustainable valorisa�on of livestock manure and organic waste through anaerobic diges�on to produce biogas and high-quality organic fer�lisers. This approach aims to achieve Catalonia's climate neutrality by 2050. Biogas presents a threefold opportunity: processing organic resources, reducing emissions from waste management, and genera�ng renewable energy, thereby reducing fossil fuel emissions. Socio-economic factors significantly affect the uptake of RES at farms in Spain. One major challenge is the lack of informa�on about the availability and territorial distribu�on of organic materials. Efforts should focus on dissemina�ng this informa�on to businesses and the public, as well as fostering collabora�on between the livestock sector, waste producers, and nearby biogas facili�es to op�mize organic waste u�lisa�on for biogas produc�on. The adop�on of RES on farms in Spain is influenced by the country's legal and poli�cal framework, which emphasizes biogas produc�on and u�liza�on. Key EU direc�ves, such as RED III 2023/2413 and RED II 2018/2001, set integra�on targets across member states. Spain has enacted laws like Law 34/1998, which extends regula�ons for natural gas to include biogas and biomass-derived gases, facilita�ng their integra�on into the natural gas network. Royal Decrees (RD) play a crucial role in governing biogas infrastructure, ensuring compliance with quality and safety measures. 18/10/2024 Page 147 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Key stakeholders in the agricultural sector, including farmers, energy communi�es, agricultural associa�ons, public authori�es, and medium large-sized energy industries, have specific needs concerning the uptake of RES at the farm level in Spain. They are primarily focused on reducing opera�onal costs, enhancing energy security, and aligning with regulatory requirements aimed at reducing carbon emissions. Public authori�es and medium-sized energy industries play a crucial role in crea�ng an enabling environment for RES adop�on through policies and incen�ves. In Norway, hydroelectric power dominates electricity genera�on, accoun�ng for 88% of total output. The Norwegian Agrarian Associa�on aims to reduce GHG emissions in the agricultural sector by 4-6 million tons of CO2-eq by 2030, with 10-25% expected from subs�tu�ng fossil fuels with renewable energy sources. The installa�on of RES on farms in Norway faces significant challenges due to the absence of established support schemes tailored for agricultural se�ngs and a lack of plug-and-play solu�ons that integrate RES effec�vely into local farm energy systems. However, the impera�ve to address climate change impacts and rising energy costs has created increased interest in locally installed RES, which not only ensure reliable food produc�on and supply but also reduce farms' vulnerability to energy market disrup�ons. Socio-economic factors influencing RES adop�on on farms highlight its poten�al to enhance community engagement, create new rural job opportuni�es, diversify income streams, op�mize resource efficiency, and promote environmental stewardship. Government policies, incen�ves, and access to capital are pivotal in facilita�ng this transi�on, while educa�on and awareness programs are crucial in empowering farmers with the knowledge needed to adopt and integrate RES effec�vely. The Norwegian Parliament aims to ensure food security, sustain farming, foster value crea�on, and promote sustainable agricultural prac�ces. RES adop�on on farms must align with economic, social, and environmental considera�ons. Socio-economic factors affec�ng RES uptake include government policies, resource availability, technological advancements, market dynamics, community engagement, skilled labor, regulatory framework, and energy independence and resilience. Norway's energy policies priori�ze renewable energy through ini�a�ves like the Renewable Energy Act, which establish targets and support mechanisms like green cer�ficates. However, agricultural sectors like farms receive limited assistance, primarily through programs like BIONOVA, which funds bioenergy and climate ini�a�ves. Addi�onally, na�onal programs do not cover aspects like integra�ng different energy sources to match farm energy demand profiles. Legal and poli�cal factors affec�ng RES uptake include lack of policy coordina�on, lack of policy awareness, limited schemes on specific technologies, financial support and incen�ves, and electricity price in Norway. These factors must be addressed to ensure the uptake of RES and promote sustainable agricultural prac�ces. The Norwegian Parliament's agricultural policy frameworks must consider economic, social, and environmental factors to ensure food security and promote sustainable prac�ces. The current framework condi�ons show mixed readiness for renewable energy adop�on on farms, with energy companies stressing the need for streamlined regulatory processes and beter financial incen�ves. Farmers are aware of the environmental benefits but are o�en deterred by high ini�al investment costs and the complexity of integra�ng these systems into exis�ng farm opera�ons. Opportuni�es include the growing awareness of climate change and the environmental benefits of renewable energy, technological advancements making RES more efficient and cost-effec�ve, and poten�al for community-based renewable energy projects. Collabora�ve efforts between energy 18/10/2024 Page 148 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level companies, public authori�es, and farmers can create innova�ve solu�ons and build a more suppor�ve ecosystem for renewable energy adop�on. The next part of this report (Task 2.3) focuses on characterizing HarvRESt use cases through a mul�-actor approach, aiming to iden�fy the main percep�ons and objec�ves for each use case and collect necessary informa�on for characteriza�on. The project will be supported and executed at five use cases located in Italy, Denmark, Spain, and Norway, represen�ng different topologies of farms, diverse stakeholders, geographical condi�ons, and a wide variety of renewable energy technologies. The Italian use case involves agro-industrial, farmers, and industrial associa�ons addressing RES integra�on at farm level along the en�re agri-food value chain. The Danish use case uses exis�ng datasets on RES produc�on at farm level, with a special focus on biogas produc�on. The main objec�ves are to enhance the Biogas planning tool as a comprehensive database at farm level for Denmark and map current ac�vity levels and poten�als for biogas fuelled energy produc�on. Spain use cases involve Viñas del Vero and Sorigué, two Spanish farming companies exploring decarbonisa�on strategies and deployment of renewable energy technologies in their farms. The key objec�ve is to apply HarvRESt solu�ons to enhance produc�on management and increase overall benefits with lower environmental impact. Norway use case involves GGE and NORCE analyzing how to develop and expand a smart energy system that supports the full decarboniza�on process of GGE. The main objec�ve is to manage the integra�on of the energy storage system interac�on with different renewable assets and op�mize available resources. The Italian use case FATTORIA SOLIDALE DEL CIRCEO, an organic farm dedicated to social and agricultural inclusion and sustainability projects. The farm is located near the Tyrrhenian Sea in the Lazio region of Italy, experiencing a Mediterranean climate with mild winters and hot, dry summers. The Circeo Area, a Mediterranean region, is home to various agricultural prac�ces and ac�vi�es, including olives, vegetables, fruits, and organic farming. FATTORIA SOLIDALE DEL CIRCEO uses organic produc�on methods for crops like red len�ls, fodder, zucchini, watermelon, romaine letuce, and Romanesco broccoli. TThe farm is expected to expand by adding an agro-PV plant, with an area that has the poten�al to host a produc�on capacity of 70 MW of photovoltaic energy. The farm's energy usage is currently around 20 kW, but this could increase to over 100 kW due to plans to install an electric irriga�on system and addi�onal equipment. Data monitoring on the farm is limited, with automated sensors monitoring parameters such as light, temperature/humidity, and CO2. Real-�me energy monitoring is available through the inverter, but further development is needed to monitor environmental condi�ons and crop health. The digital infrastructure for data storage and analysis mainly consists of a laptop. The Italian Use Case aims to explore new business models to increase interest in agricultural products with reduced carbon footprints and valorize farmers' social impact. Key Exploitable Results (KERs) include HarvRESt Agricultural Virtual Power Plant (AVPP), HarvRESt Decision support System (DSS), strategy for mul�actor engagement, and business model catalogue. Tenta�ve KPIs to consider include performance of assets, economic impact of agricultural produc�on, social impact, and sustainability of agricultural prac�ces. In Denmark, the key stakeholders include farmers, agricultural organiza�ons, biogas companies, organic producers, and regulatory bodies. The country's climate is influenced by its proximity to the sea, moderate precipita�on, high humidity levels, and wind ac�vity. 18/10/2024 Page 149 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level Denmark's agricultural sector is a significant contributor to the country's economy, with pig produc�on being a major source of liquid manure. The country is a global leader in developing and producing equipment for managing animal manure as fer�lizer, underpinning the robust biogas produc�on sector. The agricultural landscape is divided into several soil types, including sandy loam, clay-enriched, and organogenic soils. In 2023, Danish agriculture u�lized 2,669,356 hectares for various crops, using advanced agronomic prac�ces like precision farming, integrated pest management, and crop rota�on and soil management. The Danish use case focuses on evalua�ng the poten�al for biomass u�liza�on in the biogas industry, focusing on poten�al capabili�es across various scales of biogas opera�ons. The decision-making process does not require real-�me data, allowing for a broad-based evalua�on of biogas poten�als that can scale across different sizes and types of biogas plants. The expected outcomes of the Danish use case include an enhanced biogas planning tool, economic and environmental benefits, innova�ve business models, and scalability and policy recommenda�ons. KPIs to consider include asset performance, op�miza�on of biogas produc�on, economic impact reduc�on, reduc�on in GHG emissions, and improvements in nutrient recovery and management. The Spain Use Case (VdV-VRT) focuses on two key areas in two vineyards: Viñas del Vero, located in the Somontano DO region (Barbastro (Huesca)), is centered on the development of an efficient energy management system (EMS), while Viñedos del Río Tajo, situated in Toledo, focuses on assessing the impact of renewable energy sources (RES) on crops. The regions have ideal al�tudes, climate, and soils for vine growing, with a Mediterranean climate with con�nental influences. The main crops in both areas are pink tomatoes, cereals, vegetables, and vines. The use case aims to reduce electricity consump�on in both areas, with Viñas del Vero's total electricity consump�on being 1,413,164 kWh/year, while Viñedos del Rio Tajo's total consump�on is around 939,000 kWh/year. Data monitoring and digitaliza�on will be focused on monitoring an agrivoltaic pilot plant and the effects of par�al vines shadowing on grape quality and crop growth and health at Viñedos del Rio Tajo. In Viñedos del Rio Tajo, IoT technology will be used to con�nuously monitor vineyards, collect climate, plant, and soil data, op�mize solar panel posi�ons, and op�mize machinery opera�on �mes. The HarvRESt project will further expand and improve this setup, aiming to develop integrated energy management and electrify parts of the produc�on chain that currently rely on fossil fuels. The an�cipated outcomes in the Viñas del Vero & Viñedos del Tajo use case include improved energy management systems, reduced energy consump�on, and increased efficiency in the wine industry. The specific KPIs are yet to be precisely defined, but this outline serves as a preliminary framework that will evolve as the project progresses and the feasibility of various experiences becomes clearer. Sorigué-Torre Santamaria is a partnership mainly dedicated to agro-technology providers and cow's farms in the Noguera Region (Balaguer, Catalonia). The region has a con�nental Mediterranean climate with cold winters and hot summers, with moderate precipita�on. The main agricultural ac�vi�es around the farm include corn cul�va�on, straw, and wheat. The project aims to improve energy efficiency, increase self-consump�on of renewable energy, and op�mize the opera�on of electric agricultural machinery. The project will also contribute to the development of new technologies and prac�ces for sustainable agriculture in the region. Torre Santamaria, a farm with over 2,000 cows, consumes over 1,000,000 kWh of energy. The most consump�ve equipment is the vacuum pump, cooling tank, and cleaning systems. Energy consump�on 18/10/2024 Page 150 D2.1 Mapping of RES integra�on in farms at EU level varies between summer and winter, with winter being more energy-intensive for hea�ng and ligh�ng. The current waste management plant (biomethane plant) consumes 4,616,840 kWh/year, with a selfconsump�on rate of 38% due to the cogenera�on system. All energy consumed comes from the electrical grid. The SCADA system forms the backbone of data monitoring and control, providing essen�al insights into opera�onal performance. The system can automate processes such as liquid or gas levels adjustment, biogas transfer, and injec�on flow regula�on. Manual measurements are conducted to monitor biogas composi�on and ac�vity levels. The ACSA-Sorigué Use Case aims to improve data collec�on, nutrient recovery, circularity, and new methane produc�on pathways. The main problem is managing the digestate and op�mizing anaerobic diges�on. The expected outcomes include collec�ng data from the biorefinery to model biogas produc�on from agro-residues, assessing the fer�lizer poten�al of nutrients recovered from the digestate, and analyzing methane produc�on from recycled CO2 sources. KERs include KPIs for performance monitoring, soil quality methodology, biogas planning tool, HarvRESt AVPP, and HarvRESt DSS. Tenta�ve KPIs to consider include a set of KPIs related to asset performance, op�miza�on of biogas produc�on, improvements in nutrient recovery and management, and soil health. The farm, located 250 meters above sea level, has a temperate oceanic climate with mild winters, cool summers, and high levels of precipita�on. The farm focuses on livestock farming, with an average of 20 catle and 175 pigs. The catle are grown locally and 50% from Japan, while the pigs are purchased at 70 kg and grown on the farm up to 115-130 kg. The farm consumes 400,000 kWh/year of electricity from the grid and 46,620 kWh from local PV panel produc�on (2023). The primary energy consump�on is for the butchery's hea�ng, cooling, cleaning, and tool opera�on, followed by farm opera�ons and building energy use. The nearest power grid connec�on point is located on the farm, with a farm-owned transformer ensuring high reliability of the grid infrastructure. A renewable genera�on plant, consis�ng of large wind turbines, feeds energy directly into the grid without connec�ng to the farm's energy system. Backup power integrated in the microgrid is available through a 136 kW batery pack. Fossil fuels are used for the tractor, an excavator on the farm, three diesel-fuelled cars for the butchery, and two electric cars, one for the farm and one for the butchery. Data monitoring on the farm includes demand data, PV genera�on, and batery capacity. Automa�c data collec�on will involve automa�c data collec�on via the Eco Store AS system, while a new higher-capacity batery pack will be installed during the project. IoT devices will control the EMS to manage the batery and reduce energy costs. KERs include HarvRESt smart energy system algorithms. 18/10/2024 Page 151 DX.Y Deliverable name PARTNER SHORT NAME CIRCE Research Centre CIRCE BETA Technological Centre UVic-UCC NORCE NORCE Tecnoalimenti TCA WHITE WR Suite5 Data Intelligence Solutions Ltd. Suite5 EnGreen EnG ConTerra CT Confagricoltura CONFAGRI The project The HarvRESt project aims to enhance the sustainable produc�on of renewable energy at farm-level. This approach not only makes farms climate-neutral but also op�mizes produc�on, reduces their impact on natural resources and biodiversity, and provides energy services to communi�es, thereby diversifying economic income. However, deciding how best to integrate renewable energy sources (RES) on a farm is not without its challenges. The decision is a complex one, with many factors to consider. Due to this, HarvRESt seeks to iden�fy, understand, and overcome the exis�ng barriers hindering the widespread adop�on of this innova�ve approach. Current ini�a�ves o�en overlook the complex interac�ons and factors within the farming and RES context, resul�ng in ineffec�ve support for decision-making based on accurate projec�ons, es�ma�ons, and forecasts. HarvRESt will therefore consolidate and enhance exis�ng knowledge, crea�ng an Agricultural Virtual Power Plant capable of running diverse scenarios and farm configura�ons. This tool will determine the best opera�onal procedures for a given RES solu�on, providing valuable data to a decision support system. This system will weigh trade-offs and key indicators, offering tailor-made recommenda�ons to farmers and policymakers. 18/10/2024 Page 152 DX.Y Deliverable name Contact us www.harvrest.eu htps://linkedin.com/harvRESt htps://twiter.com/HarvRESt_eu Fattoria Solidale del Circeo FSDC Viñas del Vero VdV Viñedos del Rio Tajo VRT Sorigué ACSA Grønn Gårdsenergi AS GGE Food & Bio Cluster Denmark FBCD EIT Climate-KIC CKIC