झारखंड में औद्योगिक नगरों का विकास.

Journal of Research and Development A Multidisciplinary International Level Referred and Double Blind Peer Reviewed, Open Access ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-11(A)| November2025 150 >kj[kaM esa vkS|ksfxd uxjksa dk fodkl 'kks/kkFkhZ, bfrgkl foHkkx, uhykEcj&ihrkEcj fo'ofo|ky;] esfnuhuxj] iykew Email: [email protected] Manuscript ID: JRD -2025-171128 ISSN: 2230-9578 Volume 17 Issue 11(A) Pp. 150-153 November. 2025 Submitted: 18 Oct. 2025 Revised: 28 Oct. 2025 Accepted: 11 Nov. 2025 Published: 30 Nov. 2025 lkjka'k >kj[k.M esa vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa dh Hkjekj gS ysfdu bu dsUæksa dh l?kurk] vkilh lEcUèk] muesa uxjh; tula[;k] ;krk;kr lqfoèkk,¡ vkfn vusd egRoiw.kZ vko';d rRoksa ds vHkko ds dkj.k if'peh ns'kksa esa fn[kkà iM+us okys vkS|ksfxd uxjksa dh rjg ;gk¡ ds vkS|ksfxd uxjksa dk Lo:i fuÆer ugÈ gks ik;k gSA vkS|ksfxd uxj dks js[kkafdr fd;k tk, rks xzkeh.k tula[;k dk çfr'kr ml {ks= esa vfèkd gks tkrk gS u fd uxjh; tula[;k dk vusd vkS|ksfxd uxjksa esa ;krk;kr ds lkèku fodflr gq, gh ugÈ gSaA [kuu vkS|ksfxd uxjksa esa ;krk;kr ds fy, cgqr gh vfodflr ekxZ gSaA >kj[k.M esa izeq[k vkS|ksfxd uxjks esa izeq[k gSA vHkzd vkS|ksfxd uxj] nkeksnj- ?kkVh vkS|ksfxd uxj] c‚DlkbV [kuu vkS|ksfxd uxj] jk¡ph vkS|ksfxd uxj] te'ksniqj vkS|ksfxd uxj] ?kkVf'kyk cgjkxksM+k vkS|ksfxd uxj vkSj if'peh ÇlgHkwe vkS|ksfxd uxj gSA eq[; 'kCn % vkS|ksfxd uxj] c‚DlkbV] lM+d ekxZ] eSxuhtA vkèkqfud uxjh; {ks=ksa dk fodkl >kj[k.M ds laØe.k dky esa çkjEHk gksrk gSA osLV ÝafV;j ,tsUlh ds ,tsUV ds :i esa vaxzstksa dk tc çFke vkxeu >kj[k.M {ks= esa gqvk rks viuk eq[;ky; 'ksj?kkVh ds ckn loZçFke prjk esa gh cuk;kA 1771 ls 1780 ds chp prjk dfe'ujh eq[;ky; jgkA bl le; vaxzstksa dk vkuk tkuk 'ksj?kkVh vkSj prjk nksuksa txgksa esa FkkA Çdrq LFkk;h :i ls budk fuokl 1780 esa jkex<+ gqvkA ;gk¡ 1834 rd bldk eq[;ky; jgkA bl çdkj >kj[k.M dk çFke 'kgj nso?kj ds ckn prjk nwljk vkSj jkex<+ rhljk uxj FkkA 1780 rd >kj[k.M esa rhu çeq[k uxjksa dh LFkkiuk gks pqdh FkhA 1843 esa yksgjnxk eq[;ky; cuk;k x;kA ;g og dky gS tc 1845 esa ns'k igyh ckj jsy ls ifjfpr gqvkA 1852 esa jk¡ph dk chtkjksi.k fdlquiqj esa fd;k x;k tc yksgjnxk ls eq[;ky; gVkdj ;gk¡ ys vk;k x;kA 1855 esa laFkky ijxuk ftyk dk eq[;ky; nqedk cukA 1860 esa MkyVuxat 'kgj dh LFkkiuk iykew esa dh vc bl 'kgj dks *eksnhuhuxj* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ckn esa ¼1892 esa½ ;g ftyk cuk;k x;k A 1880 esa èkuckn 'kgj dh LFkkiuk gqà vkSj 1886 esa gtkjhckx uxjikfydk dk xBu gqvk ftlesa vaxzst gh ps;jeSu gksrk FkkA 1891 esa >fj;k 'kgj dh LFkkiuk dks;yk [kuu ds fy, gqà vkSj bl 'krkCnh ds var esa ¼1900 Ãå esa½ dksMjek dh LFkkiuk gqà ;g 19oÈ 'krkCnh dk var FkkA1 20oÈ 'krkCnh ds vkjEHk esa xqeyk lcfMohtu ?kksf"kr gksrk gS] 1905 esa [kw¡Vh vuqe.My cuk;k tkrk gSA 1907 esa lkdph esa te'ksniqj ;k VkVkuxj dh LFkkiuk gksrh gS vkSj >kj[k.M esa cM+s fuekZ.k m|ksx dh 'kq:vkr gksrh gSA 1915 esa fleMsxk vuqe.My cuk;k tkrk gSA 1949 esa pkÃcklk 'kgj fpfàr gksrk gS D;ksafd ÇlgHkwe ftys dk xBu gksrk gSA blls nks o"kZ iwoZ ns'k vktkn gqvk FkkA vktknh ds ckn >kj[k.M dh cM+h miyfCèk FkhA 1964 esa cksdkjks bLikr dkj[kkuk dh LFkkiuk ;k bLikr uxj dh LFkkiukA vktknh ds iwoZ >kj[k.M esa uxjhdj.k dh xfr èkheh dgh tk ldrh gS tks vktknh ds ckn dkQh rhoz gks x;h gSA [kuu m|ksx] nkeksnj ?kkVh ifj;kstuk] VkVk bLikr uxj vkfn ds dkj.k vusd m|ksxksa dh 'kq:vkr bl {ks= esa gqà ftlls vusd NksVs&NksVs uxjh; dsUæ mn~Hkwr gq,] Çlnjh] drjkl] cksdkjks] djxyh] tlhMhg] csjeks] Qqljks vkfn dà uxj mHkjsA yksgk vkSj rk¡ck [kuu m|ksx ds dkj.k te'ksniqj ?kkVf'kyk] eqlkcuh] xqvk vkfn 'kgjksa dk fodkl gqvkA Quick Response Code: Website: https://jrdrvb.org/ DOI: Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work noncommercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations ae licensed under the idential terms. 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Original Article Journal of Research and Development A Multidisciplinary International Level Referred and Double Blind Peer Reviewed, Open Access ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-11(A)| November2025 151 2011 dh tux.kuk esa >kj[k.M esa 11 uxjh; ladwy] crk;s tk jgs gSaA buds varxZr uxjikfydk] uxjikfydk ifj"kn~] uxj ifj"kn] vfèklwfpr {ks= lfefr] tux.kuk 'kgj] dSUVksuesaV cksMZ] rFkk vkmVxzksFk tSls {ks=ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA ;s 11 ladqy fuEuor~ gSa& te'ksniqj uxjh; ladqy te'ksniqj ¼vkS|ksfxd uxj½] te'ksniqj vfèklwfpr {ks=] VkVk uxj jsyos d‚yksuh] ekuxks] tqxlykÃ] ckxcsM+k] NksVk xksÇoniqj] gkyqnckuh] lkjtkenk] xkèkjk] ?kksM+kck¡èkk] iqjhgklk ¼CT½] vkfnR;iqj] NksVk xEgfj;k vkSj dikyh] èkuckn uxjh; ladqy èkuckn] iksaMj dukyh] eydsjk] cmvk dyku] vkSj uxjh dykuA jk¡ph uxjh; ladqy jk¡ph] dkads] vjl.Ms] vkjk] rqfUMmy] cjxjokA cksdkjks LVhy flVh uxjh; ladqy&cksdkjks LVhy flVh] pkl vkSj ck¡èk?kksM+kA pØèkjiqj uxjh; ladqy&pØèkjiqj uxjA Qqljks uxjh; ladqy& Qqljks] csjeks] tjhMhg cktkj] cksdkjks vkSj dqMifu;k¡A2 leku çdkj ds m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk tc ,d gh {ks= esa vfèkdkfèkd gks tkrh gS rks mlls leku çdkj dh vkS|ksfxd –';koyh mifLFkr gks tkrh gSA lewgksa esa gksus ds dkj.k muesa çknsf'kd pfj= fn[kkà iM+us yxrk gSA m|ksxksa ds ,sls ,d=hdj.k dks ;k ,sls lewghdj.k dks vkS|ksfxd uxj dgk tkrk gSA ;g ,d LokHkkfod çfØ;k gS fd ;fn fdlh uxj esa fofHkUu çdkj ds m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk gks tk, vkSj mudk vkil esa dqN u dqN lEcUèk Hkh gks rks ogk¡ ij ,d vkS|ksfxd Lo:i Hkh mHkjus yxrk gSA ogk¡ ds Jfedksa esa ,d gh ifjokj ds lnL; dà çdkj ds dkj[kkuksa esa dke djus yxrs gSaA dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS dgÈ ij dksà cM+k dkj[kkuk LFkkfir gks tkuk dksà vkS|ksfxd uxj ugÈ gS cfYd ml dkj[kkus ds dkj.k mlls lacafèkr vusd NksVs&NksVs dkj[kkus LFkkfir gksus yx tk;¡ rks ,d vkS|ksfxd uxj dk fuekZ.k gks ldrk gSA vkS|ksfxd uxj esa dkj[kkus ds Lrj o mudh la[;k dh rqyuk esa m|ksxksa dh lac)rk dk dkQh egRo gksrk gSA vkS|ksfxd lac)rk gh uxj dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA ,d vkS|ksfxd uxj esa fuEu fo'ks"krk,¡ gksuh pkfg, 1vkS|ksfxd uxj esa dkj[kkuksa dh fofoèkrk gksrh gS rFkk mudh la[;k Hkh cgqr vfèkd gksrh gSA 2vkS|ksfxd uxj esa dà NksVs&cM+s uxj lekfgr gksrs gSa rFkk ml uxj esa uxjh; tula[;k dk çfr'kr vfèkd gksrk gSA 3vkS|ksfxd uxj ds Hkhrj jgus okyh tula[;k dk dk;Z m|ksxksa esa dk;Z djuk gksrk gS u fd —f"k djukA 4vkS|ksfxd uxjksa esa ifjogu lkèkuksa dk mPpre fodkl gksrk gSA 5vkS|ksfxd uxjksa esa eqæk fu;a=.k ds fy, cM+s&cM+s cSad gksrs gSaA 6çR;sd vkS|ksfxd uxj euksjatu ds lkèkuksa ls Hkjiwj gksrk gSA flusek?kj] Dyc] ikdZ] cM+s&cM+s gksVy vkfn mlds vfuok;Z fgLls gksrs gSaA3 7dkj[kkus dsoy uxjksa esa gh ugÈ cfYd nks uxjksa ds chp ifjogu ekxxks± ij Hkh fLFkr gksrs gSaA 8 vkS|ksfxd uxjksa ds Hkw–'; esa dkj[kkus] èkqvk¡] fpefu;k¡] Jfedksa ds vkokl vkfn çeq[k gksrs gSaA bl izdkj fo'ks"krk,¡ tc fdlh vkS|ksfxd {ks= esa fn[kkà iM+us yxrh gS rc og {ks= vkS|ksfxd uxj dgykus yk;d gks tkrk gSA okLro esa vkS|ksfxd {ks= og {ks= gS tgk¡ dksà ,d o`gn m|ksx fodflr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk muls lacafèkr vusd m|ksx iui pqds gksaA >kj[k.M ds çeq[k vkS|ksfxd uxj >kj[k.M esa vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa dh Hkjekj gS ysfdu bu dsUæksa dh l?kurk] vkilh lEcUèk] muesa uxjh; tula[;k] ;krk;kr lqfoèkk,¡ vkfn vusd egRoiw.kZ vko';d rRoksa ds vHkko ds dkj.k if'peh ns'kksa esa fn[kkà iM+us okys vkS|ksfxd uxjksa dh rjg ;gk¡ ds vkS|ksfxd uxjksa dk Lo:i fuÆer ugÈ gks ik;k gSA mnkgj.k ds :i esa vxj ;gk¡ fdlh Hkh vkS|ksfxd uxj dks js[kkafdr fd;k tk, rks xzkeh.k tula[;k dk çfr'kr ml {ks= esa vfèkd gks tkrk gS u fd uxjh; tula[;k dk vusd vkS|ksfxd uxjksa esa ;krk;kr ds lkèku fodflr gq, gh ugÈ gSaA [kuu vkS|ksfxd uxjksa esa ;krk;kr ds fy, cgqr gh vfodflr ekxZ gSaA c‚DlkbV [kuu {ks=ksa dk rks –'; gh vyx gSA ;gk¡ lM+d ekxZ vHkh Hkh dPps gSaA fQj Hkh >kj[k.M dks fuEufyf[kr vkS|ksfxd uxjksa gS%& 1vHkzd vkS|ksfxd uxj 2nkeksnj- ?kkVh vkS|ksfxd uxj 3c‚DlkbV [kuu vkS|ksfxd uxj 4jk¡ph vkS|ksfxd uxj 5te'ksniqj vkS|ksfxd uxj 6- ?kkVf'kyk cgjkxksM+k vkS|ksfxd uxj 7if'peh ÇlgHkwe vkS|ksfxd uxj A 1vHkzd vkS|ksfxd uxj >kj[k.M esa ftu lkr vkS|ksfxd uxjksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS muesa jk¡ph vkSj te'ksniqj dks NksM+dj çR;sd vkS|ksfxd uxj [kuu ls tqM+k gqvk gSA çLrqr vHkzd vkS|ksfxd uxj dh [kuu vkS|ksfxd uxj gh gSA4 bldk foLrkj fxfjMhg] dksMjek] èkuokj] Mksepkap] teqvk] teqvk] frljh] xk¡ok vkfn {ks=ksa esa gSA ;gk¡ vHkzd dk fo'kky Hk.Mkj lqjf{kr gSA ;s dkQh mPpdksfV ds vHkzd gSaA :ch vHkzd ds uke ls fo[;kr ;g {ks= foÜo çfl) gSA vHkzd ifj"dj.k ¼Processing½ ds fy, Mksepkap] >qejh fryS;k] fxfjMhg rFkk pdà esa dà m|ksx yxs gq, gSaA vkS|ksfxd {ks= esa ;krk;kr dh lqfoèkk çeq[k 'krZ gksrh gS vkSj bl {ks= esa ;g lqfoèkk lM+d rFkk jsy ekxZ ds :i esa ekStwn gSA gtkjhckx&uoknk ekxZ NH 23] èkuckn&x;k Journal of Research and Development A Multidisciplinary International Level Referred and Double Blind Peer Reviewed, Open Access ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-11(A)| November2025 152 jsyekxZ] fxfjMhg&eèkqiqj jsyekxZ rFkk vU; lM+d ekxZ ;gk¡ iwjh rjg miyCèk gSaA ijUrq uxjh; tula[;k xzkeh.k tula[;k dh rqyuk esa de gSA çeq[k 'kgj fxfjMhg vkSj dksMjek Hkh gSA bl vkS|ksfxd uxj esa vHkzd [kuu ls tqM+s yxHkx 500 NksVs&NksVs m|ksx Fks ftlesa yxHkx 400 m|ksx vc can gks pqds gSaA [kfutksa dk Hk.Mkj lhfer gksrk gS vkSj ,d le; vkrk gS tc mR[kuu vkÆFkd ugÈ jg tkrk gSA ,sls esa [kfutksa ds ekStwn jgrs gq, Hkh mUgsa can gksuk iM+rk gSA vHkzd vkS|ksfxd uxj dh ;gh fLFkfr gSA 2nkeksnj ?kkVh vkS|ksfxd uxj ;g vkS|ksfxd uxj dsoy >kj[k.M gh ugÈ cfYd Hkkjr ds fodflr vkS|ksfxd uxjksa esa ,d gSA ;gk¡ xksaMokuk fu{ksi.k ds dkj.k dks;yk dk fo'kky Hk.Mkj ges'kk gqvk gS tks [kuu m|ksx fodflr djus dk vkèkkj çnku djrk gSA dks;yk [kuu gksus ds dkj.k blls lEcfUèkr vusd çdkj ds m|ksxksa dk fodkl gqvk gSA bl {ks= esa dksd m|ksx] yksgk m|ksx] [kkn m|ksx] fjQsDVªh m|ksx] bathfu;Çjx m|ksx] dkap m|ksx rFkk ck:n m|ksx vkfn vusd m|ksx fodflr gq, gSaA budk foLrkj {ks= xksfe;k¡ ls dqekjèkqch] fpjdq.Mk rFkk pkl] panufd;kjh ls rksipkph] xksÇoniqj rd ns[kk tkrk gSA ;g {ks= eq[;r% èkuckn vkSj cksdkjks ftyk {ks=ksa esa iwjc if'pe foLrkj esa fLFkr gSA çeq[k vkS|ksfxd LFkku ds :i esa xksfe;k¡] cksdkjks] pkl] panufd;kjh] pUæiqjk] dBkjk] nqXnk] fx)h] djxyh] lokax if'peh cksdkjks] èkuckn] >fj;k] Çlnjh] dqekjèkqch] fcjlk] fpjdq.Mk] eSFku] iapsr vkfn dk uke mYys[kuh; gSA bl {ks= esa uxjh; tula[;k vfèkd rks gS gh ;krk;kr ds lkèku Hkh lqfodflr gSA bldk fodkl vHkh Hkh fujarj tkjh gS ftldk dkj.k gS dksydkrk egkuxj ,oa gqxyh vkS|ksfxd uxj dk fudV gksukA 3c‚DlkbV [kuu vkS|ksfxd uxj bl uxj dks dà Hkkxksa esa lEcksfèkr fd;k tkrk gS ;Fkk yksgjnxk vkS|ksfxd {ks=] ikV vkS|ksfxd {ks= ;k c‚DlkbV vkS|ksfxd {ks= A oLrqr% ;g {ks= LFkkuh; uke esa *ikV* dgk tkrk gSA5 ;g jk¡ph iBkj dk if'peh Hkkx gS tgk¡ fØVsf'k;l dky esa ykok fu{ksi.k gqvk Fkk ftlds jklk;fud fo?kVu ds QyLo:i c‚DlkbV dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSAc‚DlkbV fu{ksi.k dk {ks= xqeyk ftyk ds mÙkjh Hkkx esa ykrsgkj ds nf{k.kh Hkkx esa rFkk yksgjnxk ds mÙkjh&if'peh Hkkx esa foLr`r gS vkSj ;gh gS c‚DlkbV mR[kuu vkS|ksfxd uxjA ykrsgkj ftyk {ks= esa c‚DlkbV dk foLrkj usrjgkV ikV] tksM+k Mwej ikV] tehjk ikV] isljkj ikV vkfn esa gS tcfd xqeyk vkSj yksgjnxk {ks= esa budk mR[kuu [kekj ikV] eMqvk ikV] nqfèk;k ikV] caxyk ikV] egqvk ikV] ik[kj ikV] :nuh ikV] cx: ikV] eSnku ikV] nqèkk ikV] lsjsaxnkx ikV] dpdh ikV vkfn esa gksrk gSA ;gk¡ pkbuk Dys] fyXukbV [kfutksa dh çkfIr c‚DlkbV ds lkFk gh gksrh gS Çdrq eq[; [kfut c‚DlkbV gksus ds dkj.k ;g c‚DlkbV {ks= ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA;g {ks= iw.kZr% xzkeh.k ifjos'k esa gSA ;w dgsa taxy esa gSA uxjh; tula[;k flQZ yksgjnxk tSls NksVs 'kgj esa gS tks bl uxj dk ,d ek= 'kgj gSA vkokxeu ds fy, lM+dksa dh fLFkfr vPNh ugÈ gSA vHkh Hkh ;s dPph gSaA oLrqr% ;g ,d laHkkfor vkS|ksfxd uxj gSA ;gk¡ vY;qehfu;e çksflÇMx IykaV dh vko';drk gS tks ox:] [kekj] yksgjnxk vkfn txgksa esa yxk;s tk ldrs gSaA8 blls ewjh rd c‚DlkbV <qykà dk [kpZ cp tk,xkA t:jr gS i;kZIr ty vkSj lLrh iufctyh dhA 4jk¡ph vkS|ksfxd uxj Lo.kZ js[kk unh fudV esa gksus ds dkj.k bls Åijh Lo.kZ js[kk vkS|ksfxd uxj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA Çdrq jk¡ph vc >kj[k.M dh jktèkkuh cu pqdk gS vr% jktèkkuh ds uke ij gh vkS|ksfxd uxj dk uke vçklafxd ugÈ gksxkA oSls bldk foLrkj {ks= Hkh blh dks çklafxd ekurk gSA çeq[k vkS|ksfxd dsUæ ds :i esa irjkrq] jkex<+] vksjeka>h] gfV;k] jk¡ph] ukedqe] VkVh flyos rFkk ewjh gSA vFkkZr~ bl {ks= dk foLrkj irjkrq jkex<+ ls cq.Mw rekM rd vkSj jkrq ls ewjh rd tks if'peh jk¡ph ftyk {ks= esa O;kIr gS rd ekuk tkrk gSA bl {ks= esa ewjh dk vY;qfefu;e dkj[kkuk] jkex<+ {ks= ds dksd&dks;yk m|ksx] dk¡p m|ksx] vksjeka>h dk lwr m|ksx] jkrq dk c‚y fo;Çjx m|ksx] lkeykSax dk gkà Vsa'ku bUlqysVj dkj[kkuk] VkVh flyoà dk m"kk ekÆVu] m"kk csYVª‚u] ukedqe dk ykg m|ksx] jk¡ph esa v‚Vkseksckby c‚Mh fcÇYMx] ckYVh fuekZ.k m|ksx rFkk vU; ?kjsyw m|ksx —f"k ds fy, iEi] Liwu ikbi] ok;j ,oa batu vkfn dk m|ksx fodflr gqvk gSA gfV;k dk ,på Ãå lhå] rqiqnkuk dk xzsukbV [kuu m|ksx] [kwaVh dk CySd xzsukbV m|ksx vkfn Hkh egRoiw.kZ dsUæ gSA bl vkS|ksfxd dsUæ dk vHkh foLrkj gksuk ckdh gSA cgqr lkjs {ks= ,sls gSa tks ,d {ks= ls nwljs dk dksà lEcUèk ugÈ le>rsA irjkrw vkSj jkex<+ {ks= ,sls jk¡ph ds vkS|ksfxd uxj ds vUrxZr gksus ds ckotwn vyx&vyx fn[kkà iM+rk gS ysfdu jk¡ph ls jkex<+ rd lM+d ekxZ ds vxy&cxy m|ksxksa dh la[;k [kM+h gks tk,xh rc ;g ,d v[k.M uxj dh rjg yxus yxsxkA6 rc ;g fdlh ik'pkR; ns'k ds vkS|ksfxd uxj ls de utj ugÈ vk,xkA 5te'ksniqj vkS|ksfxd uxj >kj[k.M esa gh ugÈ lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr dh 'kq:vkr djus okyk ;g LFkku yksgk bLikr m|ksx dh LFkkiuk dj ,d o`gn~ vkS|ksfxd uxj dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA bl {ks= dk foLrkj pkafMy ls ?kkVf'kyk rd gSA ;g Lo.kZ js[kk unh ?kkVh {ks= esa fLFkr gS vr% bls Lo.kZ js[kk vkS|ksfxd uxj Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA ysfdu bl unh ?kkVh {ks= esa vkSj Hkh nwljs vkS|ksfxd uxj gSa ftlds dkj.k bldk ukedj.k LFkku ds vkèkkj ij djuk ;qfälaxr çrhr gks jgk gSA Journal of Research and Development A Multidisciplinary International Level Referred and Double Blind Peer Reviewed, Open Access ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-11(A)| November2025 153 bl {ks= esa çeq[k vkS|ksfxd dsUæ te'ksniqj] pkafMy] dkaMjk] tqxlykÃ] iksVdk] iVenk] uheMhg vkfn gSaA te'ksniqj ls 75 fdåehå dh ifjfèk esa bl vkS|ksfxd dsUæ dk foLrkj gSA ;gk¡ VsYdh] bf.M;u LVhy rFkk ok;j çkstsDV] áwe ikbi QSDVjh] Vhu IysV QSDVjh] bf.M;u dscy QSDVjh] bf.M;u Vîwc daå] v‚Dlhtu la;a= vkfn çeq[k m|ksx gSaA ,xzhdks] tgk¡ —f"k midj.k curs gSa] Vhå vkjå ,Qå tgk¡ vkS|ksfxd e'khu curs gSaA jksyj fc;Çjx] Xykl m|ksx Liat vk;ju] dscy m|ksx vkfn ;gk¡ çeq[k m|ksx gSaA bl izdkj mDr lHkh m|ksx VkVk LVhy daå ds LFkkfir gksus ds ckn blds vklikl vko';drkuqlkj iuius yxsA >kj[kaM ds fdlh Hkh vkS|ksfxd uxj dh rqyuk esa ;gk¡ vfèkd lEiUu] l?ku ,oa o`gn vkS|ksfxd uxj dh lkjh fo'ks"krk,¡ ns[kh tk ldrh gSA blh rjg dk lEiUu ,oa lkjh fo'ks"krkvksa ls ;qä vkS|ksfxd uxj nkeksnj ?kkVh uxj esa Hkh gS Çdrq bu nksuksa esa vUrj ;g gS fd te'ksniqj vkS|ksfxd uxj bathfu;Çjx vkS|ksfxd uxj gS rks nkeksnj ?kkVh vkS|ksfxd uxj [kuu vkS|ksfxd uxj gSA bls dks;yk vkS|ksfxd uxj Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA 6- ?kkVf'kyk cgjkxksM+k vkS|ksfxd uxj >kj[k.M esa ;g vkS|ksfxd uxj dks iwoÊ ÇlgHkwe vkS|ksfxd uxj ds uke ls Hkh dgÈ&dgÈ lEcksfèkr fd;k x;k gS Çdrq lEiw.kZ iwoÊ ÇlgHkwe {ks= esa bldk foLrkj ugÈ gksus ds dkj.k ;g uke ;qfälaxr çrhr ugÈ gksrk gSA7 pwafd bldk foLrkj ?kkVf'kyk ls cgjkxksM+k rd gSa vr% blh uke ls bls lEcksfèkr djuk çklafxd yxrk gSA bl {ks= esa çeq[k vkS|ksfxd dsaæ ?kkVf'kyk] eqlkouh] Mqefj;k] pkdqfy;k] tknwxksMk] cgjkxksMk vkfn gSaA ;gk¡ eq[; :i ls rk¡ck vkSj ;wjsfu;e ds [kku gSa rk¡ck ds çeq[k {ks=ksa dk foLrkj èkkscuh] eqlkcuh] lqjknk] dsUnkMhg] ikFkjxksMk] jk[kk vkfn LFkkuksa esa gSA ;gk¡ rk¡ck isVh dk foLrkj 160 fdåehå yEcs {ks= esa nqvkjiqje rFkk cgjkxksM+k ds chp gSA ;gk¡ vkokxeu dh lqfoèkk jsy vkSj lM+d nksuksa lkèkuksa }kjk gSA bl vkS|ksfxd uxj dk fodkl ewy :i ls ifjogu] lapkj vkSj fo|qr fodkl dh Hkkoh laHkkoukvksa ij vkfJr gSA Çdrq vc blds fodkl ij ç'u fpà yx pqdk gS D;ksafd rk¡ck v;Ldksa dk [kuu vc vkÆFkd ugÈ jgk ftlds dkj.k 10 yk[k Vu okÆ"kd mRiknu djus okys [knku vc can gks pqds gSaA 7if'pe ÇlgHkwe vkS|ksfxd uxj >kj[kaM esa if'pe ÇlgHkwe dk if'peh Hkkx iksjkgkV vkSj lkajMk ds taxyksa ls vkPNkfnr gS tcfd iwoÊ Hkkx vkS|ksfxd dsUæ ds :i esa pkbcklk] >Èdikuh vkSj uksokeqaMh gSA buds vfrfjä tkenk] xqvk] ukVqcq:] cq<kcq:] eksguiqj vkfn esa [kuu dk;Z gksrs gSaA ;gk¡ djkÃdsyk esa Øksfe;e] uksokeq.Mh] tkenk cq<+koq: esa yksgv;Ld] eksguiqj esa eSxuht] pkÃcklk esa chM+h m|ksx] >Èdikuh esa lhesaV m|ksx vkfn dk fodkl gqvk gSA ;g Hkh egRoiw.kZ vkS|ksfxd uxj gSA ;g dksydkrk eqacà jsyekxZ ij fLFkr {ks= gSA bl izdkj lEiw.kZ >kj[k.M esa ukS ftys ,sls cp jgs gSa ftudk fodkl vkS|ksfxd {ks= ds :i esa ugÈ gqvk gS] os {ks= gSa] ykrsgkj] nqedk] nso?kj] tkerkM+k] [kw¡Vh] fleMsxk] xqeyk] prjk vkSj if'pe ÇlgHkweA >kj[k.M ljdkj bu {ks=ksa esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl dj ldrh gSA 1992 esa bl çdkj dh ;kstuk cuk;h tk pqdh gSA bu {ks=ksa esa [kfut m|ksxksa ds vykok ou mRiknu m|ksx Hkh fodflr gks ldrs gSaA xqeyk fleMsxk [kw¡Vh esa ouksRikn vkSj —f"k vkèkkfjr m|ksx fodflr gks ldrs gSaA >kj[k.M esa o`gr~ m|ksxksa dh la[;k 167 gS tks 15 ftyksa esa gSA8 budh foLr`r lwph ifjf'k"V 25 esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSA lanHkZ lwph 1. jktdqekj frokjh] >kj[k.M dk Hkwxksy] fcgkj fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] iVuk] 2019] i`.&391 2. ogh] i`.&396 3. lqjs'k pUnz caly] Ukxjh; Hkwxksy] ehuk{kh izdk”ku] esjB i`.&78 4. ogh] i`.&282 5. jktdqekj frokjh] iwoks)`r i`.&283 6. ogh] i`.&284 7. oh-,u-ihflUgk] ,y-ds-ihÇlg] eukst dqekj] >kj[kaM ySaM ,.M ihiqy] jkts'k ifCyds'kal] uà fnYyh] 2018] i`.&453 8. ogh] i`.&454