ABOUT THE ACTIVITIES OF JUNAIDHON, THE LEADER OF THE KHOREZM INDEPENDENCE STRUGGLE (20-30S OF THE 20TH CENTURY)

GOLDEN BRAIN ISSN: 2181-4120 VOLUME 3 | ISSUE 18 | 2025 Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal December, 2025 189 DOI: https://10.5281/zenodo.17975670 ABOUT THE ACTIVITIES OF JUNAIDHON, THE LEADER OF THE KHOREZM INDEPENDENCE STRUGGLE (20-30S OF THE 20TH CENTURY) Norkuchkarov Khushvakt Eshnazarovich Termez State University of Engineering and Agrarian Technologies Teacher of the Department of Social and Human Sciences E-mail: xushvaqt.norqochqaro[email protected] ABSTRACT This article briefly analyzes the struggle of Juaid Khan, a representative of the independence struggle who fought to liberate all of Turkestan, especially the territory of Khorezm (Khiva Khanate), from the Bolshevik invaders in the 1920s, as a military and political leader, and his subsequent fate in emigration. Keywords: Khorezm, Khiva Khanate, commander, independence struggle, Junaid Khan, emigration, Afghanistan. INTRODUCTION. Turkiston mintaqasining boshqa mintaqalarida bo‘lgani singari Xorazm aholisi ham o‘z hududining musaqilligi uchun bolsheviklar bosqiniga qarshi istiqlolchilik kurashini olib borishdi. Ushbu kurashga turkmanlarning yovmut urug‘i yetakchisi Qurbon Mamed Sardor – Junaidxon (1857—1938) boshchilik qildi. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The actions of Qurban Mamed Sardor - Junaidkhan are considered important in the independence movements in Khorezm. In general, several historians and researchers have described the representatives of the independence struggle in the Turkestan region in their studies. In particular, we can see information about them in the research works of professors such as Q. Rajabov and Sh. Hayitov. In this article, an attempt was made to reveal the essence of the topic by GOLDEN BRAIN ISSN: 2181-4120 VOLUME 3 | ISSUE 18 | 2025 Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal December, 2025 190 comparing the opinions of such researchers using methods such as comparative analysis, historicity, consistency, and objectivity. DISCUSSION AND RESULTS. According to historian Q. Rajabov, the name of Junaid Khan is inscribed in the pages of history as a complex and contradictory person. His career was as intense and tragic, victorious and sad as his personality. Junaid Khan, who had previously fought against Tsarist Russia and the Khan of Khiva, began a struggle for independence against the Red Army in Turtkul in the summer of 1919. However, as a result of fierce battles in November 1919 and January 1920, Junaid Khan's army was defeated by the Red Army. Junaid Khan's residence, Takhta Fortress, fell on January 20. The Red Army troops occupied the capital of the khanate, Khiva, on February 1, 1920. On February 2, Said Abdulla Khan abdicated. Junaid Khan, taking his main forces, retreated to the Turkmen villages in Karakum. Despite some failures, Junaid Khan intensified his actions against the aggressive policy of the Red Army. In addition to the Turkmen, Uzbeks, Karakalpaks and Kazakhs were also in the majority in his army. The detachments of Uzbek peasants and artisans were led by Madraimboy, Ota Maksum, Temir Alikhan, Sa'dulla Bola, Shokir Bola, Mavlonbek and others. In particular, the detachments of dozens of chieftains operating in Kuhna Urgench, Ilalli, Toshkhovuz, Mangit, Koshko'pir, Chimboy, Kungirat and Tortkul inflicted significant blows on the Red Army. From the beginning of 1924, a 15,000-strong infantry and cavalry army led by Junaid Khan began to besiege the city of Khiva. By early February, after the 4th Aktobe and 82nd Turkestan cavalry regiments and air squadrons were withdrawn from Khiva, and Red Army units were withdrawn from Tashkent and Turtkul, the patriot army led by Junaid Khan was forced to break the siege that had lasted almost a month and retreat. Junaid Khan arrived in Herat, Afghanistan, with 20 of his companions on June 17, 1924 [1, P.17-21]. He asked the Afghan government to accept 500 families from his supporters and provide military assistance. The Afghan government accepted his supporters but did not provide weapons [2, P.46-47]. According to archival documents, he tried to replenish the ranks of his troops there and periodically organized campaigns through Turkmenistan to Khorezm. Junaid Khan, GOLDEN BRAIN ISSN: 2181-4120 VOLUME 3 | ISSUE 18 | 2025 Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal December, 2025 191 who fought against the Bolsheviks with some breaks until 1931, finally completely crossed over to the Iranian state and died there in 1938 in emigration. Some sources state that his body was brought from Iran and secretly buried in a cemetery in the village of Badirkent in the Takhta district, where he was born and raised [1, P.17-21]. We have already emphasized above that the independence movement was not an armed hooliganism, banditry or a printing movement unrelated to military units. The independence movement had its own national character and features specific to Turkestan. It is necessary to determine this very specific feature and main goal of the movement. From beginning to end, there is one overriding idea, which is the idea of national independence and sovereignty of all Turkestan. Despite the fact that the independence movement sometimes grows and sometimes declines, the composition of its participants changes, secondary interests change, and objective and subjective factors negatively affect the balance of power, the main goal of the movement remains the independence of Turkestan [1, B.8]. CONCLUSION. During the historical research, we were convinced that in the 20s-30s of the last century, the entire territory of Turkestan was covered by the armed movement of the leaders who fought for the liberation of the Bolshevik invaders and the representatives of the independence struggle who followed them. This independence movement, which was considered a national liberation struggle, became a huge movement in the territory of Khorezm, as in other parts of the Turkestan region. One of the main leaders of this movement is, of course, Kurban Mamed Sardor - Junaidkhan. His further fate was in emigration to Afghanistan and Iran, and later secretly in the territories of present-day Turkmenistan. Of course, these actions of his are a struggle for the liberation of the homeland. GOLDEN BRAIN ISSN: 2181-4120 VOLUME 3 | ISSUE 18 | 2025 Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal December, 2025 192 REFERENCES 1. Rajabov K.K. Struggles for the idea of an independent Turkestan (1917-1935). – Tashkent: “Uzbekistan” publishing house, 2000. – 31 pages. 2. Hayitov Sh.A. History of Uzbek emigration (1917-1991). – Tashkent, “ABU MATBUOT KONSALT”. – 2008. – 208 pages.