A new species and a new record for Pycnoporus P.Karst. (Polyporaceae) from the Brazilian Amazon, revealed by an integrative approach of classical taxonomy and phylogenetic studies

MycologieMycologie cryptogamiecryptogamie 2025 ● 46 ● 5 Cryptogamie, Mycologie est une revue en flux continu publiée par les Publications scientifiques du Muséum, Paris Cryptogamie, Mycologie is a fast track journal published by the Museum Science Press, Paris Les Publications scientifiques du Muséum publient aussi / The Museum Science Press also publish: Adansonia, Geodiversitas, Zoosystema, Anthropozoologica, European Journal of Taxonomy, Naturae, Comptes Rendus Palevol, Cryptogamie sous-sections Algologie, Bryologie. Diffusion – Publications scientifiques Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle CP 41 – 57 rue Cuvier F-75231 Paris cedex 05 (France) Tél. : 33 (0)1 40 79 48 05 / Fax : 33 (0)1 40 79 38 40 [email protected] / http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr © Publications scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, 2025 ISSN (électronique / electronic) : 1776-100 Cryptogamie, Mycologie est indexé dans / Cryptogamie, Mycologie is indexed in: – Biological Abstracts – Current Contents – Science Citation Index – Publications bibliographiques du CNRS (Pascal) Cryptogamie, Mycologie est distribué en version électronique par / Cryptogamie, Mycologie is distributed electronically by: – BioOne® (http://www.bioone.org/loi/crym) Directeur De la publication / Publication director: Gilles BLOCH Président du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle réDacteur en chef / editor-in-chief: Philippe SILAR assistant De réDaction / assistant editor: Violette GRUNENBERGER ([email protected]) Mise en page / Page layout: Violette GRUNENBERGER réDacteurs associés / associate editors Slavomír ADAMČÍK Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84523, Bratislava (Slovakia) Cony DECOCK Mycothèque de l’Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Microbiology, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 3, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium) Damien ERTZ Meise Botanic Garden, Department Research, Nieuwelaan 38, BE-1860 Meise (Belgium) André FRAITURE Botanic Garden Meise, Domein van Bouchout, B-1860 Meise (Belgium) Kevin D. HYDE School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, 333 M. 1 T.Tasud Muang District, Chiang Rai 57100 (Thailand) Valérie HOFSTETTER Station de recherche Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil, Dépt. Protection des plantes, Mycologie, CH-1260 Nyon 1 (Switzerland) Sinang HONGSANAN College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 1068, Nanhai Avenue, Nanshan, ShenZhen 518055 (China) Egon HORAK Schlossfeld 17, A-6020 Innsbruck (Austria) Jing LUO Department of Plant Biology & Pathology, Rutgers University New Brunswick, NJ 08901 (United States) Ruvishika S. JAYAWARDENA Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, 333 M. 1 T.Tasud Muang District, Chiang Rai 57100 (Thailand) Chen JIE Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa 91070, Veracruz (México) Sajeewa S.N. MAHARCHCHIKUMBURA Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University (Oman) Pierre-Arthur MOREAU UE 7144. Faculté des Sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques. Université Lille Nord de France. F-59006 Lille (France) Tian QING Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University 333 M. 1 T.Tasud Muang District, Chiang Rai 57100 (Thailand) Sylvie RAPIOR Laboratoire de Botanique, Phytochimie et Mycologie / UMR -CNRS 5175 CEFE, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15, avenue Charles-Flahault, Université Montpellier I, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 (France) Franck RICHARD Université de Montpellier II, CEFE/CNRS Campus du CNRS, 1919, route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 (France) Naritsada THONGKLANG Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, 333 M. 1 T.Tasud Muang District, Chiang Rai 57100 (Thailand) Xiang-Hua WANG CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming 650201, P. R. (China) couverture / cover: Extrait de la Figure 6/Extract of Figure 6 61 CRYPTOGAMIE, MYCOLOGIE • 2025 • 46 (5) © Publications scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. www.cryptogamie.com/mycologie A new species and a new record for Pycnoporus P.Karst. (Polyporaceae) from the Brazilian Amazon, revealed by an integrative approach of classical taxonomy and phylogenetic studies Rafaela ARAÚJO F. GURGEL Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva (PPG GCBEv) do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, 69067-375, Manaus, AM (Brazil) rafaelaf.gur[email protected] Catarina S. CARVALHO Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil) and Laboratório de Genética e Biologia Reprodutiva de Plantas (LabGen), Programa de PósGraduação em Botânica (PPGBot), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, 69067-375, Manaus, Amazonas (Brazil) [email protected] Dirce LEIMI KOMURA Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, 69067-375, Manaus, AM (Brazil) [email protected] Ruthe DE JESUS SANTOS DALMAN Isadora FERNANDES DE FRANÇA Universidade Federal do Pará-Campus Altamira, R. Cel. José Porfírio, Recreio, 68372-040, Altamira, PA (Brazil) [email protected] [email protected] Ruby VARGAS-ISLA Noemia KAZUE ISHIKAWA Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, 69067-375, Manaus, AM (Brazil) [email protected] [email protected] Tiara SOUSA CABRAL Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva (PPG GCBEv)-INPA, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, 69067-375, Manaus, AM (Brazil) [email protected] (corresponding author) Submitted on 1 July 2024 | Accepted on 8 November 2024 | Published on 3 December 2025 Gurgel R. A. F., Carvalho C. S., Komura D. L., Dalman R.J.S., França, I.F., Vargas-Isla R., Ishikawa N. K. & Cabral T. S. 2025. — A new species and a new record for Pycnoporus P.Karst. (Polyporaceae) from the Brazilian Amazon, revealed by an integrative approach of classical taxonomy and phylogenetic studies. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 46 (5): 61-86. https://doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2025v46a5. http://cryptogamie.com/mycologie/46/5 62 CRYPTOGAMIE, MYCOLOGIE • 2025 • 46 (5) Gurgel R. A. F. et al. ABSTRACT The cosmopolitan genus Pycnoporus P.Karst. groups together macrofungi that belong to the family Polyporaceae Fr. ex Corda, and these are identified by the dimidiate to flabelliform basidiome, coriaceous, reddish-orange, smooth pileus, hymenophore with 3-8 pores per 1 mm, trimitic hyphal system and smooth spores. During a search for poroid fungi of the genus Pycnoporus in Brazil, 37 specimens coming from herbaria and 66 recently collected were analyzed. The fungi were analyzed for their macroand micromorphology, and the ITS, LSU and tef regions, which were sequenced and subjected to Bayesian analyses. These analyses showed which characteristics are specific to the genus and new characteristics not previously reported were evidenced. After morphological and phylogenetic analyses, we concluded that some of these specimens were very different from the existing taxa and that they represent a new species of Pycnoporus. In addition, P. puniceus (Fr.) Ryvarden is reported for the first time from the country and P. sanguineus (L.) Murrill from the state of Roraima (Brazil). Furthermore, using the molecular data obtained in this study and ITS, LSU, tef1 and rpb2 sequences from Polyporales Gäum. from GenBank, we sought to estimate the time of divergence of Pycnoporus and the species on the order, as a starting point for understanding its biogeographic history. According to our analyses, Pycnoporus and its sister group Trametes Fr. diverged at 36 Mya. Lastly, we discuss the taxonomic relationship between these two groups. RÉSUMÉ Une nouvelle espèce et un nouveau signalement de Pycnoporus P.Karst. (Polyporaceae) de l’Amazonie brésilienne, révélés par une approche intégrative de la taxonomie classique et des études phylogénétiques. Le genre cosmopolite Pycnoporus P.Karst. regroupe des macrochampignons qui appartiennent à la famille des Polyporaceae Fr. ex Corda et qui sont identifiés par un basidiome dimidié à flabelliforme, un pileus coriace, rouge-orange et lisse, un hyménophore avec 3-8 pores par mm, un système hyphalique trimitique et des spores lisses. Lors d’une recherche de champignons poroïdes du genre Pycnoporus au Brésil, 37 spécimens provenant d’herbiers et 66 récemment collectés ont été analysés. Les champignons ont été analysés pour leur macroet micromorphologie, et séquencés dans les régions ITS, LSU et tef1, qui ont été soumises à des analyses bayésiennes. Ces analyses ont montré quelles sont les caractéristiques des espèces du genre, et de nouvelles caractéristiques qui n’avaient pas été signalées auparavant ont été mises en évidences. Après les analyses morphologiques et phylogénétiques, nous avons conclu que certains de ces spécimens étaient très différents des taxons existants et qu’ils représentaient une nouvelle espèce de Pycnoporus. En outre, P. puniceus (Fr.) Ryvarden est signalé pour la première fois dans le pays et P. sanguineus (L.) Murrill dans l’État de Roraima (Brésil). De plus, en utilisant les données moléculaires obtenues dans cette étude et les séquences ITS, LSU, tef1 et rpb2 des Polyporales Gäum. de GenBank, nous avons cherché à estimer le temps de divergence de Pycnoporus et des espèces de l’ordre, comme point de départ pour comprendre son histoire biogéographique. Selon nos analyses, Pycnoporus et son groupe frère Trametes Fr. ont divergé à 36 Mya. Enfin, nous discutons de la relation taxonomique entre ces deux groupes. INTRODUCTION Pycnoporus P.Karst. is a cosmopolitan genus of the family Polyporaceae Fr. ex Corda (Polyporales Gäum., Basidiomycota R.T. Moore), which was described by Karsten (1881) and currently comprises four species (Nobles & Frew 1962; Lesage-Meessen et al. 2011; Gurgel et al. 2023). Pycnoporus palibini P.Karst. is another reported species (Index Fungorum 2024), but it is absent from taxonomic studies in the genus, probably because its type deposited in the Finnish Museum of Natural History Herbarium-LUOMUS has been re-identified as Trametes Fr. The basidiocarp in Pycnoporus is reddish-orange colour, generally dimidiate, with circular to angular pores and trimitic hyphal system; basidiospores are cylindrical, smoothwalled, hyaline and non-amyloid (Ryvarden & Johansen 1980). The genus has a strong phylogenetic relationship with representatives of the trametoid clade (Lenzites Fr. Coriolopsis Murril, Pycnoporus and Trametes), but Pycnoporus is a monophyletic group strongly supported by phylogenetic analysis (Lesage-Meessen et al. 2011; Welti et al. 2012). In Brazil, the first collection of Pycnoporus was recorded more than 250 years ago, along with the history of mycology in the country, when Philibert Commerson collected a specimen of P. sanguineus (L.) Murrill near Rio de Janeiro (Fidalgo 1970). For the Brazilian Amazon, the earliest records date back to the 19th century, in 1851 for the present-day municipality of Barcarena (formerly Caripi) in Pará and in 1856 for the community of Panuré (Ipanuré) in Amazonas, collected by Richard Spruce and identified by M. Berkeley (Berkeley 1851, 1856). Since the first record, the species has been reported in different Brazilian phytogeographic domains (Flora do Brasil 2024), and about 1 500 specimens are registered in herbaria (SpeciesLink 2024). MOTS CLÉS Basidiomycota, champignons cinabres, néotropiques, champignons poroïdes, polyporales, Pycnoporus amazonicus, espèce nouvelle, signalement nouveau. KEY WORDS Basidiomycota, cinnabar fungi, neotropic, poroid fungi, polyporales, Pycnoporus amazonicus, new species, new record. 63 A new species and a new record for Pycnoporus P.Karst. from the Brazilian Amazon CRYPTOGAMIE, MYCOLOGIE • 2025 • 46 (5) Pycnoporus specimens from Brazil have been studied regarding their morphological, biochemical and ecological aspects (e.g., Silva 2010; Teixeira et al. 2018; Lima 2020; Figueredo et al. 2020; Leonardo-Silva et al. 2020), but they lack more robust taxonomic analyses that seek to understand the diversity of species in the genus that exists in the country. Of the species of Pycnoporus, P. sanguineus has the widest distribution, since it exceeds transoceanic barriers and is reported for tropical and subtropical regions (Nobles & Frew 1962; Ryvarden & Johansen 1980). It was first described by Carl von Linné (1763) under Boletus sanguineus L. based on collections from Suriname. It is the only Neotropical polypore with an intense reddish-orange basidiome and a trimitic hyphal system, and is thus among the easiest to recognize (Ryvarden 2016). Although its coloration is a diagnostic character in wellpreserved specimens, the species seems to demonstrate variations (for example, size, shape, color, and texture) depending on the substrate, environmental conditions, and the age of the basidiomata (Gilbertson & Ryvarden 1987; Téllez-Téllez et al. 2016), which can make identification difficult. Several studies of macrofungi have shown that specimens with phenotypic plasticity and wide distribution, such as P. sanguineus, can mask the existing diversity within the genus, and the use of integrative taxonomy is an important tool that can be used to understand such diversity (e.g., Costa-Rezende et al. 2016; Sousa et al. 2017; Accioly et al. 2019; Cabral et al. 2019; Oliveira et al. 2022). Therefore, we performed an analysis of Pycnoporus specimens collected in Brazil, with the integration of morphological and molecular data, and propose the description of a new species for science, two new records, a comparative table with the other species of the genus, and an identification key for the country. Lastly, we present the divergence time of the genus and its species, as a starting point for understanding the current diversification that exists in the genus. MATERIAL AND METHODS Morphological analyses Morphological analyses were performed using dried specimens that were subsequently hydrated with 5% KOH. The specimens were collected between 2019 and 2022 in different Brazilian biomes, and from exsiccates of the UFRN-Fungi Herbarium, URM and INPA (Fig. 1) (acronyms according to Thiers [2024]). All specimens collected were deposited at Herbarium INPA-Fungos and this study is under SisGen AF6CC74. BOLIVIA SURINAME BRAZIL PARAGUAY Atlantic Ocean 500 km Pycnoporus puniceus Pycnoporus sanguineus Pycnoporus amazonicus, Gurgel& T.S.Cabral sp. nov. Amazon Caatinga Cerrado Atlantic forest Pampa Pantanal Neotropic 5°0’0.0’’E 23°0’0.0’’S 68°0’0.0’’ 67°0’0.0’’N 22°0’0.0’’N 50°0’0.0’’ 95°0’0.0’’ 140°0’0.0’’ 175°0’0.0’’ N fig. 1. — Map with the geographic distribution of the Pycnoporus P.Karst. from Brazil specimens analyzed in this study. Map created in the Qgis.org software. 64 CRYPTOGAMIE, MYCOLOGIE • 2025 • 46 (5) Gurgel R. A. F. et al. Macroscopic analyses were performed via direct observations and with the aid of stereoscopic microscopes (Nikon SMZ1500 with a Nikon DS-Ri1 camera attached and Leica M205C). Macroscopic characteristics of the types (Gurgel et al. 2023) were analyzed using the ImageJ program (Schneider et al. 2012). The measurements of the macrostructures of the specimens were performed using the stereoscopic microscope software and a caliper, and included height (Min.) -height (Max.) × width (Min.)-width (Max.) mm or diameter (Min.) - diameter (Max.). A drop of 3% KOH was poured over the basidiomata to observe any possible coloration change. All colors observed here were determined following the Küppers color guide (Küppers 2002). Slides were prepared with Melzer reagent to observe a dextrinoid (IKI+) or amyloid (IKI-) reaction, with cotton blue indicating a positive (CB+) or negative (CB-) cyanophilic reaction and, for better visualization of the hyaline structures, 1% Congo red dye was used (Ryvarden 2004). Then, the slides were observed under optical microscopes (Nikon Eclipse Ni (LM) with Nikon DS-Ri1 camera attached and Leica DM2500 LED). Whenever possible, 30 measurements were performed for basidiospores and 20 for other microstructures. All the measurements were performed in a KOH 5% solution. The statistical data calculations were performed in Excel, and included the mean length and width of basidiospores (x = mean) and the value of Qm, where Q is determined by dividing the value of length/width, and Qm is the mean of the values of Q. According to Bas (1969), the values represent the shape of the spores, where Q = 1.00-1.05 globose shape; Q = 1.05-1.15 subglobose; Q = 1.15-1.30 slightly ellipsoid; Q = 1.30-1.60 ellipsoid; Q = 1.60-2.00 elongated; Q = 2.00-3.00 cylindrical and Q>3.00 bacilliform. The other microstructures are represented as follows: height (Min.) - height (Max.) × width (Min.) - width (Max.). In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to observe the hyphae. PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES The DNA extraction from dried material, amplification and sequencing protocols of the DNA regions were performed according to Cabral (2024). Three regions were amplified, ITS (ITS 1 + 5.8S + ITS2), LSU (partial region of the 28S) and the elongation factor 1 alpha (tef1), with the PCR conditions in accordance with Justo & Hibbett (2011) and Cabral (2024), using the primers ITS1-ITS4, LROR-LR5 and EF1-983F/ EF1-1567R. For the purification of the PCR fragments, the ExoSAP-IT™ enzyme kit was used, according to the manufacturer’s protocol. PCR fragment sequencing was performed using the Applied Biosystems Abi PRISM® BigDye™ Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction kit v. 3.1, and precipitation was performed with a glycogen (20 mg/mL) and 3 M sodium acetate solution (NG solution). The primers used for sequencing were the same as the ones used for amplification. Consensus sequences were obtained and edited in the Geneous R9 program (Kearse et al. 2012). The consensuses obtained were subjected to a similarity search using the BLAST tool (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) in GenBank in order to verify possible contamination and whether the sequences generated corresponded to the desired regions. Sequences of ITS, LSU and tef1 related to Pycnoporus or synonyms were obtained from GenBank for phylogenetic analysis. The alignment of the sequences obtained in this study and sequences from GenBank were performed using MAFFT software, using advanced E-INS-i configurations (Katoh & Standley 2013), in order to identify homologous positions. Then, the alignment was manually edited in the AliView program (Larsson 2014). The software Mesquite v. 1.04 was used to construct the matrix of concatenated data (Maddison & Maddison 2006). Three phylogenetic analyses were performed: a first analysis with concatenated array of 5.8S, LSU, rpb2 (second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II) and tef1 to assess the position of the genus in the order Polyporales (dataset A). The rpb2 data were obtained exclusively from GenBank; a second with a concatenated array of ITS, LSU and tef1 using the species within the genus (dataset B); and a third with the alignment of ITS only with the species of Pycnoporus, which allows a greater sampling of sequences from different geographical regions (dataset C). The best molecular evolution model for each group of markers was obtained through the jModelTest program (Guindon & Gascuel 2003; Darriba et al. 2012). Subsequently, Bayesian (BY) analyses were performed using MrBayes v. 3.1.2 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003) on the Cipres Science Gateway (http://www.phylo.org/) for 10 million generations for the datasets A and C and 5 million for dataset B; in two independent runs with four simultaneous chains, and trees sampled every 1 000 generations, using a relative burn-in of 0.25. A node was considered strongly supported if it had a Bayesian Posterior Probability (PP) of ≥0.95. However, for the tree of ITS and the concatenated matrix of relationship between species in the genus, the most divergent grouping within the clade was used as the root, this being the clade of P. puniceus (Fr.) Ryvarden. For the genus relationship tree in Polyporales, Thelephora ganbajun M. Zang and Tomentella sp. were used as external groups, according to Zhao et al. (2017). In view of the absence of type material DNA sequences, we used reference sequences designated according to LesageMeessen et al. (2011), according to the proximity of the type location, these being specimen CIRM-BRFM 902 from Suriname designated as reference for P. sanguineus; MUCL 38523 from Australia for P. coccineus (Fr.) Bondartsev & Singer, and MUCL 30555 from Belgium for P. cinnabarinus (Jacq.) P.Karst. We also used BCC 26408 from Thailand as a reference for P. puniceus due to its proximity to the type locality (Malaysia). The resulting trees were edited in FigTree (http:// tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/). MOLECULAR DATING ANALYSIS The sequences of the concatenated genes (dataset A) were subjected to a divergence time analysis via molecular dating using a Bayesian approach as an initial step in order to 65 A new species and a new record for Pycnoporus P.Karst. from the Brazilian Amazon CRYPTOGAMIE, MYCOLOGIE • 2025 • 46 (5) understand the evolutionary history of the genus. The analysis was performed in the BEAST v. 1.8.0 program (Drummond & Rambaut 2007), and the BEAST input files were built using BEAUti. The substitution models were chosen separately for each partition based on previous inference by the jModelTest (Darriba et al. 2012), as previously described. Representatives of Meripilus giganteus (Pers.) P.Karst., Rigidoporus undatus (Pers.) Donk, and Ischnoderma resinosum (Schrad.) P.Karst. were used as an external group, according to the dataset available by Zhao et al. (2017). Two primary calibration points were included in our analyses following the information contained in Zhao et al. (2017) and He et al. (2019) since fossil record data are limited: mean root ages in Polyporales (183 Mya) and of the families (Fomitopsidaceae Jülich 88 Mya, Irpicaceae Spirin & Zmitr. 62 Mya, Meruliaceae P.Karst. 81 Mya, Meripilaceae Jülich 106 Mya, Phanerochaetaceae Jülich 62 Mya, Polyporaceae Fr. ex Corda 88 Mya). Uncorrelated lognormal relaxed-clock analysis was used, specifying ulcd.mean as the prior parameter for the gamma distribution (scale = 0.001, shape = 1), to estimate the Candelabrochaete langlosii FP110343sp Irpex lacteus DO421951208 Irpex rosettiformis Meijer3729 Thelephora ganbajun ZRL20151295 Tomentella sp. ZAFTOLID1016 Efibula americana FP10265 Byssomerulius corium FP102382 Trametosis cervina TJV93 216sp Ceraceomyces serpens HHB15692SP Meruliopsis albostramineus HHB10729 Ceraceomyces americanus FP102188 Phaeophlebiopsis caribbeana HHB6990 Hyphodermella rosae FP150552 Pirex concentricus OSC41587sp Phanerochaete chryosporium FPL51755 Bjerkandera adusta HHB12826sp Cerporiopsis carnegieae RLG7277T Terana caerulea FP104073 Climacodon septentrionalis AFTOL-ID 767 Sarcodontia crocea OMC1488 Hydnophlebia chrysorhiza FD282 Phlebia fuscoatra HHB10782sp Scopuloides rimosa RLG5104sp Aurantiporus albidus CIEFAP117 Phlebia radiata AFTOLID484 Melanoderma microcarpum Cui 10970 Picipes badius Cui11136 Datronia sp. Dai11921 Datronia mollis RLG6304sp Hexagonia cucullata Dai13894 Datronia sp. Cui10646 Cerioporus squamosus Cui10595 Megasporoporiella lacerata Yuan3880 Favolus acervatus Cui11053 Neofavolus alveoris Dai11290 Epithele macarangae FP150881 Porogramme albocincta PR1478T Tinctoporellus epimiltinus CRM55 Theleporus minisporus Dai12011 Grammonthele aff. fuligo FP150657 Earliella scabrosa PR1209 Daedaleopsis confragosa WD747 Hexagonia tenuis Niemela 9032 Funalia subgallica Dai6329 Fomitella supina Miettinen 17695 Megasporoporia bannaensis Dai12306 Microporus xanthopus PEN79 Lignosus hainanensis Dai10670 Tomophagus colossus TC02 Cryptoporus volvatus DOM21791 Perenniporia hainaniana Cui6364 Perenniporiella chaquenia MUCL 47647 Grammothelopsis subtropica Cui 9035 Sparsitubus nelumbiformis Cui8497 Haploporus odorus Yuan2365 Ganoderma australe ZRL20151500 Vanderbylia robiniophila Dai 7182 Hirticrusta subradiata Cui11035 Trametes polyzona Cui11040 Pycnoporus puniceus BCC26408 Pycnoporus amazonicus INPA-Fungos 295581 Trametes cinnabarina CBS:375.34 Trametes sanguinea Cui 7091 Trametes sanguinea ZRL2015009 Pycnoporus sanguineus INPA-Fungos 295580 Trametes versicolor ZRL20151477 Dentocorticium portoricense He2161 Dentocorticium sulphurellum T609 Lopharia cinerascens FP105043sp Grifola frondosa AFTOL 701 Fragifomes niveomarginatus Cui10108 Ungulidaedalea fragilis Cui10919 Daedalea africana O15372 Piptoporus betulinus L15603sp Fomitopsis pinicola Cui10312 Rhodofomitopsis feei Oinonen 6011906 Niveoporofomes spraguei JV050962 Laetiporus sulphureus Dai12154 Wolfiporia dilatohypha CS635913AR Ischnoderma resinosum FD328 Meripilus giganteus FP135344 Rigidoporus undatus Miettinen 13591H Polyozellus multiplex AFTOLID677 Sarcodon joeides REB270 Bankera fuligineoalba REB285 Lenzitopsis sp. Yuan2959T 1 1 1 1 0.91 0.99 0.89 0.69 0.67 0.55 0.91 0.91 0.99 0.92 0.96 0.54 0.86 0.99 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.98 0.79 0.68 0.81 0.72 0.62 0.61 0.99 0.86 0.97 0.97 0.61 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.69 0.99 0.98 0.94 0.65 0.97 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.95 0.84 1 1 Pycnoporus Fragiliporia fragilis Dai 13080 Leptoporus mollis TJV93174 0.2 fig. 2. — Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree of Pycnoporus P.Karst. and other genera in Polyporales using 5.8S, LSU, rpb2 and tef1 concatenated data. Posterior Probability (PP) values for each node are shown. 66 CRYPTOGAMIE, MYCOLOGIE • 2025 • 46 (5) Gurgel R. A. F. et al. divergence time and the respective credibility intervals. The posterior distributions of the parameters were obtained using MCMC analysis for 100 million generations, with a burnin percentage of 25%. Samples of the posterior distributions were summarized into a maximum clade credibility tree with the maximum sum of posterior probabilities listed on their internal nodes using TreeAnnotator v1.8.0 (Drummond & Rambaut 2007). The posterior convergence was evaluated using the Tracer v. 1.4 software, concatenating the runs in a final tree with the ages of the nodes estimated as the mean of the highest density value after 95% (HPD). FigTree was used to visualize the resulting tree and obtain the means. RESULTS A total of 103 exsiccates were analyzed, 37 coming from herbaria and 66 recently collected. Of these, 72 are distributed in the Brazilian Amazon, 17 in the Atlantic Forest, 10 in the Caatinga and four in the Cerrado biomes, representing three species. We obtained 104 sequences including 42 ITS, 34 from LSU and 28 from tef1 (Table 1). The final alignment of the matrix corresponding to Polyporales (dataset A) contained 2 298 positions (174 for 5.8S, 942 for LSU, 748 for rpb2 and 434 for tef1); the concatenated matrix (dataset B) contained 2 000 pb (643 for ITS, 871 for LSU, 486 for tef1) and 77 taxa; and the matrix of ITS (dataset C) contained 624 pb and 198 taxa. The evolutionary models selected for each dataset were as follows: for dataset A, HKY+I+G (5.8S) and GTR +I+G (LSU, tef1, and rpb2) were chosen; for dataset B, GTR+I+G (ITS) and GTR+G (LSU and tef1) were chosen; for dataset C, SYM (ITS) was chosen. The sequences generated in this study are listed in Table 1, and the sequences downloaded from Genbank are presented in Appendix 1. In 5.8S, LSU, rpb2 and tef1 dataset (Fig. 2), Pycnoporus forms a monophyletic group within the order Polyporales, with Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd as its sister group, well supported (PP = 1). Four species grouped in the Pycnoporus clade, P. puniceus, P. sp. nov. (see taxonomy), P. cinnabarinus (synonym of Trametes cinnabarina) and P. sanguineus (synonym of Trametes sanguinea). Pycnoporus amazonicus Gurgel & T.S.Cabral, sp. nov. appears as a sister group of P. puniceus, but with low support (PP = 0.85). P. puniceus BCC26408 - Thailand P. puniceus BCC27595 - Thailand Pycnoporus puniceus Pycnoporus cinnabarinus Pycnoporus amazonicus Gurgel& T. S.Cabral, sp. nov. Pycnoporus sanguineus Pycnoporus sp. 1 Pycnoporus sp. 2 Pycnoporus sp. 3 Pycnoporus coccineus P. cf. sanguineus 8R_1_1 - Thailand Trametes cinnabarina CBS:375.34 - Belgium Pycnoporus sp. ZW02.30 Pycnoporus sp. M420 T. cinnabarina CBS:375.34 - Belgium T. cinnabarina Dai14386 - China T. cinnabarina Dai14867 - China T. cinnabarina WD741 - Japan P. amazonicus URM 93365Brazil, Tocantins (Paratype) P. amazonicus INPA-Fungos 295547 - Brazil, Pará (Paratype) - P. amazonicus INPA-Fungos 295581 - Brazil, Amazonas (Holotype) P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 295564 - Brazil, Amazonas P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 295583 - Brazil, Amazonas P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 288924 - Brazil, Amazonas P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 295576 - Brazil, Amazonas P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 288920 - Brazil, Amazonas P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 288921 - Brazil, Amazonas P. sanguineus URM 83640 - Brazil, Piauí P. sanguineus URM 93314 - Brazil, Minas Gerais P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 295561 - Brazil, Amazonas P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 296004 - Brazil, Paraná P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 295578 - Brazil, Paraná P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 295568 - Brazil, Amazonas P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 288927Brazil, Amazonas P. sanguineus UFRN-Fungos 756 - Brazil, Rio Grande do Norte P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos - 295559 - Brazil, Amazonas P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 288922 - Brazil, Amazonas P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 295592 - Brazil, Ceará P. sanguineus UFRN-Fungos 753Brazil, Rio Grande do Norte P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 295570 - Brazil, Amazonas P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 295587 - Brazil, Amazonas P. sanguineus CIRM-BRFM 896 - French Guiana P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 295588 - Brazil, Minas Gerais P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 295563 - Brazil, Rio Grande do Norte P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 288926 - Brazil, Amazonas P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 295594 - Brazil, Amazonas P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 288923 - Brazil, Amazonas P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 295562 - Brazil, Amazonas T. sanguinea PRSC 95 - Puerto Rico P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 295560Brazil, Amazonas P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 295566 - Brazil, Amazonas T. sanguinea CBS: 614.73 - Sri Lanka P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 295580 - Brazil, Santa Catarina P. sanguineus CIRM-BRFM 902 - French Guiana P. sanguineus CIRM-BRFM 900 - French Guiana P. sanguineus CIRM-BRFM 905 - French Guiana T. sanguinea CR35 - Venezuela P. sanguineus UFRN-Fungos 175 - Brazil, Rio Grande do Norte P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 265147 - Brazil, Amazonas P. sanguineus URM 85566 - Brazil, Maranhão P. sanguineus UFRN-Fungos 33 - Brazil, Rio Grande do Norte P. sanguineus URM 83640 - Brazil, Amazonas P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 295573 - Brazil, Amazonas T. sanguinea OAB0088 - Benin P. sanguineus CIRM-BRFM 906 - French Guiana P. sanguineus INPA-Fungos 295577 - Brazil, Amazonas P. sanguineus H2008 - China P. sanguineus CIRM-BRFM 942 - Vietnam P. sanguineus CIRM-BRFM 980 - New Caledonia P. sanguineus 8R_1_2 - Thailand P. sanguineus 7IV2/2 - Thailand P. sanguineus 7IV2/1 - Thailand P. coccineus CBS 355.63 - Solomon Island T. sanguinea CBS 326.58 - Papua New Guinea P. coccineus Cui 7096 P. sanguineus BCC 26410 - Thailand T. sanguinea PsFZ - China Pycnoporus sp. WQGY2021-5-49 P. sanguineus M66 - China 1 1 0.99 0.91 0.6 0.9 1 11 1 1 0.73 0.93 0.64 0.57 0.89 T. sanguinea Cui 6980 - China T. sanguinea Cui 7091 - China P. sanguineus H2180 - China P. coccineus CBS356.63 - Solomon Island Pycnoporus sp. WML 2021-5-7 P. coccineus MUCL 38523 - Australia 0.007 fig. 3. — Phylogenetic reconstruction of ITS, LSU and tef1 concatenated data positioning Pycnoporus amazonicus Gurgel & T.S.Cabral, sp. nov. within the genus Pycnoporus P.Karst., constructed from Bayesian Inferences with Posterior Probability (PP) values at the nodes. 67 A new species and a new record for Pycnoporus P.Karst. from the Brazilian Amazon CRYPTOGAMIE, MYCOLOGIE • 2025 • 46 (5) A combined (ITS, LSU and tef1) dataset of Pycnoporus (Fig. 3), recovered eighteen major clades. Five species were identified according to the position of the reference sequences, geographical data and/or morphological data (Lesage-Meessen et al. 2011, Téllez-Téllez et al. 2016): 1) P. puniceus, containing sequences from Thailand; 2) P. cinnabarinus, with support value PP = 0.93, grouping sequences from Thailand, Belgium, China and Japan; 3) Pycnoporus amazonicus Gurgel & T.S.Cabral, sp. nov., strongly supported, containing three sequences from Brazil from different localities, and which, together with the morphological data, proved to be a new species for science; 4) P. sanguineus, with low support (PP = 0.9), including species from Brazil, Puerto Rico, Sri Lanka, French Guiana, Venezuela and Benin; and 5) P. coccineus, with maximum support and containing sequences from Australia. The other three clades were identified as Pycnoporus sp.: 6) Pycnoporus sp. 1 with low support and with localities for China, Vietnam, New Caledonia and Thailand; 7) Pycnoporus sp. 2 with maximum support, for Solomon Island and Papua New Guinea; and 8) Pycnoporus sp. 3, strongly supported (PP = 0.99), with sequences for Thailand, China and Solomon Island. In this dataset, Pycnoporus sp. appears as a sister group of the clade formed by P. sanguineus, Pycnoporus sp. 1, 2, 3, and P. coccineus, with low support (PP = 0.89). The ITS matrix dataset for Pycnoporus (Fig. 4) returned seven clades and the general topology was similar to that of the combined data (ITS, LSU and tef1), but with higher support values and larger geographical representativeness. Five species were identified: Pycnoporus sp. (PP = 1, Brazil); P. coccineus (PP = 0.99, Austria and Australia); P. sanguineus (PP = 1, Argentina, Brazil, India, Philippines, Taiwan, China, Thailand, New Caledonia, Sri Lanka, Papua table 1. — Specimens of Pycnoporus P.Karst. included in molecular analyses obtained in this study and the Genbank access number for each sequence region. Taxa Voucher Country ITS LSU tef1 Pycnoporus amazonicus Gurgel & T.S.Cabral, sp. nov. INPA-Fungos 295581 - Holotype Brazil OP198494 OP198567 PP988043 – INPA-Fungos 295547 Brazil OP198492 OP198565 – – URM 93365 Brazil OP198493 OP198566 – Pycnoporus puniceus (Fr.) Ryvarden INPA-Fungos 297904 Brazil PP198347 – – Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.: Fr.) Murrill UFRN-Fungos 756 Brazil OP198470 –PP988033 UFRN-Fungos 753 Brazil OP198474 OP198535 – UFRN-Fungos 175 Brazil OP198486 OP198561 PP988026 UFRN-Fungos 33 Brazil OP198489 OP198562 PP988018 URM 83640 Brazil OP198463 OP198538 PP988035 URM 93314 Brazil OP198464 OP198537 – URM 85566 Brazil OP198488 OP198548 – INPA-Fungos 295586 Brazil OP723293 – – INPA-Fungos 295587 Brazil OP198476 OP198556 PP988023 INPA-Fungos 295588 Brazil OP198477 OP198539 PP988037 INPA-Fungos 295559 Brazil OP198471 –PP988034 INPA-Fungos 295560 Brazil OP198483 OP198549 PP988040 INPA-Fungos 295590 Brazil OP723292 – – INPA-Fungos 295592 Brazil OP198473 OP198557 – INPA-Fungos 295580 Brazil OP198485 OP198558 PP988015 INPA-Fungos 295594 Brazil OP198480 –PP988028 INPA-Fungos 295561 Brazil OP198465 OP198559 PP988025 INPA-Fungos 295576 Brazil OP198460 OP198547 – INPA-Fungos 295562 Brazil OP198482 OP198560 PP988041 INPA-Fungos 295563 Brazil OP198478 OP198540 PP988024 INPA-Fungos 295564 Brazil OP198457 OP198550 PP988022 INPA-Fungos 295577 Brazil – OP198541 PP988019 INPA-Fungos 295583 Brazil OP198458 OP198551 PP988014 INPA-Fungos 288927 Brazil OP198469 OP198552 PP988039 INPA-Fungos 288923 Brazil OP198481 OP198542 PP988042 INPA-Fungos 288926 Brazil OP198479 OP198534 – INPA-Fungos 288924 Brazil OP198459 OP198543 PP988029 INPA-Fungos 288922 Brazil OP198472 –PP988021 INPA-Fungos 288920 Brazil OP198461 OP198553 PP988031 INPA -Fungos 288921 Brazil OP198462 OP198554 PP988032 INPA-Fungos 296004 Brazil OP198466 OP198536 PP988027 INPA-Fungos 265147 Brazil OP198487 OP198564 – INPA-Fungos 295578 Brazil OP198467 OP198544 PP988036 INPA-Fungos 295566 Brazil OP198484 OP198545 PP988017 INPA-Fungos 295567 Brazil OP198490 OP198555 PP988030 INPA-Fungos 295568 Brazil OP198468 OP198546 PP988016 INPA-Fungos 295570 Brazil OP198475 –PP988020 INPA-Fungos 295572 Brazil OP723291 – – INPA-Fungos 295573 Brazil OP198491 OP198563 PP988038 74 CRYPTOGAMIE, MYCOLOGIE • 2025 • 46 (5) Gurgel R. A. F. et al. dark orange red (Y90M80C10); pores irregular to angular, 1-3 pores per mm, 0.3 × 0.7 mm diameter; dissepiment thick, entire and concolor to the pore surface; tube thick, entire and concolor to the pore surface. Macrochemical reaction occurs when adding 5% KOH, resulting in a color change to black permanently in basidiome. Hyphal system trimitic. Pileus surface composed of hyphae similar to the context. Context composed of generative hyphae thin-walled, with frequent clamps, rarely branched, 3-5 µm diameter, hyaline to yellowish in 5% KOH, CB-; IKI-; skeletal hyphae dominating, thickwalled, non-septate, unbranched, straight or slightly tortuous, 3-7 µm diameter, hyaline to yellowish in 5% KOH, CB-; IKI-; binding hyphae thick-walled, non-septate, branched with short branches, 3-5 µm diameter, hyaline to yellowish in 5% KOH and CB-; IKI-. Trama of the tubes composed of hyphae similar to the context; skeletal hyphae, 3-5 µm diameter; binding hyphae more conspicuous than context, 1-4 µm diameter. Hyphae with orange crystals predominate ABC DEF GH I fig. 9. — Reaction to KOH 5% in Pycnoporus P.Karst. specimens: A-C, basidiomes without reagent; D-F, immediately after application; G-I, after 24 hours, dried basidiomes. A, D, G, Pycnoporus amazonicus Gurgel & T.S.Cabral, sp. nov.; B, E, H, Pycnoporus puniceus (Fr.) Ryvarden; C, F, I, Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.: Fr.) Murrill. Scale bars: 1 cm. 75 A new species and a new record for Pycnoporus P.Karst. from the Brazilian Amazon CRYPTOGAMIE, MYCOLOGIE • 2025 • 46 (5) in all parts of the basidiomata, 2-3 µm diameter, hyaline in 5% KOH, CB-; IKI-. Basidium clavate, 10-13 × 5-6 µm, with basal clamp, four sterigmata, hyline in 5% KOH, CB-; IKI. Basidiospores 4.97-7.07 × 2.46-4.78 µm (x = 6.0 ± 0.6 × 3.5 ± 0.6; Qm = 1.7), elongated, smooth, slightly curved, hyaline in 5% KOH, CB-; IKI-. noTes Pycnoporus puniceus is a rare species with a known distribution in Africa, India, Malaysia, and New Caledonia (LesageMeessen et al. 2011). This study expanded its distribution to Brazil. This species appears as a strongly supported clade (PP = 1) (Fig. 4) in our phylogenetic analysis, and its cinnabar red coloration and irregular pores (1-3 per mm) stand out compared to other species in the genus. Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill (Figs 8; 9C, F, I; 10I-L). Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 31 (8): 421 (Murrill 1904). — Boletus sanguineus L., Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas: 1646 (Linnaeus 1763). — Polyporus sanguineus (L.) Fries, Systema mycologicum: 321 (Fries 1821). — Microsporus sanguineus (L.) Kuntze, Revisio Generum Plantarum: 497 (Kuntze 1898). — Trametes sanguinea (L.) Lloyd, Index of the Mycological notes: 1291 (Lloyd 1924). — Trametes cinnabarina var. sanguínea (L.) Kavina & Pilát, Atlas des champignons de l’Europe: 319 (Kavina & Pilát 1936). — Coriolus sanguineus (L.) Cunningham, Plant Diseases Division Bulletin 81: 17 (Cunningham 1949). — Fabisporus sanguineus (L.) Zmitrovich, Mycena 1 (1): 93 (Zmitrovich 2001). Type MaTerial. — Suriname • around Capoerica; 3.IX.1755; D. Rolander s.n.; Lectotype designated by Moraes de et al. (2014): LINN no. 1280.2. speciMens exaMineD. — Brazil • Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul, Serra da Moa; 24.VI.1971; G.T. Prance, P.J.M. Mass, K. Kubitzki, W.C. Steward, J.F. Ramos, W.S. Pinheiro leg.; J.F. Lima 12412; INPAFungos 30735 • Rio Branco, km 7 SE of Rio Branco on road to Porto Velho; 30.IX.1980; B. Lowy, S.R. Lowrie leg.; V.M. de Souza 369BR; INPA-Fungos 100222 • Amapá, Mazagão, Estação Experimental de Mazagão; 01.VI.1961; P. Ledoux s/n; URM 48716 • Amazonas, Barcelos; 25.I.2015; D.L. Komura, J.J.S. Oliveira, J.R. Barbosa leg.; DLK15003; INPA-Fungos 265422 • Rio Aracá; 27.I.2015; D.L. Komura, J.J.S. Oliveira, J.R. Barbosa leg.; DLK15012; INPA-Fungos 265147 • Borba, Comunidade Caiçara; 10.VI.2021; ABC GH F E IJ K L D fig. 10. — Microscopic view of hyphaes and basidospores in Pycnoporus P.Karst. A-D, Pycnoporus amazonicus sp. nov.: A, generative hyphae in SEM (arrows) (Holotype, INPA-Fungi 295581); B, skeletal hyphae in 5% KOH (Holotype, INPA-Fungi 295581); C, binding hyphae in 5% KOH (Holotype, INPA-Fungi 295581); D, basidiospores in 5% KOH (Paratype, INPA-Fungi 295551). E-H, Pycnoporus puniceus (Fr.) Ryvarden (INPA-Fungi 297904): E, generative hyphae, with details of the pigments (arrow) (SEM); F, skeletal hyphae in Congo Red; G, binding hyphae in 5% KOH; H, basidiospores in 5% KOH. I-L, Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.: Fr.) Murrill. I, skeletal hyphae in SEM (arrow) (UFRN-Fungos 175); J, generative hyphae with connecting clamps (arrow), in 5% KOH (URM 48716); K, binding hyphae in 5% KOH (UFRN-Fungos 48716); L, basidiospores in 5% KOH (URM 93314). Scale bars: A-D, F-H, J, K, 10 µm; E, L, 5 µm; I, 20 µm. SEM photos provided by: CMABio-Centro Multiusuário para Análise de Fenômenos Biomédicos da UEA. 76 CRYPTOGAMIE, MYCOLOGIE • 2025 • 46 (5) Gurgel R. A. F. et al. D.L. Komura leg.; DLK3230; INPA-Fungos 288922 • Iranduba, Sítio Hatahara; 23.II.2020; C.C.S. de Souza 62; INPA-Fungos 295587 • Itacoatiara, Fazenda Aruanã, Km 215 Rodovia Torquato TapajósItacoatiara; 25.X.2021; R.A.F. Gurgel leg.; RAFG87; INPA-Fungos 295565 • same data; R.A.F. Gurgel leg.; RAFG112; INPA-Fungos 295566 • same data; R.A.F. Gurgel leg.; RAFG113; INPA-Fungos 295567 • same data; R.A.F. Gurgel leg.; RAFG114; INPA-Fungos 295568 • Manaus, Balneário Paraíso Nova Vida, Ramal do Pau Rosa Km 8, Km 21; 26.III.2022; R.A.F. Gurgel leg.; RAFG121; INPA-Fungos 295572 • same data; R.A.F. Gurgel leg.; RAFG122; INPA-Fungos 295573 • Estação Experimental de Manejo Florestal ZF-2, Bionte, BL2; 28.VI.2012; D.L. Komura leg.; DLK848; INPAFungos 288929 • Estrada do brasileirinho, Sítio UDV; 24.II.2020; C.C.S. de Souza 76; INPA-Fungos 295594 • same data; C.C.S. de Souza 84; INPA-Fungos 295598 • Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Sede; 24.VI.2021; D.L. Komura leg.; DLK3126; INPAFungos 288925 • Reserva Biológica Cuieiras, Estação Científica; R.A.F. Gurgel leg.; RAFG79; INPA-Fungos 295561 • same data; R.A.F. Gurgel leg.; RAFG82; INPA-Fungos 295562 • same data; R.A.F. Gurgel leg.; RAFG116; INPA-Fungos X295569 • same data; R.A.F. Gurgel leg.; RAFG117; INPA-Fungos 295570 • Reserva do Cuieiras; 03.VI.2019; D.L. Komura leg.; T.G. Morbach DLK2665; INPA-Fungos 288927 • Reserva Biológica do Cuieiras, Base Alto Cuieiras; 22.VI.2019; N.K. Ishikawa 67; INPA-Fungos 295574 • same data; N.K. Ishikawa 68; INPA-Fungos 295575 • same data; 22.VI.2019; N.K. Ishikawa 80; INPA-Fungos 295576 • same data; R.A.F. Gurgel leg.; RAFG69; INPA-Fungos 295560 • Tarumã Açu, próximo ao posto Vivenda Verde; 25.IV.2021; C.C.S. de Souza 60 ; INPA-Fungos 295585 • Universidade Federal do Amazonas, in front of FVA; 10.X.2021; R.A.F. Gurgel leg.; RAFG86; INPA-Fungos 295564 • Manicoré, Campinarana do Barro Alto; 12.XI.2019; D.L. Komura, M.R. Pereira, J.R. Costa-JR., D. Cerqueira leg.; DLK2869; INPA-Fungos 288923 • same data; Bairro Santo Expedito; 29.IV.2021; C.A. Coelho 638; INPA-Fungos 288920 • same data; Ramal Brasil, Sítio do Ranolfo; 29.IV.2021; C.A. Coelho 639; INPA-Fungos 288921 • Novo Airão, Parque Nacional do Jaú, parcela 3 incendiada; 23.IX.2017; J.J.S. de Oliveira, M.M.S. Pombo C.E. Zartman leg.; JO835129; INPA-Fungos 295582 • Anavilhanas Jungle Lodge; 15.IX.2021; J.J.S. de Oliveira e R.H. Nascimento leg.; JO161989; INPA-Fungos 295583; 16.II.2022; J.J.S. de Oliveira, N.K. Ishikawa e R.E. Freitas leg.; JO1725123; INPA-Fungos 295584 • Presidente Figueiredo, Ramal da Boa Esperança, Sítio do Sr. Braga e Joana; 09.III.2020; D.L. Komura; F.M. Costa, A. Tavares leg.; DLK3026; INPA-Fungos 288924 • RDS do Uatumã; 23.X.2020; D.L. Komura leg.; DLK3087; INPA-Fungos 288926 • Cachoeira da Asframa; 25.VIII.2021; R.A.F. Gurgel leg.; RAFG65; INPA-Fungos 295559 • Santo Antônio do Iça; 23.VII.2020; C.C.S. de Souza 85; INPA-Fungos 295599 • same data; C.C.S. de Souza 75; INPA-Fungos 295593 • same data; C.C.S. de Souza 78; INPA-Fungos 295596 • same data; C.C.S. de Souza 61; INPA-Fungos 295586 • same data; C.C.S. de Souza 70; INPA-Fungos 295590 • ibidem; 23.VII.2020; C.C.S. de Souza 81; INPA-Fungos 295597 • São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Comunidade Itacoatiara Mirim; 05.IV.2013; D.L. Komura, D.B.O. Cardoso, J.A. Correia da Silva leg.; DLK1141; INPA-Fungos 288928 • São Sebastião do Uatumã, RDS Uatumã, next to Torre ATTO; 20.III.2022; R.A.F. Gurgel leg.; RAFG120; INPA-Fungos 295571 • Tefé, Instituto Federal do Amazonas; 27.I.2021; E.D. Koch 66; INPA-Fungos 295579 • Bahia, Santa Teresinha, Serra da Jibóia; 23.IX.2010; T.B. Gilbertoni TGB34; URM 83471 • Ceará, Crato, Flona Nacional do Araripe, Brejo de Altitude; 15.V.2012; C.R.S. Lira leg.; CL825; URM 83799 • Fortaleza, Parque Estadual do Cocó; 23.VII.2019; C.C.S. de Souza 64; INPA-Fungos 295589 • same data; 23.VII.2019; C.C.S. de Souza 77; INPA-Fungos 295595 • Fortaleza, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Museu Casa do José de Alencar; 05.VII.2020; C.C.S. de Souza 73; INPA-Fungos 295592 • Maranhão, Cidelândia, Povoado do Ciriaco, Reserva Extrativista do Ciriaco; 30.VII.2013; L.S. Araujo-Neta, R.S. Nogueira leg.; 26AN-MA; URM 85566 • Mato Grosso, Aripuanã, Estrada para Mineração São Francisco, km 41; 19.IV.1985; K.F. Rodrigues 208; INPA-Fungos 128951 • Minas Gerais, Ituiutaba, Parque Municipal do Goiabal; 27.IV.2016; N.C. Carvalho, L.M. Rocha leg.; NCC4; URM 93314 • Santana do Riacho, Serra do Cipó, Trilha dos Escravos; 25.XII.2019; C.C.S. de Souza 71; INPA-Fungos 295591 • Cachoeira Grande; 26.XII.2019; C.C.S. de Souza 63; INPA-Fungos 295588 • Pará, Oriximiná, Floresta Nacional de Saracá-Taquera; 25.I.2022; D.M. Couceiro 124; INPA-Fungos 295546 • Medicilândia, 85 Norte; 26.VI.2022; R.J.S. Dalman leg.; RJS223126; INPA-Fungos 295549 • Paraíba, Santa Teresinha, Fazendo Tamanduá; 23.III.2008; E.P. Fazolino s/n; UFRN-Fungos 489 • Paraná, Mauá da Serra, Sitio Komura; 15.I.2021; D.L. Komura leg.; DLK3272; INPA-Fungos 296004 • Tamarana, Fazenda Pinheiros, no estacionamento da cachoeira; 18.IX.2021; N.K. Ishikawa leg.; N.K. Ishikawa 111; INPA-Fungos 295578 • same data; N.K. Ishikawa 88; INPA-Fungos 295577 • Pernambuco, Buíque, Parque Nacional Vale do Catimbau, 16.IV.2009; J.J.S. Oliveira s/n; UFRN-Fungos 1039 • Piauí, Caracol, Serra das Confusões; 15.III.2012; C.R.S. Lira leg.; CL595; URM 83640 • Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Parque Estadual Dunas de Natal; 10.IX.2005; I.G. Baseia leg.; P.P.T. Lacerda s/n; UFRNFungos 1743 • same data; 13.VI.2006; B.D.B Silva, A.G. Leite, I.G. Baseia leg.; s/n; UFRN-Fungos 250 • same data; 12.VII.2008; E.P. Fazolino s/n; UFRN-Fungos 756 • same data; 28.X.2010; M. Capelari leg.; I.G. Baseia s/n; UFRN-Fungos 33 • same data; 28.X.2010; M. Capelari leg.; I.G. Baseia s/n; UFRN-Fungos 175 • Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, next to Centro de Biociências; 6.II.2021; R.A.F. Gurgel leg.; RAFG58; INPA-Fungos 295557 • same data; R.A.F. Gurgel leg.; RAFG59; INPA-Fungos 295558 • Estuário do Rio Potengi; 12.IX.2005; M.M.B. Barbosa leg.; J.J.S. Oliveira s/n; UFRN Fungos 604 • Parnamirim, Mata do Jiqui; 16.VI.2006; P.P.T. Lacerda s/n; UFRN-Fungos 252 • same data; 04.VII.2008; E.P. Fazolino; M.A. Silveira leg.; M.P.G. Pinheiro s/n; UFRN-Fungos 753 • Pium, Vale Encantado; 07.VII.2021; R.A.F. Gurgel leg.; RAFG83; INPA-Fungos 295563 • Serrinha, Fazenda Guagirú; 18.IV.2010; T.F.R. Pessoa s/n; UFRN-Fungos 1662 • Rondônia, Coacal, próximo as Fazendas; 03.XI.2021; C.C.S. de Souza 115; INPA-Fungos 295600 • Roraima, Vicinity of Auaris; 23.VII.1974; G.T. Prance, O. Fidalgo, B.W. Nelson leg.; J.F. Ramos 21320; INPA-Fungos 45299; Estrada Manaus-Caracaraí, km 328; 16.XI.1977; I. de J. Araújo, M.A. Sousa, J. Bernardi, K.P. Dumont, D. Hosford, G. Samuels leg.; I. de J. Araújo et al. 403; INPA-Fungos 76930 • same data; 16.XI.1977; I. de J. Araújo, M.A. Sousa, J. Bernardi, K.P. Dumont, D. Hosford, G. Samuels leg.; I. de J. Araújo 413; INPA-Fungos 76940 • Santa Catarina Penha; 29.XII.2020; E.D. Koch 74; INPA-Fungos 295580 • São Paulo, Buri, Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA); 13.VII.1987; M.A. de Jesus leg.; M.A. de Jesus 1120; INPA-Fungos 186295. subsTraTe. — Grows on various types of deadwood, mainly in open sunny places. DescripTion Basidiome annual to perennial, solitary, gregarious to cespitose; ranging from dimidiate, flabelliform, spatulate, semicircular, infundibuliform, with attack on the substrate ranging from strongly adhered, semiestipitateto stipetate, 70-124 mm diameter × 47-85 mm width × 2-4.5 mm thick, coriaceous. Stipe 6-19 mm width × 2-4 mm thick, solid, concolor to pileous. Pileus surface coriaceous when damp, becoming stiff when dry, velvety and glossy when young, glabrous and striated with age, reddish orange (N 00 Y 99 M 90 ) to vivid orange (N 00 Y 90 M 70 ), with alternating zones of yellowish white (N00Y20M00) to orange (N 00 Y 90 M 60 ), becoming yellowish white (N 00 Y 20 M 00 ) over the entire surface at high temperatures and when old. Margin thin, acute, entire to irregular, sometimes tomentose, 77 A new species and a new record for Pycnoporus P.Karst. from the Brazilian Amazon CRYPTOGAMIE, MYCOLOGIE • 2025 • 46 (5) yellowish orange (N00Y99M50) to whitish yellow (N00Y20M00). Context and surface of the pileus continuous in cross section, floccose to fibrous, shiny, 1.4-3 mm thick, pale yellow (N00Y30M00) and light orange (N00Y80M40) zones, radially separating, reflecting the stages of development. Line between the context and the hymenophore sometimes present, pale yellow (N 00 Y 30 M 00 ). Surface of the pores of the hymenophore intense reddish orange (N00Y99M90) to moderate reddish orange (N 00 Y 90 M 80 ); pores circular to angular, tomentose and serrated walls, 5-8 pores per mm, 0.1 × 0.3 mm diameter; dissepiment thick when young, becoming thinner with age, concolor to the pore surface; tube circular, 1-2 layers 1-1.5 mm deep × 0.3 mm wide, light orange (N00Y80M00) and whitish yellow (N 00 Y 20 M 00 ). Macrochemical reaction occurs when adding 5% KOH, resulting in rapid color change from black to greenish brown in part of the basidiome. Hyphal system trimitic. Pileus surface similar to the context. Context composed of generative hyphae thin-walled, with frequent clamps, rarely branched, 1-4 µm diameter, hyaline to yellowish in 5% KOH, CB-; IKI-; skeletal hyphae dominate, straight or slightly tortuous, thick-walled, unbranched, 2-6 µm diameter, hyaline to yellowish in 5% KOH, non-cyanophilous and nonamyloid; binding hyphae thick-walled, non-septate, branched with short branches, 2-3 µm diameter, yellowish in 5%KOH, CB-; IKI-. Trama of the tubes composed of hyphae similar to the context. Hyphae with orange crystals predominate in all parts of the basidiome, 2-4 µm diameter, hyaline in 5% KOH, CB-; IKI-. Basidium clavate, 11-15 × 5-6 µm, with basal clamp, four sterigmata, hyaline in 5% KOH, CB-; IKI-. Basidiospores 4.02-5.96 × 1.58-3.62 µm (x = 4.79 ± 0.5 × 2.5 ± 0.4; Qm = 1.9), elongated, smooth, slightly curved, hyaline in 5% KOH, CB-; IKI-. reMarks This species presents basidiomata whose characters, such as pileus colours, texture and zoning, change depending on environmental conditions. These changes can lead to misidentifications, especially with morphologically similar species, such as P. coccineus, which has an orange to reddish-orange basidiome and areas with colors similar to the pileus. Pycnoporus coccineus differs from P. sanguineus by having a basidiome with a soft aspect and 3-5 pores per mm with thick walls. Pycnoporus sanguineus has an ample worldwide distribution, as can be observed by the distribution of its sequences in the phylogenies of ITS (Fig. 4) and, for Brazil, it can be found in almost all states, of which here we report a new record for the state of Roraima. DISCUSSION Our analyses extend the sample coverage for phylogeny in terms of number of specimens, species and geographical distribution for Pycnoporus and allocate the specimens into a monophyletic clade, with Trametes versicolor as the basal group (dataset A, Fig. 2), following what was observed in Lesage-Meessen et al. (2011) and Welti et al. 2012. Although with similar morphological concepts, Pycnoporus and Trametes can be differentiated by the reddish-orange hue of the basidiomata, hyphae with orange granules and the presence of a pseustipe or stipe in Pycnoporus; whereas in Trametes, the basidiomes have brown tones, a white to cream and sometimes brown context, no hyphae with orange granules and no pseudostipe or stipe (Ryvarden 1991; Ryvarden & Gilbertson 1994; Welti et al. 2012). These colorations in Pycnoporus are the result of the synthesis of various pigments, such as cinnabarin, cinnabarinic acid and tramesanguin and pycnoporin (Téllez-Téllez et al. 2016), which are synapomorphies of the group and can be used to delimit the genus. Justo & Hibbett (2011) used a dataset of five molecular markers and placed the species of Pycnoporus and other related genera in the trametoid clade, classifying them under a single generic name, Trametes sensu stricto, reviving nomenclature combinations such as Trametes cinnabarina, Trametes sanguinea (L.: Fr) and Trametes punicea Fr. The decision to accept Pycnoporus sensu lato vs Trametes s. lat. would also have been possible provided that Cubamyces Murrill ( synonym of T. cubensis (Mont.) Sacc.) was accepted as a sister group of Pycnoporus. Recently, Cubamyces was recognized by Lücking et al. (2020) as a separate genus, grouping four species. Although Pycnoporus presents distinct morphological characteristics and is a monophyletic group, our results alone are not sufficient to make the decision as to whether or not to segregate the genus Trametes. We believe that other studies need to be carried out that focus on other supposed genera, such as Lücking et al. (2020) with Cubamyces, involving different data sources in addition to DNA and morphology, for a better understanding of the circumscription of the taxa. With the phylogenetic analyses, it was possible to recover the clades corresponding to the known species of the genus and putative species not yet known, with clades similar to those found in Lesage-Meessen et al. (2011). In both, ITS and concatenate analyses, P. puniceus and P. cinnabarinus appear to have the same phylogenetic position; however, there is uncertainty about the relationships between the other species and clades. Pycnoporus puniceus presents the most divergent sequences within the group, and encompasses Tropical specimens from Central Africa and Australia, although it was initially described for the paleotropical region (Malaysia) (Gurgel et al. 2023). In the topology of ITS (Fig. 4), it is possible to observe the formation of clades in P. puniceus from different locations, as one from Thailand (PP = 0.94) and another from Gabon, Cuba, Brazil and Australia (PP = 1); however, we cannot infer whether all refer to P. puniceus or a new species, due to the lack of additional data, even with the presence of the reference sequence of the species. This situation is repeated in other clades, which may indicate a possible wide geographical distribution for the species, except for P. coccineus, which seems to be restricted to the region of Australasia, Polynesia (type locality) and Austria. However, these clades deserve attention in future work since they may also represent different species. 78 CRYPTOGAMIE, MYCOLOGIE • 2025 • 46 (5) Gurgel R. A. F. et al. table 3. — Comparison of morphological characters between Pycnoporus P.Karst. species. Characteristics P. amazonicus Gurgel & T.S.Cabral, sp. nov. P. cinnabarinus (Jacq.) P.Karst. P. coccineus (Fr.) Bondartsev & Singer P. puniceus (Fr.) Ryvarden P. sanguineus (L.) Murrill Basidiomata Dimidiate to semicircular, broadly attached to applanate, soft and corky to coriaceous, semistipitate Dimidiate to sessill and sometimes with umbo, laterally extended, large and bulky Dimidiate to sessil, broadly attached, corky to coriaceous Dimidiate to imbricate, broadly attached, corky and rigid, semistipitate Varied shapes, corky to coriaceus, broadly attached, stipitate, semistipitate Size (mm) diam. × width × thick 115 × 66 × 5 60 × 100 × 170 50 × 150 × 10 45 × 39 × 9 124 × 85 × 4.5 Pileus suface Azonate, crusty to glabrous, velvety to tomentose, and shining when young Azonate, tometose to glabrous, velvety in young Azonate, velvety Azonate, wrinkled to glabrous, slightly shining to dull Zonate, glabrous and shining, velvety when young, striated and hard with age Color pileus Orange to matte orange, becoming yelowish white in older Moderate orange becoming brownish orange Moderate orange becoming moderate reddish orange Cinnabar red with gray black Reddish orange to strong orange, zones yellowish white and orange Margin Acute to obtuse, thick, concolour to pileus Obtuse to acute, thick, brownish orange Obtuse, concolor with pileus to deep orange yellow Obtuse, thick, continuous and concolor with pileus Acute, thin, yellowish orange to white Context Fibrous and softcompactus, distinct surface and context, brownish with band orange and cream, 3 mm thick Floccose to fibrous and corky, continuous surface and context, with zones lighter and darker, 166 mm thick Floccose to fibrous and soft, with zones orange pale, with white and moderate orange yellow, 7.5 mm thick Fibrous and compactus, continuous surface and context, cinnabar to red cinnabar, with zones darker and lighter, 6 mm thick. Floccose to fibrous, continuous surface and context, shining, palle yellow and light orange, separating in zones, 3 mm thick Line under context Grayish brown line between context and hymenophore Not related Not related Without line Sometimes a white line between context and hymenophore Hymenophore Surface bright orange to morderate reddish orange; tubes about 2.5 mm, pale orange Vivid reddish orange to strong orange; tubes about 4 mm thick Concolour to pileus, but in parts moderate reddish orange turning moderate orange; tubes about 2.5 mm thick Surface orange red; tubes about 2.5 mm thick, concolor to pore surface Surface reddish orange to moderate reddish orange; tubes about 1.5 mm thick, pale orange with whitish yellow Pores 3-4 (-5) per mm, thin walls, angular to irregular 1-3 (-4) per mm, very thick walls leaving the pores smaller in diameters, angular to circular 3-4 (-5) per mm, thick walls turning thinner with age, circular 1-3 per mm, thick walls, irregular to angular (-5) 6-8 per mm, thin to thick wall, circular to angular, tomentose and serrated walls 5% KOH Quick color change black to greenish brown Not related Not related Changing to black Quick color change black to greenish brown Hyphal system Generative hyphae up to 2-4 µm diam.; Skeletal hyphae up to 3-7 µm diam.; Biding hyphae more abundant in trama and in transition between context and tubes, 2-4 µm ; and hyphae with orange granules Generative hyphae up to 1-3 µm diam.; Skeletal hyphae up to 4-7 µm diam.; Biding hyphae more abundant in trama and in transition between context and tubes, 2-4 µm; and hyphae with orange granules Generative hyphae up to 2-3 µm diam.; Skeletal hyphae up to 3-5 µm diam.; Binding hyphae up to 3-4 µm, branches 1-2 µm ;and hyphae with orange granules Generative hyphae 3-5 µm diam.; Skeletal hyphae up to 3-7 µm diam.; Binding hyphae more abundant in trama, up to 4 µm; and hyphae with orange granules Generative hyphae up to 1-4 µm diam.; Skeletal hyphae 2-6µm; Binding hyphae up to 1-3µm; and hyphae with orange granules Basidiospores Elongated, flattened on one side, slightly curved, smooth 5.77.9 × 3.0-4.8 µm; Short cylindric to cylindric, flattened on one side, slightly curved, smooth 4.65.9 × 2.0-2.6 µm; Short cylindric, slightly flattened on one side or slightly curved, 4.0-5.2 × 2.02.3 Elongate, flattened on one side, slightly curved, smooth walls, 4.9-7.0 × 2.44.7 µm Elongate, flattened on one side, slightly curved, 4.0-5.9 × 1.53.6 µm Reference Present study Jacquin 1776; Fries 1821; Nobles & Frew 1962; Lectotype analysis Fries 1851; Bondartsev & Singer 1941; Nobles & Frew 1962; Lectotype analysis Present study Present study 79 A new species and a new record for Pycnoporus P.Karst. from the Brazilian Amazon CRYPTOGAMIE, MYCOLOGIE • 2025 • 46 (5) The sequences of the specimens belonging to Pycnoporus sp. were grouped into a well-supported and distinct clade in all the phylogenetic trees. The phylogenetic position of Pycnoporus sp. seemed uncertain in the topology of the ITS tree (Fig. 4), where there is no resolution of this relationship. However, in the concatenated tree (Fig. 3), it is a sister to the clades with Pycnoporus sanguineus, Pycnoporus sp. and Pycnoporus coccineus. Moreover, in the Polyporales tree (Fig. 2), P. amazonicus Gurgel & T.S.Cabral, sp. nov. appears as a sister group to P. puniceus, although it also does not show resolution regarding the relationships of the other species. Pycnoporus amazonicus Gurgel & T.S.Cabral, sp. nov. is morphologically distinguishable from the other species (see details in taxonomy and Table 3) and is so far composed by Brazilian specimens. Other clades were formed, which due to the absence of additional data for a decision at the species level, mainly the morphological data, we prefer to treat this clade as Pycnoporus sp. until sufficient data are obtained for its definition. Regarding these clades, by concatenating the data (dataset B, Fig. 3), Pycnoporus sp. 1 has no support value, while Pycnoporus sp. 2 and Pycnoporus sp. 3, were recovered by analyzing dataset B and C (as Pycnoporus sp. 1 and Pycnoporus sp. 2 in the ITS dataset, respectively) with highly supported in both analyses (Figs 3; 4). These specimens lack morphological data, and for a more accurate delimitation, it is necessary that the specimens in this clade must undergo integrative taxonomy, which may result in the delimitation of new species for Asia and Oceania (Paleotropics). Our divergence time results for Polyporaceae are in agreement with those of Song & Cui (2017), who concluded that the diversification of Laetiporus Murrill (Polyporales) occurred during the early Miocene (20.17 ± 0.12 Mya), and here we find, on average, 18.44 Mya for this process (Fig. 5). Similarly, the maximum crown age (14.35 Mya) for Pycnoporus is also around Miocene, but the stem age indicates a time span of 25 Myr since the arising of the genus and its diversification. This period was characterized by rapid global cooling during the Eocene-Oligocene transition, with major extinctions and species turnover in plants and animals (Coxall & Pearson 2007; Fattorini 2021). On the other hand, the diversification of Pycnoporus coincides with the Middle Miocene Thermal Maximum (16-14 Mya), where the global temperatures were warmer and Earth was highly forested, and conditions favored fauna and flora species arising (Scotese et al. 2021; Steinthorsdottir et al. 2021). Similar patterns were regionally found for fungi (Romero et al. 2021), thus the Miocene paleoclimate may also have influenced species emergences in Pycnoporus. However, more precise biogeographical inferences are only possible with additional data and analysis. At the species level, with the inclusion of other gene regions or genomic data in the analyses of phylogeny with divergence time, allied to the correct identification of the species, it will be possible to understand how some of the species in Pycnoporus are widely distributed geographically and which historical biogeographic events have influenced this current distribution. Interestingly, the specimens collected in Asia appear in all clades delimited here at the species level, which suggests probable long-distance dispersal. Additionally, the influence of human activities can also be considered when studying the current pattern of geographical distribution, such as the introduction of exotic species and deforestation. SPECIES DIVERSITY FOR PYCNOPORUS IN BRAZIL In Brazil, specimens of Pycnoporus are widely reported in GBIF (2024) and P. sanguineus was, until the present study, the only species in the country registered for the genus (Flora do Brasil 2024). Pycnoporus sanguineus has a wide geographical distribution, with records for Southwest Asia, Africa (Madagascar & Benin) and Central and South America, as observed by the specimens grouped in the phylogenetic analysis of the present study (Figs 3; 4). Among the descriptions reported for P. sanguineus, there are variations between some characters, such as the number of pores per mm and the shape and size of basidiospores. Nobles & Frew (1962) reported 4-6 pores per mm and basidiospores 4-5.2 µm × 2-2.6 µm in specimens from Louisiana, India, Kenya, Tanganyika, Holland, New Guinea, Brazil and South Africa. For the Neotropics, Ryvarden (2016) reports the same number of pores, and slightly larger cylindrical basidiospores, 5-6 µm × 2-2.5 µm. For Brazilian specimens, our description is in accordance with Gugliota & Bononi (1999) and Silva & Gibertoni (2006), who report specimens with angular pores of 5-7 per mm and cylindrical to ellipsoid basidiospores between 3.5-6 µm × 2-3.5 µm for the Atlantic Forest. Also, Neves et al. (2013) report specimens with 4-6 pores per mm, with cylindrical basidiospores of 5-6 µm × 2-2.5 µm for the Brazilian semiarid region. In contrast, Abrahão et al. (2009) described P. sanguineus for São Paulo (Atlantic Forest) and reported a greater variation of 2-8 pores per mm and cylindrical basidiospores of 3.56.2 µm × 1-2.5 µm. The disparity found in the morphological data demonstrates a wide phenotypic plasticity in the specimens of P. sanguineus, which may be related to the occupation by the species of different habitats under different edaphoclimatic conditions, and, therefore, to the adaptative ability. Here, we reaffirm the presence of P. sanguineus for Brazil through morphological similarities with type material, analysis of the protologue of the basionym and the sanctioned drawing (Gurgel et al. 2023), in addition to the use of reference sequences according to the proximity to its type location (Suriname) (Murril 1907) and new sequences generated in this study. Nonetheless, P. sanguineus has already been reported for several Brazilian states (Flora do Brasil 2024), though we recorded this species for the first time for the state of Roraima. Additionally, SpeciesLink (2024) records an exsiccate of P. puniceus for Brazil, which is reported in Soares (2017); however, no testimonial material was located according to the number and location reported. We analyzed a specimen whose sampling location was in São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas, Brazil, in which the morphological description, 80 CRYPTOGAMIE, MYCOLOGIE • 2025 • 46 (5) Gurgel R. A. F. et al. pileus and context with cinnabar tones, 1-3 pores in the hymenophore, allied to our phylogenetic analysis, and identified it as P. puniceus. Thus, since the species was previously recorded for South America (French Guiana; GBIF 2024), we report it for the first time for Brazil. The report of P. amazonicus Gurgel & T.S.Cabral, sp. nov., P. puniceus, and P. sanguineus is significant in terms of the genus’s diversity in the country compared to the total diversity of the genus previously reported. However, more studies are still needed to document the genus’s diversity in Brazil in areas where materials were not possible to obtain, such as the Pampa and Pantanal biomes. CONCLUSION The present study draws attention to a genus that have great biotechnological potential, Pycnoporus, but which are taxonomically underestimated and, although widely distributed, need conservation measures since they may reveal hidden diversity. Despite other authors opting for the synonymization with the genus Trametes, our study showed that there are morphological and phylogenetic evidence, as well as biochemical and nomenclatural characteristics that have been demonstrated in previous studies, that support Pycnoporus as a independent genus. Thus, it is advisable to perform an integrative taxonomic review of Trametes and synonymous genera to identify arguments that support the separation of the genera from Trametes, enabling the classification of the clade Pycnoporus and others. Finally, we want to point out that the inclusion of sequences of type specimens and other localities beyond the Neotropics, associated with other molecular markers, is necessary and can clarify the relationships of Pycnoporus species and, as demonstrated here, the proposition of scientific discoveries, new records and the biogeographical history of the genus. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to all curators of the herbaria cited in this article (INPA-Fungos, URM, UFRN-Fungos) and to the additional collectors for the materials provided, especially Crisvaldo Cássio de Souza, Douglas Couceiro and Esteban Koch. We thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico for providing a graduate fellowship, and for funding (PPBio 2023 (441288/2023-5) and PROTAX 2024 (445729/2024-4)). TSC is grateful to the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior for providing a scholarship (CAPES 88882.317512/2019-01). CSC thank the post-doctoral research fellowship agreement CAPES/JBRJ, the agreement between CNPq and the Government of the State of Amazonas (Brasil) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM) (grant no. 01.02.016301.00757/2022-50) for providing the DCR fellowship, and Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, programa “Pós-doutorado Nota 10-2024” (FAPERJ, PDR-10-2024, grants no. E-26/200.379/2025 and E-26/200.380/2025). We are thankful to the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM 01.02.016301.03240/2021-32) provided funding (process number 01.02.016301.03240/2021-32 of the edital no 007/2021-BIODIVERSA, process number 01.02.016301.03246/2021-00 of the edital no. 008/2021-PROSPAM, and PROSGRAD). This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brasil (CAPES)-Finance Code 001. 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Taxa Voucher Origin nrITS nrLSU tef1α rpb2 Aurantiporus albidus CIEFAP-117 Argentina KY948739 KY948848 – – Bankera fuligineoalba REB-285 United States JN135196 – – KF007978 Bjerkandera adusta HHB-12826-Sp United States KP134983 KP135198 –KP134913 Byssomerulius corium FP-102382 United States KP135007 KP135230 –KP134921 Candelabrochaete langloisiiFP-110343-sp United States KY948793 KY948886 – – Ceraceomyces americanus FP-102188 United States KP135409 KP135277 –KP134934 Ceraceomyces serpens HHB-15692-Sp United States KP135031 KP135200 – – Cerioporus squamosus Cui 10595 China KU189778 KU189809 KU189925 KU189988 Ceriporiopsis carnegieae RLG-7277-T United States KY948792 KY948854 – – Climacodon septentrionalis AFTOL-ID 767 – AY854082 AY684165 AY885151 AY780941 Cryptoporus volvatus DOM21791 – – AF393050 –AY218479 Daedalea africana O 15372 Kenya KP171196 KP171216 KR610704 KR610795 Daedaleopsis confragosa WD747 Japan LC471201 – – AB368120 Datronia mollis RLG6304 United States JN165002 JN164791 JN164901 JN164872 Datronia sp. Cui 10646 China KC415186 KC415194 KX838429 KC415201 Datronia sp. Dai11921 China JX559272 JX559283 –JX559320 Dentocorticium portoricense He2161 United States MF626356 MF626380 –MF626397 Dentocorticium sulphurellum T609 Canada JN165015 JN164815 –JN164875 Earliella scabrosa PR1209 Puerto Rico JN165009 JN164793 JN164894 JN164866 Efibula americana FP-102165 United States KP135016 KP135256 –KP134916 Epithele macarangae FP-150881 Belize KY948713 KY948843 – – Favolus acervatus Cui 11053 China KU189774 KU189805 KU189920 KU189994 Fomitella supina Miettinen 17695 (H) United States KY948711 KY948841 – – Fomitopsis pinicola Cui 10312 China KR605781 KR605720 KR610689 KR610780 Fragifomes niveomarginatus Cui 10108 China KR605778 KR605717 KR610684 KR610776 Fragiliporia fragilis Dai 13080 China KJ734260 KJ734264 KJ790245 KJ790248 Funalia subgallica Dai6329 – KC867386 KC867462 –KX885086 Ganoderma australe ZRL20151500 China LT716076 KY418900 KY419088 – Grammothele aff. fuligo FP-150657 Belize KY948716 KY948840 – – Grammothelopsis subtropica Cui 9035 T China JQ845094 JQ845097 KF181124 – Grifola frondosa AFTOL-ID 701 – AY854084 AY629318 AY885153 AY786057 Haploporus odorus Yuan 2365 China KU941846 KU941870 KU941933 KU941916 Hexagonia cucullata Dai 13894 China KX880626 KX880664 KX880882 – Hexagonia tenuis Niemela-9032 Zambia KY948842 KY948842 – – Hirticrusta subradiata Cui 11035 China KX900667 KX900717 KX900850 – Hydnophlebia chrysorhiza FD-282 United States KP135338 KP135217 –KP134897 Hyphodermella rosae FP-150552 United States KP134978 KP135223 –KP134939 Irpex lacteus DO_421/951208 Sweden JX109852 JX109852 JX109911 JX109882 Irpex rosettiformis Meijer3729 Brazil JN649346 – – JX109875 Ischnoderma resinosum FD-328 United States KP135303 KP135225 –KP134972 Laetiporus sulphureus Dai 12154 Czech Republic KF951295 KF951302 KR610752 KR610841 Lenzitopsis sp. Yuan 2959 T – JN169799 JN169795 – – Leptoporus mollis TJV-93-174-T United States KY948795 EU402510 – – Lignosus hainanensis Dai 10670 T China NR154112 GU580886 – – Lopharia cinerascens FP-105043sp United States JN165019 JN164813 JN164900 JN164874 Megasporoporia bannaensis Dai 12306 T China JQ314362 JQ314379 KF494979 – Megasporoporiella lacerata Yuan 3880 T – JQ314377 JQ314395 KF286334 – Melanoderma microcarpumCui 10970 China KX900662 KX900712 KX900845 KX900813 Meripilus giganteus FP-135344-Sp – KP135307 KP135228 –KP134894 Meruliopsis albostramineus HHB-10729 United States KP135051 KP135229 –KP134926 Microporus xanthopus PEN79 – – AB368075 –AB368133 Neofavolus alveolaris Dai 11290 China KU189768 KU189799 KU189913 KU189982 Niveoporofomes spraguei JV 0509/62 United States KR605786 KR605725 KR610697 KR610788 Perenniporia hainaniana Cui 6364 China JQ861743 JQ861759 KF181138 – Perenniporiella chaquenia MUCL 47647 Argentina FJ411083 FJ393855 HM467609 – Phaeophlebiopsis caribbeana HHB-6990 United States KP135415 KP135243 –KP134931 Phanerochaete chrysosporium FPL5175 – AY854086 AF287883 AY885155 – Phlebia fuscoatra HHB-10782-Sp United States KP135365 KP135265 – – APPENDIX