Interstate Women Migrant Workers' Socio-Economic Status and Occupational Justice: A Study of Salcete Taluka of Goa

DRA ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2024 ON “SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES” Int. Jr. of Contemp. Res. in Multi. PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 4 [Special Issue 1] Year 2025 131 © 2025 Vijaya Nemikal, Prabir Kumar Rath. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Conference Paper Interstate Women Migrant Workers’ Socio-Economic Status and Occupational Justice: A Study of Salcete Taluka of Goa Vijaya Nemikal 1*, Prabir Kumar Rath 2 1 Assistant Professor of Geography, PhD Research Scholar, Cluster Research Centre of Geography, Goa University, Goa, Govt. College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Khandola, Goa, India 2 Professor of Geography, PhD. Guide, Cluster Research Centre of Geography, Goa University, Goa, Govt. College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Khandola, Goa, India Corresponding Author: *Vijaya Nemikal DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17990451 Abstract Manuscript Information This study investigates the socio-economic status and quest for occupational justice among female migrant workers in Salcete Taluka of Goa in India. The study uses a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data to explore the demographic and educational profiles, employment patterns and financial behaviours of 380 women currently working in urban areas of Salcete Taluka. The specific objectives of the study are to examine the demographic and educational profiles of women migrant workers. Additionally, it has aimed to assess employment patterns, reasons for migration and the challenges faced by women in urban settings among women migrant workers. The results show that most of these women are in their prime working years (20-59), but many lack higher education, which limits their job options to white-collar jobs and chances for financial improvement. The study finds that many women rely on casual and temporary jobs, leading to financial uncertainty. While many migrate for marriage, economic reasons are also important. Furthermore, the role of social networks in helping women find jobs is significant. The study highlights the need for targeted formal and informal education and supportive policies to enhance the lives of these women and create an ambience for fair jobs. By coming in closer contact with the interstate migrant women in Goa and getting an opportunity to listen to their experiences and expectations, this study recommends gender equity in wage parity, migration-sensitive policies and economic justice, promoting fair treatment in the job opportunities for female migrant workers. Ensuring the issue of social security documents is expected to remove the apprehensions of hunger and exploitation by small-time employers. ▪ ISSN No: 2583-7397 ▪ Received: 12-12-2024 ▪ Accepted: 25-02-2025 ▪ Published: 27-03-2025 ▪ IJCRM:4(SP1); 2025:131-137 ▪ ©2025, All Rights Reserved ▪ Plagiarism Checked: Yes ▪ Peer Review Process: Yes How to Cite this Article Nemikal V, Rath PK. Interstate Women Migrant Workers’ SocioEconomic Status and Occupational Justice: A Study of Salcete Taluka of Goa. Int J Contemp Res Multidiscip. 2025;4(SP1):131-137. Access this Article Online www.multiarticlesjournal.com KEYWORDS: Female migrant workers, occupational justice, employment patterns, financial behaviours, casual and temporary jobs, financial improvement, social security. DRA ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2024 ON “SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES” Int. Jr. of Contemp. Res. in Multi. PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 4 [Special Issue 1] Year 2025 132 © 2025 Vijaya Nemikal, Prabir Kumar Rath. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ INTRODUCTION Labour migration in India has emerged as a significant socioeconomic phenomenon driven by a complex interplay of factors such as economic opportunities, social changes and regional disparities (Banerjee & Raju, 2009) [3] (Bhagat, 2010) [5] (Bhattrai, 2007). While migration has traditionally been maledominated, an increasing number of women are entering the workforce and participating in this movement, often driven by both economic necessity and changing societal norms (Banerjee & Raju, 2009) [3] (Avornyo, 2013) [2]. Women migrant workers in India face unique challenges along with the opportunities in the new destination. Many migrate for various reasons, including marriage, education, or the pursuit of employment in sectors like domestic work, textiles and hospitality (Avornyo, 2013) [2] (Banerjee & Raju, 2009) [3] (Bhattacharyya) [6]. However, they often encounter risky working conditions, limited access to social protection and gender-based discrimination (International Organisation for Migration, 2009) [7] (Rao, 2011) [11]. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the socio-economic status of female migrant workers in Salcete Taluka of Goa, emphasising the need for occupational justice, especially in terms of wage parity. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The following are the specific objectives of the study. • To examine the demographic and educational profiles of women migrant workers in Salcete Taluka, South district of Goa. • To assess employment patterns, reasons for migration and the challenges faced by women in urban settings among women migrant workers. DATABASE AND METHODOLOGY This study adopts a mixed-methods approach to deliver a thorough analysis of the working and living conditions of women migrant labourers in Salcete Taluka by integrating both quantitative and qualitative data. The quantitative aspect of this study involves the administration of a structured survey designed to capture numerical data pertinent to the women migrant labourers. The target sample comprises 380 women currently working in various urban areas of Salcete Taluka employed across different sectors, including domestic work, retail and other low-wage employment. The survey instrument includes a structured questionnaire that incorporates both closed-ended questions and Likert-scale items to collect data on several dimensions, including demographic and employment characteristics. Data collected through the surveys are analysed using statistical software packages, namely IBM SPSS Statistics 20 and MS Excel 2019. Descriptive statistics, including frequency distributions, are calculated to summarise the data and provide an overview of the respondents' conditions. Correlation analysis is conducted to explore the strength and direction of relationships between key variables, with a correlation matrix developed to visualise these associations. Pearson correlation analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20 to examine the relationships between various variables related to demography and employment. In the correlation analysis performed for bivariate data, the significance of the correlation coefficients is indicated using asterisks. A correlation value accompanied by two asterisks (**) denotes that the correlation is significant at the 0.01 level, which means that there is less than a 1% chance that this correlation occurred randomly, indicating a strong relationship between the variables. Similarly, a correlation value with one asterisk (*) indicates significance at the 0.05 level, suggesting a less than 5% chance, which reflects a moderately strong relationship. The analysis was conducted using a two-tailed test, which examines the possibility of correlations in both positive and negative directions. Tabular and graphical representations were utilised to organise and interpret the data effectively. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION The findings in terms of demographic parameters are as follows. Age Structure: The largest group is women aged 35-44 (39.5%), followed by those aged 25-34 (28.4%). The 45-54 age group (23.4%) also contributes valuable skills and knowledge. In contrast, younger women (<=24, 4.7%) and older women (>55, 3.9%) are underrepresented, which may point to barriers for younger migrants and challenges for older workers. Religious Composition: Majority are Hindus (68.2%) with Muslims making up 31.3%. Christians represent a very small portion at 0.5%. This distribution highlights the predominance of Hindu and Muslim communities among women migrant workers in the area. Marital Status: A vast majority of the women are married (91.6%), suggesting that many have family responsibilities to work, depending on the availability of opportunities. The very low percentage of unmarried women (1.6%). In addition, 6.1% are widows, pointing to the challenges these women face as they support themselves and their children after losing a spouse. There is also a small group of separated women (0.8%) among the respondents. DRA ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2024 ON “SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES” Int. Jr. of Contemp. Res. in Multi. PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 4 [Special Issue 1] Year 2025 133 © 2025 Vijaya Nemikal, Prabir Kumar Rath. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Table 1: Demographic Characteristics of the WMW in Salcete Taluka, 2022-24 Sr. No Variables Class/ Category Frequency Percentage (%) 1 Age <=24 18 4.7 25-34 108 28.4 35-44 150 39.5 45-54 89 23.4 >55 15 3.9 2 Religion Hindu 259 68.2 Muslim 119 31.3 Christian 2 .5 3 Marital Status Married 348 91.6 Unmarried 6 1.6 Widow 23 6.1 Separated 3 .8 4 Education None 102 26.8 Primary 89 23.4 Secondary 157 41.3 HSSC 31 8.2 Graduate 1 .3 N=380 Educational Attainment: According to the study, a considerable proportion of this group has no formal education (26.8%), while 23.4% have completed primary education. The largest proportion is found in the secondary education section (41.3%), indicating that many women possess basic literacy and skills that may be relevant for certain types of employment. However, only 8.2% have completed higher secondary education (HSSC), and a mere 0.3% are graduates. Portfolio of Migrant Female Workers The following figures depict the states from where the migrant women workers have come to Goa, the reasons for their migration, duration of stay in Goa and the source of information on job openings. Place of Origin: Majority of them are from Karnataka (69.7%), indicating it as the primary source of women migrant workers in the area. Maharashtra follows with 10.0%, while Uttar Pradesh accounts for 7.6%. Other states such as Bihar (5.0%) and Andhra Pradesh (1.1%) contribute smaller percentages with minimal representation from Telangana, Jharkhand, Kerala and others. Table 2: Details related to Migration of the Women Migrant Workers in Salcete Taluka Sr. No Variables Class/ Category Frequency Percentage (%) 1 Place of Origin Karnataka 265 69.7 Maharashtra 38 10.0 Andhra Pradesh 4 1.1 Telangana 2 .5 Bihar 19 5.0 Uttar Pradesh 29 7.6 Jharkhand 4 1.1 Kerala 1 .3 Delhi 4 1.1 Odisha 4 1.1 Tamil Nadu 1 .3 West Bengal 2 .5 Rajasthan 2 .5 Gujarat 5 1.3 2 Factors Driving Migration Marriage 221 58.2 Relative's call 3 .8 Children's Education 41 10.8 Lack of job opportunities at native place 111 29.2 Better wages 4 1.1 3 Duration of Stay Less than 5 years 41 10.8 5 to 10 years 96 25.3 10 to 15 years 61 16.1 15 to 20 years 50 13.2 More than 20 years 132 34.7 DRA ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2024 ON “SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES” Int. Jr. of Contemp. Res. in Multi. PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 4 [Special Issue 1] Year 2025 134 © 2025 Vijaya Nemikal, Prabir Kumar Rath. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 4 Source of Information on Job Openings Friend's contact 268 70.5 Through contractor 7 1.8 Found by Own Self 105 27.6 N=380 Factors Driving Migration: The study indicates that a significant majority of the participants moved due to marriage (58.2%). Moreover, 29.2% migrated because of a lack of job opportunities in their native place/s, highlighting economic factors as a driving force. Children’s education accounts for 10.8% of the reasons. Only a small percentage moved for better wages (1.1%) or due to a relative's call (0.8%). Duration of Stay: A significant portion, 34.7%, has been in their current location for more than 20 years, indicating that many women have established long-term roots in their new communities. Additionally, 25.3% have been migrants for 5 to 10 years, while 16.1% have lived in their current area for 10 to 15 years. Smaller percentages reflect shorter durations, with 10.8% having migrated for less than 5 years and 13.2% for 15 to 20 years. Source of Information of Job Openings: The study indicates that a large majority rely on friends' contacts (70.5%) to secure employment. A smaller percentage, 27.6%, found jobs on their own, while only 1.8% secured jobs through contractors. Nature of Work and Occupation The following discussions reveal the ground realities of the WMW in Salcete Taluka during the study period from 2022 to the first half of 2024 (Table 3). Nature of Employment: The majority of migrant women workers are in casual work (57.6%). Additionally, 28.9% are in temporary positions. Daily wage jobs account for 11.6% of the participants, reflecting a reliance on daily labour for income. Only 1.8% hold permanent positions, indicating that stable, long-term employment is quite rare among these women. Current Occupation: The study highlights a noticeable dominance of housemaids who constitute 47.4% of the workforce, followed by helpers at 18.2%, indicating a substantial portion of individuals involved in support roles. Occupations such as vendors (11.1%) and tailors (8.7%) also represent notable segments, though they are less prevalent. Factory workers, labourers, and saleswomen each make up less than 5% of the total. The minimal presence of sweepers (0.5%) and garbage collectors (0.8%) underscores their marginal representation. Duration of Employment: The study reveals a prominent trend towards long-term tenure among the workforce. A notable 34.7% of individuals have been in their jobs for more than 20 years, reflecting a substantial proportion of highly experienced employees. Those employed for 5 to 10 years constitute 25.3%, indicating a significant segment of mid-career professionals. The 10 to 15 years bracket includes 16.1%, while 13.2% have been in their positions for 15 to 20 years. The smallest segment of workers, at 10.8%, have been employed for less than 5 years. Table 3: Employment-related details of the Women Migrant Workers in Salcete Taluka Sr. No Variables Class/ Category Frequency Percentage (%) 1 Nature of Employment Casual 219 57.6 Daily Wages 44 11.6 Temporary 110 28.9 Permanent 7 1.8 2 Current Occupation Housemaid 180 47.4 Helper 69 18.2 Vendor 42 11.1 Factory Worker 13 3.4 Labourer 16 4.2 Saleswoman 8 2.1 Sweeper 2 .5 Housekeeping 14 3.7 Tailor 33 8.7 Garbage Collector 3 .8 3 Duration of Current Employment <2 years 48 12.6 2-4 years 92 24.2 4-6 years 77 20.3 6-8 years 56 14.7 >8 years 107 28.2 4 Working Hours <= 2 hours 4 1.1 3 to 5 hours 176 46.3 6 to 8 hours 133 35.0 8 to 10 hours 63 16.6 DRA ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2024 ON “SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES” Int. Jr. of Contemp. Res. in Multi. PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 4 [Special Issue 1] Year 2025 135 © 2025 Vijaya Nemikal, Prabir Kumar Rath. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ > 10 hours 4 1.1 5 Income (in Rs.) Below 3000 23 6.1 3000-6000 182 47.9 Above 6000 175 46.1 6 Distance Travelled to Work Work from home 12 3.2 Within 1km 148 38.9 2-5km 206 54.2 6-10km 9 2.4 Above 10km 5 1.3 7 Means of Commute to Work Work from Home 23 6.1 On Foot 219 57.6 By Bus 74 19.5 Employer provides pick and drop 42 11.1 Own vehicle 22 5.8 8 Reason for Working To support the family 327 86.1 To become self-sufficient 19 5.0 By choice 28 7.4 To pass the time 6 1.6 N=380 Working Hours: The study reveals that a significant portion of participants work between 3 and 5 hours per day (46.3%), suggesting that many are engaged in part-time or casual roles. Also, 35.0% work 6 to 8 hours, indicating a more standard workday for some. A smaller group, 16.6%, works 8 to 10 hours, while only 1.1% work for less than 2 hours or more than 10 hours. Income: The income distribution data reveal a relatively balanced spread across different income brackets. A significant portion of the workforce (47.9%) earns between Rs. 3,000 and Rs. 6,000, indicating a central income range for the majority. Nearly as large a segment of 46.1% earns above Rs. 6,000 units, suggesting a considerable proportion of higher-income earners. In contrast, only 6.1% of individuals fall into the lowest income bracket of below Rs. 3,000. Distance travelled to Work: Majority (54.2%) commute between 2 and 5 kilometres, indicating that many women migrate for relatively short distances to their workplaces. Moreover, 38.9% travel within 1 kilometre, suggesting that a significant number work close to home. Only a small percentage work from home (3.2%), while 2.4% travel between 6 and 10 hours kilometres and 1.3% travel more than 10 kilometres. Means of Commuting to Work: The study reveals that a significant majority of participants walk to their jobs (57.6%) due to proximity to their workplaces. Public transportation is also a common option, with 19.5% using buses. Several mini buses are running to and from every corner of the taluka; therefore, connectivity is not a problem for the migrant women labourers. Another group of 11.1% women migrants benefit from employer-provided pick and drop services, which can enhance job accessibility and convenience. Only a small percentage use their own vehicles (5.8%), and the women who are engaged in stitching clothes (tailors) work from home, who constitute 6.1% of the women migrant workers. Reason for Working: The majority of the women migrant workers (86.1%) are employed primarily to support their families. This highlights the critical role that economic necessity plays in their decision to work. A smaller portion, 7.4%, work by choice, suggesting that some women find fulfilment or purpose in their jobs. Moreover, 5.0% aim to become self-sufficient, indicating a desire for independence. Only 1.6% work to pass the time, reflecting a minimal motivation for non-essential reasons. Table 4: Correlation Matrix of Selected Variables Correlation Matrix of selected variables of Women Migrant Workers in Salcete Taluka Selected Variable Age Marital Status Education Occupation Nature of Work Duration of Work Working Hours Distance to Work Income Commute to work Place of Origin Factors of Migration Duration of stay Age 1 .242** -.362** -.101* -.055 .437** .079 .268** .203** .141** -.103* .056 .478** Marital Status .242** 1 -.160** .047 -.029 .251** .030 .062 -.027 -.095 -.083 .121* .219** Education -.362** -.160** 1 .074 .215** -.157** .057 -.098 .109* .058 -.029 -.230** -.125* Occupation -.101* .047 .074 1 .427** .020 .236** -.090 -.064 -.064 -.019 .047 .062 Nature of Work -.055 -.029 .215** .427** 1 -.111* .469** .119* .346** .349** .058 -.101* -.096 Duration of Work .437** .251** -.157** .020 -.111* 1 .010 .149** .144** -.001 -.173** .152** .561** Working Hours .079 .030 .057 .236** .469** .010 1 .230** .433** .269** -.037 -.066 .007 Distance to Work .268** .062 -.098 -.090 .119* .149** .230** 1 .315** .298** -.146** .014 .125* Income .203** -.027 .109* -.064 .346** .144** .433** .315** 1 .477** -.021 -.163** .063 DRA ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2024 ON “SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES” Int. Jr. of Contemp. Res. in Multi. PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 4 [Special Issue 1] Year 2025 136 © 2025 Vijaya Nemikal, Prabir Kumar Rath. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Commute to work .141** -.095 .058 -.064 .349** -.001 .269** .298** .477** 1 -.039 -.076 -.002 Place of Origin -.103* -.083 -.029 -.019 .058 -.173** -.037 -.146** -.021 -.039 1 -.111* -.301** Factors of Migration .056 .121* -.230** .047 -.101* .152** -.066 .014 -.163** -.076 -.111* 1 .067 Duration of stay .478** .219** -.125* .062 -.096 .561** .007 .125* .063 -.002 -.301** .067 1 Positive Correlations 1. Age and Duration of work (0.437): Older migrant women have more stability or established networks, leading to longer duration of employment. 2. Age and Duration of Stay (0.478): As women age, they might prefer to settle down in a location, indicating a trend where older migrants establish longer periods of stay at the place of destination. 3. Nature of Work and Occupation (0.427): Different occupations have varying demands regarding job characteristics (e.g., full-time vs. part-time), indicating that the nature of work heavily influences occupational choices. 4. Nature of Work and Working Hours (0.469): Certain job types require longer hours, suggesting a strong link between the nature of the work and time commitment. 5. Income and Working Hours (0.433): Longer working hours often translate to higher earnings, reflecting that jobs requiring more time typically offer better financial compensation. 6. Commute to Work and Income (0.477): Similar to distance, longer commutes are associated with higherpaying positions, reflecting the trade-off between travel time and job quality. 7. Duration of Stay and Period (0.561): A strong connection suggests that women who remain in an area longer also typically have prolonged migration experiences, emphasising stability and community integration. Negative Correlations: 1. Age and Education (-0.362): Older generations have had less access to education compared to younger ones, reflecting historical differences in educational opportunities and societal norms. 2. Education and Factors of Migration (-0.230): Education has no relation with the factors of migration, as this group of migrants have migrated as associational migrants and are employed in low-skilled and unskilled jobs. CONCLUSION The study of women migrant workers reveals significant demographic and socio-economic patterns that emphasise their vital role in the urban workforce. With a majority in the prime working age and a significant portion married, these women often balance family responsibilities with economic demands. The predominance of Hindu and Muslim communities among the participants reflects the cultural context in which these women operate. The findings highlight the precarious nature of employment for many migrant women, with a significant proportion engaged in casual or temporary work, primarily in domestic roles. The reliance on social networks for job placement and the stress on economic necessity for working emphasise the intricacies of their migration experiences. Despite the challenges, many women have established long-term roots in their new communities, showcasing resilience and adaptability. Overall, this study highlights the need for targeted policies and programs that support the socio-economic integration and empowerment of women migrant workers, ultimately benefiting both their families and the broader urban economy. REFERENCES 1. Augustine R, Kumar R. Conditions and Problems of Female Domestic Workers (With Special Reference to L.D.A. Colony in Lucknow City, India). 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