The Building of Economics at Adelaide

Anderson, Kym; O'Neil, Bernard Book — Published Version The Building of Economics at Adelaide Provided in Cooperation with: University of Adelaide Press Suggested Citation: Anderson, Kym; O'Neil, Bernard (2009) : The Building of Economics at Adelaide, ISBN 978-0-9806238-5-7, University of Adelaide Press, Adelaide, https://doi.org/10.1017/UPO9780980623857 This Version is available at: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/182254 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. 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The Building of Economics at Adelaide 19012001 Kym Anderson and Bernard O’Neil BARR SMITH PRESS Th e Building of Economics at Adelaide 1901 - 2001 Kym Anderson and Bernard O’Neil Modern undergraduate economics teaching at the University of Adelaide began in 1901. Th e University was founded in late 1874 and fi rst off ered subjects in March 1876. Twenty–fi ve years later a core Economics undergraduate subject was introduced, and that year saw the fi rst two B.A. students and fi rst LL.B. student graduate after completing the subject. Th us it was that Adelaide became, in 1901–02, one of the world’s earliest providers of tertiary economics and commerce courses. Sir William Mitchell (1861-1962) An imprint of the University of Adelaide Press THE BUILDING OF ECONOMICS AT ADELAIDE 1901-2001 Reprints Collection: Economics As well as being established to publish high quality refereed new works the University of Adelaide Press selects previously published books by staff for reprinting both electronically and as softcover books. Strengthening the Global Trading System Indonesia in a Reforming World Economy Reforming Trade Policy in Papua New Guinea and the Pacific Islands The Economics of Quarantine Global Wine Markets, 1961-2003 The Building of Economics at Adelaide (Barr Smith Press imprint) Kym Anderson and Bernard O’Neill ________________ THE BUILDING OF ECONOMICS AT ADELAIDE 1901-2001 Published in Adelaide by The University of Adelaide Press Level 1, 254 North Terrace University of Adelaide South Australia 5005 [email protected] www.adelaide.edu.au/press The University of Adelaide Press publishes externally refereed scholarly books by staff of the University of Adelaide. It aims to maximise the accessibility to its best research by publishing works through the internet as free downloads and as high quality printed volumes on demand. Electronic Index: this book is available as a downloadable PDF with fully searchable text. ____________________________________________________________________________ This book is a facsimile republication. Some minor errors may remain. Originally published by the School of Economics, University of Adelaide. © Kym Anderson and Bernard O’Neill 2002, 2004, 2009 First published 2002 Reprinted with minor corrections and updates 2004 Republished 2009 This work is licenced under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA. This licence allows for copying any part of the work for personal and commercial use, providing author attribution is clearly stated. ____________________________________________________________________________ Subject Keywords: University of Adelaide School of Economics History – Economics Study and Teaching (higher) South Australia Adelaide History – Economists South Australia Biography For the full Cataloguing-in-Publication data please contact National Library of Australia: [email protected] ISBN 978-0-9806238-5-7 (electronic) ISBN 978-0-9806238-6-4 (paperback) Cover image: iStockphoto Cover concept: Fiona Cameron Cover design: Chris Tonkin Contents Page List of charts and tables Preface A chronology of the building of Economics at Adelaide Chapter 1 Birth and adolescence, 1901–1949 The Mitchell years The inter–war years The 1940s Chapter 2 Growth and adaptation, 1950–2001 The Karmel et al. years The Jarrett et al. years The Pincus et al. years Chapter 3 Prospects for the next century References Appendix 1: Biographies of staff who became Professors Appendix 2: Charts Appendix 3: Tables vi ix x 1 1 9 18 21 21 26 30 43 46 50 67 85 xii Chronology (continued) 1959 Following the death of Mrs Gollin, the University receives the George Gollin bequest promised in 1930; Peter Karmel’s professorship is named the George Gollin Chair in Economics. 1962 Professor Karmel is appointed Principal–Designate of the Bedford Park campus of the University; Harold Lydall is appointed to the George Gollin Chair; the journal Australian Economic Papers is launched by the Department with Hugh Hudson (later Deputy Premier of South Australia) as Editor and Geoff Harcourt as Assistant Editor. 1964 Eric Russell is promoted to Professor. 1966 On 1 July the Bedford Park campus becomes the independent Flinders University of South Australia with Peter Karmel as Vice–Chancellor; Flinders also attracts Keith Hancock (who becomes Professor of Economics there), Metoday Polasek, Eric Richards and Bob Wallace. 1967 Geoff Harcourt is promoted to a Personal Chair in Economics. 1968 Frank Jarrett takes over as George Gollin Professor of Economics after Harold Lydall’s resignation the previous year. 1971 The Department’s first Ph.D. student, Alistair Watson, graduates. 1977 Eric Russell dies of a heart attack; Ron Hirst retires as the longest–serving member of the Department up to that time (32 years). 1980 Cliff Walsh is appointed as a Professor and becomes Head of Department (but takes 2 years’ leave from mid–1981 to be Senior Economic Advisor to Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser). 1982 Geoff Harcourt takes 3 years’ leave without pay to take up an appointment at Cambridge; the Centre for South Australian Economic Studies is established by Adelaide and Flinders universities’ departments of economics, with Norm Thomson as its first Director. 1985 Geoff Harcourt formally resigns so as to stay on at Cambridge. 1987 Cliff Walsh resigns to take up an appointment at the ANU. 1988 Frank Jarrett retires to Emeritus Professor status after 36 years at Adelaide (the longest–serving member of the Department xiii Chronology (continued) up to that time), leaving no Professors in the Department immediately after it has been externally reviewed. 1989 The Faculty of Economics becomes the Faculty of Economics and Commerce; the Centre for International Economic Studies (CIES) is established with Kym Anderson as its foundation Executive Director. 1990 The Chinese Economy Research Unit (CERU) is established by its foundation Co–Directors, Christopher Findlay and the Arts Faculty’s Andrew Watson. 1991 Jonathan Pincus is appointed as the fourth George Gollin Professor and Head of Economics; Kym Anderson is promoted to a Personal Chair; the Commerce Department introduces a B.Com. degree; the Law School foreshadows that it will require its students to complete another degree before completing the LL.B. 1992 Richard Pomfret is appointed a Professor, returning the Department to three Chairs; Cliff Walsh returns from the ANU to become Executive Director and Professor of Economic Studies at the Centre for South Australian Economic Studies (soon to be renamed the SA Centre for Economic Studies, SACES). 1996 The departments of Economics and Commerce are re–named Schools. 1997 The Faculty of Economics and Commerce is absorbed into a larger Faculty of Performing Arts, Law, Architecture, Commerce and Economics (PALACE). 1999 Following the departure of its Co–Directors, the Chinese Economies Research Centre (previously CERU) is downsized to a program within the CIES. 2001 At the end of the year PALACE swaps Performing Arts for Education with the Arts Faculty and is renamed the Faculty of the Professions; the School of Economics prepares to be externally reviewed in 2002, 14 years after its previous review. 2003 The School accepts resignations from nine academic staff between late 2002 and early 2004. 1 Chapter 1 Birth and adolescence, 1901–1949 The Mitchell years Modern undergraduate economics teaching at the University of Adelaide began in 1901. The University was founded in late 1874 and first offered subjects in March 1876. Twenty–five years later a core Economics undergraduate subject was introduced, and that year saw the first two B.A. students and first LL.B. student graduate after completing the subject. Adelaide was thus a very early provider of tertiary economics education. It was preceded only by the University of Pennsylvania, which introduced a Bachelor of Science in Economics a decade earlier, and by the London School of Economics which was established in 1895. Simultaneously, a Faculty of Commerce was established at Birmingham University in 1901 (Turner 1904), followed in 1903 by Alfred Marshall’s success in getting tripos status for economics at the University of Cambridge. That is not to say there were no precursor subjects on offer at Adelaide prior to 1901. From 1878 lectures in Political Economy were offered to B.A. and M.A. students by the Reverend William Roby Fletcher (Hughes Professor of English Literature). While it is not clear how frequently these subjects were taught or how many students enrolled, numbers must have been small initially because in 1880 the library had just two books in the field (both by John Stuart Mill). The older universities of Sydney and Melbourne also introduced political economy subjects in the late 19th century. And they, like Adelaide, complemented those offerings with university extension courses in economics for non–degree students, whose evening classes continued until well into the 20th century (Goodwin The Building of Economics at Adelaide 2 1966). Then in 1896 William Mitchell provided, within the field of Philosophy and Economics, a subject for M.A. students called Principles of Economics. But it was not until 1901 when the B.A. degree was reorganised that modern economics was made available to undergraduates. Meanwhile, the South Australian business community was pressing also for the provision of commercial education at the tertiary level. Unlike the other Australian colonies, South Australia was established for commercial reasons rather than penal settlement. The colony came into being in 1836 through a joint venture between the British government and a private joint stock firm called the South Australian Company. Within three years a Chamber of Commerce had formed, and by 1869 a Chamber of Manufactures also was established (Viney 1936). These were the first such employer organisations in Australasia, and from the outset there was a strong awareness of the mutual spillovers between commercial and industrial activities locally and more broadly. In particular, their members recognised the need for tertiary education. Indeed the University of Adelaide’s formation as early as 1874 was made possible largely through the financial bequest of Walter Watson Hughes, whose wealth emanated from his maritime trading interests and mining activities. The commercial successes of other notable South Australian identities, including Sir Thomas Elder, Peter Waite and Robert Barr Smith, also paid dividends in terms of generous gifts to the new University. While practical business courses had been available for some time,1 more–advanced courses in such fields as accounting and 1 One example dates from the arrival in Adelaide in May 1838 of Jacob Pitman and his family. Pitman’s brother, Isaac, was the inventor of what became known as Pitman’s shorthand. Jacob brought with him 100 copies of the just– released 12–page booklet entitled Stenographic Soundhand, and within a few years shorthand classes were being advertised in Adelaide. Also, Roseworthy Agricultural College had a course on how to maintain farm records; and the University was involved at the secondary school level of commercial education through the curricula of the Public Examinations Board (Jones 1967). The Mitchell years 3 business law were sought by the business community.2 So, just one year after the Economics undergraduate subject began in 1901, Adelaide introduced Australia’s first university course in commercial studies. It began as an Advanced Certificate in Commerce in 1902, but was upgraded to a Diploma in Commerce in 1908.3 One core subject in the course, Economics and Commercial History, was taught by Professor Mitchell, whose students attended his weekly lecture–tutorial in Economics for the B.A. and LL.B. The other five compulsory subjects were Accounting, Banking and Exchange, Business Practice, Commercial Law, and Commercial Geography and Technology. Thus it was that Adelaide became, in 1901–02, one of the world’s earliest providers of tertiary economics and commerce courses. This achievement was despite the fact that the University of Adelaide was still tiny: in 1900 it was endowed with just 5 acres of land (compared with more than 100 acres each for the universities of Sydney and Melbourne) and one building (now known as the Mitchell Building) to house its five schools, less than 20 lecturers, and 465 enrolled students not counting the Elder Conservatorium of Music (Duncan and Leonard 1973). The focus on economics and commerce was given an early boost by a significant endowment in 1903 by the prominent Adelaide businessman Joseph Fisher. It came in the form of a perpetual gold medal for the top student in accounting each year, plus funds for a lecture to be delivered in alternate years and published. There was also an intention that the remuneration of ‘lecturers, examiners, and professors’ engaged in commerce education be enhanced. The fund was £1000, which is equivalent to around $500 000 in terms of 2002 spending power. At the time of the centenary of the University of Adelaide in the mid–1970s, the endowment was augmented by a further $10 500 by the ‘Joseph 2 See the 17 January 1901 issue of Adelaide’s leading newspaper at the time, the Register. 3 The Certificate course was an extension of the Elementary Commercial Examination that followed the Primary, Junior, Senior and Public Examinations in commercial subjects at schools. The University of Sydney established a similar commerce certificate in 1904 (Goodwin 1966, p. 554) and upgraded it to a diploma in 1906 (Groenewegen and McFarlane 1990, p. 42). The Building of Economics at Adelaide 4 Fisher Trustees’. The 49 Joseph Fisher Lectures that have been delivered since 1904 have been presented by a mixture of prominent economists in academia and government, senior politicians including two Prime Ministers, and influential Australian bankers and businessmen. Twelve of the past lecturers appear in Who’s Who in Economics (Blaug 1999), 13 were knighted and one was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics (James Meade). Most shared Joseph Fisher’s interests in liberal markets and small, non–interventionist government.4 As of 1901, Economics was one of eight full–scale subjects of which students were required to complete six towards their B.A. degree (in addition to other subjects or half–subjects). The other full subjects were English, French, German, Greek, Latin, and two courses in History. Initially economics was only to be taught in alternate years. The lecturer until 1916 was the formidable William Mitchell, who was the Hughes Professor of English Language and Literature and of Mental and Moral Philosophy before he went on to become the University’s Vice–Chancellor from 1916 to 1942 and Chancellor from 1942 to 1948. In keeping with polymaths of the 19th century, during his teaching career Mitchell lectured in psychology, logic, ethics, the history and systematics of philosophy, English language and literature, education, anatomy and zoology, in addition to economics.5 Following the appointment of other specialists in the humanities, Mitchell’s title was altered in 1912 to 4 As a contribution to the centenary of economics at Adelaide and of the Federation of Australia, the first 48 lectures were reprinted in a two–volume collection, together with brief biographies of each of the lecturers (Anderson 2001). See Table 22 for a list of the lectures and lecturers. 5 Mitchell once quipped that he occupied not a Chair but a sofa! In 1901 he was one of a staff of eight professors and twelve lecturers, plus eight teachers at the Elder Conservatorium of Music. The academic staff numbers had grown by one, seven and two respectively by 1902. It was the appointment of Robert Langton Douglas to the Chair in Modern History and English Language and Literature in 1900 that enabled Mitchell to devote attention to Economics. Other great teachers in the academy at that time included Reverend Walter Howchin, Professors William Bragg, Jethro Brown, (Sir) Douglas Mawson, Edward Rennie, (Sir) Edward Stirling, George Cockburn Henderson and Archibald Watson, several of whom also lectured as widely as Mitchell. The Mitchell years 5 Professor of Philosophy and Economics. So even though he is better recognised for his contributions to the University more widely, Mitchell was in effect the University’s first Professor of Economics (albeit very much part–time). In the first year that Economics was offered, Mitchell presented hour–long lectures at 5 p.m. on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. Lecture days and times varied in subsequent years but were usually held in the evening or at night so that part–time students could attend after work. The 1901 revision of the B.A. also established a fourth year of study, an Honours year, in which the field of ‘History and Economics’ could be studied. (M.A. students also could undertake a thesis in that subject area.) In order to undertake an Honours degree, candidates in History and Economics had to have passed English History, Modern European History, a foreign language (ancient or modern) and Economics among their six subjects for the Ordinary degree. Honours candidates in ‘Mental and Moral Science’ needed to have passed undergraduate Psychology, Logic, Ethics, History of Philosophy, Economics and another subject. M.A. degree candidates were to have a knowledge of ‘Mental and Moral Philosophy’ as in the Honours degree and of ‘Elements of Economics’ and a special subject called ‘Principles of Economics’ (being one of the six special subjects available since 1896 as part of the ‘Philosophy and Economics’ field). However, no–one enrolled for the B.A.(Hons), M.A. or M.A.(Hons) degrees in Economics before the courses were revised again for 1907 (Edgeloe 1992). The course fees for Economics in 1901 were £4/4/– plus £2/2/– for the examination. The Honours degree fees were, respectively, £10/10/– plus £3/3/–. Consistent with today’s practice of relatively high fees for an M.B.A., the fee for completing the Advanced Certificate in Commerce was £14/12/6.6 In 1901 the students were examined on Mitchell’s lectures plus Marshall’s Economics of Industry and John Stuart Mill’s Political 6 Since the average adult male wage today is about 230 times that in 1901, in nominal dollar terms, the fee of £14/12/6 is equivalent to $6800 and hence well above the annual HECS fee that B.Ec. or B.Com. students are currently paying. The Building of Economics at Adelaide 6 Economy. In 1905 Gibbins’s History of Commerce in Europe was added to the examination list. Honours students in Modern History and Economics were examined in six subjects of which Economics was one. The books on which they would be examined were Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations, Bastable’s Public Finance and Cunningham’s Growth of English Industry and Commerce. In Mitchell’s time there was a limited range of modern economics and commerce books and few journals on those subjects. Attending the University in 1901 were 257 undergraduates, 234 non–graduating students, and 288 students at the Elder Conservatorium of Music. How many people enrolled in Economics in its first year is not known, but 13 Arts students passed the two 3– hour examinations in November 1901, including Dorothea Landon Poole who was thus the first female to pass.7 Three Law students also passed those exams in Economics that year followed by 11 more by 1910. The first students to graduate after passing Economics were George Alfred Hancock and John Colville (Arts) and Richard William Bennett (Law) in 1901, the year that they sat the exam. In 1904 the Faculty of Arts was established with several departments, one of which was the Department of History and Economics. That structure remained until 1946 when the Department of Economics was separated from History. A further separation took place in 1952, when a new Faculty of Economics was formed comprising two departments, one for Economics and one for Commerce. 7 Calendar of the University of Adelaide, 1902. At that time the relatively large number of women working in commercial enterprises made the pathway for female students in economics and commerce a little more acceptable than it otherwise might have been. An example was Constance Davey, who graduated from the University in 1915 with a B.A. Honours degree which included Economics. She had a distinguished career as a educational psychologist in the State Public Service and as a Lecturer and Research Fellow at the University. Her book, Children and their Law–makers: A Social Historical Survey of the Growth and Development from 1836 to 1950 of the South Australian Laws Relating to Children, was published in 1956, subsequent to her work at the University under a Federal grant for research into physical, biological and social sciences. She received an OBE in 1955. The Mitchell years 7 The Arts degree was revised again in 1906 and the new B.A. regulations from 1907 required a student to pass in six subjects over three years. Of the 16 subjects available, four had to be taken from a list of nine subjects including Economics. The History and Philosophy Honours students needed to pass Economics for their degree. The Ordinary and Honours M.A. degrees had similar requirements for the study of Economics. Barely a handful of students undertook an M.A. (seven in 1906) and how many took Economics is not known. At the undergraduate level, an indication of the place of Economics is that of the 388 undergraduates in 1907, there were 117 B.A. students of whom 17, including four women, passed Economics. Meanwhile, the Advanced Certificate in Commerce was under the control of a University–appointed Board of Commercial Studies. From the outset Mitchell was on the Board along with the Vice– Chancellor William Barlow, Professor Bragg, a representative of the Institute of Accountants, and the president and vice–president of the Adelaide Chamber of Commerce among other business and commercial identities. In 1908 the Board had 16 members, whereas the business of the Faculty of Arts was managed by just 12 people. Four people served on both management committees. The Board of Commercial Studies in 1908 brought in a Diploma in Commerce (Dip.Com.) to replace the Advanced Certificate. Certificate holders were able to upgrade to the diploma by sitting for the examination in Economics and Commercial History. Of the 11 people awarded a Dip.Com. in 1908, nine had upgraded their qualifications. In the next year another certificate holder did so followed by four more in 1910, the last year that this provision applied. Diploma graduates were entitled to use the post– nominal letters ‘ACUA’ denoting their being an ‘Associate in Commerce of the University of Adelaide’ or a variant thereof.8 The inclusion of accounting as a subject in the certificate and the diploma reflected the needs of the local business community. 8 Diploma holders in other fields used the post–nominal letters AUA (Associate of the University of Adelaide). The ACUA was the most desired professional qualification for commercial teachers in South Australia (Jones 1967, p. 159). The Building of Economics at Adelaide 14 would receive a sum of £20 000 to endow a Chair in Economics when both he and his wife died.21 As it happened he did not die until 1946 and his wife lived until the late 1950s, so the money did not come to the University until 1959. By then it was insufficient to fully endow a Chair, but the University nonetheless attached George Gollin’s name to the one Chair in Economics at that time (occupied by Peter Karmel).22 The lectures in Economics I for the B.Ec. were presented annually but the courses in Economics II and III were given in alternate years until a sufficient number of students had enrolled and justified the courses being run annually. Towards the end of the first decade of the B.Ec., there was an expectation that Economics III would be run in 1938 as well as 1939. Two students graduated in 1936 following on the heels of Gilbert Frederick Seaman, the first B.Ec. graduate in 1935; and the next year saw the first female B.Ec. graduate, Greta Ruby Crane. Another outcome of Melville’s appointment was the establishment of the Diploma in Public Administration, which had been advocated by those wanting to raise the quality of the Public Service.23 Melville also served on the Board of Commercial Studies. Melville combined academic and public duties when he joined the special advisory council on State finance chaired by William Wainwright (and which also included W.J. Young and Les Hunkin). This followed the University acceding to the State government’s requests in 1930 ‘to permit members of the professorial staff to aid them in solving some of the difficult problems by which the State is 21 University of Adelaide files 938/1961 and 72/1930. With his brother, Walter, George Gollin founded the trading firm of Gollin and Co. Pty Ltd in Adelaide in 1879. The company’s operations expanded to Melbourne (1888), Sydney (1896), New Zealand (1900), London (1901–02) and, ultimately, throughout the world. George Gollin had moved to London prior to World War I. 22 Subsequent holders have been Harold Lydall (1962–67), Frank Jarrett (1968– 88) and Jonathan Pincus (since 1991). The funds from this endowment remained with the University administrators, however, so the Department of Economics never received any financial benefit from the endowment. 23 University Calendar for 1930, p. 358. The inter–war years 15 presently confronted’.24 Melville’s contributions were so highly regarded that the State government asked him to continue on a committee preparing its submission to the Commonwealth’s Public Accounts Committee that was inquiring into the disabilities incurred by the State since federation. The call to public duty was louder in 1931 when the Great Depression claimed Melville from the University through his appointment to the Commonwealth (later Reserve) Bank of Australia as its first Economic Adviser. The recruitment and retention of staff at that time was not easy and the provision of resources and facilities was constrained by the Depression. A 10 per cent reduction in the State government grant to the University stimulated University staff to take a voluntary cut of 10% in their salaries. Despite that climate, attracting a Professor to replace Melville was not impossible. Alexander Mackay’s disappointment at missing out on the professorship to Melville had already led to his falling out with the University: he took leave for 1929–30 and did not return in 1931 because the University would not create a sub–professorial post for him. In place of Melville and Mackay a recent University of Melbourne M.A. graduate, John Garland, served as Lecturer for 1932 through to August 1934 when he went to Cambridge to further his studies. Garland relied on the assistance of part–time tutors and assistants to sustain Melville’s curriculum. Garland’s decision to leave, in part, may have been fuelled by an imminent change. In 1933 Edward Shann, the Professor of History and Economics at the University of Western Australia, had accepted the Chair at the University of Adelaide, although he then spent 1934 lecturing in Perth.25 Thus Garland was followed by John Andrew La Nauze. A Rhodes Scholar at Oxford’s Balliol College from late 1931 to 1934, La Nauze was appointed full–time Assistant Lecturer in Economics.26 He had obtained first–class honours under 24 University Calendar for 1931, p. 366. 25 Edward Owen Giblin Shann’s significant publications established his name as an economist of the highest repute. He became the first economic consultant to an Australian bank – the Bank of New South Wales in 1930. His political involvement also helped to establish the importance of economists as advisers and consultants to developing economies. 26 University of Adelaide file 160/1934. The Building of Economics at Adelaide 16 Shann and also at Oxford where he read Politics, Philosophy and Economics. La Nauze was awarded a B.A. at the University of Adelaide in 1935 to complement the B.A. degrees he had obtained at Oxford and the University of Western Australia. La Nauze accepted the Adelaide post following Shann’s encouragement: their families were neighbours in South Perth, and it was Shann who had convinced La Nauze to major in economics and literature as an undergraduate. Shann arrived in time for first term teaching in 1935. Highly regarded as an economist ever since his student days, Shann had already held a temporary appointment as Acting Professor of Philosophy at the University of Adelaide when Professor Mitchell had taken leave in 1906 (presumably teaching or supervising economics in the ‘off’ year). He specialised in economic history. Indicative of his reputation, he had been involved, along with Professors Melville, Copland and Giblin, in preparing the Premiers’ Plan for alleviating the distress caused by the Great Depression. Unfortunately, Shann’s professorship was abruptly terminated through his mysterious death after only one term at Adelaide. Shann was found dead outside the window of his first–floor office of the Mitchell Building a half–hour after his final lecture early in the evening of 23 May 1935. The cause of his death was not determined, but he fractured his skull in the fall. Shann’s death was followed by another four–year hiatus before a new Professor of Economics was appointed. In the interim La Nauze maintained the three units of economics, the one of economic history and the courses in statistical methods for first–year students. He was helped greatly by very able part–time tutors and lecturers. These included Garnet Vere Portus, the Professor of Political Science and History, who taught the course in economic history from 1935 until his retirement in 1950. (Portus had taught the subject at the University of Sydney prior to coming to Adelaide in 1934.) One of the part–timers was Gilbert Seaman who had started in the Dip.Com. while at Adelaide Teachers’ College. Melville advised him on the likelihood of the B.Ec. course eventuating and encouraged him to pursue the degree. Seaman thus became the University’s first B.Ec. graduate –undertaking his studies while teaching full–time at Port Pirie High School! After The inter–war years 17 passing his exams in 1935 Seaman was employed by the University as a part–time Tutor in Economics for three years, a Tutor in Statistics II, a Tutor and then a part–time Lecturer in Actuarial Mathematics (1936 and 1938; 1940–50) and Statistics I (1941, 1943– 45).27 His employment as an evening lecturer terminated in 1950 when his course was discontinued by the new Professor. However, Melville’s faith in his capabilities was vindicated in that Seaman’s career in the State Public Service culminated in his becoming Under Treasurer. Another economics teacher, Leslie Finlay Crisp, was to have a significant career outside economics. A B.A. student, Crisp was appointed a Tutor in Economics in 1938.28 He resigned the Tinline Scholarship in history in that year when he also became the first of the University’s students majoring in economics to become a Rhodes Scholar. He may have been influenced by La Nauze to pursue this direction. Both La Nauze and Crisp had articles on economic matters published in Phoenix (the renamed Adelaide University Magazine) in 1937 and 1938. In 1940 he was awarded the University’s John L. Young Scholarship for Research enabling him to submit a thesis for his M.A. Crisp went on to a distinguished academic career in public administration and politics at the Australian National University where he held a professorship for many years. The vacant Chair was filled in 1939 with the appointment of a one–time student of Professor (later Sir) Douglas Copland who had collaborated with Shann on publications. Replicating the appointment of Melville a decade earlier, the University’s initial attempt to fill the Chair in 1937 failed. An apocryphal story is that Arthur Smithies, formerly of Tasmania and then at Harvard University, was a possible candidate for the Chair but that Copland advised against it on the reasoning that he would be of more value to Australian economics by being in the United States of America than at Adelaide. Another of the applicants was E. Roland Walker. Then a renewed expression of interest was received from Keith Sydney Isles, who had withdrawn his original application when he had secured a professorship at Swansea University College in Wales 27 University of Adelaide file 61/1936 and staff card. 28 University of Adelaide files 29/1938, 233/1938 and 206/1940. The Building of Economics at Adelaide 18 in 1937. It led to him receiving and accepting an offer in 1938 (although he did not take up the position in Adelaide until August 1939). The 1940s Isles had earned first–class Honours in Commerce from the University of Tasmania (under Copland) in 1924. He came to Adelaide to teach at St Peter’s College in 1925. At the same time he won the Tinline Scholarship for history while studying part–time at the University of Adelaide. At Caius College, Cambridge he received first–class honours in the economics tripos in 1929, postgraduate awards and an M.Sc. (with a thesis on ‘Wages Policy and the Price Level’) in 1933. From 1931 to 1937 he lectured at the University of Edinburgh before accepting the Chair in Economics at Swansea in 1937. As happened a decade earlier, the appointment of Professor Isles led to the departure of the incumbent economics lecturer. In 1939 La Nauze, who among his many tasks had even conducted a special course in Economics I for Bachelor of Agricultural Science students, resigned and went to the University of Sydney in 1940.29 His replacement as Assistant Lecturer was the charismatic Bruce (later Sir Bruce) Williams. The University’s regulations offered a Master of Economics degree from December 1938. Then the addition of an Honours level in Economics was achieved when new regulations were accepted in December 1939. The introduction of the Honours degree (initially without a thesis as a requirement) followed the adoption of the commercial aspects that Melville had wanted, and which had prevented Honours in Economics being offered previously. But the first B.Ec.(Hons) graduate was not until 1945 in Roma Williams, wife of the Lecturer Bruce Williams, while the first M.Ec. graduate was not until 1950, in the Lecturer in Economics Ron Hirst (Appendix 3, Tables 10 and 12). Another former schoolteacher to make the transition to being a leader in the State Public Service was Alex Ramsay, a graduate of the University who was appointed a part–time Assistant Lecturer in 29 University of Adelaide files 85/1939 and 177/1939. The 1940s 19 Economics in 1943. In successive years he was then appointed a Tutor in Statistics and then a Lecturer in Statistics I. In 1945 he moved from teaching to the South Australian Housing Trust where he was the General Manager from 1949. During World War II Professor Isles consulted to the Federal Treasury on war finance and compulsory war savings. He was absent for extended periods when he was Economic Adviser to the Commonwealth government’s wartime Rationing Commission in Melbourne (September 1942 to February 1943) and a Lieutenant– Colonel in the Directorate of Research in the Citizen’s Military Force (1944).30 Meanwhile, at the University he also chaired the Board of Commercial Studies. The final year of World War II brought yet more significant changes to the teaching of Economics. Professor Isles was with the Control Commission in Germany when he resigned to take up the Chair of Economics at the University of Belfast in Northern Ireland. As a consequence of Isles leaving, the career of Bruce Williams took a new direction.31 Even though Williams had secured a Rockefeller Fellowship in Chicago, Chancellor Sir William Mitchell tried to encourage him to return to Adelaide and to apply for the Chair. However, Williams felt he was too young for a chair and in any case he wanted to spend time in the UK. So he followed Isles’ advise and successfully applied for a Senior Lecturer’s position at Queen’s University in Belfast. His securing of the position was consistent with Mitchell’s expectation that many of the good academics would not remain long at Adelaide. He and his wife Roma left the University formally in 1946. Though growing, the number of students at the University had remained small in the period before World War I: in 1914 the total student enrolment of 1044 included 409 undergraduates (of whom 195 were Arts students), 18 postgraduates, and 293 non– graduating students, plus 324 students at the Elder Conservatorium of Music. A decade later the enrolments had effectively doubled to 2018, with 311 of the 631 non–graduating students taking the 30 University of Adelaide file 206/1942; Sir Bruce Williams, personal communication, 15 October 2002. 31 Sir Bruce Williams, personal communication, 15 October 2002. The Building of Economics at Adelaide 20 Dip.Com. The Depression years impacted on the University’s enrolments of course: in 1934 there were 2337 students, including 36 undergraduates in Economics and 396 taking the Dip.Com. (out of 903 non–graduating students). By 1944 the number of Economics undergraduates had risen to 57 (Duncan and Leonard 1973, pp.187– 90). Up to 1945 there were never more than two full–time economics lecturers (and no full–time commerce lecturers) at the University at any time, and there was a Professor of Economics for less than a half of those first 45 years (see, Chart 1; Appendix 3, Tables 1–3). Those and numerous part–time tutors and assistant lecturers provided Economics to Arts and Law students from 1901 in parallel with Economics for the Diploma in Commerce students from 1902, the Diploma in Economics and Political Science between 1922 and 1929, and from 1930 the B.Ec. degree, with both Economics and Commerce majors, and the Diploma of Public Administration (see Table 15). Following Professor Isles’ departure in 1945, the University appointed Brian Tew as Professor of Economics. Tew, who had been in the Civil Service in the United Kingdom during the war, commenced duties in 1946. A notable achievement during his tenure was that Economics (including Commerce) separated from History in 1946 and formed a Department of Economics within the Faculty of Arts. Tew stayed only four years, before moving back to England to a professorship at the University of Nottingham. In seeking a replacement for Tew, one of the outstanding candidates considered for the position was Heinz Arndt. However, Arndt was apparently rejected on the grounds that he had been a communist at the London School of Economics.32 Instead, Tew was replaced by a dynamic 28–year–old, Peter Karmel. 32 R.H. Wallace, personal communication, 16 August 2002; P. Karmel, personal communication, 2 October 2002. Arndt instead was appointed to the first Chair in Economics at what became the Australian National University in Canberra, where he had a very distinguished career for more than 50 years until his death in a car accident on the campus in May 2002, as he was driving to the funeral of Sir Leslie Melville where he was to give one of the eulogies. 21 Chapter 2 Growth and adaptation, 1950–2001 For convenience, as with the first half–century of Economics at Adelaide, the second half also is split into three periods: until Peter Karmel became Vice–Chancellor of Flinders University in mid–1966; from then until Frank Jarrett’s retirement in 1988, during which time Jarrett held the George Gollin Chair and was frequently Dean of the Faculty of Economics; and the period since then when Jonathan Pincus held the Gollin Chair and was Head of Economics for six of those years (1991–96, a term exceeded only by Karmel 1950–61 and Eric Russell 1967–76 – see Table 24). The Karmel et al. years Professor Peter Karmel’s arrival in May 1950 began a major takeoff for Economics at Adelaide, aided by additional funds being made available by the Federal government for universities in the post–war era: ‘From 1950 onwards the Department was amongst the foremost in the University in expansion of teaching and research activities and growth of tenured staff of distinction’ (Edgeloe 1992, p.2). It was arguably the liveliest and best Economics Department in Australia by the early 1960s, with a growing number of staff establishing reputations nationally and ultimately internationally. Within two years of his arrival, Professor Karmel had orchestrated the formation of a new Faculty of Economics with two separate departments, Economics (which also retained its membership in the Arts Faculty) and Commerce (to be headed by Russell Mathews on his appointment as a Reader in 1953). Karmel ceased admissions to the Diploma in Commerce and the Diploma in Public Administration so as to concentrate on the B.Ec., B.Ec.(Hons) and M.Ec. On staffing, Lecturer Ron Hirst became the University’s first M.Ec. graduate in 1950, triggering his promotion to Reader that The Building of Economics at Adelaide 22 year, and five more lecturers were hired during Karmel’s first three years. Milton Smith, John Grant, and Roger Opie were young Adelaide graduates, while Eric Russell and Frank Jarrett had returned from postgraduate education abroad. Eric Russell was a student contemporary of Karmel’s at the University of Melbourne where he had studied Arts and Commerce in the early 1940s. He had also completed a B.A. at King’s College, Cambridge in 1947, and received an M.A. from Cambridge in 1959. He commenced teaching as a Senior Lecturer at the University of Adelaide in 1952 and was promoted to Reader in 1958 and to Professor in 1964. He also served as Chairman of the Department from 1967 to 1976. He died while playing squash soon after his return from a sabbatical in February 1977, at the early age of 55. ‘He always insisted on taking a full teaching load – indeed, over the years his was always one of the heaviest – despite the very great weight of administrative and other university and, in later days, government activities that he carried at the same time … In the 1950s and early 1960s Eric did great work for wage–earning groups, especially in helping Bob Hawke prepare his briefs for the ACTU’s basic wage submissions. Eric was one of the first professional economists to go into the witness box in order to present evidence for the wage–earners’ cause.’ (Harcourt 1977a, pp469 and 471). Russell published very little,33 but his intellect together with his liberal social conscience ensured he had a great influence on other staff members and students at the University. Indeed several Professors have claimed that he should be ranked along with Trevor Swan as one of Australia’s greatest–ever economists. Frank Jarrett was the next non–Adelaide appointee. He had just completed doctoral studies in agricultural economics, and was the first appointee to the University with a Ph.D. from an American Land–Grant College, namely Iowa State. This caused some consternation. Some members of the University Council were so scathing of a Ph.D. from Iowa that they sought ways to have the 33 According to Harcourt (1977a,b), he published just two papers in economics journals (Russell 1965; Meade and Russell 1967). A third, his Presidential Address to the ANZAAS Congress in 1972, was published posthumously for him (Russell 1978). The Karmel et al. years 23 doctorate not recognised. Their proposed solution was to declare that only Ph.D. degrees with a Latin language requirement should be recognised. The issue faded within a few months, and Jarrett went on to lecture from 1953 to 1988 and thereby succeed Ron Hirst as the longest–serving member of the Department to that time.34 He also spent several periods as Dean of the Faculty. The next two appointments also were very influential, in Bob Wallace (Oxford background) in 1956 and Geoff Harcourt (Melbourne and Cambridge background) in 1958. In the decade he spent at Adelaide before transferring to Flinders University, Wallace played a major role in assisting Karmel attract several more outstanding scholars to the staff. The number of academic staff rose from a mere two or three in the 1940s, and five or six through most of the 1950s, to 18 by 1964 (Chart 2 and Tables 2 and 3). Many of the new staff were recruited from the University of Melbourne, where an unhappy atmosphere then prevailed in Economics. They were accommodated, along with the Arts Faculty proper, in the new 10– storey Napier Building (built between 1958 and 1965 and named after Sir Mellis Napier, South Australia’s Chief Justice and the Chancellor of the University from 1948 to 1961). Geoff Harcourt was absent from Adelaide in the last three of what we have called the Karmel years, but that did not stop him from putting Adelaide on the map internationally. He was on leave– without–pay at Cambridge, where his learning and publishing flourished (see Harcourt 2001, Ch. 1), and he built on that after he returned in 1967 (see next section). This was also the period in which women joined the Economics lecturing staff (the only precedents being Dorethea Pavy as an Assistant Lecturer in 1922 and Roma Williams who was a Lecturer during 1946, pending her departure with husband Bruce to Northern Ireland). Maureen Brunt began her academic career at the University of Adelaide, where she was a Lecturer and Senior Lecturer from 1960 to 1964. She took leave without pay to spend time at Harvard (1964–66), and then became Australia’s first female 34 With recent changes to the law regarding the statutory retirement age of 65 years, Jarrett has lost the service record to Brian Bentick who has been on the lecturing staff since 1965. The Building of Economics at Adelaide 30 The external review of the Department in 1988 highlighted that, after the visionary leadership of Peter Karmel and the subsequent Professors, the Department had lacked ‘consistent academic leadership’ in the 1980s. Aside from the usual differences of views among senior staff, departmental governance had suffered through the Heads of Department serving too short a term or through their and other senior staff’s involvement in other matters within and outside of the University. Lecturers and Senior Lecturers at that time considered they were shouldering an unfair proportion of responsibilities and intellectual leadership for which they were not compensated monetarily, or by way of promotion or assistance with their own work interests (Mayer et al. 1988, p.19). This situation was exacerbated by Cliff Walsh’s secondment to the Prime Minister’s staff shortly after his appointment to a Chair in 1980, by Harcourt’s absence from 1982 and resignation in 1985, by resignations from Lindner and Davis in 1986 and from Walsh and Lewis in 1987, and by Jarrett’s retirement in 1988. The Department was left not only virtually leaderless, but with indications that it might become primarily a service provider to other undergraduate degree programs then under review, particularly Law and Commerce. The late 1980s was also the beginning of a period – not yet ended – of a series of major Federal government reforms to higher education. These circumstances contributed to a further haemorrhaging of staff, this time of promising Lecturer Bs and Cs: following Chapman leaving in 1986 were Grossman and McTaggert in 1987, Nguyen and Ryland in 1989, and Anderson (on leave–without–pay) and Tyers in 1990. Derek Healey, one of the three Lecturer Ds at the time, also resigned in 1990. It was not until 1991 that the University appointed the first of the replacement Professors. He was J.J. Pincus, at the time Professor and Head of Economic History at Flinders University. The Pincus et al. years The appointment of Jonathan Pincus as the George Gollin Professor and Head of the Economics Department in 1991 coincided with three other pertinent developments in addition to the major The Pincus et al. years 31 reforms introduced by Federal Education Minister John Dawkins: the rapid rise in demand for commerce relative to economics undergraduate training; the (not–unrelated) decision by the Commerce Department to offer its own B.Com. degree program in competition with (and involving far fewer Economics subjects than) the B.Ec.; and a foreshadowed change of rules in the Law School that would require LL.B. students to qualify for graduation in another undergraduate degree before graduating in Law. A clear reflection of the growth in demand for commerce relative to economics majors shows up in the numbers graduating since 1990 (Charts 6 and 7). Concomitantly, the number of commerce lecturers grew over the 1990s while the number in economics stagnated (compare Charts 2 and 4).46 Nonetheless, under Jonathan Pincus, staff morale and the number of senior members were quickly rebuilt. Pincus was instrumental in appointing Richard Pomfret, who arrived in January 1992 to the Chair that had been vacated by Cliff Walsh four years earlier; in attracting Walsh back from the ANU to a newly created (self–funded) position as Executive Director and Professor of Economic Studies at the Centre for South Australian Economic Studies (soon to be renamed the SA Centre for Economic Studies); and in encouraging Kym Anderson to return at the end of 1992 from his leave–without–pay position at the GATT Secretariat (now the World Trade Organisation) in Geneva. Since Anderson had been promoted to a Personal Chair in absentia in 1991, that returned the Department to the three Chairs it had enjoyed during most of the period from the mid–1960s to the mid–1980s. As well, in 1992 four Senior Lecturers (Christopher Findlay, Ian McLean, Sue Richardson and Colin Rogers) were promoted to join David Round, Tom Sheridan and Norm Thomson as Readers/Associate Professors. With these rapid developments the Department was spared the fate of some of the University’s other departments such as History, and some of the other Australian Economics Departments, 46 The slowdown in demand for Economics places has not been gender– specific: the female proportion of B.Ec. admissions has remained in the 30–40 per cent range throughout the 1990s (up from barely 10 per cent in the 1970s – see Chart 8). The Building of Economics at Adelaide 32 which have become mere shadows of their former selves. But Pincus and his colleagues knew that the situation remained precarious, and that major innovations would be needed just to maintain, let alone increase, the current size of the Department (renamed School in 1996). The need for innovations was only partly related to the relative decline in demand for an undergraduate Economics major – a decline that also occurred interstate and in other Western countries (Millmow 2002; Siegfried 2000). The other major influence was the program of higher education policy reforms in Canberra begun by Minister Dawkins in the late 1980s and continued in bursts through to the present. Higher education reforms that were particularly pertinent to the Economics Department from the late 1980s included the introduction of significant tuition fees for domestic students (albeit still involving a large subsidy element and accompanied by a government income–contingent loan provision for delaying their payment), the substantial downsizing of scholarship funding and the charging of full tuition fees for students from overseas, the conversion of many former colleges of advanced education to universities (involving also numerous mergers to reduce the total number of institutions), and the substantial reduction in the proportion of the University of Adelaide’s budget coming in the form of core grants from the Federal Government. These changes required university departments to become much more cost– conscious, demand–focused, market–driven, and subject to annual reporting of key performance indicators. In South Australia especially, where there was little growth in domestic student demand, much greater emphasis needed to be on exporting the University’s services through attracting fee–paying international students and competitive research grants to compensate for the declining income from core government funding. Welcoming the government’s increased emphasis on student satisfaction and learning, the Economics Department embarked on innovations in the teaching of introductory economics, thereby gaining favourable attention. The Department also responded to quasi–market pressures by changing not only the B.Ec. but also its other offerings. One change was to introduce a Graduate Diploma to attract non–economics majors willing to pay (or able to attract a The Pincus et al. years 33 scholarship) for a professional training in Economics. The most successful part of that effort to date has been the winning, for four years in a row, of a contract to provide AusAID–funded places for 12 Chinese trade diplomats per year through the latter 1990s. A more recent change was the School introducing a professional Applied Master’s degree, mostly by coursework, and developing a M.Ec. degree by coursework and dissertation (as distinct from the M.Ec. thesis). Both new Masters are attracting a steady flow of fee–paying Economics graduates. As well, the Ph.D. program now has compulsory micro– and macro–economic and econometric coursework in the first year. This is an experimental first step towards an American–style doctorate. A targeted marketing campaign and the conversion of three Lecturer A (Senior Tutor) positions into ten teaching assistantships has helped to expand enrolments in these postgraduate programs since the late 1990s. A third response involved introducing, in 1996, a Bachelor of Finance degree. As Chart 6 shows, that has compensated considerably for the slowdown in interest in the B.Ec. That program has been offered jointly by Economics, Commerce and Mathematics. A fourth reform has been to facilitate enrolment in another degree along with the B.Ec. The student response to making that double–degree option more widely available since the mid–1990s has been dramatic (Chart 10). For B.Ec. students, the most common joint degree has been Finance, followed by Law and then Engineering, with Commerce and Arts slightly less popular (Chart 11). Looking at it from the viewpoint of the other degree, Economics is the most popular choice for B.Fin. students, and with Finance it is equally as popular for B.Eng. students as Commerce (Charts 12 and 16). For B.Com. and B.A. students, Law is by far the dominant joint degree, with Economics the choice for only a small minority (Charts 13 and 15). And for LL.B. students, who since 1995 have not been allowed to graduate in Law without having another undergraduate degree, the dominant choice was Arts initially but Commerce is becoming more popular as are both Economics and Finance (from much lower bases – see Chart 14). Another University response has been to introduce brackets to the names of degrees, following the attempt by newer universities to The Building of Economics at Adelaide 34 attract more school–leavers. Commerce now offer ‘named’ B.Com. degrees in all of its fields (accounting, corporate finance, international business, management and marketing), but in Economics this has only been done so far to accommodate the transfer of a degree program in international agribusiness from the Roseworthy Campus to the School of Economics. Related to that merger of Roseworthy Agricultural College with the University has been the emergence of a Bachelor of Wine Marketing at the Waite Campus, for which the standard first–year subjects taught by the School of Economics (microeconomics, macroeconomics and data analysis) are compulsory. On the research side, the Department’s response to its changing environment has included the development of specialised research centres (see below). Notwithstanding all these responses to changes in the demand for and regulation of Economics teaching and research services, career options for academics within the Department have been limited. This is evident in the lack of growth in Professor and Associate Professor positions since the mid–1960s, requiring most of the Department’s promising young recruits to leave Adelaide to advance their careers. Hence other universities rather than Adelaide are reaping the rewards of the early investments in the teaching and research capabilities of those lecturers.47 Economics departments of other Australian universities, particularly the older established (Go8) ones, have managed since the late 1980s through raising the number of staff in total and the proportions of Professors and Associate Professors. As a result, Adelaide’s School of Economics is badly out of line in staff profile and student–staff ratios: Adelaide now has the smallest number of Economics lecturing staff and the lowest proportion of staff at senior levels (less than half the average of comparable Economics Departments – see Table 24). 47 Four of the School’s 40 Lecturer B–E appointments to 1995 who became Professors did so through promotion at Adelaide (Jarrett, Russell, Harcourt and Anderson) and another seven were appointed as Professors at Adelaide over that period. The remaining 29 went elsewhere to reach professorial rank. The Pincus et al. years 35 The number of students per Economics lecturer (full–time equivalent Lecturers A–E) averaged 15 in the 1970s, 17 in the 1980s, 19 in the 1990s, 23 in 2000–02, and prospectively 31 by 2005 if there are no net additions to the staff (Rogers 2002). The number of graduates per Economics and Commerce lecturer, which had risen from 2.5 in the 1950s and 1960s to 5.0 in the 1980s, rose to 7.5 in the first half of the 1990s and to 12.4 in the six years to 2003. This has happened despite growth in numbers of students (including full fee–payers) large enough to finance more staff at Adelaide: the University felt the need to divert those increased earnings to poorer–performing parts of the University. The School has been able to retain some Emeritus Professors and attract some high–quality Adjunct Professors, Post–Doctoral Fellows and Affiliates as low–cost ways to improve the research and teaching environment (Tables 4, 20 and 21), but they are not close substitutes for additional permanent full–time staff. Despite these handicaps, the School has done well in terms of some key performance indicators in the past dozen or so years, compared at least with earlier periods and with other departments at Adelaide. The above trend in student/staff ratios – a several–fold increase in the annual number of graduates per staff member compared with the 1960s and 1970s – suggests a likely improvement in teaching productivity, even bearing in mind the need to adjust raw quantitative indicators for any deterioration in quality (as a result, for example, of increases in the size of tutorial classes). There has also been an improvement in the quantity of research training. Economics research training began at Adelaide with the first Honours graduate in 1945 (Roma Williams) and the first Masters graudate in 1950 (Ron Hirst).48 But it was not until 1971 48 A precursor was a thesis by Henry Brown in 1937 for the John L. Young Scholarship. In 1918 John Harvey Finlayson bequeathed £200 for a John Lorenzo Young Scholarship. The scholarship in Political Economy or a related subject was valued at £30, the investment income when it was first offered. It was to be offered every three years or so thereafter while the investment amounted to £30. ‘Political Economy’ was extended to include ‘present or past students of the University who have passed in a degree course the subject of Economics, or a subject judged by the Faculty of Arts to be cognate to Economics, not more than six years before the date of the The Building of Economics at Adelaide 36 that the first Ph.D. students graduated (Alistair Watson, who began his doctorate in 1965, and Kyoko Sheridan who started a couple of years later). Since then the numbers graduating each year have been 10–15 for Honours and 2–4 for postgraduates until the mid–1990s (Chart 9 and Tables 7 to 12). Since then there has been some growth in the number of Ph.D. completions, averaging 2.9 per year since 1996 compared with only 0.9 in the previous 25 years, and Masters completions, averaging 1.9 per year since 1996 compared with around 1.3 per year during the previous 25 years and 1.0 per year in the 1950s and 1960s (Chart 9 and Table 17). Another research training performance indicator (again subject to adjustment for quality of learning) is the average and median number of months taken to complete a research degree. That has been dropping steadily for both Masters and Ph.D. degrees: from the high 50s and more in the 1960s to the low 40s for Ph.Ds and the low 30s for research Masters students in the 1990s (Table 25). The applied interests and gradual internationalisation of both staff and research students are reflected in the thesis topics chosen. More than three–quarters of the Ph.D. theses and all but 5% of the Masters theses to date have been on applied rather than theoretical topics. Of those applied theses, prior to 1987 all the Ph.D. theses and all but three of the Masters were applied to Australian topics. Since then, by contrast, half the Ph.D. theses and two–thirds of the Masters have been applied to other countries or to broader international issues (Tables 8 and 10). A similar if less pronounced trend is evident in Honours thesis topics (Table 12). Evidently globalisation is affecting the School’s research training program, just as it is affecting the research activities of the staff themselves (see below and the working papers listed in Tables 26–29). The Centre for South Australian Economic Studies (established in 1982 and re–named in February 1993 the South award’. Scholarship holders were required to submit a thesis on political economy or economics within 12 months of receiving the award. The first two recipients of the scholarship were Sarah Elizabeth Jackson M.A. (1918) and Thomas Schulz Opie (1921), both of whom pursued psychology as their interest. Henry Brown was the first to submit a mainstream economics thesis. The Pincus et al. years 37 Australian Centre for Economic Studies, SACES) has concentrated on providing regular economics briefings to its corporate clients in Adelaide and undertaking consultancies for them and others (including interstate and recently in New Zealand, China and Indonesia) on a fee–for–service basis. Its level of activities and full– time staffing grew rapidly after Professor Cliff Walsh was appointed its Executive Director in July 1992, but diminished for a while after he stepped down for health reasons in the latter 1990s (Hancock et al. 2000). The Centre relies mainly on its own full–time staff (fully paid for from consulting income), and in recent years it has only occasionally involved economics lecturers of the two universities as casual part–time consultants. SACES income is substantial (in excess of $0.5 million in both 2001 and 2002) and attracts supplementary funding from the Federal government under the Research Infrastructure Block Grants and Institutional Grants Scheme (RIBG and IGS). SACES incurred a considerable debt during its period of lower revenue in the late 1990s but, following an external review (Hancock et al. 2000), it has become profitable again and in 2002 paid a dividend of $50 000 to each of Adelaide and Flinders universities. To date it has contributed little in terms of higher– degree research training or attracting nationally competitive research grants, but it does provide an important public face for the two universities particularly through its regular briefings to clients on the state of the economy. A second centre of specialisation was established in 1989, the Centre for International Economic Studies (CIES). It was modelled on Stockholm’s Institute for International Economic Studies where its founder, Kym Anderson, spent a sabbatical year in 1988. Without drawing much financial support from the School or University it has managed to fund a part–time Executive Assistant and (from 1996) a part–time Deputy Director with funds from a series of ARC Large Grants, even–larger grants from the government’s Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (1997–2002) and from AusAID. A third centre was established in 1990. Initially it was called the China Economy Research Unit but in 1996 was retitled the Chinese Economies Research Centre (or CERC). Co–directed by its founders, Christopher Findlay and the Arts Faculty’s Andrew The Building of Economics at Adelaide 38 Watson, CERC was extraordinarily successful in obtaining grants, in providing higher–degree supervision, and in publishing working papers and books. With the departure of the two Co–Directors in 1999 (Findlay to a Chair at the ANU, Watson to head the Ford Foundation office in Beijing) and of their last post–doctoral fellows, the School was left with insufficient staff focusing on China to keep CERC going so it was absorbed by and became a program area within CIES. A fourth centre was the Centre for Economics Education, established in the early 1990s by Judy Cowie with strong support from Christopher Findlay. It too was extraordinarily successful in attracting grants to do research on the teaching of undergraduate economics. Its high–profile success was heavily dependent on Cowie’s energy and enthusiasm, however, so when she left Adelaide in 1996 it faded away. The various Centres’ publication and dissemination programs have raised the domestic and international profile of the School by adding several–fold to the annual number of working papers disseminated by the Department: CERC produced an annual average of ten during its decade of operation (Table 29) and CIES has produced an annual average of almost 40 since the Centre came into being 14 years ago (Table 28).49 As well, SACES has generated, in addition to commercial–in–confidence papers and briefing reports for its member clients, two series of publicly available papers and several monographs (Table 27). During the past few years all CIES working papers have been freely downloadable from the Centre’s website. Since introducing that capability, the site’s hit count has averaged more than 600 per month.50 49 Details of the publications by CIES and CERC associates are available in CIES (1990, 2002) and at the CIES website at http://www.adelaide.edu. au/cies. In the past year or two the rest of the School’s publications have been added to that database and are now listed for each staff member at http://www.adelaide.edu.au/econ/publications. 50 Additions to the CIES working paper series are highlighted each four months via the CIES Newsletter that is disseminated (in recent years via email) to more than 1000 recipients who include people in government, business, think–tanks and international agencies as well as economic and policy The Pincus et al. years 39 While the School’s authors and editors normally seek commercial publishers for books, some material produced for conferences, consultancies or executive training courses is perceived to have a market too small to be able to cover the expected fixed costs of commercial book production and marketing. SACES and CIES have found a way to turn such manuscripts into printed volumes at low cost, however. So rather than have that material not see the light of day, they have put them between covers and advertised them through their websites and the CIES Newsletter. Such has been the success of that approach that several publishers have subsequently sought co–publishing rights with CIES (see the list in the final part of Table 28).51 Publication quality is, of course, a much more important performance criterion than just the quantity of papers and books produced. The vast majority of at least CIES Discussion and Seminar Papers have been subequently published, albeit with only a few ending up in the top economics journals.52 The number of publications per staff member by the School of Economics as a whole may appear to be low compared with the rest of the University (particularly the sciences). In 2001, for example, the number of DEST publications points per staff member was 0.94 in Economics (or 0.62 including Lecturer A and SACES staff) 53, less analysts in research institutes and universities around the world. Its working papers are also included in the Social Sciences Research Network listings. 51 The most notable example is the Dictionary of Trade Policy Terms by CIES Affiliate Walter Goode. For some years it has been the top–selling book in the WTO Secretariat’s Bookstore in Geneva, is now in its third edition, has been translated and commercially published in three Asian languages, and is also being sold in the thousands throughout South Asia, in a lower–cost English language version, under an agreement between CIES and a Pakistani law and publishing firm. The 4th edition, forthcoming in 2003, is being co– published by Cambridge University Press for the World Trade Organization. 52 Details are provided on the CIES website and in CIES (2001). Unfortunately records have not been kept of whether/where School and CERC working papers have been subsequently published. 53 DEST points refer to the federal Department of Education, Science and Technology’s count of eligible publications. The count is compiled by universities each year as part of their annual performance evaluation, and is subject to random auditing by DEST. 46 References Anderson, K. (ed.) (2001), Australia’s Economy and its International Context: the Joseph Fisher Lectures, Volume I (1904–1948) and Volume II (1950–2001), Adelaide: Centre for International Economic Studies. Anderson, K. (2002), ‘Strengthening Adelaide’s Research Performance in Economics’, Submission to the 2002 External Review of the School of Economics, University of Adelaide, August. Blaug, M. (ed.) (1999), Who’s Who in Economics (3rd ed.), London: Edward Elgar. Bloch, F. (1996), A History of the South Australian Amateur Football League 1911–1994, North Adelaide: South Australian Amateur Football League. Bourke, H. (1990), ‘Herbert Heaton and the Foundation of Economics at the University of Adelaide, 1917–1929’ in F.B. Smith and P. Crichton (eds), Ideas for Histories of Universities in Australia, Canberra: Research School of Social Sciences, ANU. Brown, H. (1937), ‘The Copper Industry of South Australia: An Economic Study’, unpublished John L. Young Scholarship thesis, University of Adelaide. CIES (1990), List of Publications by CIES Researchers During the 1980s, Adelaide: Centre for International Economic Studies. CIES (2002), List of Publications by CIES Researchers, 1989 to 2001, Adelaide: Centre for International Economic Studies, March. Corden, W.M. (1958), ‘Import Restrictions and Tariffs: A New Look at Australian Policy’, Economic Record 34(69): 331–46. (Reprinted in his The Road to Reform: Essays on Australian Economic Policy, Melbourne: Addison–Wesley, 1997.) Corden, W.M. (1967), ‘Australian Tariff Policy’, 32nd Joseph Fisher Lecture, University of Adelaide. (Reprinted in Australian Economic Papers 6: 131–54, December 1967 and as Ch. 32 in Anderson (2001).) References 47 Diamond, A.M. (1989), ‘The Core Journals of Economics’, Current Contents 2: 4–11, January. Duncan, W.G.K. and R.A. Leonard (1973), The University of Adelaide, 1874–1974, Adelaide: Rigby Ltd. Edgeloe, V.A. (1992), ‘The Teaching of Economics in the University of Adelaide 1900–1975: A Brief History’, mimeo, Adelaide: University of Adelaide. Fleming, G.A. (1995), ‘The Early Years of the Australian Economics Community’, Working Papers in Economic History no. 183, Australian National University, Canberra, March. Goodwin, C.D.W. (1966), Economic Enquiry in Australia, Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Groenewegen, P. and B. McFarlane (1990), A History of Australian Economic Thought, London and New York: Routledge. Hancock, K., B. Hughes and J. Roache (2000), ‘Review of the South Australian Centre for Economic Studies’, Adelaide: University of Adelaide, June. Harcourt, G.C. (1972), Some Cambridge Controversies in the Theory of Capital, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Harcourt, G.C. (1977a), ‘Eric Russell, 1921–77: A Memoir’ Economic Record 53(144): 467–74, December. Harcourt, G.C. (1977b), ‘Eric Russell, 1921–77: A Great Australian Political Economist’, the 1977 Newcastle Lecture on Political Economy. Reprinted as Ch. 3 in Harcourt (2001). Harcourt, G.C. (2001), Selected Essays on Economic Policy, London and New York: Palgrave. Harcourt, G.C. and G. Mongiovi (2001), ‘The Cambridge Tradition in Economics: An Interview with G.C. Harcourt’ in Review of Political Economy 13(4): 503–21. Harris, G.T. (1988), ‘Research Output in Australian University Economics Departments, 1974–83’, Australian Economic Papers 27: 102–110. Harris, G.T. (1990), ‘Research Output in Australian University Economics Departments: An Update for 1984–88’, Australian Economic Papers 29: 249–59, December. Horne, J., D. Greenaway and A. Pagan (2002), Review of the School of Economics, Adelaide: University of Adelaide, August. The Building of Economics at Adelaide 48 Jarrett, F.G., I.W. McLean, M. Meyler and C. Walsh (1987), ‘The Future of the Economics Department’, Submission to the 1988 External Review of the Department of Economics, Adelaide: University of Adelaide, July. Jones, H.P. (1967), ‘The History of Commercial Education in South Australia with Special Reference to Women’, unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Adelaide. Laband, D. and M.J. Piette (1994), ‘The Relative Impacts of Economics Journals: 1970–1990’, Journal of Economic Literature 32: 640–66. Liewowitz, S.J. and J.P. Palmer (1984), ‘Assessing the Relative Impact of Economics Journals’, Journal of Economic Literature 22: 77–88, March. Mackinnon, A. (1986), The New Women: Adelaide's Early Women Graduates, Netley: Wakefield Press. Masons, P.M., J.W. Steagall and M.M. Fabritus (1997), ‘Economics Journal Rankings by Types of Schools: Perceptions versus Citations’, Quarterly Journal of Business and Economics 36: 69–79. Mayer, P.B., J. Brine, R.D. Terrell and D. Throsby (1988), Review of the Department of Economics, Adelaide: University of Adelaide, August. McTaggart, D., C. Findlay and M. Parkin (1999), Economics (3rd ed.), Sydney: Addison Wesley. Meade, J.E. and E.A. Russell (1967), ‘Wage Rates, the Cost of Living and the Balance of Payments’, Economic Record 33: 23–28. Millmow, A. (2002), ‘The Disintegration of Economics?’ Economic Papers 21(2): 61–69, June. Pincus, J.J. (1977), Pressure Groups and Politics in Antebellum Tariffs, New York: Columbia University Press. Pincus, J.J. (2002), Submission to the 2002 External Review of the School of Economics, University of Adelaide, June. Pomfret, R. (1999), ‘Economics at Adelaide University: Performance in the 1990s and Future Prospects’, mimeo, School of Economics, University of Adelaide, October. Pomfret, R. and L.C. Wang (2002), ‘Evaluating the Research Output of Australian Universities’ Economics Departments’, revision of a paper presented at the 2002 Conference of Economists, Glenelg, 1–3 October. References 49 Rogers, C. (2002), ‘School of Economics Strategic Plan 2003–2005’, Submission to the 2002 External Review of the School of Economics, University of Adelaide, August. Russell, E.A. (1965), ‘Wages Policy in Australia’, Australian Economic Papers 4: 1–26. Russell, E.A. (1978), ‘Foreign Investment Policy – What Role for the Economist?’ Australian Economic Papers 17: 193–206, December. Siegfried, J. (2000), ‘Undergraduate Economics Degree Trends Through the 1990s’, Journal of Economics Education 31(3): 296– 300. Sinha, D. and J. Macri (2001), ‘Rankings of Australian Economics Departments, 1988–2000’, Economic Record 77(239), December. Stretton, H. (1991), ‘An Intellectual Public Servant: William Wainwright, 1880–1948’, Meanjin 50(4): pp. 565–78. Towe, J.B. and D.J. Wright (1995), ‘Research Published by Australian Economics Departments’, Economic Record 71: 8–17. Turner, H.G. (1904), ‘Commercial Education’, the Inaugural Joseph Fisher Lecture, University of Adelaide, 14 April. Reprinted as Chapter 1 in Volume I of Anderson (2001). University of Adelaide (2002), Research and Research Training Management Report 2002, Adelaide, July. Viney, H.G. (1936), A Century of Commerce, 1836–1936, Adelaide: Adelaide Chamber of Commerce Inc. 50 Appendix 1: Biographies of Economics staff who became Professors Kym Anderson (1950–) B.Ag.Ec.(Hons) (UNE), M.Ec. (Adel), M.A. (Chicago), M.A. and Ph.D. (Stanford), FASSA, FAICD, CEPR has held a Personal Chair at the University of Adelaide since 1991, having been a Lecturer (1984–85) and a Senior Lecturer (1986–90) there. The Executive Director of Adelaide’s Centre for International Economic Studies since he founded it in 1989, he previously was a Research Fellow in Economics at the Australian National University’s Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies (1977–83). While on leave he has worked in Korea (1979, 1980–81), at the University of Stockholm (1988) and with the GATT Secretariat (now the World Trade Organization) in Geneva (1990–92) as deputy to the Director of Research. He is the first economist to have served as a Dispute Settlement Panelist at the WTO (1996–2000). His interests include international, development and agricultural economics. Michael John Artis (1938–) B.A. (Oxon), CEPR came to Adelaide in 1964 from the Institute of Economics and Statistics in Oxford. A Lecturer in Economics at Adelaide for two years, he moved to The Flinders University of South Australia in 1966 before returning to England in 1967 to join London’s National Institute for Economic and Social Research. After five years there he moved to a Chair at Swansea University College (1972–76) and then to Manchester. In 1995 he took a period of leave at the European University Institute in Florence but has stayed there and resigned from Manchester in 1999. From 1976 to 1994 he served as the editor of the Manchester School journal. His research interest is in monetary economics but he also very influential in policy circles during periods of secondment to the British Government. The Building of Economics at Adelaide 51 Allan Douglas Barton (1933–) B.Com. (Melb), Ph.D. (Camb), FCPA, FAICD is an Emeritus Professor of the Australian National University of which he was previously the Pro Vice–Chancellor (1992–95) and Treasurer (1984–91). From 1979 to 1983 he was the Dean of the Faculty of Economics and Commerce at the ANU, having been appointed Professor of Accounting in 1975 (a post he held until 1998). Previously, he was Professor of Accounting and Business Studies at Macquarie University (1967–74) and Reader in Commerce at the University of Adelaide (1965–66) where he had been a Senior Lecturer in Economics (1959–64). He was President of the ACT Division of the Society of CPAs (1983–84) and a Director of UniSuper Ltd (1991–99). Maureen Brunt (1928–) A.O., B.Com. (Melb), Ph.D. (Harv), Hon. L.LD. (Monash) is a Professorial Associate at the Melbourne Business School in the University of Melbourne. She is also a Lay Member of the High Court of New Zealand. After periods as a Lecturer and Senior Lecturer at the University of Adelaide (1960–64) and a Lecturer at Harvard University (1964–66), she was appointed a Professor at Monash University in 1966 – perhaps Australia’s first female Professor of Economics. She remained there until 1989. Her non–academic appointments include membership to the Australian Competition Tribunal (1975–98) and membership on the panel of arbitrators for the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (since 1995). Raymond Peter Byron (1941–) B.Ec. (WA), M.Sc. and Ph.D. (LSE) is currently the Dean of the School of Business at Bond University in Queensland, a post which he has held since 1997. He was previously a Lecturer at the University of South Australia and at the University of Adelaide (1966) as well as a Research Officer at the National Institute for Economic and Social Research in London. He is also a Research Fellow and an Emeritus Reader at the Australian National University. His principal field of interest is econometric and References 52 statistical methods. He was awarded the Bowley Prize at the London School of Economics in 1969. Bruce James Chapman (1951–) AO B.Ec.(Hons) (ANU), Ph.D. (Yale), FASSA is a Professor of Economics and the Director of the Centre for Economic Policy Research at the Research School of Social Sciences at the Australian National University. His current research interests include higher education financing, effects of immigration on the employment prospects of unemployed residents, unemployment, social security, the wage profile, youth unemployment and the business cycle. He is the architect of Australia’s Higher Education Contribution Scheme which provides undergraduates with the opportunity to obtain from the Commonwealth Government an income–contingent loan to pay their tuition fees. Currently he is researching the use of the tax system for redistributive purposes such as drought relief, paid maternity leave and criminal fines. Kevin Thomas Davis (1949–) B.Ec.(Hons) (Flinders), M.Ec. (ANU) is the Commonwealth Bank Group Chair of Finance at the University of Melbourne. Prior to moving to Melbourne in 1987, he was a Senior Lecturer (1980–86) and a Lecturer in Economics (1974–79) at the University of Adelaide. His primary research is into financial institutions and markets, financial engineering and corporate finance. He has co–authored/edited 16 books on finance, banking, monetary economics and macroeconomics and numerous journal articles and chapters in books. He is Chairperson of the Melbourne University Credit Cooperative and a course director of the Understanding Treasury Management Programme (conducted with Ernst and Young and the ANZ Bank). He has undertaken an extensive range of consulting assignments for financial institutions, business and government. John Louis Dillon (1931–2001) B.Sc.(Agr.) (Syd), Ph.D. (Iowa State), Dr.Sc.Agr. (Kiel), D.Agr.Ec. (Syd), Hon.D.Ec. (UNE), FASSA, The Building of Economics at Adelaide 53 FAAEA, FAIAS was the Professor of Farm Management at the University of New England from 1965 to 1994 and then an Emeritus Professor there. He also served as UNE’s Pro Vice–Chancellor from 1979 to 1981. From 1961 to 1963 he was a Senior Lecturer in Agricultural Economics at the University of Adelaide and in 1964 he was promoted to Reader in Economics. His research contributions spanned production theory, decision analysis, econometrics, operations research, systems analysis and organisation theory. As an intrepid traveller, he chaired numerous boards of trustees of international agricultural research centres in addition to the Australian Centre for International Agricultural research. Christopher Findlay (1953–) B.Ec.(Hons) (Adel), M.Ec. and Ph.D. (ANU) FASSA has been the Professor of APEC Economies at the Australian National University’s Asia Pacific School of Economics and Management since 2000, having been on the Adelaide staff since 1984 and becoming an Associate Professor in 1992. He has published extensively on Australia’s economic relations with Asia, on China (which led to him co–founding Adelaide’s Chinese Economies Research Centre), and on the textile, steel, food and transport industries in East Asia, as well as co–authoring with Doug McTaggart one of Australia’s best–selling economic principles textbooks in the 1990s. He has been a consultant to numerous national and international agencies including UNCTAD, OECD, the World Bank and the Productivity Commission. Noel Gaston (1954–) B.Ec.(Hons) (Adel), M.Ec. (Monash), M.A. and Ph.D. (Cornell) is a Professor of Economics at Bond University’s School of Business where he is also the Deputy Dean (Research) and the Deputy Director of the Institute for Corporate Governance at Bond. He was an Associate Professor of Economics at Tulane University (1990–97) and a Lecturer at the University of New South Wales (1988–89). But between 1995 and 1998 he was a Visiting Senior Lecturer in Economics at the University of Adelaide before joining Bond University. His primary research interests involve the labour market consequences of trade and investment liberalisation, References 54 immigration and globalisation. He has spent several periods of leave in Tokyo, and since 1999 as a Visiting Researcher at the Research Institute for Capital Formation at the Development Bank of Japan where he is currently the Shimomura Fellow. John McBain Grant (1923–) M.Ec. (Adel), Dip.Ec. (Camb), FASSA, FCPA has been an Emeritus Professor of the University of Tasmania since his retirement there in 1982 where he was the Professor of Applied Economics from 1960. Prior to then he was a Lecturer and then a Senior Lecturer in Economics at the University of Adelaide, from 1951 to 1959, and before that a Flight Lieutenant in the RAAF (1942–45). His research interests included business finance and trade practices, and he published several textbooks in these and related areas. He has served as a member of the Trade Practices Tribunal (1977–81), as Commissioner of the ACT’s Trade Practices Commission (1982–87), and as Chairman of the Royal Commission into Prices and Restrictive Trade Practices in Tasmania in 1964. Keith Jackson Hancock (1935–) AO, B.A. (Melb), Ph.D. (Lond), Hon.D.Litt. (Flinders), FASSA is an Honorary Fellow of the University of Adelaide and a Research Associate at the National Institute of Labour Studies at The Flinders University of South Australia. His first academic appointment was as a Lecturer in Economics at Adelaide in 1959 before he transferred to the new Flinders University in 1964 as its first Professor of Economics. He was then Pro Vice–Chancellor (1974–79), Vice–Chancellor (1980–87) and an Emeritus Professor (1988–) at Flinders. He worked on the Australian Conciliation and Arbitration Commission (1987–89) and was then appointed Deputy President of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission where he served until 1997. Since 2000 he has been the Chairman of Electricity Industry Ombudsman (SA) Ltd. Geoffrey Colin Harcourt (1931–) AO, B.Com.(Hons) and M.Com. (Melb), Ph.D. and D.Litt. (Camb), Hon.D.Litt. (De Montfort, UK), FASSA has been an Emeritus Reader in the History of Economic The Building of Economics at Adelaide 55 Theory at Cambridge University since 1998 as well as an Emeritus Professor of the University of Adelaide since 1988. He began his career at Adelaide as a Lecturer in Economics in 1958 and was promoted to Professor in 1967. Just prior to that he spent a year’s leave and then two years in Trinity Hall, Cambridge where he taught economics and politics before returning to Adelaide, where he remained as a Professor until 1985 (although he was on leave at Cambridge the three previous years). He was President of the Economic Society of Australia (1974–77) and was made one if its Distinguished Fellows in 1994. Herbert Heaton (1890–1973) B.A. (Leeds), M.A. (LSE), M.Com. (Birmingham) D.Litt. (Leeds) migrated to the University of Tasmania as a Lecturer in History and Economics in 1914 and then to Adelaide in 1917 where he worked as the director of tutorial classes and lectured in history and economics. He contributed significantly to the University of Adelaide’s Diploma in Commerce course and worked tirelessly to expand the discipline of economics there. However, his controversial stance on contemporary issues constrained his advancement in Adelaide, so he accepted the Chair of Economics and Political Science at Queen’s University in Canada in 1925. In 1927 he transferred to the University of Minnesota where he pursued a distinguished career until his retirement in 1958. He was the President of the Economic History Association (1948–50). Keith Sydney Isles (1902–1977) B.Com. (Tas.), B.A., M.A. and M.Sc. (Camb) was appointed Lecturer at the University of Edinburgh in 1931, after which he took up the Chair of Economics at Swansea University in Wales. From 1939 to 1945 he was the Professor of Economics at the University of Adelaide. From September 1942 he took 6–months’ leave to become an economic adviser to the Commonwealth’s Wartime Rationing Commission in Melbourne and was a Lieutenant–Colonel in the Directorate of Research in the Citizens Military Force in 1944. While at the Control Commission in Germany when on leave for two terms in 1945, he accepted the Chair of Economics at the University of Belfast in Northern Ireland. References 62 Studies at Monash). He was a key mentor in developing the ORANI and MONASH models of the Australian economy and the GTAP model of the global economy as well as a supporter of modelling other national economies including Indonesia’s. Eric Stapleton Richards (1940–) B.A. and Ph.D. (Nottingham), FASSA, FAAH began his academic career as a Tutor and then Lecturer in Economics at the University of Adelaide (1963–67) before moving to History at the University of Stirling in Scotland (1967–71). He returned to South Australia to become a Lecturer in Economic History (1971), Senior Lecturer in Economic History (1972–73) and Reader in Economic History (1974) before becoming the Professor of History (1975–) at The Flinders University of South Australia. However, he has had periods of leave as a Visiting Professor at numerous places such as the University of London, the European University Institute, and the ANU. He has published numerous books, including on Scottish Highland history and on the early and 20th century history of Australian immigration, as well as the Flinders History of South Australia. Sue Richardson (1946–) B.Com.(Hons) (Melb), Ph.D. (La Trobe), FASSA joined the University of Adelaide’s Department of Economics in 1974 as a Lecturer and rose to Associate Professor by 1992. In 2001 she took leave to become the Professor of Labour Economics and the Director of the National Institute of Labour Studies at The Flinders University of South Australia. She has been the Convener of the Academic Board and a member of the University’s Council and of its Finance Committee. Between 1995 and 1997 she was an Associate Commissioner (on a half–time basis) with the Industry Commission (now the Productivity Commission). She is a member of the Executive of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia and chairs its Research Committee. At various times she has been a visiting scholar at the Australian National University, Cambridge and Columbia University. The Building of Economics at Adelaide 63 David Keith Round (1945–) B.Ec.(Hons) (Adel) was employed in the Department of Economics at the University of Adelaide for 31 years: Lecturer (1971–75), Senior Lecturer (1976–80) and Associate Professor (1981–2001). He has since become Professor of Economics at the University of South Australia. His field is applied microeconomics, especially industry profitability, strategic behaviour, competition policy, price–fixing, mergers and economics education. His research has been particularly concerned with the Trade Practices Act. Besides holding other academic positions, he has been a consultant to the National Companies and Securities Commission, an Associate Commissioner of the Trade Practices Commission and its successor, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, and was appointed a member of the Australian Competition Tribunal. Eric Alfred Russell (1921–1977) B.A.(Hons) and B.Com. (Melb), B.A. and M.A. (Camb), FASSA began his academic career as a Lecturer at the New England University College (1947–50) and the University of Sydney (1951) before he joined the University of Adelaide in 1952 as a Senior Lecturer in Economics. He rose to Professor in 1964 and chaired the Department of Economics from 1967 to 1975 before taking a year’s leave at the London School of Economics. He appeared for the ACTU before the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission (1959), went on a UNESCO mission to Northern Rhodesia (1963), presided over the Economics section of the ANZAAS Conference (1972) and served on the Australian Advisory Committee on Research and Development in Education (1970–75). He is most highly respected as a teacher and policy advisor rather than being a prolific author. Edward Owen Giblin Shann (1884–1935) B.A. (Melb) started his career as a temporary lecturer at the University of Melbourne in 1905 and 1907–08, and as Acting Professor of Philosophy at the University of Adelaide in 1906. In 1908 he left for the London School of Economics to study for a D.Sc., which was not completed due to illness. In 1911 and 1912 he lectured at the University of Queensland References 64 and then was appointed the Foundation Professor of History and Economics at the University of Western Australia (where he also served as Vice–Chancellor 1921–23). In 1933 he accepted the Chair of Economics at Adelaide that had been vacated by Professor Melville. With John La Nauze as his assistant, he arrived for the start of 1935. Tragically, he was found dead on the last day of the first term. His death remains shrouded in mystery. John Hedley Brian Tew (1917–) OBE, B.Sc.(Ec.) (Lond), Ph.D. (Camb) was the Professor of Economics at the University of Adelaide from October 1946 to December 1949 when he resigned on a visit to the United Kingdom to become the Professor of Economics at the University of Nottingham (1950–67). From 1967 to 1982 he was the Midland Bank Professor of Money and Banking at Nottingham. He was External Professor at Loughborough University of Technology from 1982 to 1999. He served on several industrial boards, was a member of the British Department of Trade and Industry’s Committee of Enquiry on Small Firms (1969–71) and from 1982 he was Specialist Advisor to the House of Commons Treasury and Civil Service Committee. He has published widely on banking, finance, monetary theory and international monetary arrangements. Rod Tyers (1948–) B.Eng. and M.Eng.Sci. (Melb), M.S. and Ph.D. (Harvard) was a Research Fellow at the East–West Centre in Hawaii (1979–81) and then a Research Fellow in Economics at the Australian National University’s Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies (1982–87). From 1987 to 1990 he was a Senior Lecturer in Economics at the University of Adelaide. He returned to the ANU in 1990 as a Senior Lecturer in its teaching Department in the Faculty of Economics and Commerce. He was promoted to Reader in 1993, after a year as a Visiting Fellow at Clare Hall in Cambridge, and then to Professor at the ANU in 2001. His love of teaching has caused him to cover a wide field of subjects from first year to graduate level. His research interests include applications of quantitative economic models to trade–related policy issues. The Building of Economics at Adelaide 65 Clifford Walsh (1946–) B.Sc.(Ec.)(Hons) and M.Sc.(Ec.) (London) came to Australia initially as a Lecturer at the Australian National University (1971–77). He then took a Senior Lectureship in Economics at Monash (1977–80) before accepting the position of Professor of Economics at the University of Adelaide where he was also Head of the Department. In 1981 he took 2 years’ leave to be the Senior Economic Adviser to Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser. In 1988 he became the Director of the Federalism Research Centre at the ANU before returning to Adelaide in 1992 as Professor of Economic Studies and the Executive Director of the South Australian Centre for Economic Studies. His post was converted to Emeritus Professor in 2001. He has been a consultant to the Housing Industry Association since 1983 and to numerous governments around the world on federal fiscal issues. Donald Henry Whitehead (1931–1980) B.A. (Oxon) was a Lecturer specializing initially in economic development at the University of Adelaide from 1958 to 1963 before being promoted to Senior Lecturer in economics more generally in 1964. In 1965 he moved to a Readership at the University of New England before becoming one of the two foundation Professors of Economics at La Trobe University in Melbourne in 1967, where he stayed until his death. As an analyst of stagflation, he was one of the few economists willing to give evidence on behalf of employers in arbitration cases, including against the ACTU President at the time, Bob Hawke (who was being advised by Adelaide’s Eric Russell!). The Donald Whitehead Building on the Bundoora campus of La Trobe University, which houses the School of Business, was named in his honour shortly after his death. Sir Bruce Rodda Williams (1919–) KBE, B.A.(Hons) (Melb), M.A. (Adel), M.A.(Ec.) (Manchester), Hon.D.Litt. (Sydney, Keele), Hon.L.LD. (Melb, Manchester), Hon.D.Ec. (Qld), Hon.D.Sc. (Aston), FASSA was a Lecturer in Economics at the University of Adelaide (1940–46). He was Acting Head of Economics at Adelaide when Professor Isles was on leave during World War II. He moved to a References 66 Senior Lectureship at Queens University in Belfast, Northern Ireland (1946–50) before being appointed Professor of Economics at Keele University (1950–59) and then at Manchester (1959–67). He came back to Australia as Vice–Chancellor of the University of Sydney (1967–81) and after that remained active as a member of the Senate, including as Chairman of the Finance Committee (1994–98). Among his extra–curricula activities has been his role as Chairman of the Sydney International Piano Competition. The Building of Economics at Adelaide 67 Appendix 2: Charts Page Chart 1: Economics Lecturers A-E by level, 1901–2002 Chart 2: Economics Lecturers B-E by level, 1946–2002 Chart 3: Economics Lecturers B-E by gender, 1946–2002 Chart 4: Commerce Lecturers A-E by level, 1954–2002 Chart 5: Advanced Certificate, Diploma and Bachelor graduates, 1904–1957 Chart 6: B.Ec. and B.Fin. graduates, 1945–2002 Chart 7: B.Ec., B.Com. and B.Fin. graduates, 1990–2002 Chart 8: B.Ec. admissions by gender, 1969–2002 Chart 9: Honours, Masters and Ph.D. graduates, 1945–2002 Chart 10: Growth in double degree enrolments, 1992–2001 Chart 11: Double degree enrolments with B.Ec., 1992–2001 Chart 12: Double degree enrolments with B.Fin., 1997–2001 Chart 13: Double degree enrolments with B.Com., 1992–2001 Chart 14: Double degree enrolments with LL.B., 1992–2001 Chart 15: Double degree enrolments with B.A., 1992–2001 Chart 16: Double degree enrolments with B.Eng., 1992–2001 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 Chart 1: Economics Lecturers A-E by level, 1901-2002 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 1901 1906 1911 1916 1921 1926 1931 1936 1941 1946 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 Year Total number of lecturers A B CDE 68 The Building of Economics at Adelaide 2 Chart 2: Economics Lecturers B-E by level, 1946-2002 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 1946 1949 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 Year Total number of lecturers B C D E 69 Chart 3: Economics lecturers (B-E) by gender, 1946-2002 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 Year Total number of lecturers (B-E) 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% Percent female Male Female Percent Female 70 The Building of Economics at Adelaide 4 Chart 4: Commerce Lecturers B-E, 1954-2002 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 BCDE 71 2 Chart 11: Double degree enrolments with B.Ec., 1992-2001 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Arts Commerce Finance Law Engineering Others 78 Biographies Chart 12: Double degree enrolments with B.Fin., 1997-2001 0 50 100 150 200 250 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Economics Law Commerce Maths and Comp Sc Engineering 79 The Building of Economics at Adelaide 4 Chart 12: Double degree enrolments with B.Fin., 1997-2001 0 50 100 150 200 250 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Economics Law Commerce Maths and Comp Sc Engineering Chart 13: Double degree enrolments with B.Com., 1992-2001 0 50 100 150 200 250 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Economics Arts Finance Law Engineering Others 80 Biographies Chart 14: Double degree enrolments with LL.B., 1992-2001 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Arts Economics Finance Commerce Engineering Others 81 The Building of Economics at Adelaide 6 Chart 15: Double degree enrolments with B.A., 1992-2001 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Economics Law Commerce Engineering Others 82 Biographies Chart 16: Double degree enrolments with B.Eng., 1992-2001 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Arts Economics Finance Law Commerce 83 85 Appendix 3: Tables Page Table 1: Alphabetical list of full–time Economics Lecturers, with years of service, 1901–2002 Table 2: Full–time Economics Lecturers by level of appointment and start date, 1901–2003 Table 3: Number of full–time Economics Lecturers at each level, by year, 1901–2003 Table 4: Titled, Emeritus and Adjunct Professors, 1959– 2003 Table 5: Lecturers elected Fellows (and Presidents) of the learned academics, 1952–2002 Table 6: Lecturers who became chaired Professors (and Vice–Chancellors), by initial level of appointment at Adelaide, 1901–2002 Table 7: Alphabetical list of Ph.D. graduates, 1971–2003 Table 8: Titles of theses of Ph.D. graduates, by year of graduation, 1971–2003 Table 9: Alphabetical list of Masters graduates, 1950–2002 Table 10: Titles of theses of Masters graduates, by year of graduation, 1950–2002 Table 11: Alphabetical list of Honours graduates, 1945– 2002 Table 12: Titles of theses of Honours graduates, by year of graduation, 1945–2002 Table 13: Alphabetical list of students completing a Graduate Certificate, Graduate Diploma or Applied Masters, 1990–2002 Table 14: Rhodes Scholars with a University of Adelaide major in Economics, 1938–2003 87 93 106 108 109 110 112 114 118 120 126 141 170 173 86 Table 15: University awards in economics and commerce, 1901–2002 Table 16: Undergraduate graduations in economics and commerce, by award, 1904–1957 Table 17: Number of new B.Ec., B.Fin., M.Ec. and Ph.D. graduates, by award, 1945–2003 Table 18: Number of other new Economics–related graduates, by award, 1989–2003 Table 19: South Australian Centre for Economic Studies staff, 1982–2002 Table 20: Centre for International Economic Studies staff, 1989–2003 Table 21: Chinese Economies Research Centre staff, 1990– 1999 Table 22: The Joseph Fisher Lectures and lecturers, 1904– 2003 Table 23: Deans, Assistants and Librarians of the Faculty and Schools of Economics, Commerce and Graduate Business, 1946–2002 Table 24: Number of Lecturers E, D and B–E in Australian teaching Departments of Economics with more than two Professors, 1987 and 2002 Table 25: Average completion times for Ph.D. and Masters theses, 1948–2002 Table 26: School/Department of Economics working papers, 1970–2002 Table 27: South Australian Centre for Economic Studies working papers and monographs, 1982–2002 Table 28: Centre for International Economic Studies working papers and monographs, 1989–2002 Table 29: Chinese Economies Research Centre working papers, 1990–1999 174 175 177 179 180 182 184 185 188 192 193 194 205 208 239 Table 1: Alphabetical list of full–time Economics Lecturersa, with years of service, 1901–2002 Family name First name Highest degree Employed Years of service Year appointed to levela A B C D E Allsopp Louise Ph.D. (York) 1999 to 4 1999 Anderson Kym Ph.D. (Stanford) 1984 to 19 1984 1986 1991 Arnold Anne M.Ec. (Adel) 1984 to 19 1984 Artis Michael B.A. (Oxon) 1964 to 1965 2 1964 Baretto Raul Ph.D. (Colorado) 1998 to 5 1998 Barnes Michelle Ph.D. (J Hopkins) 1997 to 6 1997 Barnes Ronald B.Ec. (Adel) 1959 to 1960 2 1959 Barton Allan Ph.D. (Cantab) 1959 to 1962 4 1959 Bayer Ralf Ph.D. (LSE) 2002 to 1 2002 Bentick Brian Ph.D. (Yale) 1965 to 38 1965 1970 Bentick Teresita M.A. (Yale) 1965 to 1998 34 1965 Binebaum Eran Ph.D. (Berkeley) 2002 to 1 2002 Bott Richard M.B.A. (Adel) 1990 to 1993 4 1990 1991 Brunt Maureen Ph.D. (Harvard) 1960 to 1964 5 1960 1963 Byron Raymond B.Ec. (WA) 1966 to 1966 1 1966 Chapman Bruce Ph.D. (Yale) 1981 to 1986 6 1981 1985 Cheek Bruce B.A. (Adel) 1949 to 1949 1 1949 Chitre Vikas Ph.D. (Roch) 1972 to 1973 2 1972 Cowie Judy B.A.Ec. (Tenn) 1991 to 1996 6 1991 Damania Richard Ph.D. (Glasgow) 1998 to 5 1998 87 Table 2 (continued) 1950–1959 Level of appt. at start of period Family name First name Highest degree on appointment Start date End date Year promoted to levela A B C D E E Karmel Peter Ph.D. (Camb) 1950 D Hirst Ronald M.Ec. (Adel) 1946 1950 C Russell Eric B.A. (Camb) 1952 1958 B (part–time) Seaman Gilbert B.Ec. (Adel) 1940 1950 B Smith Milton B.Ec. (Adel) 1950 1952 B Grant John B.Ec. (Adel) 1951 1959 1957 B Opie Roger B.A. (Adel) 1951 1952 B Jarrett Frank Ph.D. (Iowa) 1953 1956 B Wallace Robert B.Phil. (Oxon) 1956 B Harcourt Geoffrey M.Com. (Melb) 1958 B Whitehead Donald B.A. (Oxon) 1958 B Barnes Ronald B.Ec. (Adel) 1959 B Barton Allan B.Com. (Melb) 1959 B Hancock Keith Ph.D. (Lond) 1959 94 Table 2 (continued) 1960–1969 Level of appt. at start of period Family name First name Highest degree on appointment Start date End date Year promoted to levela A B C D E E Karmel Peter Ph.D. (Camb) 1950 1965 E Lydall Harold M.A. (Oxon) 1962 1967 D Hirst Ronald M.Ec. (Adel) 1946 1950 D Russell Eric B.A. (Camb) 1952 1958 1964 D Jarrett Frank Ph.D. (Iowa) 1953 1956 1960 1968 C Hudson Hugh B.Ec. (Syd) 1960 1965 C Dillon John Ph.D. (Iowa) 1961 1964 1964 C Healey Derek M.A. (Oxon) 1964 C Laing Neil B.A. (Camb) 1967 B Wallace Robert B.Phil. (Oxon) 1956 1965 1962 B Harcourt Geoffrey M.Com. (Melb) 1958 1963 1965 1967 B Whitehead Donald B.A. (Oxon) 1958 1965 1964 B Barnes Ronald B.Ec. (Adel) 1959 1960 B Barton Allan B.Com. (Melb) 1959 1962 B Hancock Keith Ph.D. (Lond) 1959 1965 B Brunt Maureen B.Com. (Melb) 1960 1964 1963 B Wright Jonathan B.Com. (Melb) 1961 1964 B Polasek Metoday Ph.D. (Duke) 1962 1965 95 Table 2 (continued) 1960–1969 (continued) Level of appt. at start of period Family name First name Highest degree on appointment Start date End date Year promoted to levela A B C D E B Powell Alan B.Sc. (Syd) 1962 1964 B Artis Michael B.A. (Oxon) 1964 1965 B Longden John M.A. (Oxon) 1964 1965 B Richards Eric B.A. (Nott) 1964 1967 B Worrall Barry B.A. (WA) 1964 B Bentick Brian M.A. (Yale) 1965 B Bentick Teresita M.A. (Yale) 1965 B Dent Warren B.Ec. (ANU) 1965 1966 B Dixon John B.A. (Keele) 1965 B Lewis Mervyn B.Ec. (Adel) 1965 1967 B Byron Raymond B.Ec. (WA) 1966 1966 B Hefford Ronald M.Ec. (Adel) 1966 1968 B Moffatt Graeme Ph.D. (Mon) 1966 1968 B Potter Judith B.Ec. (ANU) 1966 1966 B Praetz Peter M.A. (Melb) 1966 1969 B Sheridan Thomas B.A. (Leeds) 1968 B Simpson Pippa B.Ec. (Adel) 1968 1969 B Hatch John Ph.D. (Camb) 1969 96 Table 2 (continued) 1970–1979 Level of appt. at start of period Family name First name Highest degree on appointment Start date End date Year promoted to levela A B C D E E Russell Eric B.A. (Camb) 1952 1977 1958 1964 E Jarrett Frank Ph.D. (Iowa) 1953 1956 1960 1968 E Harcourt Geoffrey M.Com. (Melb) 1958 1963 1965 1967 D Hirst Ronald M.Ec. (Adel) 1946 1977 1950 C Healey Derek M.A. (Oxon) 1964 C Bentick Brian M.A. (Yale) 1965 1970 C Hefford Ronald M.Ec. (Adel) 1966 1968 C Moffatt Graeme Ph.D. (Mon) 1966 1968 C Praetz Peter M.A. (Melb) 1966 1971 1969 C Laing Neil B.A. (Camb) 1967 1968 1971 B Worrall Barry B.A. (WA) 1964 1975 B Bentick Teresita M.A. (Yale) 1965 B Dixon John B.A. (Keele) 1965 1971 B Lewis Mervyn B.Ec. (Adel) 1965 1967 1973 B Sheridan Thomas B.A. (Leeds) 1968 1973 B Hatch John Ph.D. (Camb) 1969 1973 B Fischer Alastair B.Ec. (ANU) 1970 1974 B Meyler Margaret M.Ag.Sc. (Adel) 1970 1971 1979 97 Table 2 (continued) 1970–1979 (continued) Level of appt. at start of period Family name First name Highest degree on appointment Start date End date Year promoted to levela A B C D E B Lindner Robert M.Ag.Sc. (Adel) 1971 1974 B Round David B.Ec. (Adel) 1971 1976 B Thomson Norm M.Ec. (Adel) 1971 1976 B Chitre Vikas Ph.D. (Roch) 1972 1973 B Davis Kevin M.Ec. (ANU) 1974 B McLean Ian Ph.D. (ANU) 1974 1978 B Mules Trevor Ph.D. (Adel) 1974 1979 B Richardson Sue Ph.D. (LaTrobe) 1974 B Pollitt Brian M.A. (Camb) 1975 1975 B Madden Paul M.A. (Essex) 1976 1979 B Taplin John Ph.D. (Cornell) 1978 1978 B Piggott John M.Sc. (Lond) 1979 A Dunstan Gretel M.Sc. (Lond) 1970 1970 98 Table 2 (continued) 1980–1989 Level of appt. at start of period Family name First name Highest degree on appointment Start date End date Year promoted to levela A B C D E E Jarrett Frank Ph.D. (Iowa) 1953 1988 1956 1960 1968 E Harcourt Geoffrey M.Com. (Melb) 1958 1985 1963 1965 1967 E Walsh Cliff M.Sc.(Ec.) (Lond) 1980 1987 D Healey Derek M.A. (Oxon) 1964 1980 D Laing Neil B.A. (Camb) 1966 1983 1968 1971 D Lewis Mervyn B.Ec. (Adel) 1965 1987 1967 1973 1980 D Lindner Robert M.Ag.Sc. (Adel) 1971 1986 1974 1980 C Worrall Barry B.A. (WA) 1964 1975 C Bentick Brian Ph.D. (Yale) 1965 1970 C Hefford Ronald M.Ec. (Adel) 1966 1982 1968 C Moffatt Graeme Ph.D. (Mon) 1966 1987 1968 C Sheridan Thomas B.A. (Leeds) 1968 1973 C Hatch John Ph.D. (Camb) 1969 1969 1973 C Fischer Alastair B.Ec. (ANU) 1970 1974 C Meyler Margaret M.Ag.Sc. (Adel) 1970 1971 1979 C Round David B.Ec. (Adel) 1971 1976 1981 C Thomson Norm M.Ec. (Adel) 1971 1976 1983 C Davis Kevin M.Ec. (ANU) 1974 1986 1980 99 Table 2 (continued) 1980–1989 (continued) Level of appt. at start of period Family name First name Highest degree on appointment Start date End date Year promoted to levela A B C D E C McLean Ian Ph.D. (ANU) 1974 1978 C Mules Trevor Ph.D. (Adel) 1974 1979 C Richardson Sue Ph.D. (LaTrobe) 1974 1980 C Grossman Philip Ph.D. (Virginia) 1986 1987 C Tyers Rod Ph.D. (Harvard) 1987 1987 B Bentick Teresita M.A. (Yale) 1965 B Piggott John Ph.D. (Lond) 1979 1980 B Chapman Bruce Ph.D. (Yale) 1981 1986 1985 B Anderson Kym Ph.D. (Stanford) 1984 1986 B Findlay Christopher Ph.D. (ANU) 1984 1986 B Rogers Colin D.Com. (S Af) 1986 1987 B McTaggart Douglas Ph.D. (Chicago) 1987 1987 B Nguyen Tom Ph.D. (ANU) 1987 1989 B Neal Penelope M.Com. (NSW) 1988 B Ryland George Ph.D. (Qld) 1988 1989 A Dunstan Gretel M.Sc. (Lond) 1970 1970 A Arnold Anne M.Ec. (Adel) 1984 1984 100 Table 2 (continued) 1990–1999 Level of appt. at start of period Family name First name Highest degree on appointment Start date End date Year promoted to levela A B C D E E Pincus Jonathan Ph.D. (Stanford) 1991 E Pomfret Richard Ph.D. (S Fraser) 1992 D Healey Derek M.A. (Oxon) 1964 1990 1980 D Sheridan Thomas B.A. (Leeds) 1968 1973 1990 D Round David B.Ec. (Adel) 1971 1976 1981 D Thomson Norm M.Ec. (Adel) 1971 1994 1976 1983 D Los Cornelis Ph.D. (Columbia) 1999 2000 C Worrall Barry B.A. (WA) 1964 1995 1975 C Bentick Brian Ph.D. (Yale) 1965 1970 C Hatch John Ph.D. (Camb) 1969 1973 C Fischer Alastair B.Ec. (ANU) 1970 1995 1974 C Meyler Margaret M.Ag.Sc. (Adel) 1970 1999 1971 1979 C McLean Ian Ph.D. (ANU) 1974 1978 1992 C Mules Trevor Ph.D. (Adel) 1974 1993 1979 C Richardson Sue Ph.D. (LaTrobe) 1974 1980 1992 C Anderson Kym Ph.D. (Stanford) 1984 1986 1991 C Findlay Christopher Ph.D. (ANU) 1984 1999 1986 1992 C Tyers Rod Ph.D. (Harvard) 1987 1990 101 Table 2 (continued) 1990–1999 (continued) Level of appt. at start of period Family name First name Highest degree on appointment Start date End date Year promoted to levela A B C D E C Rogers Colin D.Com. (S.Africa) 1986 1992 C Nguyen Tin M.Sc. (Lond) 1990 C Pol Eduardo Dr.Ec.Sc. (B Aires) 1991 1994 C Gaston Noel Ph.D. (Cornell) 1995 1998 C Stringer Randy Ph.D. (Wisc) 1996 C Damania Richard Ph.D. (Glasgow) 1998 B Bentick Teresita M.A. (Yale) 1965 1998 B Neal Penelope M.Com. (NSW) 1988 1998 B Cowie Judy B.A.Ec. (Tenn) 1991 1996 B Summers Peter Ph.D. (Iowa) 1993 1996 B Fredriksson Per Ph.D. (Penn) 1995 1999 B Williams Jenny Ph.D. (Rice) 1996 B Barnes Michelle Ph.D. (J Hopkins) 1997 B Baretto Raul Ph.D. (Colorado) 1998 B Hughes Tony Ph.D. (Monash) 1998 B Allsopp Louise Ph.D. (York) 1999 B Rajan Ramkishen Ph.D. (Claremont) 1999 A Dunstan Gretal M.Sc.(Ec.) (Lond) 1970 1991 1970 1991 102 Table 2 (continued) 1990–1999 (continued) Level of appt. at start of period Family name First name Highest degree on appointment Start date End date Year promoted to levela A B C D E A Arnold Anne M.Ec. (Adel) 1984 1984 A Bott Richard M.B.A. (Adel) 1990 1993 1991 A Marshall Vern M.Pol. (Flinders) 1995 A Piovesan Vivian B.Com. (Adel) 1995 A Snelling John B.Ec. (Adel) 1996 A Vinall Roger B.Ec. (Adel) 1997 103 110 Table 6: Lecturers who became chaired Professors (and Vice– Chancellors), by initial levela of appointment at Adelaide, 1901–2002 Year promoted to level: Family name First name Start date End date B C D E Lecturer E Isles* Keith 1939 1945 Karmel* Peter 1950 1965 Lydall Harold 1962 1967 Melville* Leslie 1929 1931 Mitchell* William 1894 1916 1912 Pincusd Jonathan 1991 Pomfretd Richard 1992 Shann* Edward 1935 1935 Tew Brian 1946 1949 Walshb Cliff 1980 1987 Lecturer C Dillon John 1961 1964 1964 Russell Eric 1952 1997 1958 1964 Tyers Rod 1987 1990 Lecturer B Anderson Kym 1984 1986 1991 Artisd Michael 1964 1965 Barton Allan 1959 1962 Brunt Maureen 1960 1964 1963 Byrond Raymond 1966 1966 Chapman Bruce 1981 1986 1985 Davis Kevin 1974 1986 1980 Findlay Christopher 1984 1999 1986 1992 Gaston Noel 1995 1998 Grant John 1951 1959 1957 Hancock* Keith 1959 1965 Harcourtd Geoffrey 1958 1985 1963 1965 1967 Heatond Herbert 1917 1925 Jarrett Frank 1953 1988 1956 1960 1968 LaNauze John 1935 1939 Lewis Mervyn 1965 1987 1967 1973 1980 Lindner Robert 1971 1986 1974 1981 McTaggart Douglas 1987 1987 111 Table 6 (continued) Year promoted to level: Family name First name Start date End date B C D E Mules Trevor 1974 1993 1974 1979 Nguyen Tom 1987 1989 Piggott John 1979 1980 Powelld Alan 1962 1964 Richards Eric 1964 1967 Richardsonc Sue 1974 1980 1992 Round David 1971 2001 1976 1981 Whitehead Donald 1958 1965 1964 Williams* Bruce 1940 1946 1946 * Sir William Mitchell was Vice–Chancellor at Adelaide (1916–42), Ed Shann at Western Australia (1921–23), Sir Leslie Melville at ANU (1953–60), Keith Isles at Tasmania (1957–1967), Peter Karmel at Flinders (1966–71) and ANU (1982–87), Sir Bruce Williams at Sydney (1967–81), and Keith Hancock at Flinders (1980–87). Prior to Mitchell, the Reverend Professor William Fletcher (who provided lectures on ‘Political Economy’ to B.A. students from 1878) was Adelaide’s V–C 1883–87. At least one of the Economics Honours graduates (and a Rhodes Scholar) also rose to Vice–Chancellor (Deane Terrell, at ANU 1994–2000). And Ross Milbourne, who was associated with the School of Economics while Deputy Vice–Chancellor (Research) at Adelaide (1997–2000), has been Vice–Chancellor of the University of Technology, Sydney since 2001. a In this table the Lecturer level B, C, D and E classifications, adopted in the 1990s, refer respectively to the positions known traditionally as Lecturer, Senior Lecturer, Reader/Associate Professor and Professor. b Cliff Walsh returned to Adelaide and was Professor of Economic Studies in the South Australian Centre for Economic Studies 1992–2001 (and was SACES Executive Director 1992–98), before becoming an Emeritus Professor in the School of Economics in mid–2001. c Sue Richardson is on extended leave without pay to take the position of Professor and Director of the National Institute of Labour Studies at the Flinders University of South Australia. d Listed in Blaug (1999) Who’s Who in Economics, 3rd edition. 112 Table 7: Alphabetical list of Ph.D. graduates, 1971–2003 Family name Other names Year of graduation Barnard Peter Oliver 1987 Bloch Frederick A. 1973 Burns Jill Penelope A. 1984 Cheng Yuk Shin 1998 Chunlai Chen 1998 Da Costa Helder 2001 Dao Thuy Thi Bich 2000 Easton Ernest Wright 1997 Evans Michael David 1996 Fischer Alastair J. 1996 Fuller Donald Edwin 1984 Giesecke James 2001 Hastings Trevor 1979 Jaforullah Mohammad 1990 Jiang Bing Jiang 1995 Juniper James Archibald 2002 Kazemian Mahmood 1997 Lawriwsky Michael L. 1982 Lewis Mervyn Keith 1978 Lim Steven A. Leslie 1996 Ma Shiguang 2000 Macintosh Malcolm L. 2001 McLeod Paul Brendon 1985 Mules Trevor John 1974 Neal Penelope Nancy 1996 Neri Frank 2001 Oakley Allen Charles 1981 Park Young Il 1987 Peak Geoffrey Colin 2002 Peng Zhao Yang 1992 Praetz Peter David 1973 Rushdi Abdul A.A.A. 1985 Sang Naiquan 2003 Sardoni Claudio 1983 Shea (Esther) Yi Ping 2003 Sheridan Kyoko 1971 113 Table 7 (continued) Family name Other names Year of graduation Smith Peter 1979 Soonthonsiripong Nittiya 1999 Strutt Anna 1999 Tisato Peter Michael 1996 Watson Alistair Stuart 1971 Wittwer Glyn Martin 2000 Wu Yanrui 1994 Zhang Xiao He 1994 114 Table 8: Titles of theses of Ph.D. graduates, by year of graduation, 1971–2003 1971 Sheridan, K., Growth of the firm in Australia. Watson, A.S., An economic and statistical analysis of factors affecting the rate of growth of the Australian sheep population. 1973 Bloch, F.A., Expectations, risk aversion and the term structure of interest rates in Australia. Praetz, P.D., A statistical study of fluctuations of Australian share prices. 1974 Mules, T.J., Supply analysis for Australian agricultural products with applications to farm and national income estimation. 1978 Lewis, M.K., Time lags and effectiveness of monetary policy in Australia. 1979 Hastings, T., The economics of public sector scientific research in Australian agriculture. Smith, P., Keynes's finance motive: some theory and evidence. 1981 Oakley, A.C., The evolution and critico–analytical significance of Karl Marx's theory of surplus value prior to Capital. 1982 Lawriwsky, M.L., Managers and markets: internal organisation and external market restraints of Australian company performance. 115 Table 8 (continued) 1983 Sardoni, C., Economic crises and effective demand in Ricardo, Marx and Keynes. 1984 Burns, J.P.A., Experimentation and economic theory. Fuller, D.E., Methods for estimating the demand for and supply of labour in urban and regional operational planning models 1985 McLeod, P.B., An analysis of disaggregate models of modal choice based on the journey to work in Sydney. Rushdi, A.A.A.A., Electricity in South Australia: cost, price and demand, 1930–1980. 1987 Barnard, P.O., Modelling shopping destination choices: a theoretical and empirical investigation. Park, Y.I., Australia–Korea trade, 1962–1981. 1990 Jaforullah, M., Energy modelling in a general equilibrium framework with alternative production specifications. 1992 Peng, Z.Y., External shocks and structural adjustment in the post– reform Chinese economy: the case of the 1986 oil price fall. 1994 Wu, Y., Productive performance of Chinese enterprises: a stochastic frontier analysis. Zhang, X.H., Economic liberalisation, dualism and the international trade patterns of China: theory and evidence. 1995 Jiang, B.J., The emergence of a land market in China. 116 Table 8 (continued) 1996 Evans, M.D., Determinants of underpricing for initial public offerings of shares in privatised companies. Fischer, A.J., How should I vote? A study of various aspects of voting systems used in parliamentary elections, particularly in Australia. Lim, S.A.L., Inconsistencies in China's socialist development strategies Neal, P.N., Monetary policy, credit rationing and uncertainty. Tisato, P.M., User economies of scale and optimal bus subsidy. 1997 Easton, E.W., Rail charges and costs: transport of export coal. Kazemian, M., Financial deregulation and the monetary transmission mechanism of the Australian economy. 1998 Cheng, Y.S., Regional income distribution in China, 1978–1995. Chen, C., Foreign direct investment in China: determinants, origins and impacts. 1999 Soonthonsiripong, N., Regulatory reforms of telecommunications in developing countries: a case study of the fixed–line telephone network in Thailand. Strutt, A., Economic growth, trade policy and the environment in Indonesia. 2000 Dao, T.T.B., A purely theoretical study of economic growth on small open economies. Ma, S., Tests of informational efficiency of China's stock markets. Wittwer, G. M., Australian wine industry during a period of boom and tax changes. 117 Table 8 (continued) 2001 Da Costa, H., Building East Timor’s economy: roles of foreign aid, trade and investment. Giesecke, J., FEDERAL–F: a multi–regional multi–sectoral dynamic model of the Australian economy. Macintosh, M.L., The management of change in four manufacturing industries. Neri, F., Schooling quality and economic growth. 2002 Juniper, J., A Keynesian critique of recent finance and macroeconomic applications of risk–sensitive and robust control theory. Peak, G.C., Product Innovation and Differentiation, Intra–Industry Trade and Growth. 2003 Sang, N., Vertinal Coordination in the Chinese Agri-Food System: A Transaction Cost Approach. Shea, Y.P. (Esther), The Political Economy of China’s Grain Policy Reform. 118 Table 9: Alphabetical list of Masters graduates, 1950–2002 Family name First name Other name Date Alauddin Mohammad 1982 Anderson Kym 1975 Arnold Anne Jillian 1984 Artati Rahmi 2000 Bailey Alan Paterson 1952 Ballb Jeffrey William 1974 Beetham Richard Matthew 1967 Berger Nicholas James 2001 Boehm Ernst Arthur 1955 Butterfieldb Martin Alec 1980 Cameron Roy James 1951 Chataway John Graham 1976 Das Harendra Nath 1982 Daviesa Mel 1978 Daweb Michele Mary 1968 Dent Warren Thomas 1967 Dickson Ian 1998 Duldig Paul Jonathon M. 1997 Ecker Florian Josef 1977 Edgar Robert John 1972 Emeny Matthew 1998 Gilberta Ronald Sunther 1959 Goodwin Jennifer Dorothy 1986 Grant John McBain 1953 Griggs Robert Leslie 1955 Gynther Reginald Sydney 1964 Hancock Katherine 1999 Hansen Brian Robert 1981 Hastings Trevor Robert 1975 Hefford Ronald Keith 1962 Henderson Murray Scott 1966 Hill Malcolm Robert 1957 Hirst Ronald Robert 1950 Hodan Miroslav 1956 Hodgkinson Ann Thelma 1983 Horrocks Jack 1976 Huntb Benjamin Francis 1975 James Sallie Griffin 2000 Kalijaran Kaleeswaran 1998 Kenyon Peter Damian 1983 119 Table 9 (continued) Family name First name Other name Date Kerin Paul Domenic 1986 Kerr Prudence 1979 Kolf Klaus Peter 1987 Lawson Emma Kate 1998 Lim Guay Cheng 1978 Lindnerb Robert Ken 1968 Machmud T. M. Zakir Sjakur 2001 Mackay James Gordon 1974 McMurtrie John Menzies 1975 Meng Xianchuan 1992 Moffatt Graeme Gilbert 1960 Mohmaudi Parvin 2001 Molhuysen Philipp Christiaan 1966 Mules Trevor John 1968 Nicolaou Marios 2001 Pardeyb Philip Gordon 1979 Parsons Stephen Athol 1981 Peirson Clive Graham 1964 Penny David Harry 1958 Penrose John Michael 1975 Pflaum Peter Theo 1971 Quang Thanh Le 2002 Rodway David Charles 1974 Rondonuwu Octavianus 1988 Rosser Bruce Alexander 1984 Salek Abdus 1983 Scarman Ian Edwin 1967 Stalley Douglas John 1955 Stanford Lawrence John 1994 Sturmey Stanley George 1954 Suppanachai Piluntana 2000 Taylor Philip John 1994 Thomson Norman John 1973 Tisato Peter Michael 1991 Young Douglas Arthur 1992 Youngb Michael Denis 1981 a Ronald Gilbert and Mel Davies graduated Master of Arts in Economics. b Jeff Ball, Martin Butterfield, Michele Dawe, Ben Hunt, Robert Lindner, Philip Pardey and Michael Young graduated Master of Agricultural Science (Economics) 126 Table 11: Alphabetical list of Honours graduates, 1945–2002 Family name First name Other name Year of graduation Year commenced Abraham Darryn Ross 1984 1983 Alexander Michael John 1988 1987 Allen Kenneth Craig 1962 1961 Allen Creina Louise 1996 1992 Amstad Ian Crawford 1985 1984 Andary Jeffery Dean 1976 1975 Andersen Michael David 1986 1985 Anderson Jane Louise 1997 1996 Angove Margaret Rosemary 1977 1976 Appleby Simon Louis 1994 1993 Archer Brett Allan 1984 1983 Arnold Anne Jillian * 1975 1974 Ashcroft John 1957 1956 Aungles Phillip Bage 1980 1979 Bailey Alan Paterson 1948 Bailey Grant Andrew 1974 1973 Baker William Richard 1973 1972 Baker Meredith Anne 1985 1984 Balchin Jeffrey John * 1992 1991 Bald Andrew John 1985 1984 Bannister Geoffrey Colin 1985 1984 Bansemer Penelope Gail 1980 1979 Barber Randy C. 1975 1974 Barrett Susan Meredith 1972 1971 Bartholomew David James 1982 1981 Barton Julienne * 1977 1976 Bassanese David John * 1987 1986 Bastian Bruce Robert 2002 2002 Bastin Lyle Damien 1985 1984 Bee John Broadhurst 1965 1964 Belchamber Grant * 1980 1979 Benger Brian Garfield 1971 1970 Berger Nicholas 1998 1997 Best Simon Peter #* 1973 1972 Bigg Steven Alan 1982 1981 Bishop Matthew Paul 1998 1997 Bitter Susan 1978 1977 127 Table 11 (continued) Family name First name Other name Year of graduation Year commenced Blandy Richard John * 1962 1961 Blias Athena 2000 1999 Bloch Frederick Archibald * 1968 1967 Boehm Ernst Arthur * 1950 Bowes Christian 1999 1998 Bowley Christopher James 1994 1993 Boxall Craig 1977 1976 Branch Stephen Richard 1974 1973 Bratkovic Lydia ^ 2000 1999 Britten–Jones Mark 1988 1987 Brooks Angus John ^ 2002 2002 Brownbill Mark Gregory 1978 1977 Brummitt William 1990 1989 Bruten Guy 1990 1989 Bulbeck Margaret Cachilla 1973 1972 Bull Malcolm Charles 1984 1983 Burgan Barry * 1978 1977 Butler David John 1977 1976 Butler Mark 1984 1983 Byrne Jeffery Lee * 1974 1973 Caddick Oliver James 1986 1985 Cameron Roy James * 1949 Campi Todd 1990 1989 Cannavo Salvatore John Paul 1977 1976 Cardak Buly Ahmet * 1992 1991 Carter Stephen Douglas 1991 1990 Caruso Daniel 2000 2000 Caton Christopher Nigel #* 1967 1966 Chalmers Michael John 1991 1990 Chan Pooi Hoong * 1973 1972 Chapman Paul Noel 1979 1978 Chapman Lisa 1997 1996 Cheok Albert Say Chuan * 1976 1975 Chia Tai Tee * 1986 1985 Chiang Yao Chye * 1989 1988 Chua Wee–Meng Cameron * 1967 1966 128 Table 11 (continued) Family name First name Other name Year of graduation Year commenced Chua Kian Hwa 1986 1985 Clarke Patrick 1995 1994 Coat Jillian Irene 1958 1957 Cockburn Malcolm 1958 1957 Codd Michael Henry 1962 1961 Coffey Philip Matthew 1979 1978 Coghlan Julian Francis 1986 1985 Coker Colin John 1982 1981 Comber Richard 1974 1973 Cook Peter Sydney 1964 1961 Cooper Anne Maree 1984 1983 Cormie Bernard John 1984 1983 Cornelius Gary Lance * 1971 1970 Cowan Peter Clifford 1975 1974 Craig David 1985 1984 Crisci Paul 1998 1997 Crosby Mark 1986 1985 Croser Johanna * 2000 2000 Crowle Cedric Thomas 1984 1982 Cully Mark Robert 1988 1987 Dahlberg Dane Louis 1964 1963 Danaro Giovanni 1972 1971 Dare Anthea Jane 1996 1995 Davey Oliver Leopold 1988 1987 Davis Robert William 1963 1962 Davis Bronwyn 2000 1999 Day Garth 1999 1998 De Blasio Leo D. 2000 1999 De Picot Andrew Scott 1984 1983 De Roos Nicolas * 1994 1993 Debelle Guy Lawrence 1988 1987 Della–Torre Kym 1993 1992 Denton Stephanie 1978 1977 Doherty Laura Nadine 2002 2002 Dolman Benjamin * 2000 1999 Donnelly Roger Norman 1978 1977 129 Table 11 (continued) Family name First name Other name Year of graduation Year commenced Dudzinski Miroslaw Leonard 1955 Duerrwald Karin Ilse 1998 1997 Dugain Valery Pascal 2000 2000 Duldig Paul 1986 1985 Dunstan Gretel # 1962 1961 Easton Stephen Andrew 1983 1982 Eckermann Lee David 1969 1968 Eckermann Simon Douglas 1992 1991 Edgar Robert John 1969 1968 Edwards Richard Graham 1967 1966 Edwards Christopher Timothy 1986 1985 Ellis William 2001 Emeny Matthew 1997 1996 Emery Peter John # 1967 1966 Emery David 1997 1996 Evans David Wyke * 1957 1956 Evans William David * 1975 1974 Evans Scott Francis * 1984 1983 Evens Susan Margaret * 1978 1977 Fairbairn David Francis 1966 1965 Fedorowicz Tadeusz Kazimierz 1979 1978 Feijen Nicole 1997 1996 Findlay Christopher Charles 1975 1974 Findlay Narelle Megan 1994 1993 Flavel Matthew James 1994 1993 Flew Robert John 1964 1963 Fong Yeng Fatt 1986 1985 Forbes Angus 1988 1986 Fowdur Lona * 2002 2002 Fowler Robert Malcolm 1958 1957 Francis Michael Murray 1984 1982 Fraser Robert Weston * 1977 1976 Freak Brian 2000 2000 Freney Roger Quentin 1966 1965 Fuller Donald Edwin * 1972 1971 Gan Hean Bee 1970 1969 130 Table 11 (continued) Family name First name Other name Year of graduation Year commenced Gascoine Digby Frank 1967 1966 Gaston Noel George 1977 1976 Gaudry Brendan Paul 1987 1986 Georgiou Vassilis 1976 1975 Gerhardy Peter Graham * 1986 1985 Gibbard Peter John * 1990 1989 Gibbs Graham Rossiter 1953 Gibbs Ian 1978 1977 Giesecke James Andrew * 1992 1991 Gilbert Ronald Sunter # 1950 Giles Simon William 2002 2002 Gladigau Shane 1998 1997 Gobbett Darryl John 1976 1975 Goldsworthy Brenton Keith * 1998 1997 Gordon Wayne Robert 2002 2002 Gosnold Paul 1997 1996 Goward Prudence Jane # 1976 1975 Grant John McBain * 1950 Gray Matthew * 1996 1995 Graziani Robert 1996 1995 Grbin David 1986 1985 Grdosic Mike 1995 1994 Griffiths Peter Royston 1963 1962 Griggs Robert Leslie * 1953 1952 Haddy Brian Robert 1976 1975 Hahn Peter 1996 Hales Brian 1991 1988 Hall Anthony David * 1970 1969 Hall Damon 1998 1997 Hambley Graeme Victor 1973 1972 Hancock James 1986 1985 Harcourt Tim 1987 1986 Harmstorf Hugo Neil 1993 1992 Harries Robert Ian * 1965 1964 Harrington Mark 1995 Harriss John Martin 1976 1975 131 Table 11 (continued) Family name First name Other name Year of graduation Year commenced Hart Linda Catherine 1979 1978 Harvey Sallyann * 1999 1998 Haslam William Ross 1968 1967 Hastings Trevor Robert * 1972 1971 Head John Graeme * 1955 Heddle Gervaise Robert * 1994 1993 Hefford Christine Barbara #* 1977 1976 Heinrich Harold Gordon * 1957 1956 Hempton John Ick 1991 1990 Henderson James Young * 1962 1961 Henderson Murray Scott 1963 1961 Henning Graydon Read #! 1964 1963 Herbert Marianne 2000 1999 Hester Samuel Thomas 1998 1997 Heywood Troy 1998 1997 Hicks Ronald Pettinger 1961 1960 Hieser Ronald Oswald * 1949 Hill Malcolm Robert * 1952 Hillier Grant Highmoore * 1968 1967 Hirst Ronald Robert * 1948 Hirst Jane Adah 1969 1968 Hodan Miroslav 1954 1953 Hodder Michael William 1976 1975 Holdich Thomas 1993 1992 Hollow Bronte David 1985 1984 Holthuyzen Michael Rudolf 1975 1972 Howard Donald William D. 1949 Howarth Penelope 1994 1993 Howarth Nicholas 1998 1997 Hubbard David John 1977 1976 Hudson David Hugh 1984 1983 Hutchins David Allan 1993 1992 Inverarity Stephen Frank 1975 1974 Ivanbrook Casimir Luke * 1987 1986 Jackson Melinda Ann 1992 1991 Jacobi Chad * 2000 2000 132 Table 11 (continued) Family name First name Other name Year of graduation Year commenced James Sallie 1997 Jenkins Anna Saies 2001 2001 John Carsten Mark 1994 1993 Johns Jennifer 1982 1981 Johnson Graham Neal * 1976 1975 Johnson Colin William 1987 1986 Johnson Brian 2001 2001 Jones Michelle Louise 1990 1988 Jordan Daniel * 1997 1996 Juhasz Ferenc 1958 1957 Kahland Aaron 2001 2001 Kain John Damian 1974 1973 Kain Mark 1998 1997 Kalisch David Wayne 1982 1981 Kanjanasupak Luxana 1998 1997 Keda Sonia 1992 1991 Keese M. 1982 1981 Kerin Paul * 1982 1981 Kim Yeon 1992 1990 Kinch Aisling Mary 1990 1988 King Yasmin Anna 1981 1980 Kirkpatrick Grant Hain 1973 1972 Knapman Bruce 1971 1970 Kok Sarah S. * 2000 1999 Konstas Mark Demetrius 1986 1985 Kossen Marielle 1993 1992 Koster Maxine 1996 1995 Kosturjak Anthony Mark * 1999 1998 Kourteff Michael 1994 1992 Krieg Anthony Robert 1994 1993 Kwong Lucienne Lai Wah # 1973 1972 Lacar Francisco 1998 1997 Lai Hon Kuan * 1979 1978 Laidlaw Susan Margaret 1976 1975 Lamp Robert Alan 1986 Lane Colin George 1976 1975 133 Table 11 (continued) Family name First name Other name Year of graduation Year commenced Lau Seok Lee 1981 1980 Lau How Wah ^ 2001 2001 Laurencis Arnold 1984 1983 Lawrence Margaret Evelyn # 1959 Lawrie Graeme Alan 1977 1974 Lawriwsky Michael Lubomyr 1975 1974 Lawson Emma 1997 1996 Lawson Jeremy 2002 2000 Layton Theresa 1993 1992 Lean David Russell 1970 1969 Leane Peter Alan 1964 1963 Leane Geoffrey William G. 1972 1971 Lee Trevor James * 1978 1977 Lee Yuen Huei 1989 1988 Leske John Raymond * 1975 1974 Lewis Robert Brook #* 1952 Lewis Mervyn Keith * 1965 1964 Liebelt Graeme Richard 1975 1974 Liew Voon Pin 1995 1994 Lim Guay Cheng * 1974 1973 Lim Saik Ghee 1975 1974 Lim Soo Hoon 1981 1980 Lim Raymond Siang * 1983 1982 Lim Swee Huang * 1985 1984 Lim Eng Lee * 1986 1985 Lim Geok Hwee * 1986 1985 Lim Paul 1986 1985 Lim Mun Kwok Jonathan 1999 1998 Lindsay Sarah 1997 1996 Lithgow John Neville 1959 1958 Lockett Peter 1981 1980 Lum Foo Hong 1978 1977 Lye Joseph Victor T. F. 1986 1985 Lyons–Davis Andrew 1987 1986 Macrow Michael Steven 1979 1977 Maguire Graham Ross 1970 1969 134 Table 11 (continued) Family name First name Other name Year of graduation Year commenced Maloney Robert James 1986 1985 Mann Evan John * 1974 1973 Markovic Martin 1975 1974 Martin Geoffrey Stuart # 1971 1970 Martin Geoffrey Ian 1975 1974 Martin Ryan Stuart ^ 2000 2000 Martyn Brett David 1994 1993 Martyn Justin 1996 1995 Matters Andrew 1994 1993 Matters Stephanie Jo 1997 1996 McArthur Timothy 2001 2001 McCabe Michael Desmond 1979 1978 McCarthy Paul * 1980 1979 McDonald Stephen Robert 1986 1985 McDonald Patrick James 2002 1997 McGuire Peter Julian 1995 1994 McKenna Donald Shayne 1995 1994 McLeod Paul Brandon * 1973 1972 McMurtrie John Menzies 1970 1969 Measday William Heddle 1990 1989 Medwell John Gordon # 1955 1954 Meier David Christopher 1990 1989 Menadue John Laurence 1957 1956 Miki Megumi 1994 1993 Miller Benjamin Lee * 1980 1979 Milnes Simon 1996 1995 Mitchell Andrew 2001 2001 Mitton John 1979 1978 Moffatt Graeme Gilbert 1958 1957 Molloy Simon Francis 1981 1980 Morissey Margaret Jean 1986 1985 Moyle Geoffrey 1995 1994 Mules Trevor John * 1966 1965 Munchenberg Robert 1998 1996 Myatt Justin * 1990 1989 Need Melvyn Brian 1977 1976 135 Table 11 (continued) Family name First name Other name Year of graduation Year commenced Nelson Stephen 1996 1995 Neo Yit Wah 1981 1980 Newitt Darryl Graham * 1990 1989 Newman Mark Edwin 1989 1988 Ng Soo Nam * 1989 1988 Nguyen Ha Minh 2002 2002 Nicholls Madeleine 1989 1988 Nicolle Timothy * 2001 2000 Norman David * 2001 2001 Nukic Senada 2000 2000 O’Brien Kevin Patrick 1969 1968 O’Dea Daniel Clarke 1984 1983 O’Donohue Raymond Francis 1951 O’Loughlin Laurene Marie 1980 1979 O’Rourke Daniel 2001 2001 Oakley Allen Charles * 1973 1972 Officer Stephen John * 1971 1970 Olekalns Nilss 1982 1981 Omar Leah 1989 1988 Ong Boon–Kwee Peter * 1985 1984 Opie Roger Gilbert #* 1949 Ordon Alexander 1996 1995 Orr Douglas 1993 1991 Osmond Robert Grant 1999 1998 Palmer Vivienne 1980 1979 Papadopoulos Chrysanthi 1972 1971 Parham Dean John 1975 1974 Parker David John 1985 1983 Parkinson Martin * 1981 1980 Partington Stephen John 1972 1971 Pascoe Malcolm Stuart * 1971 1970 Paterson Robert Page * 1973 1972 Peak Geoffrey 1993 1992 Pearce Denys Kingsley 1976 1975 Pedler Mark 1999 1998 Peirson Clive Graham 1961 1960 238 Table 28 (continued) Berger, N., Spahni, P. and Anderson, K. (1999), Bilateral Trade Patterns in the World Wine Market, 1988 to 1997: A Statistical Compendium, Adelaide: Centre for International Economic Studies. Anderson, K. (1998), Economic Reform in Nepal and WTO Accession, Adelaide: Centre for International Economic Studies. Anderson, K. (1998), Lao Economic Reform and WTO Accession, Adelaide: Centre for International Economic Studies and Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Anderson, K. (1998), Vietnam's Transforming Economy and WTO Accession, Adelaide: Centre for International Economic Studies and Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Berger, N., K. Anderson and R. Stringer (1998), Trends in the World Wine Market, 1961 to 1996: A Statistical Compendium, Adelaide: Centre for International Economic Studies. Wittwer, G. and K. Anderson (1998), Tax Reform and the Australian Wine Industry, Adelaide: Centre for International Economic Studies. Osmond, R. and K. Anderson (1998), Trends and Cycles in the Australian Wine Industry, 1850 to 2000, Adelaide: Centre for International Economic Studies. Anderson, K. (ed.) (1996), Strengthening the Global Trading System: From GATT to WTO, Adelaide: Centre for International Economic Studies. 239 Table 29: Chinese Economies Research Centre working papers, 1990–1999 98–05 Cheng, Enjiang, “Household Heads, Non–Economic Factors and Grain Production in China in the 1990s,” 1998. 98–04 Chen, Jiyuan, Zhu, Gang and Liu, Yuman, “ Rural Non–Bank Financial Institutions in Underdeveloped Areas – A Case Study of a County of Henan Province,” 1998. 98–03 Watson, Andrew, “Enterprise Reform and Employment Change in Shanxxi Province,” 1998. 98–02 Yuan, Shiming, “ Key Issues in Establishing a New Housing System Based on a Market Oriented Economy,” 1998 98–01 Du, Zhixiong, “ The Dynamics and Impact of the Development of Rural Cooperative Funds (RCFs) in China,” 1998. 97–18 Dickson, Ian, “China's Myriad Customs Regimes and their Implications for Openness (with reference to steel imports),” 1997. 97–17 Dickson, Ian, “Testing the Hypothesis of Irrational Exuberance in China's Steel Imports, 1992–1996,” 1997. 97–16 Chunlai, Chen, “Provincial Characteristics and Foreign Direct Investment Location Decision within China,” 1997. 97–15 Chunlai, Chen, “The Evolution and Main Features of China's Foreign Direct Investment Policies,” 1997. 97–14 Chunlai, Chen, “Comparison of Investment Behaviour of Source Countries in China,” 1997. 97–13 Chunlai, Chen, “The Composition and Location Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in China's Manufacturing,” 1997. 97–12 Chunlai, Chen, “The Location Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries,” 1997. 97–11 Chunlai, Chen, “Foreign Direct Investment and Trade: An Empirical Investigation of the Evidence from China,” 1997. 97–10 Yuan, Shiming, “Evaluation of China's Urban Housing Reform,” 1997. 97–09 Lan, Yisheng and Zhaoyang, Peng, “China's Fishery Industry: Production, Consumption and Trade,” 1997. 240 Table 29 (continued) 97–08 Lan, Yisheng, “Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Development in Guangdong: Problems and Prospects,” 1997. 97–07 Lan, Yisheng, “The Stock Market in China: Problems and Prospects for Domestic and Foreign Investment,” 1997. 97–06 Hehui, Jin and Du, Zhixiong, “Productivity of China's Rural Industry in the 1980’s,” 1997. 97–05 Bora, Bijit and Chunlai, Chen, “The Internationalisation of China and its Implications for Australia,” 1997. 97–04 Findlay, Christopher and Wu, Harry X., “China's Grain Demand and Supply: Trade Implications,” 1997. 97–03 Dickson, Ian, “Risks and Documentary Credits in China's International Metals Trade,” 1997. 97–02 Cheng, Enjiang, Findlay, Christopher and Watson, Andrew, “Internal Reform, Budget Issues and the Internationalisation of the Grain Market in China,” 1997. 97–01 Findlay, Christopher, “Grain Sector Reform in China,” 1997. 96–13 Dickson, Ian, “The Sino–Japan Steel Trade Negotiations Framework,” 1996. 96–12 Johnson, D. Gale, “China's Rural and Agricultural Reforms: Successes and Failures.” 1996. 96–11 Hong, Yang, “China's Maize Production and Supply from a Provincial Perspective,” 1996. 96–10 Hong, Yang, “Trends in China's Regional Grain Product and their Implications,” 1996. 96–09 Hong, Yang, “Sources of Productivity Disparities in Regional Grain Production in China,” 1996. 96–08 Peng, Chao Yang, “Challenges to China's Energy Security,” 1996. 96–07 Wu, Yanrui, “Changing Patters of Alcohol Consumption in Rural China: Implications for the Grain Section,” 1996. 96–06 Dickson, Ian, “China's Steel Imports: An Outline of Recent Trade Barriers,” 1996. 96–05 Watson, Andrew and Findlay, Christopher, “Economic growth and trade dependency in China,” 1996. 96–04 Wu, Harry X., and Zhou, Li, “Research on Rural–to–Urban Labour Migration in the Post–Reform China: A Survey,”1996. 241 Table 29 (continued) 96–03 Chunlai, Chen, “Recent Developments in Foreign Direct Investment in China,”1996. 96–02 Wu, Guobao, Richardson, Sue and Travers, Peter, “Rural Poverty and Its Causes in China,”1996. 96–01 Wu, Guobao, Richardson, Sue and Travers, Peter, “Multiple Deprivation in Rural China,”1996. 95–08 Cheng, Enjiang and Malcolm, L.R., “ Provision of Institutional Credit and Economic Transition in Rural China,” 1995 95–07 Cheng, Enjiang and Findlay, Christopher, “Trade Reforms and Integration of China's Domestic and International Grain Markets since the middle 1980s – the Case of Wheat and Maize,” 1995. 95–06 Meng, Xin and Wu, Harry X., “Relocation of Farm Household Labours and Its Direct and Indirect Impacts on Grain Production in China,” 1995. 95–05 Findlay, Christopher, Wu, Harry X. and Watson, Andrew, “ Fiscal Decentralisation, Regionalism and Uneven Development in China,” 1995. 95–04 Meng, Xin and Wu, Harry X., “Household Income Determination and Regional Income Differential in Rural China,” 1995. 95–03 Lim, Steven, “Cointegration Analysis of Chinese Grain Performance 1961–1992,”1995. 95–02 Hong, Yang and Wu, Yanrui, “Growth and Productivity in Chinas Agriculture: A Review,”1995. 95–01 Cheng, Enjiang and Wu, Yanrui, “Market Reform and Integration in China in the early 1990s – The Case of Maize,”1995. 94–16 Cheng, Yuk–shing, “Macroeconomic Management under Partial Reform: China's Economic Upswing in 1992–94,” 1994. 94–15 Wu, Harry X., “Reforms of China's Foreign Exchange Regime: Behind Unification,” 1994. 94–14 Wu, Yanrui and Xu, Harry X., “Household Grain Consumption in China: Effects of Income, Price and Urbanisation,” 1994. 242 Table 29 (continued) 94–13 Cheng, Enjiang, “Financial Issues and the Forces for Grain Marketing Reforms in China,” 1994. 94–12 Cheng, Enjiang, “Comparison of Chinese and International Grain Prices,” 1994. 94–11 Liew, Leong H., “Modelling Inter–Regional Strategic Interactions with a General Equilibrium Framework,” 1994. 94–10 Wu, Yanrui, “Rice Markets in China in the 1990s,” 1994. 94–09 Pomfret, Richard, “Direct Foreign Investment in China,” 1994. 94–08 Lim, Steven, “Rural Industry – Interactions with Agriculture and State Industry,” 1994. 94–07 Lim, Steven, “A Potential Inconsistency in "Dynamic" Socialism,” 1994. 94–06 Wu, Yanrui, and Xu, Harry X., “Productivity and Sources of Growth in the Reforming Chinese Economy,” 1994. 94–05 Wu, Yanrui, “Productivity Growth, Technological Progress and Technical Efficiency Change in China: A Three Sector Analysis,” 1994. 94–04 Watson, Andrew, “China's Agricultural Reforms: Experiences and Achievements of the Agricultural Sector in the Market Reform Process,” 1994. 94–03 Watson, Andrew, “Market Reform and Agricultural Development in China,” 1994. 94–02 Carter, Colin and Zhang, Bin, “Rural Reforms, the Weather, and Productivity Growth in China's Grain Sector” 1994. 94–01 Yang, Hong, “The Role of Prices in China's Grain Production during the Post Reform Period,” 1994. 93–09 Nguyen, D.T. and Wu, Harry X., “ The Impacts of Economic Reforms on Chinese Agricultural Performance,” 1993. 93–08 Bing, Jiang, “China's Dual Land Ownership System: Formation and Problems,” 1993. 93–07 Bing, Jiang, “China's Experiment with a Quasi–Land Market: The Sale and Transfer of Land Use Rights,” 1993. 93–06 Zhang, Xiaohe, “Modelling China's Rural Economy,” 1993. 93–05 Wu, Harry X., “A Method for Estimating China's Rural GDP,” 1993. 243 Table 29 (continued) 93–04 Pomfret, Richard, “The Sequencing of Economic Reform,” 1993. 93–03 Zhang, Xiaohe, “Domestic Distortions, Production and International Trade in China: An Analytical Framework,” 1993. 93–02 Wu, Yanrui, “One Industry, Two Regimes: The Chinese Textile Sector Growth, Reforms and Efficiency,” 1993. 93–01 Wu, Yanrui, “The Measurement of Efficiency: A Review of the Theory and Empirical Applications to China .” 1993. 92–07 Wu, Yanrui, “Productivity Performance of Chinese Rural Enterprises: A Comparative Study,” 1992. 92–06 Wu, Harry X., “The "Industrialisation" of China's Rural Labour Force Since the Economic Reform,” 1992. 92–05 Wu, Harry X., “China's Rural Economic Performance during the Reform Decade: Estimates and Assessments,” 1992. 92–04 Watson, Andrew and Findlay, Christopher, “Issues in Fiscal Contracting in China,” 1992. 92–03 Findlay, Christopher, Watson, Andrew and Zhang, Xiaohe, “Growth of Rural Enterprises, Urban–Rural Relations and China's Foreign Trade,” 1992. 92–02 Yang, Hong, “Productivity Changes and Regional Disparities in Chinese Agriculture since 1980,” 1992. 92–01 Martin, Will and Zhaoyang, Peng, “Using a CGE Model to Analyse External Shocks in the Reformed Chinese Economy: A Background Paper,” 1992. 91–16 Chunlai, Chen, Findlay, Christopher and Watson, Andrew, “One State – Two Economies: Current Issues in China's Rural Industrialisation,” 1991. 91–15 Martin, Will and Zhaoyang, Peng, “Oil Price Shocks and Policy Responses in the Post–Reform Chinese Economy,” 1991. 91–14 Findlay, Christopher, Keliang, Sun, Watson, Andrew, Weiguo, Lu and Zhang, Xiaohe, “The 'Wool War' and the 'Cotton Chaos': Fibre Marketing in China,” 1991. 244 Table 29 (continued) 91–13 Findlay, Christopher, Qing–zeng, Li and Watson, Andrew, “Grain Production and Regional Economic Change in China,” 1991. 91–12 Young, Susan, “Private Business and the State in China's Reforming Economy,” 1991. 91–11 Wu, Yanrui, “Efficiency Differentials and their Potential Sources in Chinese Iron and Steel Industry,” 1991. 91–10 Qing–Zeng, Li, “Government Control of Grain Production in China,” 1991. 91–09 Wu, Harry X., “China's Labour Force Sectoral Transformation and Economic Growth in 1953–1989,” 1991. 91–08 Wu, Harry X., “China's Urbanization and Rural–to–Urban Migration: Estimates and Analysis in a Perspective of Economic Development in Pre– and Post–Reform Periods,” 1991. 91–07 Wu, Harry X., “The "Real" Chinese Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the Pre–Reform Period 1952–1977,” 1991. 91–06 Sheng, Yuming, “Who Provided Industrialization Funds in China?” 1991. 91–05 Wu, Yanrui, “Scale, Factor Intensity and Efficiency: Applications to the Chinese Coal Industry,” 1991. 91–04 Zhang, Xiaohe, “The Urban Rural Isolation and its impact on China's Production and Trade Pattern,” 1991. 91–03 Forster, Keith, “China's Tea War,” 1991. 91–02 Zhang, Xunhai, “Enterprise Response to Market Reforms: the Case of the Bicycle Industry (1979–1988),” 1991. 91–01 Zhang, Xiaohe, “The Classification of China's Industries by Factor Intensity and the Corresponding Trade Pattern of China,” 1991. 90–03 Anderson, Kym, “Urban Household Subsidies and Rural Out–Migration: The Case of China,” 1990. 90–02 Wu, Yanrui, “Rural Industrialization in China: A General Equilibrium Analysis,” 1990. 90–01 Anderson, Kym, “China's Economic Growth, Changing Comparative Advantages and Agricultural Trade,” 1990.