Efficient use of resources in sports associations: Key success factors of the German Field Hockey Association

Schmitz, Uschi Book Part Efficient use of resources in sports associations: Key success factors of the German Field Hockey Association Provided in Cooperation with: Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWI) Suggested Citation: Schmitz, Uschi (2012) : Efficient use of resources in sports associations: Key success factors of the German Field Hockey Association, In: Büch, Martin-Peter Maennig, Wolfgang Schulke, Hans-Jürgen (Ed.): Zur Ökonomik von Spitzenleistungen im internationalen Sport, ISBN 979-3-937816-87-6, Hamburg University Press, Hamburg, pp. 15-23, https://doi.org/10.15460/hup.250.1890 This Version is available at: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/61510 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. 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If the documents have been made available under an Open Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/de/ Reihe Edition HWWI Band 3 Uschi Schmitz Efficient Use of Resources in Sports Associations – Key Success Factors of the German Field Hockey Association in: Zur Ökonomik von Spitzenleistungen im internationalen Sport Herausgegeben von Martin-Peter Büch, Wolfgang Maennig und Hans-Jürgen Schulke S. 15–23 Hamburg University Press Verlag der Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky Impressum Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Die Online-Version dieser Publikation ist auf den Verlagswebseiten frei verfügbar (open access). Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek hat die Netzpublikation archiviert. Diese ist dauerhaft auf dem Archivserver der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek verfügbar. Open access über die folgenden Webseiten: Hamburg University Press – http://hup.sub.uni-hamburg.de PURL: http://hup.sub.uni-hamburg.de/HamburgUP/HWWI3_Oekonomik Archivserver der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek – http://http://deposit.ddb.de/index.htm ISBN 978-3-937816-87-6 (Printausgabe) ISSN 1865-7974 (Printausgabe) © 2012 Hamburg University Press, Verlag der Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky, Deutschland Produktion: Elbe-Werkstätten GmbH, Hamburg, Deutschland http://www.ew-gmbh.de Inhalt Abbildungen 7 Tabellen 7 Zur Ökonomik von Spitzenleistungen im internationalen Sport – einige Bemerkungen vorab 9 Martin-Peter Büch, Wolfgang Maennig und Hans-Jürgen Schulke Efficient Use of Resources in Sports Associations – Key Success Factors of the German Field Hockey Association 15 Uschi Schmitz Revealed Comparative Advantage and Specialisation in Athletics 25 Cindy Du Bois and Bruno Heyndels Regulation and Football Brand: Can We Talk About a Taylor Effect on the Performances of The Red Devils? 49 João Leitão Competitive Balance in the NFL? 73 Rodney J. Paul and Andrew P. Weinbach Reorganisation in Verbänden und Institutionen – Voraussetzung für den Leistungssport 85 Bernhard Schwank Listening To Community Voices – Athlone and Green Point Residents’ Views on the Location of the 2010 FIFA World Cup Stadium in Cape Town 101 Kamilla Swart and Urmilla Bob Table of Contents Professional Sports, Hurricane Katrina, and the Economic Redevelopment of New Orleans 123 Robert A. Baade and Victor A. Matheson Die Vergabe der Olympischen Spiele durch das IOC – Eine institutionenökonomische Analyse 147 Frank Daumann und Hannes Hofmeister Comparing Management Performance of Belgian Football Clubs 195 Stefan Késenne Public-Private Partnership in Singapore Sports Hub 207 Belinda Yuen Abkürzungsverzeichnis 231 Zur Ökonomik von Spitzenleistungen im internationalen Sport 233 Referenten und Referate des 7. Internationalen Hamburger Symposiums „Sport und Ökonomie“ am 31. August und 1. September 2007 Abbildungen Büch, Maennig und Schulke Abb. 1: Sportproduktion 10 Schmitz Fig. 1: Organizational Structure of the DHB 17 Fig. 2: Development of TV Coverage 2001–2006 (Million Viewers) 20 Fig. 3: Pyramid of Sponsors and Partners 21 Paul and Weinbach Fig. 1: NFL Standard Deviation of Win Percentage 78 Fig. 2: NFL Average Printspread 79 Fig. 3: NFL Standard Deviation of the Printspread 79 Késenne Fig. 1: Basic Model 198 Tabellen Du Bois and Heyndels Tab. 1: Index RS for Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) in Athletics, IAAF-rankings 2005 (main categories) – Selection of Countries 32 Tab. 2: Explaining RSCA-index (main categories) 38 Tab.. 3 a: Explaining RSCA-index (sub categories; only outcome equations are reported) 39 Tab. 3 b: Explaining RSCA-index (sub categories – continued; only outcome equations are reported) 40 Tab. A 1: Index for Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage in Athletics for 12 Event Categories – Selected Countries 45 Leitão Tab. 1: The ADF Tests, and the PP Tests, Including Constant and Tendency 60 Tab. 2: The ADF Tests, and the PP Tests, Without Constant and Without Tendency 60 Tab.. 3: Selection of the Optimal Number of Lags 61 Tab. 4: Detection of Error Autocorrelation 62 Tab. 5: The Cointegration Tests 63 Tab. 6: The Contrasts of the Granger Causalities 64 Tab. 7: Dynamic Analysis of the Significant Causalities Relationships 65 Paul and Weinbach Tab. 1: Measures of Competitive Balance in the NFL – Pre- and Post-Salary Cap 80 Swart and Bob Tab. 1: Length of Stay in the Area (in %) 109 Tab. 2: Name of Area Where the Competition Venue Will Be Located in Cape Town (in %) 110 Tab.. 3: Name of Area in Which the Legacy Stadium Will Be Located in Cape Town (in %) 111 Tab. 4: Respondent’s Level of Agreement in Athlone towards Statements Pertaining to Key Aspects of Venue and 2010 Event (in %) 114 Tab. 5: Respondent’s Level of Agreement in Green Point towards Statements Pertaining to Key Aspects of Venue and 2010 Event (in %) 115 Baade and Matheson Tab. 1: Summary Statistics for U.S. Metropolitan Areas (2004) 125 Tab. 2: Aggregate Measures of the Fraction of the Economic Activity for Selected Cities and the United States Represented by the “Accommodation and Food Service Industry” (NAICS 72) for 2004 129 Tab. 3: Aggregate Measures of the Fraction of New Orleans Economic Activity in Total Represented by Spectator Sports for 1997 131 Tab. 4: Comparing the Pre- and Post-Katrina Economies for the New Orleans MSA 135 Kesénne Tab. 1: Statistics 200 Tab. 2: Correlation Matrix 201 Tab.. 3: Reduced-form Estimation 202 Tab. 4: Structural-form Estimation 204 Yuen Tab. 1: Singapore Sports Hub PPP Process 219 Tab. 2: Singapore Sports Hub Finalist Consortia 221 Efficient Use of Resources in Sports Associations – Key Success Factors of the German Field Hockey Association Uschi Schmitz Introduction The topic of this contribution is the efficient management of resources in sports federations, wherewith a closer view behind the factors of success of the German Field Hockey Federation will be given. Therefore, a few facts and some general information about German field hockey will be presented. Field hockey is the most successful team sport in Germany. The responsible sports federation, the Deutscher Hockey-Bund (DHB), held six out of ten major international titles in 2007. For example, the German National Team Women was European Champion indoor (2006) and outdoor (2007), and won Olympic Gold in Athens 2004 in a fantastic final against the Netherlands. The National Team Men was World Champion (indoor) in 2007, European Champion (indoor) in 2003 as well as World Champion (outdoor) in 2006. There are about 400 clubs that are members of the DHB. Around 70,000 people play field hockey in Germany and it is a sport for both men and women of all age groups. About half of the field hockey players are under the age of 18. It is a family sport with an extremely loyal target group. The levels of income and education in this group are higher than average, and within in the field hockey family, a lot of medium-sized enterprises are – mostly on club level – involved as partners and sponsors. Interviewing field hockey players and spectators on different occasions revealed some interesting details: -More than 60 % of the people questioned were college graduates, and even more than 30 % had at least some academic education. 16 Uschi Schmitz -The net income of over 50 % is higher than 2,500 Euros, which allows 42 % to spend more than 250 Euros per month on consumer goods. -In combination with the fact that 57 % prefer to buy products from field hockey-related companies, field hockey is a very interesting platform for potential sponsors. Key Success Factors In discussing the future of this sport, one has to look at the outset situation in the year 2000. Without a doubt, the members of the “field hockey family” were well situated within society. Nevertheless, the DHB had worked out the following major points in an effort to secure the success and further development of field hockey in Germany: -the numbers of field hockey players would need to be increased, -more public interest would need to be raised, -and, last but not least, more sponsors and partners would need to be found in order to reach all goals. A look back after seven years demonstrates that the DHB is on the right track to reach success. Some of the sub-goals were reached. But, one might ask: Why did it work the way the DHB wanted it to? To offer some explanations, the development will be broken down to the three major factors of success, which will be introduced in chronological order. This is not intended to be a judgement concerning the importance of the particular factors. To secure the past and present high standard of performance and success of all eight national teams, the DHB long ago installed a detailed, closely-knit talent-scouting system. This system is constantly updated and developed by the head coaches, and it allows them to scout all players and then follow the development and improvement of all the ambitious field hockey players who have the ability to play on a high level. At a very early stage, integrated nonhockey specialists were introduced where professional help was needed (e.g. psychologists, nutrition consultants, and team builders). For more than 20 years, Bernhard Peters was mainly responsible for these tasks. The former national coach, who is now working in professional soccer, was a visionary looking for improvements and was trying to work more professionally than the rest. For example, almost 100 % of the players of the national teams participating in the Olympics have undergone the federation’s training program from Efficient Use of Resources in Sports Associations 23 In summary, sports federations have to have an efficient management in all parts of their work. Just when the DHB started to undertake the important update of the internal structure and when the first big events were hosted, all components made sense. Finally, the DHB has been successful in sports ever since, but has only become stronger after adding more factors of success.