Innovation Performance in Poland and Polish Companies

Pałubska, Dorota Article Innovation Performance in Poland and Polish Companies Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe Provided in Cooperation with: Institute of Economics, University of Łódź Suggested Citation: Pałubska, Dorota (2011) : Innovation Performance in Poland and Polish Companies, Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe, ISSN 2082-6737, Łodz University Press, Łodz, Vol. 14, Iss. 2, pp. 125-141, https://doi.org/10.2478/v10103-011-0014-2 This Version is available at: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/259076 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your personal and scholarly purposes. You are not to copy documents for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. If the documents have been made available under an Open Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 10.2478/v10103-011-0014-2 DOROTA PAŁUBSKA∗ ∗∗ ∗ Innovation Performance in Poland and Polish Companies Abstract Poland, with its’ weak innovation performance still lags far behind most European countries. The share of expenditures on Research and Development in GDP accounts for 0,56% and represents one of the lowest levels in Europe. It is estimated, that Poland, with its’ current innovation growth rate, will reach the average level of EU in about 20 years. The goal of this paper is to analyse the current innovation situation of Poland’s economy and Polish companies in comparison to EU countries. The article presents also results of survey on investing in innovations in large Polish companies. 1. Introduction Innovation is one of key drivers of economic growth. Each country and company should strive to obtain competitive advantage by increasing the efficiency of production, distribution and launching new products. Experts predict that current competitiveness of Poland’s economy (resulting mainly from lower labour costs in comparison to Western Europe countries), will decline in coming years. It is therefore important to base economic development on innovative technologies, to increase productivity and improve the quality of products, but also - to lower production costs at the same time. Polish companies ∗ ∗∗ ∗University of Łódź 126 Dorota Pałubska have to increase the level of technical development, otherwise their competitiveness in the global market will decline 1 . Basing only on technology transfer is not sufficient in the process of modernisation of the economy. Moreover, import of innovation allows only to equal the Western countries in selected fields, but not to achieve competitive advantage in relation to these countries. The fact is, that innovation of Poland’s economy is not satisfactory and differs significantly from European average. Positive is fact that this trend begins slowly to change and Poland’s economy has high potential of growth. 2. Innovation of Poland’s economy compared with European Union countries. Innovation is a key driver of productivity growth in developed economies. It is based mainly on research and development (R&D), knowledge and education. Currently, innovation has become one of the key measures of competitiveness. Innovative actions generate significant added value for industry and services. They contribute also to reinforce competitive capacity of national economy on the international market. Innovation is a main element in increasing productivity and economic growth, particularly in an era of rapid technological change. Development trends of highly-developed countries show, that only building competitive advantage, based on knowledge and innovation, can ensure sustainable growth and creation of new, better jobs 2 . In 2009 European Commission has published European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS) in which, innovation level of each European Unions’ country was presented. According to EIS, Poland is still among catching-up countries with an innovation performance well below the EU27 average, together with Hungary, Slovakia, Lithuania, Romania, Latvia and Bulgaria (Figure 1). 1 Innowacyjność źródłem przewagi konkurencyjnej, http://www.egospodarka.pl/49288,Innowacyjnosc-zrodlem-przewagi- konkurencyjnej,1,20,2.html (22.02.2010). 2 Innowacyjność 2010, Polska Agencja Rozwoju Przedsiębiorczości, Warsaw 2010, p. 9. Innovation Performance in Poland… 127 Figure 1. Overall innovation performance: the EIS Summary Innovation Index 3 Source: European Innovation Scoreboard 2008. Competitive Analysis of Innovation Performance, European Commission, Luxembourg 2009, p. 8. Also the share of R&D expenditures in GDP is one of the lowest in EU- 27. In 2007 share of R&D expenditures accounted for 0.56% of GDP, whereas the average level of expenditures in EU-27 accounted for 1.83% (Figure 2). Nonetheless, only two countries (Sweden and Finland) exceeded 3% expenditure level set by the Lisbon Strategy. Austria, Denmark and Germany are now very close to this level. May agree with the claim, that current level of innovation of the Polish economy is a result of a many years’ lack of investment in R&D, and also due to the low activity of state to improve this situation (Janasz, Kozioł 2007, p. 102). 3 The Summary Innovation Index (SII) is a composite of 29 indicators going from a lowest possible performance of 0 to a maximum possible performance of 1. The 2008 SII reflects performance in 2006/2007 due to a lag in data availability. (See: Calculating composite indexes, Innovation scoreboard 2008… op.cit., p. 47). 128 Dorota Pałubska Figure 2. R&D intensity (R&D expenditures as % of GDP), all sectors, EU27— 2007 4 Source: Science, technology and innovation in Europe, Eurostat, European Commission, Luxembourg 2009, p. 21. Despite low R&D expenditures in Poland, their percentage share was stable. Nominal R&D expenditures were increasing year on year. For example, between 2004 and 2007 growth of investments reached € 379 million. However, R&D expenditures per capita in 2007 amounted only € 43 (Table 1). Table 1. Basic R&D indicators for Poland in 1995, 2000 — 2007 5 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 R&D Expenditures (Mio € in current prices) 533 1199 1215 1131 1140 1289 13934 1473 1668 GERD/GDP % 0.63 0.64 0.64 0.58 0.56 0.56 0.57 0.56 0.57 Expenditures per capita (€) 13.8 31.3 31.5 29.5 29.8 33.8 36.5 38.8 43.8 Source: Nauka i technika w 2007, Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Warsaw 2007, p. 32. 4 Eurostat estimation: EU-27 — Exceptions to the reference year: 2006: IT, PL, UK, TR, US; 2005: IS, CN, JP, RU; 2004: CH. Provisional data: BE, EE, IE, FR, CY, LU, MT, NL, PT, SI, SE — National estimations: DK, DE, EL, AT — US: federal or central government only. 5 Euro/zloty exchange rate = 4.0. Innovation Performance in Poland… 129 In spite of the current poor innovation performance in comparison to most EU countries, Poland has made significant progress in this area over the last 12 years. The best proof is that R&D expenditures in Poland tripled between 1995 and 2007. As one of the main reasons for this low level of expenditures on R&D activities deemed low involvement of non-public resources, primarily coming from companies. The reasons for low involvement in R&D might be seen in high costs and the risk of this type of action. Deficit of own resources on research and development is seen mainly in SMEs, which are predominant in the Poland’s economy. A major problem is an access to external sources of funding. Banks find namely financing the sector of small and medium enterprises as too risky and unprofitable. Still an access to the venture capital funds is very limited. Problem is both a small number of these funds, and poor knowledge among entrepreneurs about them (Grodzka, Zygierewicz 2008, p. 2). Inefficient is also policy of spending budget funds on R&D. They are spent namely in 40% on basic research, in 35% on experimental development, and only in 25% on applied research 6 . Moreover, money is spent on purchase of low value and low quality equipment (Nazdrowicz 2009, p. 59). 3. Innovation performance of Polish companies Referring to innovation 7 level of enterprises in 2006, Poland was under EU average. Only about 23% of all enterprises were innovative. (Figure 3). 6 Basic research is understood as activity carried out in order to acquire knowledge. Applied research is understood as activity carried out in order to apply new knowledge in practice. 7 According to the definition of Central Office of Statistics, innovative activity includes scientific (research), technical, organizational, financial and commercial activities, which objective is to develop and implement innovation. Innovation is defined as implementation of new or significantly improved product (good or service) or process, new method of organization (also organization of the workplace), or marketing. New or significantly improved product is implemented when it is placed on the market. New processes, methods of organization or marketing are implemented when started to be used in the company. 130 Dorota Pałubska Figure 3. Innovative enterprises, as a percentage of all enterprises, EU27 and selected countries — 2006 8 Source: Science, technology and innovation …op. cit., p. 63. As might be seen, almost 40% of EU27 enterprises were involved in innovation activities. Between 2004 and 2006, 39% of the EU27 enterprises from industry and services sector with at least 10 employees were involved in some form of innovation activity. The highest proportion of enterprises involved in innovation works in this period was recorded in Germany (63% of enterprises) 9 . Poland still stays far behind the EU average. Also, the number of R&D personnel hired in Polish companies is not significant. Only 0.8% of employed personnel were involved in R&D activities and this share has even diminished since 2001 about 0.4% 10 (Table 2). In EU27 in 2007 2.3 million persons working full-time were involved in R&D works. This group of personnel accounted for 1.6% of total employment in 2007. The highest proportions of R&D personnel in 2007 were found in Finland (3.2% of total employment). 8 EU-27: excluding France (no data available). 9 “Eurostat News Release”, 2009, no. 127/2009, p. 3. 10 Ibidem. Innovation Performance in Poland… 131 Table 2. R&D personnel and innovative companies, 2007 R&D personnel Researchers, % of total employment 2007*** Enterprises with innovation activities, 2004-2006 (% of all enterprises) Total 2007* Annual average growth 2001- 2007 (%) % of total employme nt 2007*** EU27 2 314 627e 2.2 1.6e 0.9e 38.9 Germany 493 858e 0.5 1.8 1.1 62.6 Finland 56 243 0.9 3.2 2.1 51.4 Poland 75 309 -0.4 0.8 0.6 23.0 Japan 935 182 0.9 1.8 1.4 : * Data in full time equivalents. 2006 Japan ** 2001-2006 Japan, 2005 Germany *** % of total employment based on head count. 2006 Japan, 2005 Germany e Estimated : Data not available Source: “Eurostat News Release”, 2009, no. 127/2009, p. 3. The results of studies on innovation performance in Poland showed that share of companies which introduced new or significantly improved products or processes between 2006 and 2008 was even lower than between 2004 and 2006. Between 2006 and 2008 it accounted for 21.3% in industry sector and 15.6% in services sector, whereas between 2004 and 2006 it accounted for 23.2% in industry and 21.2% in services 11 (Table 3). Table 3. Introduction of new or significantly improved products (% of all companies in sector) in Poland 2004-2006 2006-2008 Services sector 21,2 15,6 Industry sector 23,2 21,3 Source: Działalność innowacyjna przedsiębiorstw w latach 2006-2008, Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Warszawa 2009, p. 1. 11 Działalność innowacyjna przedsiębiorstw w latach 2006-2008, Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Warsaw 2009, p. 1. 132 Dorota Pałubska Referring to expenditures on innovation, situation seems to look better. Expenditures on product and process innovation in industry amounted to € 6.4 billion in 2008 and they were higher than in 2006 by 43.8%. In services, expenditures amounted to € 3.15 billion and they were higher than in 2006 by 51.8% (Table 4.). However, the percentage of companies that invested in product and process innovation in 2008, was lower than in 2006 both in industry and in the services sector. Table 4. Expenditures on product and process innovation in Poland € Billion 2006 2008 Growth in % Services 2,07 3,15 51,8 Industry 4,45 6,4 43,8 Source: Działalność innowacyjna przedsiębiorstw w latach 2006-2008, Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Warszawa 2009, p. 2. However, the value of expenditures per one company involved in product and process innovation (i.e. incurring expenditures on this activity) increased. In industry, expenditures amounted to about € 1163.6 thousand (45.17% increase in comparison to 2006) whereas in services sector they amounted to about € 1160.6 thousand (75.3% increase in comparison to 2006). Both in industry and services the largest share of inputs on innovation activities was in machinery and technical equipment (56. 6% in industry and 48. 7% in the services sector). Expenditure on research and development accounted for 8% in industry and 7% in the services sector 12 . Unfortunately, cooperation of companies with other companies or institutions has diminished. Between 2006 and 2008 only 8.3% of all companies in industry co-operated with other entities in this field (2.8% decrease in comparison to years 2004-2006), while in the services 6.6% of all companies cooperated in this area (4.5% decrease in comparison to years 2004-2006). Tendency to cooperation rises with size of a company (in 2008, 3.8% of companies employing 10-49 workers, 14.9% employing 50-249 and 40.5% of companies employing more than 249 workers in industry and respectively 5%, 11.8% and 34% of enterprises in the services sector co-operated in that field.) (Table 5). 12 Ibidem, p. 2. Innovation Performance in Poland… 139 Figure 8. Basic impediments for R&D activity Source: Czy warto inwestować w innowacje?... op. cit., p. 33. Survey on trends in SMEs sector conducted by the Ministry of Economy indicates that the problem with the financing of innovative solutions is the largest barrier for entrepreneurs in implementing new products or services (42% of indications). Other barriers are: to high risk of implementation of innovations (25%), and lack of interest in new products/services from clients/customers (20%). Despite these impediments, about 80% of respondents declared that in view of the next few years, introducing innovation will be necessary to maintain or improve the competitiveness of their company (Grodzka, Zygierewicz 2008, p. 3). 5. Conclusion Poland’s economy has to take an effort of catching up with the EU-27 average in innovation. The key role is to be played by the companies. Many firms still do not see the need of implementation new products or services. The big problem is also resistant attitude of business owners, who prefer very often to maintain the status quo, rather than invest in new ideas. The government of Poland should create the best possible conditions for operation and development of business. What is needed, is therefore a construction of an effective financial and advisory infrastructure for companies but also a dissemination of knowledge about possible support for research and development activities. Still in many cases, business owners are not aware that relevant institutions may support implementation of their innovative ideas to the market. 140 Dorota Pałubska As might be seen, the most innovative companies in Poland are the large ones. This may result from bigger amount of financial resources for this type of activity. Additionally big companies may hire better educated personnel and professional managers. However, the SMEs sector is dominant in Polish economy, and that’s why innovative projects of these companies should be specially supported. References Czy warto inwestować w innowacje? Analiza sektora badawczo-rozwojowego w Polsce. Raport KPMG, KPMG Polska, Warsaw 2009 Działalność innowacyjna przedsiębiorstw w latach 2006-2008, Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Warsaw 2009 ‘Eurostat News Release’, 2009, no. 127/2009 European innovation scoreboard 2008. Competitive analysis of innovation performance, European Commission, Luxembourg 2009 Grodzka D., Zygierewicz A. (2008) Innowacyjność polskiej gospodarki, ‘Infos’, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, Warszawa, no. 6(30), 2008 Innowacyjność 2010, Polska Agencja Rozwoju Przedsiębiorczości, Warsaw 2010 Innowacyjność źródłem przewagi konkurencyjnej, http://www.egospodarka.pl/49288,Innowacyjnosc-zrodlem-przewagi-konkurencyjnej,1,20,2.html (22.02.2010) Janasz W., Kozioł K. (2007), Determinanty działalności innowacyjnej przedsiębiorstw, PWE, Warszawa Nauka i technika w 2007, Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Warsaw 2007 Nazdrowicz J., Wdrażanie innowacji w polskich przedsiębiorstwach (2009), Ekonomika i Organizacja Przedsiębiorstwa, Orgmasz, Warszawa, nr 6 (713) Science, technology and innovation in Europe, Eurostat, European Commission, Luxembourg 2009 Wojnicka E., Klimczak P. (2008), Procesy innowacyjne w sektorze MSP w Polsce i regionach, [in]: A. Żołnierski (ed.) Innowacyjność 2008. Stan innowacyjności, projekty badawcze, metody wspierania, społeczne determinanty, Polska Agencja Rozwoju Przedsiębiorczości, Warsaw Innovation Performance in Poland… 141 Streszczenie INNOWACYJNOŚĆ POLSKI I POLSKICH PRZEDSIĘBIORSTW Polska, przy obecnym poziomie innowacyjności, nadal pozostaje daleko w tyle za większością krajów europejskich. Udział wydatków na B+R na poziomie 0,56% wciąż stanowi jeden z najniższych wskaźników w Europie. Szacuje się, że przy utrzymaniu proporcjonalnego wzrostu poziomu innowacyjności, kraj osiągnie średni poziom Unii za około 20 lat. Pomimo dużego potencjału gospodarki, przedsiębiorstw, a także pracowników, Polska od lat nie rozwija się odpowiednio szybko w dziedzinach nowych technologii. Za jedną z barier innowacyjności podaje się nieefektywną politykę państwa w tworzeniu sprzyjających warunków dla rozwoju przedsiębiorstw, a także nieprawidłowe ukierunkowanie finansowania inwestycji, których głównym celem wciąż są badania podstawowe. Ograniczenie stanowi biurokracja, utrudniony dostęp do źródeł finansowania dla sektora MSP, a także brak świadomości właścicieli firm o możliwościach wsparcia ich działań przez odpowiednie instytucje. Duży problem stanowi także opór przed zmianami samych właścicieli firm, którzy wolą zachować status quo, zamiast inwestować w nowe pomysły. Wciąż najbardziej innowacyjnymi przedsiębiorstwami w Polsce są duże przedsiębiorstwa, co wynikać może przede wszystkim ze znacznej ilości środków finansowych na tego typu działania. Niemniej jednak, to właśnie sektor MSP jest sektorem dominującym w polskiej gospodarce i to właśnie jego aktywność innowacyjną powinno się pobudzać.