The implications of blockchain for logistics operations and sustainability

Aslam, Javed; Lai, Kee-hung; Kim, Yun Bae; Treiblmaier, Horst Article The implications of blockchain for logistics operations and sustainability Journal of Innovation & Knowledge (JIK) Provided in Cooperation with: Elsevier Suggested Citation: Aslam, Javed; Lai, Kee-hung; Kim, Yun Bae; Treiblmaier, Horst (2024) : The implications of blockchain for logistics operations and sustainability, Journal of Innovation & Knowledge (JIK), ISSN 2444-569X, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Vol. 9, Iss. 4, pp. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100611 This Version is available at: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/327513 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. 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If the documents have been made available under an Open Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ The implications of blockchain for logistics operations and sustainability Javed Aslam a , Kee-hung Lai a,* , Yun Bae Kim b,* , Horst Treiblmaier c,* a Department of Logistics and Maritime Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong b Department of Systems Engineering Management, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea c School of International Management, Modul University Vienna, Vienna, Austria ARTICLE INFO JEL classification codes: O3 O31 O310 O320 O330 O350 Keywords: Blockchain Logistics operations Sustainability Fit-viability model Task technology fit theory ABSTRACT Empirical studies based on detailed, theory-based analyses are essential for a deep understanding of technology adoption. This study provides an overview of blockchain applications in logistics management, employing a comprehensive theoretical framework. Blockchain is considered a critical digital infrastructure for logistics operations due to its distinctive characteristics, including decentralization, transparency, immutability, real-time information sharing, reliability, and end-to-end visibility. These characteristics address many contemporary logistics challenges. The study introduces a research model that integrates the fit-viability model (FVM) and task technology fit theory (TTF), demonstrating blockchain’s suitability for enhancing logistics operational functions and sustainability performance. To validate the model, data were collected from logistics managers of 576 companies and analyzed using partial least squares (PLS) regression. This research offers valuable insights for managers, policymakers, and decision-makers on practical challenges and potential solutions in logistics through the application of blockchain. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that the implementation of blockchain can improve the alignment, resilience, transparency, integration, and sustainability of logistics tasks. Introduction Digital transformation is pivotal in shaping the dynamic business landscape, particularly in supply chain operations and logistics. Blockchain is viewed as a revolutionary digital infrastructure within the supply chain management (SCM) literature (Ahmed, MacCarthy, & Treiblmaier, 2022), noted for its distinctive features such as decentralization, transparency, immutability, real-time information dissemination, reliability, and end-to-end visibility. These features facilitate novel approaches to addressing challenges within logistics and the supply chain (Ahmed &MacCarthy, 2023;Aslam, Saleem, &Kim, 2023a; Jum’a, 2023). The SCM sector has recently shown increasing interest in adopting blockchain solutions, although their implementation is still at an early stage (Durach, Blesik, von Düring, &Bick, 2021;Gligor et al., 2022), and restrained by a lack of empirical studies investigating blockchain implementations in logistics (Aslam, Saleem, Khan, &Kim, 2021;Karakas, Acar, &Kucukaltan, 2021). Over the past few decades, logistics practices have faced challenges including data integration, cybersecurity, supply chain complexity, uncertainty, resilience, transparency, collaboration, and real-time information dissemination (Gl¨ aser, Jahnke, &Strassheim, 2023;Xu &He, 2022). Blockchain technology has been recommended as a central solution to overcome these challenges by, for example, facilitating the digitalization of logistics operations by providing a secure and immutable platform that improves operational efficiency, transparency, and data integrity (Guo, Chen, Li, Li, &Lu, 2022). The lack of empirical research on blockchain implementation in logistics leaves the academic community with a deficit of in-depth studies and adoption frameworks. This study introduces an empirical and theoretical model of blockchain adoption in logistics management to address this gap. The study presents an initial framework relating blockchain adoption to specific challenges in logistics management, to aid decision-making by informing about the relevance and application of blockchain technologies. Blockchain provides a secure, decentralized, smart contract-based, transparent, reliable, and immutable platform for real-time information sharing (Omar et al., 2022;Sangari &Mashatan, 2022), offering significant advantages for logistics. This study categorizes the benefits of blockchain for logistics into five main areas: alignment, resilience, transparency, integration, and sustainability (Adhi & Ramanathan, 2022;Iranmanesh et al., 2023;Tan et al., 2023;Zhu, Guo, &Zou, 2022). The implementation of blockchain technology represents * Corresponding authors. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (K.-h. Lai), [email protected] (Y.B. Kim), [email protected] (H. Treiblmaier). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Innovation &Knowledge journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jik https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100611 Received 26 August 2024; Accepted 22 October 2024 Journal of Innovation & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100611 Available online 30 October 2024 2444-569X/© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. on behalf of Journal of Innovation & Knowledge. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ). a revolutionary approach to logistics, with features that promise to enhance logistics efficiency. Blockchain’s capabilities include providing immutable, transparent, secure, auditable, and streamlined documentation, which can be used to enhance social responsibility, manage economic variability, and promote environmental sustainability (Mulligan, Morsfield, &Cheikosman, 2023). Prior research has revealed various ways in which new technologies align with an organization and its environment. Numerous theories have been proposed, including the well-established technology acceptance model (TAM), technology-organization-environment model (TOE), fitviability model (FVM), unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT), and task-technology fit (TTF) (Baker, 2012;Furneaux, 2012;Goodhue &Thompson, 1995;Maranguni´ c&Grani´ c, 2015; Saleem, Aslam, Kim, Nauman, &Khan, 2022;Venkatesh, Thong, &Xu, 2016). This study builds on two relevant theories, TTF and FVM, by examining their utility in understanding logistics managers’intentions toward the adoption of blockchain technologies. TTF evaluates the alignment of a technology with specific tasks; we use TTF to assess blockchain’s suitability for effective integration into logistics objectives such as alignment, resilience, transparency, and integration. Viewed through the lens of TTF, blockchain can be considered a sustainable technology fit (STF). TTF facilitates the assessment of blockchain compatibility with logistics sustainability requirements (Oh, Xiao, Park, &Roh, 2023) across social, economic, and environmental contexts. Further insights into the adoption of blockchain are provided by the FVM, which emphasizes factors of feasibility or viability (top management support and technology readiness) and whether firms have the necessary resources for successful implementation (Liang, C, Y, &Lin, 2007,2021). The novel integration of TTF and FVM in this study’s conceptual model represents a significant contribution to logistics research, as this approach has not previously been explored within the logistics context. This study contributes novel ideas in several ways. First, we emphasize logistics management challenges in modern businesses and propose a blockchain-based framework as a potential solution. This involves exploring blockchain technology’s applicable properties and addressing practitioners’and decision-makers’questions regarding the relevance of blockchain. Second, adopting blockchain is a pivotal decision that requires significant capital investment. We demonstrate how the characteristics of blockchain technology are suitable for completing logistics tasks and enhancing sustainable logistics management. Third, we analyze how the FVM helps determine the intention to adopt blockchain and how blockchain-enabled agility influences adoption behavior. Fourth, we provide an empirical analysis for practitioners and decision-makers, aiding their understanding of how logistics managers perceive the benefits of blockchain adoption, particularly in enhancing logistics practices and sustainability. The rest of the article is organized as follows: Section 2 provides a comprehensive review of the existing literature on digital transformations in logistics, blockchain properties, logistics management challenges, FVM, TTF, STF, viability, and intention to adopt blockchain. This section also outlines the proposed framework and research model. Section 3 describes the study methodology, covering sampling, measures, and data collection. Section 4 focuses on data analysis and presents the results. Section 5 offers a detailed discussion encompassing both theoretical and managerial implications of blockchain adoption. Finally, Section 6 concludes the paper by reflecting on the study’s limitations and providing recommendations for future research. Literature review, theories, and hypotheses development Digital transformation in logistics Logistics management continually seeks to establish efficient systems that guarantee robust tracking, traceability, and data privacy for shipments and inventory. In the digital era, technology plays a critical role in addressing complex issues related to SCM and logistics, such as visibility, traceability, and transparency (Gohil &Thakker, 2021;Goldsby & Zinn, 2016;Tiwari, Sharma, Choi, &Lim, 2023). The integration of advanced technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), blockchain, robotics, and cloud computing into supply chains and logistics is fundamental to these objectives (Lei &Ngai, 2023; Sung, Bock, &Kim, 2023). It is essential to understand the potential effects of these technologies on logistics, as each technology also exhibits limitations, including security vulnerabilities, centralization issues, scalability challenges, and the tradeoff between immutable and auditable records (Chung, 2021;Cichosz, Wallenburg, &Knemeyer, 2020). Blockchain promises unique benefits to the logistics industry by addressing many of these challenges. Its decentralized and cryptographic architecture offers enhanced security, protection against cyber threats, and data immutability, all of which ensure the integrity of transaction records and data (Awadallah, Samsudin, Teh, &Almazrooie, 2021;Bansal, Panchal, Bassi, &Kumar, 2020;Bodkhe et al., 2020;Gohil &Thakker, 2021). Table 1 encapsulates the fundamental properties, implications, and limitations of various technologies. Logistics and blockchain Prior studies have highlighted the role of blockchain in SCM (Fernandez-Vazquez, Rosillo, De la Fuente, &Puente, 2022;Risso et al., 2023;Sauer, Orzes, &Culot, 2022), yet the literature still requires a clearer delineation of blockchain’s value creation within logistics, which must be explored through empirical studies; this study aims to establish a connection between logistics operations and blockchain attributes. Table 1 Summary of digital technologies used in logistics. Technology Fundamental properties Implication Limitation Blockchain (Orji, Kusi-Sarpong, Huang, & Vazquez-Brust, 2020;Zhang & Liu, 2023) Decentralization, cybersecurity, smart contracts, immutability, realtime irrevocable information sharing, transparency, and standardization. Provides a realtime, tamperproof, transparent, reliable, and visible data management system. The complexity of implementation and regulatory uncertainty. IoT (Kumar, Tyagi, & Sachdeva, 2023) Real-time data collection, connectivity, and exchange. IoT facilitates real-time data monitoring, enhancing efficiency, automation, and decision-making processes. Issues include data security, privacy, scalability, data overload, interoperability, and compatibility. AI (Chien, Dauz` ere-P´ er` es, Huh, Jang, & Morrison, 2020;Tsolakis, Zissis, Papaefthimiou, &Korfiatis, 2022) Capabilities encompass learning, reasoning, and decision-making. Focus areas include automation, predictive analytics, and optimization. Challenges pertain to data availability, quality, transparency, and interpretability. Robotics (Atzeni, Vignali, Tebaldi, & Bottani, 2021; Liu, Hua, Cheng, Choi, & Dong, 2023) Focuses on automation and execution of physical tasks. Enables efficient repetitive activities, increasing accuracy and efficiency. Challenges include limited adaptability, substantial capital investment, and high maintenance costs. Cloud Computing (Zhang &Liu, 2023) Offers scalability and unlimited data storage. Enables seamless collaboration, integration, and data accessibility. Vulnerable to issues such as high internet dependency, data privacy, and security. J. Aslam et al. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100611 2 Blockchain possesses numerous properties that can enhance the efficiency of logistics processes (Arora, Gautham, Gupta, &Bhushan, 2019; Aslam et al., 2021, 2022, 2023b;Behnke &Janssen, 2020;Dilawar, Rizwan, Ahmad, &Akram, 2019;Helo &Shamsuzzoha, 2020;Lin, Zhang, Li, Ji, &Sun, 2022;Patro, Ahmad, Yaqoob, Salah, &Jayaraman, 2021;Sauer et al., 2022;Sharma, Kaur, &Singh, 2021;Swain, Peter, Adimuthu, &Muduli, 2021;Treiblmaier, Rejeb, &Ahmed, 2022;Vyas, Beije, &Krishnamachari, 2019;Yang, Garg, Huang, &Kang, 2021). Table 2 lists and describes the blockchain properties most relevant for logistics. Logistics challenges and blockchain In complex and globalized supply chains, business enterprises encounter numerous challenges in achieving smooth operations, including concerns with data integration, visibility, traceability, information sharing, supply chain complexity, transparency, collaborative communication, data privacy, trust, supply chain disruptions, security, demand uncertainty, standardization, and resilience (Enarsson, 2006; Jagtap et al., 2020;Lai &Cheng, 2016;Montoya-Torres, Mu˜ noz-Villamizar, &Mejia-Argueta, 2023). Considering these challenges, blockchain is viewed as the optimal solution to overcome these difficulties and enhance logistics efficiency (Aslam et al., 2021,2022; Choi &Siqin, 2022;He et al., 2022). Leveraging blockchain properties can improve decision-making, prevent disruptions, optimize inventory, secure financial transactions, combat counterfeiting, manage high transaction volumes, reduce supply chain complexities, and facilitate communication and collaboration among supply chain participants. Moreover, blockchain ensures data privacy, facilitates accurate and timely demand forecasting, and standardizes processes and systems. Table 3 discusses how blockchain addresses the pressing challenges in SCM and logistics. Implementing blockchain can address challenges in logistics management across two dimensions. Firstly, enhancing logistics functions such as alignment, resilience, transparency, and integration boosts operational activities. Secondly, logistics processes require upgrades to enhance sustainability in terms of social, economic, and environmental factors. In this context, blockchain-enabled logistics activities can enhance the overall sustainability performance of organizations. Fig. 1 presents a graphical overview that maps blockchain properties to the challenges outlined in Table 3 in order to enhance logistics performance. Each blockchain property is distinguished by a different color in Fig. 1 to indicate the challenges it addresses. Fit-viability model and task technology fit theory The FVM is a well-known model used to examine the conditions under which firms adopt a new technology (Liang, Huang, H, &Li, 2021). This study explores the FVM to understand the alignment of logistics tasks with blockchain characteristics, termed tasks-technology fit. It also investigates blockchain’s contribution to sustainability to assess the technology’s fit with the social, economic, and environmental demands of logistics activities. In FVM, ’fit’refers to the degree to which a new technology’s capabilities are appropriate for an organization’s tasks and create value in the firm’s processes. This concept is derived from the TTF model (Muchenje &Sepp¨ anen, 2023). Integrating technology with tasks is deemed crucial for enhancing a firm’s capabilities and improving performance. The utilization of blockchain in logistics particularly helps to overcome challenges related to alignment, resilience, transparency, and integration. If a given technology meets the task performance requirements, the firm should assess the technology’s viability within the organization. In this study, ’viability’encapsulates the support of top management for blockchain adoption and its readiness for logistics functions. Top management support is essential for adopting new technology as it provides leadership, vision, and decision-making authority crucial for driving the implementation process. Evaluating the readiness of blockchain in logistics entails whether the current technological infrastructure, workforce skills, and processes Table 2 Blockchain properties and logistics operations. Blockchain properties Blockchain-enabled Logistics Reference Decentralization Decentralization allows authorized supply chain stakeholders to access real-time information directly via a highly secure platform, eliminating the need for intermediaries. This method enhances communication efficiency and improves coordination amongst stakeholders. (Lin et al., 2022;Sharma et al., 2021) Real-time information sharing Real-time information sharing is essential in logistics, as it delivers accurate, current, and immediate data, facilitating timely decision-making and expedited actions. (Sauer et al., 2022;Treiblmaier et al., 2022) Data management Blockchain provides synchronized data across all supply chain partners, offering tamper-proof information and removing discrepancies. (Patro et al., 2021;Treiblmaier et al., 2022) Immutability Immutability ensures data integrity by guaranteeing that information cannot be altered once confirmed. It prevents unauthorized modifications and facilitates proper information flow through the system. (Aslam, Saleem, Khan, &Kim, 2022;Swain et al., 2021;Treiblmaier et al., 2022) Smart Contractor Smart contracts facilitate digitalization and automation, reducing human errors from manual processes and enhancing efficiency. (Lin et al., 2022;Vyas et al., 2019) Scalability Blockchain-based scalability ensures the handling of high transaction volumes without performance degradation, permitting smooth and rapid financial transactions. (Helo &Shamsuzzoha, 2020) Auditability Blockchain’s verified ledger maintains data accuracy and integrity, facilitating transparent auditing processes. (Vyas et al., 2019) Cyber-security Blockchain employs advanced cryptographic techniques, creating a highly secure data platform that is virtually impenetrable. This security protects the confidentiality of sensitive logistics information. (Aslam et al., 2021;Yang et al., 2021) Trust Blockchain enhances logistic operations security, enabling stakeholders to depend on data transparency, authenticity, and immutability, thus fostering trust and collaboration. (Aslam et al., 2022;Fosso Wamba, Kala Kamdjoug, Bawack, &G Keogh, 2018) Traceability Blockchain ensures real-time, transparent information that facilitates the traceability of goods throughout the logistics process. (Queiroz, Telles, &Bonilla, 2019) Transparency Blockchain provides a decentralized system that grants all relevant stakeholders access to uniform information. This functionality enhances transparency, fosters trust, and improves collaboration. (Lin et al., 2022;Treiblmaier et al., 2022) End-to-end visibility Blockchain promotes visibility by sharing information in real-time and ensuring transparency, which supports effective collaboration, helps anticipate demand fluctuations, and optimizes inventory management. (Behnke &Janssen, 2020;Vyas et al., 2019) Irrevocable information In the context of blockchain, irrevocable information means that data cannot be altered or deleted without the permission of the relevant participant, thus providing reliability by preventing the tampering or manipulation of information. (Dilawar et al., 2019;Sharma et al., 2021) Data privacy Privacy protection is a key function of blockchain, utilizing its cybersecurity and immutability features to maintain control over sensitive data related to customers, suppliers, inventory, and pricing. (Arora et al., 2019;Behnke &Janssen, 2020) J. Aslam et al. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100611 3 Table 3 Mapping of blockchain properties as a solution to challenges. Logistics challenges Relevant blockchain properties Blockchain as a solution Reference Data integration Decentralization, real-time information sharing, data management, auditability, irrevocable information, data privacy, and transparency. In logistics operations, data integration involves harmonizing and consolidating data from the supply chain process. Blockchain enhances data integration by facilitating decentralization with real-time information and enabling irrevocable, auditable, transparent, and private data management. (Adere, 2022;Queiroz &Fosso Wamba, 2019) Visibility Real-time information sharing, data management, auditability, cyber-security, traceability, and end-to-end visibility. In the modern era, challenges in logistics visibility include difficulties in obtaining real-time and accurate visibility of goods and information. Blockchain can address these challenges with its capabilities for real-time information sharing, data management, auditability, cyber-security, traceability, and end-to-end visibility. These features ensure accurate and timely information, help prevent disruptions, and optimize logistics process visibility. (Sahoo, Kumar, Mishra, &Tripathi, 2022;Yoo &Won, 2018) Traceability Real-time information sharing, data management, scalability, traceability, and end-to- end visibility. Logistics traceability issues involve challenges in obtaining accurate and real-time visibility of items and information. Blockchain can address these issues through features such as real-time information sharing, data management, auditability, cyber-security, traceability, and end-to-end visibility. (Kshetri, 2021;Shahzad, Zhang, Zafar, Ashfaq, &Rehman, 2023) Information Sharing Decentralization, real-time information sharing, data management, auditability, scalability, and cyber-security. Information sharing is a critical aspect of logistics. Due to the complexity of logistics operations, ensuring the flow of accurate and timely information is challenging. Blockchain offers an efficient data management system that supports realtime information sharing and decentralization, handles high transaction volumes, and incorporates auditability and cybersecurity. (Hald &Kinra, 2019;Oliveira-Dias, Moyano-Fuentes, &Maqueira-Marín, 2022) Supply Chain Complexity Real-time information sharing, immutability, and transparency. Logistics is inherently complex due to multiple suppliers, unpredictable demand, varied lead times, and the need for improved coordination among partners. Blockchain smooths logistics operations by enabling real-time information sharing in an immutable and transparent system, thereby reducing supply chain challenges. (Charles, Emrouznejad, &Gherman, 2023;Khan et al., 2022;Zhu et al., 2022) Transparency Real-time information sharing, scalability, auditability, cybersecurity, trust, transparency, and data management. Challenges in transparency stem from difficulties in achieving clear visibility into movements, relevant data, and status within the logistics process. Blockchain offers a solution through its provision of an auditable, secure, and trusted data management system capable of handling large volumes of data in real time. (Kshetri, 2021;Yoo &Won, 2018) Collaboration and Communication Scalability, decentralization, transparency, data management, real-time information sharing, smart contractors, and trust. Logistics entails managing multiple activities concurrently, with significant challenges in establishing seamless communication among supply chain members. Blockchain enhances collaboration and communication by providing scalability, decentralization, transparency, data management, real-time information sharing, smart contracts, and trust. (Agrawal, Angelis, Khilji, Kalaiarasan, &Wiktorsson, 2023; Akhavan &Philsoophian, 2022) Data Privacy Cybersecurity, data management, irrevocable information, and data privacy. Logistics operations generate extensive data, involve multiple parties, and carry high privacy risks and susceptibility to unauthorized access. Blockchain, with its robust features such as cybersecurity, data management, irrevocable information, and heightened data privacy, effectively addresses these security and privacy concerns. (Longo, Nicoletti, Padovano, d’Atri, &Forte, 2019;Wu et al., 2019) Trust Transparency, scalability, immutability, real-time information sharing, auditability, trust, and end- to-end visibility. Logistics involves multiple partners, making trust among all participants essential. Blockchain features such as transparency, scalability, immutability, real-time information sharing, auditability, trust, and end-to-end visibility are crucial in managing trust. (Chang &Chen, 2020;Wu &Zhang, 2022) Supply chain disruptions Real-time information sharing, decentralization, and end-to-end visibility. Supply chain disruptions are unforeseen events that interrupt the smooth flow of logistics operations. Blockchain features like real-time information sharing provide valuable up-to- date information for effective visibility in a decentralized system. (Alkhudary, Queiroz, &F´ eni` es, 2022; Cole, Stevenson, &Aitken, 2019) Security Cyber-security, data management, immutability, scalability, auditability, and irrevocable information. Logistics functions must multitask to handle vast amounts of information and product flow. At each point, the logistics system requires a highly secure structure for managing both information and products. The blockchain provides a data management system that ensures cyber-security, including features such as immutability, scalability, auditability, and irrevocable information, making it resistant to tampering and hacking. (Kim &Shin, 2019;Queiroz, Telles, & Bonilla, 2020) Demand uncertainty Transparency and real-time information sharing. Demand uncertainty presents a significant challenge in supply chain operations, affecting logistics especially when demand is irregular or intermittent. Blockchain features, including transparency in inventory management and real-time (Babaei, Khedmati, Akbari Jokar, & Tirkolaee, 2023;Yoon, Talluri, Yildiz, &Sheu, 2020) (continued on next page) J. Aslam et al. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100611 4 are geared to support blockchain adoption. This insight into viability underscores the necessity for substantial financial and technical support in adopting new technology (Vekinis, 2023). We analyze the critical FVM factors of fit and viability to comprehend organizations’intentions to adopt blockchain technology for logistics functions. Hypotheses development Task-technology fit between logistics tasks and blockchain In this study, we focus on the challenges encountered in logistics operations and suggest that adopting blockchain properties can address these challenges and enhance overall efficiency. Specifically, we highlight the potential for blockchain to enhance logistics performance in terms of alignment, resilience, transparency, and integration. According to the TTF theory, these tasks are technology-related characteristics that can be improved by implementing blockchain (Ahmed &MacCarthy, 2022). In this study, TTF refers to the compatibility between blockchain properties and logistics tasks, evaluating whether blockchain can effectively support tasks such as alignment, resilience, transparency, and integration in logistics operations (Roth, Stohr, Amend, Fridgen, & Rieger, 2023). Logistics alignment involves synchronizing and coordinating logistics partners, stakeholders, and firm processes (Salam &Bajaba, 2023). Blockchain provides real-time, updated information that is invaluable for improving communication and collaboration in logistics operations. Moreover, it enhances alignment in logistics operations as the technology improves the accuracy, reliability, and integrity of data, aiding the decision-making process and reducing errors, which in turn boosts alignment-related tasks within logistics functions (Cui, Gaur, &Liu, 2023;Guan, Ding, Zhang, &Verny, 2023). Referring to the TTF, blockchain-enabled alignment is a technology-related characteristic that can significantly improve logistics functions (Mumtaz, Bergey, &Letch, 2024). In summary, we hypothesize that blockchain-enabled alignment positively influences the TTF: H1. Blockchain-enabled logistics alignment positively impacts the TTF. Resilience in logistics is defined by the capacity of the logistics activities to resist and recover from supply chain disruptions (Shishodia, Sharma, Rajesh, &Munim, 2023). Blockchain provides end-to-end visibility throughout the entire logistics process, enabling timely monitoring and control of logistics activities to mitigate disruptions. In the event of a disruption, blockchain rapidly identifies the affected products and components, facilitating the timely application of solutions to minimize impact. This is facilitated through smart contracts, which automate the execution and triggering of actions based on predefined conditions (Datta, Jauhar, &Paul, 2023;Pattanayak, Arputham, Goswami, &Rana, 2023). The TTF theory highlights task-specific issues and emphasizes the critical need to align tasks with technology. Thus, logistics resilience benefits from the integration of blockchain technology to manage disruptions and facilitate smooth operations. Consequently, blockchain-enabled logistics resilience aligns tasks and technology more effectively, resulting in superior TTF outcomes. We therefore propose the following hypothesis: H2. Blockchain-enabled logistics resilience positively impacts the TTF. Transparency means that a firm is fully aware of all stages of logistics activities, supported by open communication between internal and external participants. The need for logistics to swiftly meet pressing demands necessitates that transparency be prioritized during the realtime assessment of stocks, deliveries, and order scheduling (Morgan, Gabler, &Manhart, 2023). Blockchain enhances logistics transparency by providing visible, traceable, and auditable real-time records of logistics processes on highly secure platforms (Centobelli, Cerchione, Vecchio, Oropallo, &Secundo, 2022). These blockchain technology attributes significantly boost transparency and thus contribute to effective logistics operations. Blockchain-improved transparency in logistics therefore constitutes a high TTF (Han, Shiwakoti, Jarvis, Mordi, & Botchie, 2023;Urman &Makhortykh, 2023). Consequently, we propose the following hypothesis: H3. Blockchain-enabled logistics transparency positively impacts the TTF. In logistics, integration refers to the seamless combination and coordination of various logistics processes, systems, and functions, which includes closely aligning both internal and external activities (Wang & Feng, 2023). Through the provision of a unified and interconnected structure, blockchain streamlines the integration of internal and external logistics processes. This architecture ensures the efficient flow of secure, dependable, and precise information. Integration enabled by blockchain leads to modernized operations, reduced costs, enhanced customer satisfaction, and improved overall logistics performance (Long, Feng, Fan, &Liu, 2023). Achieving this integration through blockchain is recognized as a technological characteristic (Queiroz et al., 2020). Within the TTF framework, effective integration in logistics functions fosters exceptional task performance, enhancing TTF. Consequently, we hypothesize that blockchain-facilitated logistics integration significantly enhances TTF: Table 3 (continued) Logistics challenges Relevant blockchain properties Blockchain as a solution Reference information on stock and supply, enable firms to swiftly adapt to unpredictable demand patterns. Standardization Irrevocable information, smart contracts, and data management. Logistics must standardize processes and systems across multiple partners, customers, and suppliers. Blockchain provides a data management platform using irrevocable information and smart contracts, ensuring the integrity of information, which, once recorded, cannot be altered or modified. (Banerjee, 2018;Jabbar, Lloyd, Hammoudeh, Adebisi, &Raza, 2021) Supply chain resilience Real-time information, traceability, transparency, decentralization, end-to-end visibility, and data management. Logistics are vulnerable to various risks, including supplier issues, demand uncertainty, and natural disasters. To manage these risks, blockchain provides a reliable system based on real-time information sharing, traceability, transparency, visibility, and updated data management through a decentralized platform. (Li, Xue, Li, &Ivanov, 2022;Min, 2019) Last-mile delivery Real-time information sharing, smart contracts, traceability, transparency, end-to-end visibility, cybersecurity, and data privacy. Real-time information sharing is crucial in last-mile logistics, where updates are essential for accurate, timely, and efficient delivery. Blockchain provides a secure system based on realtime data sharing and tracking, which enhances the visibility and transparency of delivery operations. Blockchain smart contracts automate processes such as delivery confirmation and payments, reducing errors and manual intervention. (Chu, Wang, Ren, Li, &Zhang, 2024; Lobo, Wicaksono, &Valilai, 2022) J. Aslam et al. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100611 5 H4. Blockchain-enabled logistics integration positively impacts the TTF. Logistics and blockchain as a sustainable technology fit Sustainability in logistics encompasses practices and processes aimed at enhancing performance across environmental, economic, and social dimensions. For the full enhancement of logistics functions, sustainability must be an integral component (Parhi, Joshi, Gunasekaran, & Sethuraman, 2022). The academic literature indicates that organizations have implemented various initiatives, such as green, sustainable, and circular practices, to advance the sustainability of logistics activities (Shahidzadeh &Shokouhyar, 2023;Sun, Yu, &Solvang, 2022). In this context, blockchain can transform logistics functions by integrating sustainable activities focused on social reforms, economic stability, and environmental protection. In this study, we propose that blockchain has a high STF on account of offering greater visibility, accountability, traceability, immutability, and a decentralized structure. These blockchain features can significantly enhance the overall efficiency of logistics processes in terms of sustainability from social, economic, and environmental perspectives (Rejeb &Rejeb, 2020;Saberi, Kouhizadeh, Sarkis, &Shen, 2019;Sarfraz, Khawaja, Han, Ariza-Montes, & Arjona-Fuentes, 2023). Logistics management can contribute to social sustainability through various internal and external measures. Internally, firms support social sustainability by ensuring favorable working conditions, providing equal employment opportunities, respecting human rights, and offering fair compensation that promotes the diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) framework (Park, Voss, &Voss, 2023). Externally, firms must engage with local communities, enhance their development, and minimize the adverse social impacts of logistics operations (Mani et al., 2016). The transparency, auditability, and trust attributes of blockchain enhance logistics operations and address social issues such as promoting fair labor practices, preventing child labor, and ensuring safe working environments. Moreover, blockchain’s automation capabilities facilitate the timely and equitable payment of wages and eliminate intermediaries (Ronaghi &Mosakhani, 2022;Venkatesh, Kang, Wang, Zhong, &Zhang, 2020). Considering blockchain’s role in enhancing social sustainability, we propose that effective blockchain-enabled social sustainability leads to higher STF: H5. Blockchain-enabled social sustainability in logistics positively impacts the STF. In terms of economic sustainability, logistics operations must sustain long-term economic value without adversely affecting the economic environment. To achieve this, logistics organizations strive to enhance operational efficiency, reduce costs, boost profitability, and contribute to economic growth (Bhattacharjee &Cruz, 2015;Mota, Gomes, Carvalho, &Barbosa-Povoa, 2015). Recognized as both disruptive and innovative, blockchain technology streamlines, automates, and optimizes logistics processes. It also improves the transparency and security of financial transactions, making them more reliable and tamper-proof (Esmaeilian, Sarkis, Lewis, &Behdad, 2020). Blockchain thus enables economic sustainability by accelerating transactions and cutting transaction costs while reducing the necessity for intermediaries (Kouhizadeh, Saberi, &Sarkis, 2021). Therefore, we propose: H6. Blockchain-enabled economic sustainability in logistics positively impacts the STF. Environmental sustainability in logistics operations focuses on minimizing adverse environmental impacts associated with the movement, storage, and handling of goods. It involves implementing strategies and measures to reduce carbon emissions, waste generation, energy consumption, and other forms of ecological degradation (Abbasi & Nilsson, 2012;Kumar, Singh, Mishra, &Daim, 2023). Blockchain enhances transparency and traceability, supporting sustainable sourcing and mitigating risks related to illegal or unsustainable practices. Within the STF context, blockchain contributes to environmental sustainability by enabling real-time visibility, tracing, and tracking of products, thereby reducing rework, resource use, and emissions (Biswas, Jalali, Ansaripoor, &De Giovanni, 2023). Consequently, the benefits of adopting blockchain for environmental sustainability lead to an improved STF. Thus, we propose the following hypothesis: H7. Blockchain-enabled environmental sustainability in logistics positively impacts the STF. Task-technology fit of blockchain adoption TTF refers to the alignment between the characteristics of a technology and the tasks it needs to perform. It plays a dual role when evaluating the intention to adopt new technologies, like blockchain, in logistics. First, TTF enables organizations to assess how blockchain can address the specific tasks and needs of their logistics operations. Secondly, by evaluating the compatibility between blockchain’s features and the requirements of logistic functions, TTF guides the identification of potential benefits and drawbacks of blockchain adoption (Thakuriya, Kaur, &Mishra, 2023). In this study, TTF assists in verifying if blockchain technology meets the logistical tasks and demands effectively. Moreover, blockchain characteristics such as decentralization, immutability, and transparency contribute to increased trust, security, and accountability (Chaudhuri, Bhatia, Subramanian, Kayikci, &Dora, 2022). Thus, TTF sheds light on the decision to adopt blockchain according to its alignment with the specific tasks and goals of logistics processes. This study proposes that blockchain demonstrating TTF is crucial for understanding the intention to adopt blockchain in logistics, as outlined in the following hypothesis: H8. Adequate blockchain TTF positively impacts the intention to adopt blockchain. Sustainable technology fit of blockchain adoption STF examines the compatibility and alignment between the principles of sustainability and the capabilities offered by blockchain. In logistics, blockchain technology holds significant potential to support sustainability initiative by enabling transparent and immutable recordkeeping, enhancing supply chain traceability, and verifying sustainable practices (Bai &Sarkis, 2020). Organizations can more effectively monitor and validate sustainable sourcing, reduce carbon emissions, and promote ethical practices using blockchain technology. STF evaluates whether the adoption of blockchain technology aligns with sustainability goals, fostering environmentally friendly practices, social responsibility, and long-term economic viability. In this study, STF is a crucial consideration in evaluating the integration of blockchain technology. Therefore, we propose that a high STF significantly influences the intention to adopt blockchain: H9. A high STF positively impacts the intention to adopt blockchain. Viability of blockchain adoption In the FVM model, viability refers to the feasibility of organizations adopting new technologies (Zekhnini, Cherrafi, Bouhaddou, Chaouni Benabdellah, &Raut, 2021). The viability of blockchain adoption is influenced by two primary factors: top management support and technology readiness. Top management support, defined as the assistance and commitment of senior executives toward adopting and implementing blockchain technology, provides the necessary resources, direction, and influence to effectively drive the adoption process (Clohessy &Acton, 2019). Technology readiness, which assesses the organization’s preparedness and capability for blockchain adoption, involves evaluating the existing infrastructure, technical expertise, and processes J. Aslam et al. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100611 6 to effectively accommodate blockchain integration (Holm &Goduscheit, 2020;Ozturan, Atasu, &Soydan, 2019). In summary, top management support and technology readiness are crucial in influencing the intention to adopt blockchain. Therefore, we propose the following hypothesis: H10. Viability positively impacts the intention to adopt blockchain. Blockchain-enabled logistics agility In a competitive environment, logistics departments strive to be flexible and responsive to meet supply chain requirements. This concept is known as agility (Lai, Ngai, &Cheng, 2002). Logistics agility describes a firm’s capability to rapidly adapt and modify strategies to address fluctuations in logistics operations and processes (Bai, Govindan, &Huo, 2023). This study specifically examines the moderating role of blockchain-enabled logistics agility in enhancing the relationship between TTF, STF, and the intention to adopt blockchain. Adopting blockchain aims to increase a firm’s flexibility and responsiveness to manage the complexities and challenges of logistics. Blockchain improves a firm’s ability to integrate new functionalities, quickly adapt sustainability strategies, and enhance decision-making processes (Beck, Birkel, Spieske, &Gebhardt, 2023). Blockchain supports a decentralized, immutable, and transparent network where all supply chain participants (i.e., suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and customers) can interact in real time. This interaction promotes agility by enabling faster communication, coordination, decision-making (Aslam et al., 2023a), accelerating transactions, streamlining processes, and enhancing coordination, thereby strengthening the fit between logistics tasks and the technology. Furthermore, STF assesses the extent to which a technology contributes to the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of an organization’s sustainability goals (Nozari &Nahr, 2022). The impact of blockchain-enabled logistics agility on the relationship among TTF, STF, and the intention to adopt blockchain is significant. Thus, we propose the following moderating hypotheses: H11a. Blockchain-enabled agility moderates the relationship between TTF and the intention to adopt blockchain. H11b. Blockchain-enabled agility moderates the relationship between STF and the intention to adopt blockchain. Fig. 2 presents the conceptual model and illustrates the direction of the proposed hypotheses. Methodology Data collection South Korea is renowned for its rapid adoption of emerging technologies. According to the World Economic Forum, it is globally recognized for its advanced implementation of AI and robotics (Smith, 2021). This provides an ideal scenario for analyzing organizational adoption behaviors of emerging technologies. In the realm of blockchain technology, South Korea leads in global development and application. In 2016, the national blockchain market was estimated at around $20 billion, demonstrating early adoption across various sectors. By 2030, it is expected to grow to $356.2 billion, propelled by broad acceptance of the technology. Our research seeks to gauge the perceptions of logistics managers from different sectors regarding blockchain adoption for logistics tasks. We gather data from Korean industries to empirically evaluate our hypotheses. In this study, 600 logistics managers from high-tech industrial zones including Daejeon, Ulsan, Jeju, Namyangju, Gyeongsan, Suncheon, and Chuncheon participated in an online/offline survey. The sample encompassed representatives from nearly all major Korean industries, such as electronics, automotive, telecommunications, shipbuilding, chemicals, and steel. Invitations to join the survey were issued to 1020 logistics managers based on their experience with logistics tasks and knowledge of blockchain features, with the aim of discerning their intentions regarding blockchain adoption. Each manager represented a different firm, such that a total of 600 firms participated, representing a response rate of 56%. Twenty-four responses were deemed invalid due to incompleteness or bias, resulting in 576 valid responses that were used for further analysis and hypothesis testing. Fig. 1. Mapping blockchain properties to logistics challenges and their impact on logistics performance. J. Aslam et al. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100611 7 Measures and questionnaire development We carefully developed the questionnaire for this research, measuring constructs with scales validated in prior studies (see the questionnaire in Appendix A), and adapting the items to the context of the study. Initially prepared in English, the survey instruments were then translated into Korean by specialized translators. To ensure accuracy and equivalence in the translations, we employed the backtranslation method with two independent translators. We engaged five qualified researchers (three from academia and two from industry) to review and analyze the understandability and consistency of the Korean version of the survey. These researchers also had expertise in blockchain applications for logistics and sustainability, aiding in the validation of the survey’s measures and items. Regarding measurement, this research utilizes twelve variable-based constructs including independent, dependent, and moderating variables, all measured on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The blockchain-enabled logistics tasks are differentiated across four dimensions: alignment, resilience, transparency, and integration. The measurement of alignment employs a four-item scale (Iranmanesh et al., 2023;Narasimhan &Kim, 2002), resilience is assessed with a three-item scale (Ambulkar, Blackhurst, & Grawe, 2015;Narasimhan &Das, 2001;Sheel &Nath, 2019), transparency is measured using a four-item scale (Liu, Zhou, Zhong, &Shi, 2023;Zhu, Song, Hazen, Lee, &Cegielski, 2018), and integration is measured by a four-item scale (Aslam et al., 2023a;Sheel &Nath, 2019). Additionally, the TTF of blockchain is measured using a three-item scale (Goodhue &Thompson, 1995). The construct of social sustainability is measured with a four-item scale (Abdul-Rashid, Sakundarini, Raja Ghazilla, &Thurasamy, 2017), as are the economic dimension of sustainability (Adebanjo, Teh, & Ahmed, 2016), and the environmental dimension (Dey, Malesios, De, Chowdhury, &Abdelaziz, 2020). The three items measuring the STF originated from (Al-Emran &Griffy-Brown, 2023). Blockchain-enabled logistics agility is posited as a moderating variable and measured by a four-item scale (Aslam et al., 2023a;Sheel & Nath, 2019). The viability construct was quantified using a six-item scale (Liang, Huang, H, &Li, 2021) that included factors such as top management support and technology readiness. The intention to adopt blockchain technology was measured with a three-item scale (Karahoca, Karahoca, &Aks¨ oz, 2018;Maruping, Bala, Venkatesh, &Brown, 2017). The respondent profile for this study was constructed using four demographic queries: industry type, region, experience (in years), and qualifications. Analysis and results In this study, we employed partial least squares (PLS) to evaluate the reliability, convergence, and discriminant validity of our research model and empirically test it. The respondent profile is detailed in Table 4. Common method bias Survey-based research carries a high likelihood of bias, which we conscientiously sought to address through the design and development of the survey. We assured participants’anonymity and confidentiality in the cover letter that accompanied the questionnaires, also stating explicitly that there were no right or wrong answers. Our strategy to minimize ’straight-line’responses involved subdividing the survey question into several sections. We deployed two methods for formally assessing the presence of common method variance (CMV): the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with unrotated factor analysis and the variance inflation factor (VIF). EFA aids in detecting CMV by examining if a single factor explains a majority of the variance, signaling potential bias in the measurement model. VIF assesses multicollinearity in regression models. Harman’s one-factor EFA revealed that no singular factor Fig. 2. Conceptual model of the study. J. Aslam et al. 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