The effects of loadshedding on small and medium enterprises in the Collins Chabane local municipality

Mabunda, Mkateko Vivian; Mukonza, Ricky Munyaradzi; Mudzanani, Lufuno Robert Article The effects of loadshedding on small and medium enterprises in the Collins Chabane local municipality Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Provided in Cooperation with: Springer Nature Suggested Citation: Mabunda, Mkateko Vivian; Mukonza, Ricky Munyaradzi; Mudzanani, Lufuno Robert (2023) : The effects of loadshedding on small and medium enterprises in the Collins Chabane local municipality, Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, ISSN 2192-5372, Springer, Heidelberg, Vol. 12, Iss. 1, pp. 1-20, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-023-00327-7 This Version is available at: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/290244 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. 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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. RESEARCH Mabundaetal. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2023) 12:57 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-023-00327-7 Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship The effects ofloadshedding onsmall andmedium enterprises intheCollins Chabane local municipality Mkateko Vivian Mabunda1* , Ricky Munyaradzi Mukonza2 and Lufuno Robert Mudzanani2 Abstract South Africa is at present experiencing electricity shortages resulting in loadshedding. Loadshedding is the action from an electricity supplier (Eskom) of rolling power cuts that intend to lessen the load on the power supply system when Eskom is not able to supply a high electricity demand. Loadshedding remains one of the country’s most critical challenges and has affected day-to-day business activities leading to some small businesses closing their operations. In developing economies, small businesses play a significant role in the wellbeing of rural dwellers and are a major tool for local economic development. At present, there is limited evidence in the literature pointing out the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Collins Chabane Local Municipality (CCLM) in terms of the effects of loadshedding but there is literature describing similar issues in other geographical areas. The exploration of the effects of loadshedding on SMEs in the Collins Chabane Local Municipality was crucial to empower small SMEs, cover scholarly gaps, contribute to policy development, and participate in academic discourse. The study uses a mixed-methods approach, adopting a triangulation research design. The sample consisted of 125 members of the target population, which included the SME owners/managers and officials from the Collins Chabane Local Municipality such as the Local Economic Development (LED) manager, Electricity manager, and a technician. The sample was selected using purposive, snowball nonprobability sampling, and cluster probability sampling. A total of 100 respondents were selected for the quantitative study, while 25 participants were selected for the qualitative study. Therefore, 100 respondents completed questionnaires and 25 respondents participated in the face-to-face semi-structured interviews. The quantitative data were analysed using the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS), while the qualitative data were analysed using the thematic method of analysis. According to the quantitative findings, loadshedding costs small and medium-sized businesses in the Collins Chabane Local Municipality an average of 61% of their total revenue. Additionally, 59% of these companies had to lay off their employees because they were unable to pay their wages. The Chi-square results demonstrate that loadshedding has been experienced uniformly by everyone, irrespective of their demographic and business demographic status. Therefore, demographics have no significant influence on the experience of loadshedding. The qualitative results reveal that the losses *Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Tshwane University of Technology, Block K, 2 Aubrey Matlakala St, Soshanguve - K, Soshanguve 0152, South Africa 2 Tshwane University of Technology, 109 Market St, Polokwane Ext 67, Polokwane 0699, South Africa Page 2 of 20 Mabundaetal. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2023) 12:57 associated with the effects of loadshedding on SMEs’ production are untenable. There is an urgent need to alleviate the effects of loadshedding on SMEs. An alternative source of power is a requirement for small businesses in the Collins Chabane Local Municipality. It is for this reason that the South African government should grant small businesses a subsidy for the purchase of alternative sources of energy such as strong generators and solar panels to support them during periods of loadshedding. In addition, the South African government should encourage and capacitate small businesses in the Collins Chabane Local Municipality to participate in producing and supplying renewable energy by funding them, and further, foster cooperation among small businesses and companies that are successful in the production of renewable energy. This will assist in adding electricity generation capacity to the national grid and help eliminate electricity instability. Keywords: Small and medium enterprise, Eskom, Technology, Electricity deficiency, Loadshedding, Local economic development, Municipality, South Africa Introduction andbackground Small businesses have found expression in development agendas such as the National Development Plan 2030, African Agenda 2063, and Sustainable Development Goals. The role small businesses play mainly in rural areas is directly linked to employment creation and income generation. For these reasons, small businesses located in rural economies are regarded as a sustainable avenue for local economic development (Rohini etal., 2018). In Limpopo province and Collins Chabane Local Municipality (CCLM), the number of small businesses initiated has increased over the past decade. According to the General Household Survey (2018), Collins Chabane Local Municipality has a considerate number of small businesses, which shows a positive economic trend in terms of the development of the municipality. Additionally, the number of small businesses operating in the tourism and agricultural sectors has increased and is highly reliant on prepaid electricity for daily operations (Community Survey, 2016). Against this background, small businesses in the Collins Chabane Local Municipality depend on the electricity supply as one major utility. However, CCLM has no licence for the supply and reticulation of electricity, and therefore relies heavily on Eskom for the supply and reticulation of electricity within the area of its jurisdiction (Collins Chabane Local Municipality Integrated Development Plan, 2019). On the other hand, Eskom, South Africa’s major supplier of electricity, has been battling with the imbalance between demand and supply of electricity since 2007, which compelled them to implement loadshedding for all customers; however, loadshedding has become more severe since 2019, when South Africa began to see a higher stage of loadshedding for the first time, such as stage 6 (Schoeman & Saunders, 2018). Since 2022, loadshedding in South Africa has been almost perpetual, with stages up to stage 8 (Businesstech, 2023a, 2023b). However, Eskom is currently proposing up to stage 16 of loadshedding (eNCA, 2023). Ateba etal. (2019) argue that these imbalances are mainly caused by electricity theft (bridging), cable theft, the breakdown of power stations, and tariff cross-subsidisation. In contrast, Phiri (2017) argues that the introduction of technology into manufacturing processes has led to an insignificant increase in electricity demand. Jain and Jain (2017) and Botha (2019) reveal that the imbalance mentioned is mainly because Eskom has been trying to address the social injustices or inequalities Page 3 of 20 Mabundaetal. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2023) 12:57 caused by the apartheid government. This includes a deliberate effort to accelerate the provision of electricity to most black citizens who were disadvantaged because of apartheid. Nevertheless, customers, which include businesses, citizens, and academics, complain about the negative effect that loadshedding has on the country’s capacity for economic development. Even now, the Pretoria High Court has granted Eskom a loadshedding exemption order for hospitals and schools (Businesstech, 2023a, 2023b). This is due to the role played by electricity in the mentioned sectors of the economy. It has been discovered that several businesses shut down as a result of loadshedding, including small businesses. Small businesses in CCLM are not immune to loadshedding challenges since Eskom is their main source of electricity and there are no backup options for electricity supply. The small businesses in CCLM experience production challenges because of loadshedding because electricity plays an important role in service delivery and the production processes of these small businesses. This study argues that the quality of electricity delivered influences the performance of SMEs and their contributions to municipal economic prosperity. The studies conducted by Nkwinika and Munzhedzi (2016) also support the fact that electricity is essential to business production and contributes to sustainable development in the country. A study conducted by Mbungu and Inglesi-Lotz (2022) endorses the fact that a secure and uninterrupted supply of electrical energy is essential to certain sectors of the economy. Therefore, loadshedding affects the SMEs’ potential for survival, their competitiveness, and their contributions to the municipality’s prosperity. At present, there is limited evidence in the literature pointing out the SMEs in CCLM in terms of the effects of loadshedding but rather there is literature describing similar issues in other geographical areas. It is therefore critical to understand how loadshedding affects SMEs’ in Collins Chabane Local Municipality to empower SMEs, fill a noticeable academic gap, and contribute to the academic dialogue. The study provides strategies that SMEs can use to lessen the challenges experienced due to loadshedding. Furthermore, the results of the study are useful to the supporting structures within small business development, such as the Department of Small Business Development. More so, the results of this study are valuable for future researchers to further develop strategies for small-business development. Lastly, the study gives recommendations for further research to enrich the literature on loadshedding since it is an area of concern to policymakers. Accordingly, the effects of loadshedding on small and medium enterprises within the mentioned municipality are explained. A mixed method was used in this study, adopting a triangulation research design to best answer the research questions. A sample of 125 was selected using non-probabil- ity purposive and snowball sampling and cluster probability sampling and a total of 100 respondents were selected for the quantitative study. The mentioned sample included 122 Small Enterprise Owners within CCLM, one electricity supply manager, one electrical technician, and one manager from the Local Economic Development section of the Municipality. Therefore, 100 respondents took part in the completion of the questionnaires and 25 respondents participated in the face-to-face semi-structured interviews. The quantitative data were analysed using SPSS, while the qualitative data were analysed using a thematic analysis. In the next segment, a summary of the literature survey, Page 4 of 20 Mabundaetal. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2023) 12:57 theoretical framework underpinning the study, and research methodology are presented, followed by the results and discussion of the results, conclusion, and recommendation. Literature review The current literature maintains that electricity has a significant impact on the living conditions of citizens, the economy, social life, sustainable development, productivity and poverty alleviation (Emovon etal., 2018; Gehringer etal., 2019). Despite this, research shows that most developing nations, particularly those in sub-Saharan Africa, including South Africa, are unable to supply sustainable electricity. This is evident from the implementation of never-ending loadshedding (Amadi, 2015; Boakye etal., 2016; Schoeman & Saunders, 2018). Loadshedding as the deliberate shutdown of electricity supply to parts of the economy has been experienced in South Africa for the past decade (Ateba etal., 2019). The main causes of loadshedding in South Africa are linked to the breakdowns in the main power plants such as unplanned cuts of the conveyor belts, which often leads to breaking turbines (Head, 2019). The breakdowns result in insufficient electricity available to meet the demands of customers, leading to scheduled loadshedding. There are several effects of loadshedding on the economy, such as hindered growth of SMEs. In South Africa, SMEs operate in an open system where the demand and supply of goods are affected by market forces (Prabowo & Noegraheni, 2019). Concerning market forces, the supply of goods and services to SMEs has a positive impact on the production processes hence the growth of the businesses. In light of the above-mentioned challenges, limited electricity supply has the potential to, directly or indirectly, affect the socio-economic development, production, and service delivery within industries that contribute to economic development (Boakye etal., 2016; Steenkamp, 2016; Stockholm Environment Institute Working Paper, 2017). Goldberg (2015) examines the impact of an unstable electricity supply on South African retailers. The results indicate that R13.72 billion rand was lost in revenue for the first 6 months of 2014, revealing the impact unstable electricity supply has on the economy. In a similar field of study to that of Goldberg (2015), Schoeman and Saunders (2018) investigate the impacts and costs of power outages on small businesses in six shopping centres located in the north-western parts of the City of Johannesburg. The results indicate that loadshedding causes them to lose customers, decreases business income, and makes it expensive to run the business since they must obtain backup systems. In another study, Botha (2019) evaluates the impact of loadshedding on restaurant productivity in Nelson Mandela Bay. The results confirm that loadshedding is a major concern since it harms productivity. Boakye etal. (2016) explore the impact of a power outage (‘Dumsor’) on the hotel industry in Ghana. The results indicate that unreliable power causes a decrease in hotel industry production. Furthermore, the insufficient and unsustainable power supply has, therefore, been observed as a major problem in Ghana. Similarly, Bouri and Assad (2016) contribute to the political and scientific debate surrounding the economic costs entailed by the regular power cuts in Lebanon. Results indicate that electricity shortages continue to harm the economy and society as a whole. Page 5 of 20 Mabundaetal. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2023) 12:57 Amadi (2015) investigates the causes of persistent power outages in Port Harcourt City. The study discovered that the main causes of persistent power outages are inadequate power generating capacity, a shortage of gas, weak and dilapidated electrical transmission and distribution network, and inadequate power infrastructure facilities. Politano (2019) further explores how consumers use social media networking sites during power outage events. This study reveals that power outages affect access to websites, and business, and affect the daily routine of residents. Haes Alhelou etal. (2019) state that the root cause of blackouts globally is faulty, aging equipment, and human error. The above-mentioned authors, including studies conducted by Baker and Phillips (2019), Hedden and Hedden (2015), Inglesi-Lotz and Pouris (2016), Jain and Jain (2017), Jamal (2015), Lovins and Eberhard (2018), Mapane (2017), Pouris (2016), Sewchurran and Davidson (2016), Schwerhoff and Sy (2017), Taliotis etal. (2014), Valasai etal. (2017) are of the same view that electricity generation and supply play a significant role in the economy countrywide and that unreliable electricity generation has an enormous negative effect on input and output within the business sector. Noticeably, most energy studies have been conducted in Nigeria and Zimbabwe. Paris etal., (2016: 07) highlight that more South African research is needed in the field of electricity. Furthermore, the majority of these studies are conducted in the field of business management, therefore, there is a need for this subject matter to be conducted in the field of public administration. Moreover, no study seeks to investigate the effect of loadshedding on the small and medium enterprises within Collins Chabane Municipality. As a result, this study aims to determine the effect of loadshedding on these enterprises in the selected municipality. Fig. 1 Conceptual framework. Author (2020) Page 6 of 20 Mabundaetal. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2023) 12:57 Conceptual framework ofthestudy Figure1 illustrates the conceptual framework of this study. As illustrated in Fig. 1, the loadshedding conceptual framework of this study is grounded mainly on four factors: small business measures, disrupted communication, operational costs, and low productivity. The framework follows that electricity shortages are mainly caused by loadshedding, which in turn affects small-scale business productivity. Electricity is an important factor of production and is needed in any business for quality products and services, considering that all other factors are normal. Therefore, loadshedding as outlined in the literature and captured in the conceptual framework leads to disrupted communication between businesses and their stakeholders. As an example, online transactions are usually disrupted and productivity is lowered affecting sales volumes. The given example negatively affects the customer’s perception of the business while the business suffers damage to its brand, resulting in poor customer retention. Furthermore, security systems may be interrupted affecting their normal flow and paving the way for possible security breaches to occur. As a result, small businesses are reasonably exposed to potential threats that could affect the productivity of the business such as fire, theft, and poor stock management. Consider a fresh meat supplier who relies heavily on constant electricity for quality products to be delivered: due to power cuts, the supplier is forced to opt for alternate sources of power or rather cope with an intensive meat quality reduction. Due to measures implemented by small businesses to manage power cuts, operational costs are likely to fluctuate, which affects effective cost management and collectively limits small business development and growth. Hence, this study was conducted within the perimeters of the conceptual framework to develop an intervention plan founded on practical strategies that SMEs may use to survive the unstable source of power the targeted municipal area experiences. Theoretical framework Various models and theories for comprehending small business structures have been developed and applied throughout the world (Maziriri & Chinomona, 2016). Nevertheless, this study uses complexity and resource-based view theory to comprehend the extent to which small businesses in the Collins Chabane local municipality have been affected by the loadshedding. Therefore, complexity theory was useful in understanding how small businesses interact and how their interaction is affected by loadshedding. Resources-based theory, on the other hand, was used to determine the resources available to SMEs to keep them competitive and alive, as well as how loadshedding affects their resources and limits their competitive advantages. Complexity theory This theory holds that organisations are made up of interconnected and well-structured parts and the decision or action of one component affects the other (Park & Jo, 2017). Thus, a goal of complexity theory is to understand how parts of the system interact, how they change over time, emphasises how systems tend to evolve in a nonlinear fashion and how feedback loops affect the evolution system (Rosenhead etal., 2019). The literature reveals that both internal and external factors can be forecast using this theory Page 7 of 20 Mabundaetal. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2023) 12:57 (Cairney & Geyer, 2017). Therefore, it was useful in understanding how small businesses interact and how their interaction was affected by the loadshedding. This study supports this theory by confirming that organisations operate in a complex internal and external system. According to the results of this study, small businesses operate within internal systems consisting of input, transformation, and output. In addition, they operate within an external system consisting of the government, which includes the national, provincial, and local government (municipalities), suppliers, Eskom, customers, and the community at large. Small businesses interact with the mentioned organisations to be competitive, survive and contribute to local economic development. The findings show that the national and provincial governments provide policies and financial support and establish institutions to support small businesses with the aim of improving the economy. Municipalities interact with small businesses by giving them rules and regulations on how they should operate, supplying them with services such as water, sewage, and waste removal, and issuing permits for them to operate. In turn, SMEs should pay for such services. As a result of their payments to municipalities, small businesses become an essential component of municipalities’ development. Small businesses interact with suppliers of raw materials to purchase what they need to use in the manufacturing process. Small businesses turn to Eskom for electricity to run their manufacturing machines, which in turn leads to innovation and technology adoption, and Eskom, in turn, receives money from small businesses. The business interacts with the community, which is also its customer; the community purchases the small business’s output, which helps the business survive financially; in turn, the small business provides employment opportunities to the community. This results in the reduction of poverty and the local economic development of the area. The theory states further that a decision made in one component affects the whole system (Lai & Lin 2017; Rosenhead etal., 2019). The study agrees with the theory by pointing out that Eskom’s loadshedding, which disrupts small businesses’ manufacturing processes, has made the whole system dysfunctional. As a result of loadshedding, raw materials are not supplied on time by suppliers, which causes a delay in SME manufacturing, which leads to a lack of trust and a decline in customer loyalty. As a result, small businesses are no longer able to play an effective role in addressing socio-economic challenges such as unemployment, poverty eradication, and inequality, and preventing government policies from achieving their goals of economic development. The theory also points out that this system consists of feedback loops in which the system’s components receive inputs from the environment, convert them into outputs, and then return the outputs to the environment in a continuous feedback loop (Lai & Lin, 2017). Whether the data generated are positive or negative, it provides benchmarks to measure and improve SMEs’ performance (Esu & Ufot, 2017). As predicted by the theory, the results demonstrate that the outcome of the process has feedback, whether positive or negative. It has been found that their performance feedback manifests in more referrals, customers, sponsors, and job opportunities, as well as advancements in technology and innovation. In cases where they are not performing well, customers decline, job opportunities disappear, poverty increases, Page 8 of 20 Mabundaetal. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2023) 12:57 and the use of technology becomes slow. Given that loadshedding is still occurring, SMEs in the Collins Chabane Local Municipality are unable to respond to criticisms or feedback. Unless an alternative source of power is arranged for them or subsidies are provided for them to purchase backups as the study suggests, they will not able to do their best. Resource‑based view Resource-based view (RBV) theory urges that the possession of strategic resources provides an organisation with a golden opportunity to develop a competitive advantage over its rivals (Idowu etal., 2020). This theory was used to determine the resources available to SMEs in the Collins Chabane Local Municipality to keep them competitive and alive, as well as how loadshedding affects their resources and limits their competitive advantages. The results of this study support the theory by asserting that businesses use unique resources to remain competitive. It was discovered that small businesses in CCLM use unique technology equipment for production and marketing strategies, as well as human resources with varying skills and levels of innovative thinking, to be productive and remain competitive. However, loadshedding has made it difficult for them to remain competitive because they have had to let go of some of their valuable resources. The results reveal that 59% of small businesses in the CCLM retrenched their employees due to inability to pay their salaries, and production machines were damaged. According to this study, the provision of sustainable electricity can end the loadshedding-related disturbances of small enterprises. Although the provision of sustainable electricity is not achievable at this point, the recommendations made in this paper can help minimise the effects of loadshedding on small businesses. Research methodology A mixed-method approach was used, adopting the triangulation research design to best answer the research objectives of the study. This approach assisted the researcher with different but complementary data on the same topic to best understand the research problem. The sample of this study was selected from the target population. The ideal target population is defined as the population that incorporates the total collection of all units of analysis about which the researcher wishes to make specific conclusions (Asiamah etal., 2017). The Collins Chabane Local Municipality consists of a population of approximately 347,975 people (Collins Chabane Local Municipality Integrated Development Plan, 2021–2022). The population was then reduced to meet the study criteria. Study subjects were only small businesses of any kind that are autonomous, affected by loadshedding, and run by individuals or entities that are not branches of larger corporations with less than 200 employees. Small business owners, regardless of race or nationality, in the Collins Chabane neighbourhood were considered. Moreover, Collins Chabane Local Municipality officials with experience facilitating local economic development and delivering electricity were considered. As a result, 125 samples were chosen from the population who satisfied the aforementioned requirements. A sample size of 100 out of 125 was drawn to participate in the quantitative study through the guidance of the Raosoft sampling size calculator, and the samples used in Page 15 of 20 Mabundaetal. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2023) 12:57 Table2 shows that on a day of loadshedding, the average working hours were five hours, the maximum number of hours was 11, and some did not work at all. The average turnover in a day with no loadshedding was 99%, the maximum was 100% and the minimum was 80%. On a day with loadshedding, the average turnover was 39%, but there was one with a maximum turnover of 100%, probably with an alternative source of power, and a minimum turnover of 0%, likely those without one. A power outage results in an average loss of 61%, which is significant because it is a large amount. • It was also determined whether the business had lost employees due to loadshedding. Figure5 shows that the majority (59%) of small businesses lost their employees due to loadshedding, compared to the 41% that did not lose their employees. Considering that the number of businesses that lost employees is high, it can be concluded that loadshedding results in employee layoffs in the Collins Chabane Local Municipality and that loadshedding has impacted employment growth in South Africa at large. Discussion oftheresults The qualitative evidence reveals that electricity is a critical input to the production process of small businesses in the CCLM. This is supported by quantitative results, which show that 100% of small businesses in the Collins Chabane Local Municipality rely on electricity to operate and produce. These results also confirm that electricity is a vital part of industrial operations in both small and large businesses (Baker & Phillips, 2019). Studies by Phiri (2017), Chishimba (2017) and Nyoni (2019) endorse the importance of electricity by revealing that it drives economic growth in developing countries and that modern society is largely reliant upon it for daily routine. The study conducted by Schoeman and Saunders (2018) on the impact of loadshedding on small businesses in the City of Johannesburg also discovered that the majority of SMEs (90.7%) rely on electricity for the operation of their businesses. Thus, it may be said that power is essential for small enterprises to succeed. The small businesses in the Collins Chabane Local Municipality suffer from loadshedding. Quantitative results in Table2 confirm that 100% of small businesses in the CCLM 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 No YesTotal 41 59 100 Percen t Fig. 5 Loss of employees due to loadshedding Page 16 of 20 Mabundaetal. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2023) 12:57 experience loadshedding, with the majority experiencing it daily (62%). The findings also reveal that loadshedding interrupts production machines, business plans, financial flows, communication, and information flows. Further, loadshedding has implications for business income, service delivery, personnel, and operating resources, including security systems and the use of technology. As a result of the disruption to the production process, the majority (59%) of small businesses are forced to lay off their employees because they can no longer afford to pay them given that they were no longer making enough profit and operating costs had increased. This finding is shown in Fig.5. Nyoni (2019) agrees that loadshedding contributes to small businesses’ failure and closure because they cannot operate without stable internet (Nyoni, 2019). Zohuri and McDaniel (2019) and Politano (2019) endorse the fact that internet access is directly linked to having stable electricity. Emovon etal. (2018), Kumalo and Poll (2018), Sitharam and Hoque (2016), support the claim that SMEs suffered huge financial losses from the electricity crisis or loadshedding. The quantity of the losses within small businesses in the Collins Chabane Local Municipality is revealed through descriptive statistics in Table3, which shows the difference between average income on a day without loadshedding and on a day with loadshedding. The results reveal that on a day without loadshedding, the small business received 99% of its average income, whereas on a day where there is loadshedding, the average income is 39%, which means that there is an estimated loss of 61% of income on a day of loadshedding. Studies by Ayandibu and Houghton (2017); Bruwer and Van Den Berg (2017); Kumalo and Poll (2018); Masama and Bruwer (2018) reveal that SMEs in South Africa have one of the worst sustainability rates in the world since approximately 75% of small and medium enterprises fail within three years of entering the market due to challenges such as power shortages. It can be concluded that loadshedding has a negative impact on the growth of small businesses. Conclusion andrecommendations This study aimed to explore the effects of loadshedding on small and medium enterprises in the Collins Chabane Local Municipality. A mixed method was used to accomplish the mentioned study objective. Complexity and resource-based theories were used to underpin the study. The results of this study concur with the complexity theory that small businesses operate within complex internal and external systems and that a decision made in one component of the system affects the whole system. This study agrees with the theory by pointing out that loadshedding as implemented by Eskom has made the whole system of small businesses dysfunctional. As a result of loadshedding, raw materials are not supplied on time by suppliers, which causes a delay in the small business production process, which leads to a lack of trust and a decline in customer loyalty, which results in a loss of finances. As a result, small businesses are no longer able to play an effective role in addressing socio-economic challenges such as unemployment, poverty eradication, and inequality, preventing government policies from achieving their goals of economic development. Further, the results of this study support the resource-based theory by asserting that businesses use unique resources to remain competitive. It was discovered that small businesses in CCLM use unique technology equipment for production and marketing Page 17 of 20 Mabundaetal. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2023) 12:57 strategies, as well as human resources with varying skills and levels of innovative thinking, to be productive and remain competitive. Nevertheless, loadshedding has made it difficult for them to remain competitive because they have had to let go of some of their valuable resources. The results reveal that employees were retrenched due to failure to pay their salaries, and production machines were damaged. It can be concluded that loadshedding has a negative effect on SMEs’ operations and their contribution to economic development. Further, the loss associated with the effects of loadshedding on SMEs’ production is untenable. As a result, collaboration among SMEs, the government, and the electricity sector is critical to ensuring the provision of sustainable electricity in the country and mitigating the effects of loadshedding on SMEs. The study provides the following recommendations to SMEs, the Department of Energy, and policymakers: • An alternative source of power should be the requirement of small businesses in the Collins Chabane Municipality; therefore, the South African government should grant small businesses a subsidy for the purchase of alternatives such as strong generators and solar panels. • The South African government should encourage and capacitate small businesses in the Collins Chabane Local Municipality to participate in producing and supplying renewable energy by funding them. Further, cooperation among small businesses and companies that are successful in the production of renewable energy should be fostered. This will assist in adding electricity generation capacity to the national grid and help eliminate electricity instability. • The electricity provider should reduce electricity tariff rates for small businesses to make it affordable given that they are not compensated for their losses and that it is difficult to manage the increased operating costs of a business due to costs associated with replacing damaged products and equipment, loss of profit due to loadshedding, and expensive electricity at the same time. • Small businesses in the Collins Chabane municipality, especially restaurants, should opt for equipment that uses gas, such as gas stoves and fridges. • The government ought to give Collins Chabane Local Municipality the authority to generate its own electricity given that Eskom is the municipality’s sole source of electricity. Abbreviations ATM Automated teller machine CCLM Collins Chabane Local Municipality ESKOM Electricity Supply Commission GDP Gross Domestic Product IT Information and technology LED Local economic development SMEs Small and medium-sized enterprises SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Page 18 of 20 Mabundaetal. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2023) 12:57 Acknowledgements I acknowledge the TUT ethical committee and the Collins Chabane Local Municipality for granting me permission and ethical clearance to conduct this study. I acknowledge the Department of International Relations and Cooperation for funding my main research project. Author contributions MVM: conceptualisation, writing and editing. RMM and LRM: conceptualisation and supervision. All authors have agreed to the submission of this paper. Funding Not applicable. Availability of data and materials Not applicable. Declarations Competing interests Not applicable. 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