How did Amazon achieve CSR and some Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - climate change, circular economy, water resources and employee rights during COVID-19?

Yu, Wenxuan; Hassan, Abeer; Adhikariparajuli, Mahalaxmi Article How did Amazon achieve CSR and some Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - climate change, circular economy, water resources and employee rights during COVID-19? Journal of Risk and Financial Management Provided in Cooperation with: MDPI – Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, Basel Suggested Citation: Yu, Wenxuan; Hassan, Abeer; Adhikariparajuli, Mahalaxmi (2022) : How did Amazon achieve CSR and some Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - climate change, circular economy, water resources and employee rights during COVID-19?, Journal of Risk and Financial Management, ISSN 1911-8074, MDPI, Basel, Vol. 15, Iss. 8, pp. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15080364 This Version is available at: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/274886 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. 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If the documents have been made available under an Open Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Citation: Yu, Wenxuan, Abeer Hassan, and Mahalaxmi Adhikariparajuli. 2022. How Did Amazon Achieve CSR and Some Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)—Climate Change, Circular Economy, Water Resources and Employee Rights during COVID-19? Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15: 364. https:// doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15080364 Academic Editor: Cristina Raluca Gh. Popescu Received: 26 July 2022 Accepted: 11 August 2022 Published: 16 August 2022 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Journal of Risk and Financial Management Article How Did Amazon Achieve CSR and Some Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)—Climate Change, Circular Economy, Water Resources and Employee Rights during COVID-19? Wenxuan Yu 1, Abeer Hassan 2and Mahalaxmi Adhikariparajuli 3,* 1Adam Smith Business School, University of Glasgow, Main Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK 2School of Business and Creative Industries, G226, Gardener Building, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, Scotland, UK 3School of Business, Law and Social Sciences, Room 2015, Old College, Abertay University, Bell Street, Dundee DD1 1HG, Scotland, UK *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Stakeholders’ demand for corporate social responsibility (CSR) not only creates pressure on the corporation, but corporations are also themselves aware about leading CSR activities’ reporting and embedding sustainable activities to create value for the short, medium, and long-term. This research investigates the sustainable development and corporate social responsibility of Amazon as one of the most influential multinational enterprises in the world. In this regard, this study sheds light on how Amazon has combined its own interests with corporate social responsibility and sustainable development, and how they have responded to a series of challenges brought by economic globalization to corporate social responsibility and sustainable development. The results of this detailed investigation of Amazon from 2018 to 2020 show that Amazon has performed very well in terms of social responsibility and sustainable development. In particular, climate, environment, carbon emissions and other natural measures. However, there are some shortages in terms of human rights, such as insufficient protection and care for employees during the COVID-19 pandemic, and labor union issues. In addition, the study concluded that Amazon has sufficient experience to balance profit and corporate social responsibility. In response to the challenges of globalization, Amazon has also adjusted its sustainable development strategy in a timely manner, which can be used as a reference for other multinational enterprises. Keywords: CSR; Sustainability; Amazon; COVID-19; CSD 1. Introduction As the world’s largest international organization, the United Nations is committed to promoting corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate sustainable development (CSD). In January 1999, at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, U.N. Secretary-general Kofi Annan proposed the Global Compact. In July 2000, the UN launched the “Global Compact” in New York. The UN Global Compact is the world’s largest corporate social responsibility initiative, with 13,000 companies in more than 170 countries participating to better fulfill corporate social responsibility and promote global sustainable development (UN Global Compact). The Convention contains ten principles, mainly focusing on human rights, employee protection, environmental protection and corporate anticorruption, etc. Global Compact is just an advocacy convention, not mandatory. However, this does not mean that the promulgations of Global Compact have no effect. Zerk (2006) has argued that it provides more opportunities for CSR regulation of multinational corporations than many people think. At the same time, it provides a very important reference for many enterprises to fulfill their CSR and achieve sustainable development. J. Risk Financial Manag. 2022,15, 364. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15080364 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jrfm J. Risk Financial Manag. 2022,15, 364 2 of 18 Corporate social responsibility is an important part of today’s corporate development. To put it simply, CSR is a broad issue about the ever-changing relationship between enterprises, society and government (Crane 2008). The research on these issues will help the company better seek its own positioning in the market, fulfill corporate social responsibility, and increase the company’s reputation among consumers. With the deepening of economic globalization and the development of society, CSR and CSD are constantly changing to meet the requirements of today’s society. All aspects of society, from workers, investors, individual consumers to shareholder activists, claim that companies should take greater responsibility for the communities and environment that their activities affect (Aseeva 2021). The fulfillment of CSR is not only out of moral considerations. The external environment, such as government supervision and social requirements, also forces enterprises to fulfill their corporate social responsibility to some extent. Any action taken by a company as an ethical actor has an impact not only on humanity but also on the world we live in (Idowu and Aluchna 2017). However, not all companies have a good balance between their interests and CSR. Many enterprises abandon CSR and CSD in pursuit of profit. For instance, traditional resource mining companies find it difficult to protect the Earth’s environment and pursue interests at the same time. Some enterprises in developing countries exploit employees. The basic rights and interests of employees are not protected. As a representative of the transnational e-commerce company, Amazon consumes a huge number of resources and packaging materials in transportation every year. The substantial number of employees in different parts of the world makes it difficult to fulfil the social responsibility such as employee benefits. How does it balance sustainability and CSR with the interests of the company? This is a question worth discussing. CSR and CSD are important contents of today’s daily operation of enterprises, corporations now characterize their role as no longer just about profits, but about doing the best for society and the environment (Ertem-Eray 2021). The “Corporate social responsibility” movement is known as one of the most important social movements of our era (Zerk 2006). Many enterprises even take CSR as a strategic goal to achieve. It has been argued that business leaders and executives need to incorporate CSR practices into the core of their business strategies to fully capture the strategic value of CSR practices (Kuokkanen and Sun 2020). From the strategic perspective of the organization, corporate social responsibility can be understood as a strategic measure of the enterprise, which is conducive to the brand development of the enterprise (Johnson et al. 2019). Meanwhile, corporate social responsibility is becoming increasingly important for corporate brands (Godfrey et al. 2009). In today’s society, consumers increasingly value the corporate image of a company. A good corporate image can virtually bring more competitive potential and potential profits to the enterprise. Meeting consumers’ expectations on CSR can bring strategic advantages to enterprises (Kuokkanen and Sun 2020). The most direct and rapid way to improve the image of enterprises in the hearts of consumers is undoubtedly to fulfill social responsibility and sustainable development. However, when COVID-19 broke out in 2019, Amazon’s business had been hard hit by the COVID-19 pandemic when it was booming globally. The world is struggling with the greatest public health emergency of its time, generating economic, social, and human crises (Guterres 2020). According to WTO’s relevant files published in 2020, global trade in goods would be 32 percent lower than before, and the world’s average GDP would be 4 percent lower (Maliszewska et al. 2020). Amazon is no exception; its various businesses have been hit to varying degrees during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to Airports Council International (ACI)’s data, the COVID-19 epidemic has led to a 40% drop in global air traffic, which causes a lot of trouble for Amazon, a company that relies heavily on transportation. Not only the air transportation industry but also a series of links including land transportation, customer pick-up and door-todoor delivery, etc., have been affected by the COVID-19 epidemic response measures (Gray 2020). However, the COVID-19 epidemic has not only had a negative impact on Amazon; Cabrera-Sánchez et al. (2020) J. Risk Financial Manag. 2022,15, 364 3 of 18 demonstrate that the outbreak of the epidemic may greatly stimulate the development of the freight industry, and the e-commerce industry may become the biggest winner. Therefore, for Amazon’s corporate social responsibility and sustainable development, the research significance and purpose of this study is to help Amazon analyze enterprise internal measures to understand where they do well, where there are defects, and to help them take better strategic measurements of sustainable development and social responsibility, improve the image of the company in the consumers’ mind, and increase the competitive advantage in the market during COVID-19. In addition, this study also wants to explore how Amazon overcomes the challenges of economic globalization to corporate social responsibility and sustainable development, how they solve these problems through corporate management and innovation, and how they combine the pursuit of profit and social responsibility. The problems discussed in this research can also be used for reference by other multinational companies in their sustainable development strategies. As one of the world’s largest online retailers, Amazon has a global presence. According to Britannica Academics (2021), Amazon is a large internet-based enterprise that sells all kinds of goods online. In addition, it also sells network service business, including renting data storage and computing resources through the Internet, namely the so-called cloud computing. In 2012, it was estimated that 1% of Internet traffic in and out of North America came through Amazon data centers. From the above information, it can see the importance of Amazon, which is the symbol of e-commerce in the current market. So far, although many studies have investigated CSR information disclosure in different industries, or crossindustry and cross-industry in a certain country (Ahmad et al. 2003). Most CSR studies only analyze communication in one country, rather than from a global perspective (Bortree 2014). However, Amazon does not just operate in one country, it operates globally. In addition, most academic studies on social responsibility are macroand industry-oriented. There are few specific studies on a company, especially for such a large multinational enterprise such as Amazon. There seems to be no representative articles to refer to. As the market continues to develop, the strategic importance of CSR for both large and small enterprises will only continue to grow (Hill and Langan 2014). Therefore, the research on Amazon’s CSR and CSD has an especially important reference role for other Internet enterprises. It is also a reflection and review of how Amazon, as a global corporate citizen, has devoted resources to developing corporate social responsibility and spreading its social responsibility and sustainable development around the world. As such, the contribution of this study is threefold. First, as per our best knowledge, this is the first study which covers CSR and CSD activities reporting and disclosure via impact case study of Amazon. Second, this research provides an opportunity for the public to have a general understanding of Amazon’s corporate social responsibility and sustainable development measures, and help readers to better understand the concepts of corporate social responsibility and sustainable development according to the actual situation of Amazon. Additionally, this study reviews how Amazon aligns its social and environmental activities with its business objectives and does its part as a global corporate citizen to help build a harmonious and sustainable society. We reflect on the measures that can be improved to help Amazon better establish a responsible corporate image. Third, this study compares the changes in the non-financial performance of Amazon preand during the COVID-19 pandemic. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2presents the literature review on CSR, CSD and Amazons’ performance; Section 3explains the data and methodology which is followed by a discussion of the research results in Section 4. Section 5concludes the study. 2. Literature Review 2.1. Development of CSR and CSD According to the different definitions of CSR in different generations, the historical development of CSR can be roughly divided into three periods: the embryonic period of J. Risk Financial Manag. 2022,15, 364 4 of 18 CSR before 1960, the foundation period from 1960 to 1980, and the empirical period of CSR after 1980. As for the origin of the CSR concept, Spector (2008) holds that the roots of the current social responsibility movement can be traced back to 1945 to 1960, namely the early Cold War. The term “corporate social responsibility” was put forward by American economist Bowen (1953) in his “Social Responsibilities of the Businessman”. Before 1960, the concept of corporate social responsibility was rarely discussed during this period, because enterprises in this period regarded the pursuit of profit as their only social responsibility. The one and only social responsibility of business is to increase profits within the rules of the game (Friedman 1970). In addition, Carroll and Shabana (2010) also noted in their article that Theodore Levitt’s admonitions about “the dangers of social responsibility” were greatly affected during this period. Levitt (1958) argued that CSR is not the responsibility of corporations but the responsibility of governments, and the focus on CSR will weaken the profit motive, which is critical to business success. For now, Levitt’s (1958) view is full of the limitations of the times, but this does not mean that corporate social responsibility has not developed in this era. Abrams (1951) proposed that the management of the company would become increasingly professional with the development of the times. The company should not only consider profits, but also consider customers, employees and the public. Abrams considered the impact of people on companies; he was one of the first people of his time to see the importance of corporate social responsibility. In addition, with the occurrence of various social movements and the publication of some works, the development of corporate social responsibility has been promoted; for instance, Howard Bowen’s “Social Responsibilities of the Businessman” (Bowen 1953), the civil rights movement, the environmental movement, the consumer rights movement and so on. These incidents, to some extent, push enterprises to make changes, and enterprises need to be responsible to society. In general, it has been argued that the core ideas of corporate social responsibility during this period included: the idea of managers as public trustees, the balance of competitive requirements for corporate resources, and the support of corporate philanthropy for public welfare (Frederick 2006). In terms of CSD of enterprises, the concept of sustainability has become a part of corporate social responsibility. Sustainable development refers to development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (United Nations World Commission on Environment 1987). In order for an enterprise to fulfill its social responsibility, its business operations need to comply with the idea of sustainable development. In addition to pursuing profits and considering their own operating and financial conditions, enterprises also need to consider whether their business operations have caused adverse impacts on society and the environment. This is corporate sustainability. Since the 21st century, sustainability has become the focus of corporate social responsibility. Increased companies are choosing to publish annual sustainability reports to demonstrate their CSR efforts to the public. 2.2. CSR and Corporate Image in Global Context Since the 1990s, with the deepening of globalization and the increasing number of multinational corporations, the pursuit of corporate social responsibility is no longer limited to a region or a country, but to the entire world. This makes it more difficult for businesses to operate. The sustainable strategy of enterprises is influenced by the politics, economy and culture of different countries and regions (Tang et al. 2015). CSR is faced with different legal and moral requirements in different countries and regions. This means that corporate sustainability strategies become more complex. Multinationals, in particular, face pressure from the public and corporate social responsibility advocate such as the United Nations, the World Economic Forum and Greenpeace. They need to think about integrating corporate social responsibility and sustainability with their global corporate citizenship and strengthening interaction with the values, traditions and cultures of different countries. In addition, globalization has resulted in the corporate image of multinational enterprises no longer dependent on the evaluation of a single society and group. The importance J. Risk Financial Manag. 2022,15, 364 5 of 18 of corporate image has been mentioned in the dissertation. Corporate image evaluation mainly comes from two aspects; the first is ordinary people, namely consumers. The second is organizations, institutions and governments. Obviously, globalization makes it more difficult for multinational companies to meet the excitations of consumers in different societies, and too low expectations will reduce the corporate image of the company, which will directly affect the company’s CSR efforts in this region, ultimately cause serious economic consequences. In the eyes of governments, institutions and organizations, in this era of global corporate citizenship, the economy is not the only issue that multinational corporations need to focus on—how to fulfill the responsibilities of a company, do what a corporate citizen should do, and contribute to the world and humanity. This is what governments, institutions and organizations are more concerned about. In general, under the influence of globalization, everything is related, such as corporate social responsibility, corporate stainability, corporate image, corporate reputation and corporate profits that stakeholders care most. Corporate image and corporate social responsibility are increasingly closely linked. Corporate image often reflects a company’s character or responsibility. Meanwhile, corporate social responsibility policies affect its reputation and corporate image in the eyes of stakeholders. Fukuskawa et al. (2007) pointed out that corporate identity and CSR communication should be consistent. If the communication of corporate social responsibility is disconnected from the identity of the enterprise, the enterprise will present a false image in the eyes of the public. Corporate social responsibility should be regarded as an important part of corporate image management. Globalization has made all these factors that can affect corporate profits more vulnerable than ever. Although globalization has brought more development and opportunities to companies, it is undoubtedly a huge challenge for corporate social responsibility and sustainability. Being able to overcome these challenges can be hugely beneficial to the company and, conversely, failing to do so can be hugely detrimental to the company too. 2.3. Critical Analysis of CSR and Amazon Enterprise Banerjee (2007) presents a critical point of view, questioning whether companies can pursue profits while simultaneously pursuing social responsibility, arguing that their ability to fulfill social responsibility is limited by shareholder value maximization. In fact, it has always been a controversial topic whether enterprises can achieve a win-win situation between profit and social responsibility. However, as mentioned in this dissertation, with the development of economic globalization, many enterprises have integrated sustainable development and corporate social responsibility into their strategic measures. The implementation of sustainable development and the fulfillment of corporate social responsibility is not only for the purpose of morality, but also for the better publicity of the enterprise and its development. Therefore, for Banerjee’s views and the contradictions existing in the academic world, this paper will focus on Amazon as the research object, and solve the following research question: Q1. How did Amazon achieve the balance between the profit generation and the CSR activities? At the same time, in the era and background of the increasingly close global economy, the sustainable development of enterprises and corporate social responsibility activities are facing no small challenge. Idowu et al. (2017) pointed out that the challenge of sustainable development and corporate social responsibility of multinational corporations lie in the increasing uncertainty and instability of global financial resources and climate change. How to deal with these challenges is particularly important for many multinational enterprises. In times of crisis, such as the financial crisis, the legitimacy of corporate social responsibility strategy and operation has been challenged. Therefore, we developed the following research question: Q2. How do Amazon, one of the world’s largest multinational enterprises, deal with the challenges brought by globalization? J. Risk Financial Manag. 2022,15, 364 6 of 18 In contrast to Banerjee (2007), Altenburger et al. (2018) has argued that companies have made great progress in the discussion of social relations in recent years and demonstrated the growing influence of enterprise innovation management. Altenburger et al. (2018) explained that resources, climate change and pollution would affect the business environment, structural cost and competitive advantage of enterprises. These problems lead to changes in the innovation process of enterprises. Enterprises gain competitive advantage by integrating stakeholders into their innovation process and considering the needs of society as a whole and sustainable development. So, the following research question emerges: Q3. What kind of innovation management does Amazon adopt to deal with these challenges caused by globalization? 3. Methodology CSR Development at Amazon Before making a specific analysis of all aspects of Amazon’s CSR, it is necessary to know that Amazon’s reputation for CSR has not been exceptionally good in the past few years and it is often criticized. The Guardian (2012) published an article criticizing Amazon for its lack of social responsibility, saying that Amazon has a poor record in sustainable development and does not take into account its impact on society and the environment. Unless consumers protest, there is little hope of change. Amazon’s corporate social responsibility has been criticized in mainly three respects. First of all, Amazon has not released a sustainability report in the past few years. Sustainability reports include a sufficient amount of information provided by a company and all major issues related to the company and industry. Most of these reports are optional and provided by companies on a voluntary basis. Sustainability reporting is an opportunity to inform society and the public about the environmental, social and governmental regulatory impacts of a company’s business operations (Sethi et al. 2017). KPMG’s 2013 survey found that 93% of the top 250 companies in the Fortune Global Index publish some type of CSR report. Clearly, as globalization deepens and stakeholders put pressure on companies, while such reporting is optional, companies have an obligation to participate in the process. However, Amazon seems to have been shirking their CSR and is unwilling to disclose their CSR and sustainability measures to society and the public. As far as anyone knows, Amazon has taken little or no steps to measure, disclose or improve its performance when it comes to the environment, workplace issues, diversity, charitable giving or political activity (The Guardian 2012). As a result, the public and society cannot understand Amazon’s social responsibility. Although Amazon is undoubtedly a good company, it also has a great negative impact on its reputation and corporate image. The public believes that bigger companies should take more responsibility; Amazon’s behavior in the past few years not only failed to take more responsibility voluntarily, but even gave consumers the impression of a weak company that was afraid to take on these responsibilities voluntarily. Fortunately, Amazon did not ignore these criticisms, hiring CSR executives and publishing sustainability reports. Since then, they have continued to improve their efforts to play a good role as global corporate citizens. Meanwhile, Amazon has also been criticized for climate change and environmental protection. In 2012, when Climate Count, a non-profit group, rated 145 of the world’s largest companies for their climate impact, Amazon was near the bottom, at 127th. In a report entitled “How Clean is Your Cloud?” in the United States, Amazon was rated F in three of the four categories, behind Yahoo (The Guardian 2012). Like their refusal to disclose sustainability reports, Amazon in previous years refused to disclose its greenhouse gas emissions or climate strategy. It is clear that while other big companies are working to improve the environment and enact various environmental protection measures, our company Amazon is once again lagging behind. The good news is that Amazon’s environmental efforts have been evident since 2016, when the company decided to reverse its CSR mistakes. J. Risk Financial Manag. 2022,15, 364 7 of 18 The last area that has been criticized by the public is the area of employee rights. Amazon has many employees and warehouses all over the world, and the problem of employees being affected by high temperature in warehouses has been widely criticized (Streitfeld 2011). In 2011, The Morning Call investigated conditions at a Pennsylvania warehouse and found that workers were forced to endure heat in the warehouse and were told to work faster. In addition to those working in the warehouse, other employees were also treated unfairly, some were penalized for taking time off work, some were denied even the most basic protection for their health and other personal problems. They were unable to apply for enough time to recover. In such a highly stressful and stressful working environment, the physical and mental health of employees cannot be guaranteed. Amazon also seems to have a bad reputation with governments. They often fight fiercely with governments that try to impose sales taxes (The Guardian 2012). Amazon also plays only a small role in the community’s philanthropic efforts. This is completely out of proportion to their global economic activity and the size of their companies. In short, there is a huge gap between their philanthropic responsibilities and society’s expectations. To summarize, it can be seen that Amazon’s previous efforts in corporate social responsibility and sustainable development are very poor. The year 2016 can be regarded as a turning point in Amazon’s social responsibility development. Since 2016, Amazon has made great improvements in social responsibility and sustainable development. The following content of the paper will be studied from the two aspects of environment and society. 4. Results Discussion 4.1. Environmental Aspects of Amazon 4.1.1. Climate Change and Carbon Emissions Due to the excessive demand for environmental resources and wood in the past few centuries, a large number of rainforests have disappeared from the earth. In recent years, global temperatures have been rising. How to avoid climate warming has become a growing concern for all humankind. The main cause of global warming is not only the loss of forests, but also the increasing global carbon emissions. In theory, climate change or global average temperature rise is caused by carbon dioxide (Solomon et al. 2009). How to reduce carbon dioxide emissions has become a key part of the company’s sustainability strategy. It has been argued that addressing climate change requires achieving near-zero emissions (Mattews and Caldeira 2008). Increasingly companies are adopting a range of carbon dioxide emissions in response to climate change, reflecting their sustainability efforts. When it comes to carbon emissions, Amazon has done a excellent job. In 2019, Amazon co-founded The Climate Pledge, pledging that they will achieve total zero CO 2 emissions across their businesses by 2040. This is a challenging commitment and demonstrates Amazon’s commitment to improving the world’s climate. In addition, Amazon’s commitment to improving the global climate is divided into six parts: Renewable Energy, Shipment Zero, Net-Zero Carbon, Electric Delivery Vehicles, Right Now Climate Fund, Climate Pledge Fund (Amazon Sustainability Report 2021). Over the past year, people have become more willing to shop online because of COVID-19. That makes Amazon’s business a lot bigger. To keep up with increased business and market demand, Amazon has increased floor space. It is encouraging that while Amazon has increased their floor space, their efforts in renewable energy have allowed them to achieve 65% renewable energy across their entire business in the past year, a substantial improvement from 42% in 2019 (Amazon Sustainability Report 2021). Amazon became the world’s largest corporate buyer of renewable energy in 2020 and they have committed to running 100% of their operations on renewable energy by 2025. Shipment is a major part of Amazon’s daily business operations. Amazon divides it into three parts, the packaging of goods, the storage of goods and the delivery of goods. In terms of Packaging, Amazon has adopted Frustration-Free Packaging (FFP) programs, meaning many products can already be delivered without additional Amazon boxes or Packaging materials. In addition, they are developing new ways to offer customers packagefree orders. This not only saves Amazon’s own costs, but also helps save wood resources J. Risk Financial Manag. 2022,15, 364 8 of 18 and protect the global climate. For storage, Amazon uses 100% clean wind and solar energy to power its warehouses. Finally, in terms of shipping goods, Amazon has invested heavily in the electrification of its cars. Increased orders will be delivered by electric delivery vans, or by dedicated delivery personnel on foot or by bicycle. In 2020, Amazon delivered more than 20 million packages to customers in North America and Europe using electric vehicles (Amazon Sustainability Report 2021). In addition, Amazon has used innovative technologies to improve transportation efficiency and set up more distribution stations to shorten delivery distances. In terms of shipping, which is the most polluting, shipping produces 1 billion tons of climate pollution per year—equivalent to the entire country of Germany (Thomas 2021a). Fortunately, Amazon and several other large multinational companies have signed a pledge to use only zero-carbon-dioxide fuels to transport goods on ships by 2040. What is more, Amazon has pledged to make 50 percent of its goods net zero-carbon by 2030. In Net-Zero Carbon. Amazon’s Intensity metric quantifies Total Carbon Emissions, in grams of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (COE), per dollar of gross merchandise sales (GMS). This metric helps assess Amazon’s performance from year to year, helps them achieve zero carbon emissions while maintaining business growth. The following figure show the Amazon’s carbon emissions from 2018–2020. Figure 1shows that although the carbon emissions of Amazon have been increasing since 2018, their overall carbon intensity has been decreasing. This shows that the Amazon’s carbon emissions over the past three years are becoming more scientific. The Climate Pledge Fund is Amazon’s effort to accelerate its Climate commitment by investing in companies that can help Amazon achieve its goal. The Climate Pledge Fund has an initial investment of $2 billion. The Climate Pledge Fund invests in companies across a range of industries, including transportation and logistics, new materials, renewable energy, and more. Amazon is reportedly backing new companies focused on low-carbon technologies, and it will invest in Resilient Power, CMC Machinery, and Infinium. Obviously, the products and services of these companies are conducive to Amazon’s transformation into a low carbon economy (Amazon Annual Report 2021). In addition to the three companies, Amazon has previously invested in eight companies that have some aspect or product that helps reduce carbon dioxide emissions. J. Risk Financial Manag. 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 19 Figure 1. Carbon emissions and carbon intensity. Source: Amazon Sustainability Report 2020. The Right Now Climate Fund was founded by Amazon in 2019 to help restore and protect forests, wetlands and grasslands around the world. Plants are known to help clean up carbon dioxide and prevent global warming. Protecting these natural areas is in part a way of reducing climate change and increasing carbon dioxide emissions. It can be found that Amazon has made many different efforts in global climate and carbon emissions. Globalization makes it more necessary for multinational companies to shoulder climate responsibilities. Amazon does not just take responsibility, it makes the company sustainable through innovative technologies like electric delivery vans. Reducing the packaging of goods not only reflects the company’s efforts to pursue sustainability, but also reduces the company’s operating costs. Such as the investment in low-carbon technology companies and the pursuit of low-carbon economy as the company’s investment strategy. All of these reflect Amazon’s ability to balance profit and corporate social responsibility. Obviously, Amazon has done a good job in this aspect. 4.1.2. Water Uses at Amazon As serious as global warming is the global scarcity of water. Natural ecosystems are always interconnected, and the destruction of any resource will have a huge impact on other resources in the whole natural ecosystem. It has been argued that due to climate change, global drought frequency increases and global water resources are affected (Fisher et al. 2017). In addition to the natural causes of climate change, the pollution and waste of water resources caused by human activities is the most fundamentalproblem. Global water resources are affected by a series of complex factors, including urban and agricultural land use, hydropower and climate change (Hering et al. 2015). As a large company, Amazon consumes huge and necessary water resources in its daily business activities. How to improve the efficiency of using water resources and save water resources as much as possible is a difficult problem for Amazon before it completely finds a solution to replace water resources. While it is difficult to completely replace water, Amazon is using its Amazon Web Services (AWS) to help calculate how to use water more efficiently. Amazon Web Services (AWS) is the leading public cloud platform (Beach et al. 2019). This Web services provides more than two hundred full-featured services. Millions of customers—including the fastest growing startups, the largest corporations, and leading government agencies—are using AWS to reduce costs, improve security, become more agile, and innovate faster (Amazon.com 2021). In this way, AWS will develop different water use plans by assessing the different weather patterns in each region, the local water stocks, and the opportunities to protect drinking water sources. Evaluate various approaches to water use and adopt the most effective ones. Amazon has also taken a number of steps to conserve water in its daily operations. In the summer, when the weather is hot, they use direct evaporation of Figure 1. Carbon emissions and carbon intensity. Source: (Amazon Sustainability Report 2020). The Right Now Climate Fund was founded by Amazon in 2019 to help restore and protect forests, wetlands and grasslands around the world. Plants are known to help clean up carbon dioxide and prevent global warming. Protecting these natural areas is in part a way of reducing climate change and increasing carbon dioxide emissions. It can be found that Amazon has made many different efforts in global climate and carbon emissions. Globalization makes it more necessary for multinational companies to shoulder climate responsibilities. Amazon does not just take responsibility, it makes the company sustainable through innovative technologies like electric delivery vans. Reducing the packaging of goods not only reflects the company’s efforts to pursue sustainability, but also reduces the J. Risk Financial Manag. 2022,15, 364 15 of 18 have lost their jobs due to COVID-19’s impact on the entire society and economy. However, Amazon, an online retailer, is getting more orders. Amazon is desperate for more staff to keep up with growing customer orders. Amazon is reportedly hiring 75,000 people in the US and Canada at an average starting salary of $17 per hour (BBC News 2021h). Meanwhile, Amazon plans to open more warehouses in the north and south of the UK and will employ 10,000 UK workers (BBC News 2021i). These recruitment plans will reduce the social unemployment rate to a certain extent and help maintain the stability of the community. In terms of community housing, Amazon strives to ensure that everyone in the community has an affordable house. Amazon has a number of programs that collaborate with communities to help them own a house. For instance, in January, they launched their Housing Equity Fund, committing more than $2 billion, preserve and build more than 20,000 affordable housing units in three employee-intensive communities (Puget Sound, Washington) (Amazon Sustainability Report 2021). In addition to housing, Amazon is committed to ensuring that every family in the community has access to food and basic needs. In 2020, Amazon provided in-kind and cash donations to communities equivalent to more than 20 million meals and 13 million necessities (Amazon Sustainability Report 2021). This is just one of many initiatives. Amazon also founded Whole Foods Market to help alleviate poverty in communities around the world. For community emergencies, such as natural disasters, Amazon uses its AWS to help governments and charitable organizations and deliver donated goods to affected communities in a timely manner. 5. Conclusions Through the research on Amazon’s corporate social responsibility and corporate sustainability, the author finds that Amazon’s environmental measures are generally good. Amazon takes into account some of the most serious issues facing global enterprises today, including carbon emissions and the conservation and utilization of resources. Amazon also does an excellent job of integrating the circular economy into their daily operations and sustainability into their products. It can be said that, in this respect, Amazon has achieved the pursuit of profits while taking into account corporate social responsibility. Various environmental problems brought about by globalization are also solved by Amazon through innovative technologies, such as evaporating air and AWS to help solve the problem of water use. However, on the social front, Amazon has some small problems. The social challenges of globalization are clearly overwhelming Amazon. Although Amazon has made many efforts and attempts in terms of human rights and employee welfare, there are still areas for improvement through research. This may be due to the severe impact of COVID-19 in the last two years. The large number of employees makes it difficult to guarantee the rights of every employee. The authors have reason to believe that Amazon can learn lessons from this outbreak and do a better job of protecting employees’ rights in the future. In addition, Amazon’s measures for its supply chain reflect that, as a mature large enterprise, Amazon can well combine the pursuit of profits with the fulfillment of corporate social responsibility. Amazon’s contribution to the community reflects that, as a global corporate citizen, they are truly working to make society a better place for all humankind. However, this study has some limitations. First of all, this research only discusses the case of Amazon. Although it can be used for reference by other multinational enterprises, different enterprises have different internal and external environments, such as corporate policies, social requirements and industry differences. As a result, this paper only applies to Amazon and is not representative. In addition, there are some limitations in the information collection. A large part of the information comes from the official website of Amazon, which means that they may conceal reports unfavorable to their own enterprises. Thus, the authors made up for the criticism by collecting reports from BBC News. For future research, it may be possible to start with time series or panel data. In addition, semi-structured J. Risk Financial Manag. 2022,15, 364 16 of 18 interviews or in-depth case study analysis could add value to the business performance and entrepreneurship literature. Author Contributions: Conceptualization and methodology, W.Y. and A.H.; validation, A.H. and M.A.; formal analysis, resources, data curation, W.Y., A.H. and M.A. writing—original draft preparation, writing—review and editing, W.Y., A.H. and M.A.; supervision, A.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. 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